DOCSLIB.ORG

In Vitroanticancer Activities of Anogeissus Latifolia, Terminalia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Vitroanticancer Activities of Anogeissus Latifolia, Terminalia DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.15.6423 In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna RESEARCH ARTICLE In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna Indian Plants Kawthar AE Diab1,2*, Santosh Kumar Guru2, Shashi Bhushan2, Ajit K Saxena2 Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro anti-proliferative potential of extracts from four Indian medicinal plants, namely Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna. Their cytotoxicity was tested in nine human cancer cell lines, including cancers of lung (A549), prostate (PC-3), breast (T47D and MCF-7), colon (HCT-16 and Colo-205) and leukemia (THP-1, HL-60 and K562) by using SRB and MTT assays. The findings showed that the selected plant extracts inhibited the cell proliferation of nine human cancer cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. The extracts inhibited cell viability of leukemia HL-60 and K562 cells by blocking G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, A. catechu extract at 100 µg/mL induced G2/M arrest in K562 cells. DNA fragmentation analysis displayed the appearance of a smear pattern of cell necrosis upon agarose gel electrophoresis after incubation of HL-60 cells with these extracts for 24h. Keywords: Anogeissus latifolia - terminalia bellerica - acacia catechu - moringa oleiferna - cytotoxicity - DNA ladder Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16 (15), 6423-6428 Introduction and antifungal activities (Caceres et al., 1992; Biswas et al., 2012; Krishnamurthy et al., 2015). Considering the There has been a long-standing interest in identification vast therapeutic potential of above mentioned medicinal of natural products and medicinal plants for developing plants, the present study was planned to investigate their new cancer therapeutics. India, represented by rich anti-proliferative potential in different panel of human culture, traditions, and natural biodiversity, offers a cancer cell lines. To get some insight into the cellular unique opportunity for researchers in drug discovery and mechanism of action of the extracts, the most active development (Brusotti et al., 2014). This country has 2 concentrations of the plants extracts were also studied of 18 hotspots of plant biodiversity in the world, namely for cell cycle arrest and apoptotic potential in human Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghats (Chitale et al., leukemia cell line. 2014). In the present study, we selected four medicinal plants namely Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Materials and Methods Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna to explore their anticancer efficacy in human cancer cell lines. Stem bark Chemicals and reagents of Anogeissus latifolia has been extensively utilized in the The RPMI-1640 medium, Dulbecco’s modified treatment of various disorders like skin diseases, snake eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal calf serum (FCS), trypsin, and scorpion bites, leprosy, diabetes, stomach diseases, gentamycin, penicillin, sulforhodamine blue (SRB), 3-(4, colic, cough, and diarrhea (Patil and Gaikwad, 2011). 5-dimethy- lthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl)-tetrazolium The fruit of Terminalia bellerica has been used for the bromide (MTT), ethidium bromide, propidium iodide (PI), treatment of anemia, asthma, cancer, colic, constipation, DNase-free RNase, proteinase K, dimethyl sulphoxide diarrhea, dysuria, headache, hypertension, inflammation, (DMSO), camptothecin, were purchased from Sigma- and rheumatism (Rashed et al., 2014). The bark and Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic heartwood of Acacia catechu are widely used for the acid (EDTA), tris-base and phosphate buffered saline treatment of chronic fever, ulcer, cough, worm infestation, (PBS) were obtained from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. poisonous bites, obesity, hepatomegaly, spleeno¬megