DOCSLIB.ORG

XML Tutorial Description

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
XML Tutorial Description Introduction to XML Tutorial Description With your HTML knowledge, you have a solid foundation for working with markup languages. However, unlike HTML, XML is more flexible, Bebo White allowing for custom tag creation. This course [email protected] introduces the fundamentals of XML and its related technologies so that you can create your own markup language. InterLab 2006 FermiLab October 2006 Topics* What Is Markup? • XML well-formed documents • Information added to a text to make its structure • Validation concepts comprehensible • DTD syntax and constructs • Pre-computer markup (punctuational and presentational) • W3C Schema syntax and constructs • Word divisions • XSL(T) syntax and processing • Punctuation • XPath addressing language • Copy-editor and typesetters marks • Development and design considerations • Formatting conventions • XML processing model • XML development and processing tools * Tutorial plus references Computer Markup (1/3) Computer Markup (2/3) • Any kind of codes added to a document • Declarative markup (cont) • Typesetting (presentational markup) • Names and structure • Macros embedded in ASCII • Framework for indirection • Commands to define the layout • Finer level of detail (most human-legible signals are • MS Word, TeX, RTF, Scribe, Script, nroff, etc. overloaded) • *Hello* Æ Hello • Independent of presentation (abstract) ••/Hello//Hello/ Æ Hello • Often called “semantic” • Declarative markup • HTML (sometimes) ••XMLXML Computer Markup (3/3) Markup – ISO-Definitions • Semantic Markup • Markup – Text that is added to the data of a • Authors put annotations into their texts to help the document in order to convey information about it publisher to understand what type of text this is (e.g. • Descriptive Markup – Markup that describes “this is a heading”) the structure and other attributes of a document • Annotations are agreed between author and publisher in a non-system-specific way, independently of • Publisher decides on the layout any processing that may be performed on it • Descriptive markup • Processing Instruction (PI) – Markup • Describing content not the layout consisting of system-specific data that controls • Markup to support search in documents how a document is to be processed • Words in headings are more important than in footnotes • Markup for machines vs. markup for humans Markup Language Features • Stylistic (appearance) • <I><B><U> • Structural (layout) Hypertext Markup • <P><BR><H2> Language (HTML) • Semantic (meaning) ••<TITLE><TITLE> • <META NAME=keywords CONTENT = " …... " > • Functional (action) • <BLINK> • <A HREF = "[link]">Click here</A> Hypertext Markup Language Some Problems (1/2) • HTML – The Markup Language used to represent Web pages for viewing by people • Rendered and viewed in a Web Browser • Not extensible • Documents • Easy to write – Markup your data with tags • Platform independent • Can contain links to Images, documents, and other pages • HTML is an application/instance of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986 – used for defining Markup Languages) • For further information: http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/ Some Problems (2/2) Observations on HTML <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> • Powerful for Presentation (Focus on Client-Side) <html><head> <title>The Some Problems Example</title> • Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) </head><body> • Allows for dynamic behavior using scripting/ DHTML <H1>Separation Of Concerns</h1> There are a lot of problems using • Allows for proprietary extension (ActiveX, plug-ins, HTML for <WebEngineering>Web Application development</WebEngineering>,, etc.). ifif youyou dodo notnot separateseparate concerns.concerns. <P> • Easy to write and generate, but: The <b>Bold</b> and <i>Italic</i>talic</i> example:example: <br><br> • Difficult to parse While rendering <b> is easy nowadays.<i> The semantic of this markup </b> is not </i> clear. • No support for extending semantics, e.g. using your own tags </BODY></HTML> • REMEMBER: Do not develop AApplicationspplications in this manner! • Difficult to apply disciplined approaches XML (1/2) • The eXtensible Markup Language • XML is a universal format for structured eXtensible Markup documents and data on the Web • XML is a standard, interoperable way to Language (XML) describe data for flexible processing • Multi-format delivery • Schema-aware information retrieval • Transformation and dynamic data customization • Archival: standardized, self-describing XML (2/2) XML History • http://www.w3.org/XML/ • 1996 Development started • XML looks like markup (e.g., HTML) but in this • 1997 Public Drafts context the interpretation of data is the job of the application • E.g. Provided in paper form at WWW6, Santa Clara, CA • XML tags/elements/attributes are not predefined • XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or • February, 1998 W3C REC an XML Schema to describe data • Based on experience: simplified form of SGML • XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to • XML derived from SGML – both are used for be self-descriptive defining Markup Languages • XML = 80% of SGML´s capabilities, 20% of SGML´s complexity The W3C Standards* Process XML Facts • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Important for Web development because it • Development is organized into WGs. removes two constraints: • Dependence on a single, inflexible Document • Working Group (~10) - set agenda /decide Type (HTML); • Special Interest Group (~100) - • The complexity of full SGML, whose syntax discuss/recommend allows many powerful but hard-to-program • W3C members (~500) - vote options • W3C Director (TimBL) - may veto • XML was not designed to do anything • The public--comment on public WDs; • XML is free and extensible adopt/reject • XML complements (not replaces) HTML XML and HTML XML Characteristics • XML was designed to “carry” data • Well-Formed – An XML document is well- • Two different goals: formed if it complies to the following rules: • Elements have an open and close tag: • XML – describe data and focus on what it is <tag>content</tag> • HTML – display data and focus on how it looks • Empty elements are closed by “ / ” e.g. <emptyelem/> • Attribute values are quoted • Valid – An XML document is well-formed and if its content conforms to the rules in its document type definition or schema • Validity allows an application to make sure the XML data is complete, is formated properly, and has appropriate attribute values. The Two Worlds of XML The Two Worlds United • Markup of documents: the original • Documents and “semi-structured” data share • This perspective is our focus here features • Document representation was the primary problem • Hierarchical structure XML was created to solve • String content • Data exchange and protocol design • Variations in structure • XML turned out to fill important gaps • Their applications also share needs • Relational databases needed a way to share records • Need for a lingua franca, independent of APIs and multi-table data • Ability to cope with international characters • Protocol designers wanted a way to encapsulate • “Fit” with WWW and HTTP. structured data XML is More General Better Rendering than HTML • Tags label arbitrary information units • Fully internationalized • More suited to multiple purposes • Also better for visually-impaired users • “Looking right” is needed but not enough • Supports multiple renderings • Supports custom information structures • Customize to the user, time, situation, device • If you have “price” or “procedure”, you can make a • Separates formatting from structure tag for it, and validate its usage • And processing other than rendering • Can support many different information models • Large documents don’t break it • E.g., molecular models, vector graphics, etc. • Easy to trade off server/client work • More “teeth” to enforce consistent syntax • Artificial “next tiny bit” links no longer necessary • Works hard to avoid semi-interoperable docs • No searches that fail because big doc was split • XHTML is XML-conforming flavor of HTML • Clean existing HTML is already close... XML Treats Documents like Databases XML Example • XML brings benefits of DBs to documents • A way of representing information • Schema to model information directly • XML documents (application of XML) are • Formal validation, locking, versioning, rollback... composed of elements and attributes ••ButBut <?xml version="1.0“encoding="ISO-8859- • Not all traditional database concepts map cleanly, order 1” ?> because documents are fundamentally different in <order OrderID="10643"> item some ways <item> room <room id=“Room10"/> item </item> <item> room <room id=“Room11"/> OrderDate </item> <OrderDate price ts="2005-10-17T00:00:00"/> 200.00 dollars <price>200.00 dollars</price> </order> What is Structure When Structure is Essential • To Relational Database theorists, structure is: • Large scale data • Tables with fixed sets of non-repeating named fields, • Data with individual parts you care about that have little internal structure • (like price-tag, tool-list, citation, author,...) • E-R diagrams with fixed number of nodes • Need for good navigation tools • Structured documents are different: • Mission-critical information • The order of SECs, Ps, etc. matters (a lot) • Many hierarchical layers (which text crosses) • Information that must last • Text/graphic data mixes with aggregate objects • Multi-author publishing process • Optional or repeatable sub-parts abound • Multiple delivery media • Interaction with natural language phenomena • These are very different
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Describing Media Content of Binary Data in XML W3C Working Group Note 2 May 2005
    Table of Contents Describing Media Content of Binary Data in XML W3C Working Group Note 2 May 2005 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/NOTE-xml-media-types-20050502 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-media-types Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-xml-media-types-20041102 Editors: Anish Karmarkar, Oracle Ümit Yalç&#305;nalp, SAP (formerly of Oracle) Copyright © 2005 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. > >Abstract This document addresses the need to indicate the content-type associated with binary element content in an XML document and the need to specify, in XML Schema, the expected content-type(s) associated with binary element content. It is expected that the additional information about the content-type will be used for optimizing the handling of binary data that is part of a Web services message. Status of this Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. This document is a W3C Working Group Note. This document includes the resolution of the comments received on the Last Call Working Draft previously published. The comments on this document and their resolution can be found in the Web Services Description Working Group’s issues list and in the section C Change Log [p.11] . A diff-marked version against the previous version of this document is available.
    [Show full text]
  • XML Specifications Growth of the Web
    Web Services Standards Overview Dependencies Messaging Specifications SOAP 1.1 SOAP 1.2 Interoperability Business Process Specifications Management Specifications Presentation SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism WS-Notification the trademarks of their respective owners. of their respective the trademarks Management Using Web Management Of WS-BaseNotification Issues Business Process Execution WS-Choreography Model Web Service Choreography Web Service Choreography WS-Management Specifications Services (WSDM-MUWS) Web Services (WSDM-MOWS) Language for Web Services 1.1 Overview Interface Description Language AMD, Dell, Intel, Microsoft and Sun WS-Topics (BPEL4WS) · 1.1 · BEA Systems, IBM, (WSCI) · 1.0 · W3C 1.0 1.0 1.0 · W3C (CDL4WS) · 1.0 · W3C Microsystems Microsoft, SAP, Sun Microsystems, SAP, BEA Systems WS-BrokeredNotification Working Draft Candidate Recommendation OASIS OASIS Published Specification Web Services for Remote Security Resource Basic Profile Siebel Systems · OASIS-Standard and Intalio · Note OASIS-Standard OASIS-Standard Metadata Portlets (WSRP) WS-Addressing – Core 1.1 ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ 2.0 WS-I Business Process Execution Language for Web Services WS-Choreography Model Overview defines the format Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI) describes Web Service Choreography Description Language Web Service Distributed Management: Management Using Web Service Distributed Management: Management Of WS-Management describes a general SOAP-based WS-Addressing – WSDL Binding 1.1(BPEL4WS) provides a language for the formal
    [Show full text]
  • What Is XML Schema?
    72076_FM 3/22/02 10:39 AM Page i XML Schema Essentials R. Allen Wyke Andrew Watt Wiley Computer Publishing John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 72076_AppB 3/22/02 10:47 AM Page 378 72076_FM 3/22/02 10:39 AM Page i XML Schema Essentials R. Allen Wyke Andrew Watt Wiley Computer Publishing John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 72076_FM 3/22/02 10:39 AM Page ii Publisher: Robert Ipsen Editor: Cary Sullivan Developmental Editor: Scott Amerman Associate Managing Editor: Penny Linskey Associate New Media Editor: Brian Snapp Text Design & Composition: D&G Limited, LLC Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2002 by R. Allen Wyke and Andrew Watt. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copy- right Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850- 6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.
    [Show full text]
  • Command Injection in XML Signatures and Encryption Bradley W
    Command Injection in XML Signatures and Encryption Bradley W. Hill Information Security Partners, July 12, 2007 [email protected] Abstract. The XML Digital Signature1 (XMLDSIG) and XML Encryption2 (XMLENC) standards are complex protocols for securing XML and other content. Among its complexities, the XMLDSIG standard specifies various “Transform” algorithms to identify, manipulate and canonicalize signed content and key material. Unfortunately, the defined transforms have not been rigorously constrained to prevent their use as attack vectors, and denial of service or even arbitrary code execution are probable in implementations that have not specifically guarded against such risks. Attacks against the processing application can be embedded in the KeyInfo portion of a signature, making them inherently unauthenticated, or in the SignedInfo block. Although tampering with the SignedInfo should be detectable, a defective implied order of operations in the specification may still allow unauthenticated attacks here. The ability to execute arbitrary code and perform file system operations with a malicious, invalid signature has been confirmed by the researcher in at least two independent XMLDSIG implementations, and other implementations may be similarly vulnerable. This paper describes the vulnerabilities in detail and offers advice for remediation. The most damaging attack is also likely to apply in other contexts where XSLT is accepted as input, and should be considered by all implementers of complex XML processing systems. Categories and Subject Descriptors Primary Classification: K.6.5 Security and Protection Subject: Invasive software Unauthorized access Authentication Additional Classification: D.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques (REVISED) Subject: Standards D.2.1 Requirements/Specifications (D.3.1) Subject: Languages Tools General Terms: Security, Reliability, Verification, and Design.
    [Show full text]
  • Describing Media Content of Binary Data in XML W3C Working Group Note 4 May 2005
    Table of Contents Describing Media Content of Binary Data in XML W3C Working Group Note 4 May 2005 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/NOTE-xml-media-types-20050504 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-media-types Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/NOTE-xml-media-types-20050502 Editors: Anish Karmarkar, Oracle Ümit Yalç&#305;nalp, SAP Copyright © 2005 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. > >Abstract This document addresses the need to indicate the content-type associated with binary element content in an XML document and the need to specify, in XML Schema, the expected content-type(s) associated with binary element content. It is expected that the additional information about the content-type will be used for optimizing the handling of binary data that is part of a Web services message. Status of this Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. This document is a W3C Working Group Note. This document includes the resolution of the comments received on the Last Call Working Draft previously published. The comments on this document and their resolution can be found in the Web Services Description Working Group’s issues list. There is no technical difference between this document and the 2 May 2005 version; the acknowledgement section has been updated to thank external contributors.
    [Show full text]
  • XML Information Set
    XML Information Set XML Information Set W3C Recommendation 24 October 2001 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-infoset-20011024 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/PR-xml-infoset-20010810 Editors: John Cowan, [email protected] Richard Tobin, [email protected] Copyright ©1999, 2000, 2001 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply. Abstract This specification provides a set of definitions for use in other specifications that need to refer to the information in an XML document. Status of this Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. The latest status of this document series is maintained at the W3C. This is the W3C Recommendation of the XML Information Set. This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties and has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited as a normative reference from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/immdca01/Desktop/xml-infoset.html (1 of 16) [8/12/2002 10:38:58 AM] XML Information Set Web. This document has been produced by the W3C XML Core Working Group as part of the XML Activity in the W3C Architecture Domain.
    [Show full text]
  • 5241 Index 0939-0964.Qxd 29/08/02 5.30 Pm Page 941
    5241_index_0939-0964.qxd 29/08/02 5.30 pm Page 941 INDEX 941 5241_index_0939-0964.qxd 29/08/02 5.30 pm Page 942 Index 942 Regular A Alternatives, 362 Analysis Patterns: Reusable Expression ABSENT value, 67 Object Models, 521 Symbols abstract attribute, 62, 64–66 ancestor (XPath axis), 54 of complexType element, ancestor-or-self (XPath axis), . escape character, 368, 369 247–248, 512, 719 54 . metacharacter, 361 of element element, 148–149 Annotation, 82 ? metacharacter, 361, 375 mapping to object-oriented defined, 390 ( metacharacter, 361 language, 513–514 mapping to object-oriented ) metacharacter, 361 Abstract language, 521 { metacharacter, 361 attribute type, 934 Microsoft use of term, } metacharacter, 361 defined, 58 821–822 + metacharacter, 361, 375 element type, 16, 17, 18, 934 properties of, 411 * metacharacter, 361, 375 object, corresponding to docu- annotation content option ^ metacharacter, 379 ment, 14 for schema element, 115 \ metacharacter, 361 uses of term, 238, 931–932 annotation element, 82, 83, | metacharacter, 361 Abstract character, 67 254, 260, 722, 859 \. escape character, 366 Abstract document attributes of, 118 \? escape character, 366 document information item content options for, 118–119 \( escape character, 367 view of, 62 example of use of, 117 \) escape character, 367 infoset view of, 62 function of, 116, 124, 128 \{ escape character, 367 makeup of, 59 nested, 83–84 \} escape character, 367 properties of, 66 Anonymous component, 82 \+ escape character, 367 Abstract element, 14–15 any element, 859 \- escape character,
    [Show full text]
  • SWAD-Europe Deliverable 5.1: Schema Technology Survey
    Sat Jun 05 2004 23:47:40 Europe/London SWAD-Europe Deliverable 5.1: Schema Technology Survey Project name: Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe) Project Number: IST-2001-34732 Workpackage name: 5. Integration with XML Technology Workpackage description: ☞http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Europe/plan/workpackages/live/esw-wp-5.html Deliverable title: SWAD-Europe: Schema Technology Survey URI: ☞http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Europe/reports/xml_schema_tools_techniques_report Authors: Stephen Buswell, Dan Brickley, Brian Matthews Abstract: This report surveys the state of schema annotation and mapping technology. It takes a practical approach by targeting the work to the needs of developers, providing background to support our attempts to answer frequently asked questions on this subject. The report first reviews previous work on 'bridging languages', giving an overview of the major approaches and uses that to motivate further technical work to progress the state of the art in this area. Status: Snapshot release for discussion and editorial work. Further revisions are planned during WP4. Comments on this document are welcome and should be sent to the ☞[email protected] list. An archive of this list is available at ☞http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-esw/ This report is part of ☞SWAD-Europe ☞Work package 5: Integration with XML Technology and addresses the topic of Schema annotation, and the relationship(s) between RDF and XML technologies. The variety of so-called 'schema languages' for the Web has caused some confusion. This document attempts to place them in context, and explore the state of the art in tools for mapping data between the different approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the XML World
    Lars Strandén SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute develops and transfers Exploring the XML World technology for improving competitiveness and quality in industry, and for safety, conservation of resources and good environment in society as a whole. With - A survey for dependable systems Swedens widest and most sophisticated range of equipment and expertise for technical investigation, measurement, testing and certfi cation, we perform research and development in close liaison with universities, institutes of technology and international partners. SP is a EU-notifi ed body and accredited test laboratory. Our headquarters are in Borås, in the west part of Sweden. SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute SP Swedish National Testing SP Electronics SP REPORT 2004:04 ISBN 91-7848-976-8 ISSN 0284-5172 SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Box 857 SE-501 15 BORÅS, SWEDEN Telephone: + 46 33 16 50 00, Telefax: +46 33 13 55 02 SP Electronics E-mail: [email protected], Internet: www.sp.se SP REPORT 2004:04 Lars Strandén Exploring the XML World - A survey for dependable systems 2 Abstract Exploring the XML World - A survey for dependable systems The report gives an overview of and an introduction to the XML world i.e. the definition of XML and how it can be applied. The content shall not be considered a development tutorial since this is better covered by books and information available on the Internet. Instead this report takes a top-down perspective and focuses on the possibilities when using XML e.g. concerning functionality, tools and supporting standards. Getting started with XML is very easy and the threshold is low.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 XML.Pptx
    Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Deßloch AG Heterogene Informationssysteme Geb. 36, Raum 329 Tel. 0631/205 3275 [email protected] Chapter 7 - XML XML Origin and Usages n Defined by the WWW Consortium (W3C) n Originally intended as a document markup language, not a database language n Documents have tags giving extra information about sections of the document n For example: n <title> XML </title> n <slide> XML Origin and Usages </slide> n Meta-language: used to define arbitrary XML languages/vocabularies (e.g. XHTML) n Derived from SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) n standard for document description n enables document interchange in publishing, office, engineering, … n main idea: separate form from structure n XML is simpler to use than SGML n roughly 20% complexity achieves 80% functionality © Prof.Dr.-Ing. Stefan Deßloch XML Origin and Usages (cont.) n XML documents are to some extent self-describing n Tags represent metadata n Metadata and data are combined in the same document n semi-structured data modeling n Example <bank> <account> <account-number> A-101 </account-number> <branch-name> Downtown </branch-name> <balance> 500 </balance> </account> <depositor> <account-number> A-101 </account-number> <customer-name> Johnson </customer-name> </depositor> </bank> © Prof.Dr.-Ing. Stefan Deßloch Forces Driving XML n Document Processing n Goal: use document in various, evolving systems n structure – content – layout n grammar: markup vocabulary for mixed content n Data Bases and Data Exchange n Goal: data independence n structured, typed data – schema-driven – integrity constraints n Semi-structured Data and Information Integration n Goal: integrate autonomous data sources n data source schema not known in detail – schemata are dynamic n schema might be revealed through analysis only after data processing © Prof.Dr.-Ing.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) Within IETF Protocols
    Network Working Group S. Hollenbeck Request for Comments: 3470 VeriSign, Inc. BCP: 70 M. Rose Category: Best Current Practice Dover Beach Consulting, Inc. L. Masinter Adobe Systems Incorporated January 2003 Guidelines for the Use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) within IETF Protocols Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright © The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. Abstract The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a framework for structuring data. While it evolved from Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) -- a markup language primarily focused on structuring documents -- XML has evolved to be a widely-used mechanism for representing structured data. There are a wide variety of Internet protocols being developed; many have need for a representation for structured data relevant to their application. There has been much interest in the use of XML as a representation method. This document describes basic XML concepts, analyzes various alternatives in the use of XML, and provides guidelines for the use of XML within IETF standards-track protocols. Conventions Used In This Document This document recommends, as policy, what specifications for Internet protocols -- and, in particular, IETF standards track protocol documents -- should include as normative language within them. The capitalized keywords "SHOULD", "MUST", "REQUIRED", etc. are used in the sense of how they would be used within other documents with the meanings as specified in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [1]. RFC 3470 XML Within IETF Protocols January 2003 Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Overview....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to E-Commerce Combining Business and Information Technology
    MARTIN KÜTZ INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE COMBINING BUSINESS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2 Introduction to E-Commerce: Combining Business and Information Technology 1st edition © 2016 Martin Kütz & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-1520-2 Peer review by Prof. Dr. Michael Brusch, Fachbereich 6, Hochschule Anhalt and Prof. Dr. Corinna V. Lang, Fachbereich 2, Hochschule Anhalt 3 INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE CONTENTS CONTENTS Table of abbreviations 7 1 Basics and definitions 15 1.1 The term “E-Commerce” 16 1.2 Business models related to E-Commerce 24 1.3 Technical and economic challenges 34 1.4 Exercises 35 2 Frameworks and architectures 37 2.1 Actors and stakeholders 37 360° 2.2 Fundamental sales process 39 2.3 Technological elements 44 2.4 Exercises 360° 61 thinking. thinking. 360° thinking . 360° thinking. Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers 4 © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE CONTENTS 3 B2C business 62 3.1 The process model and its variants 62 3.2 The pricing challenge 77 3.3 The fulfilment challenge 79 3.4 The payment challenge 80 3.5 B2C-business and CRM 80 3.6 B2C software systems 81 3.7 Exercises 85 4 B2B business 86 4.1 The process model and its variants 86 4.2 B2B software systems 98 4.3 Exercises 106 5 Impact
    [Show full text]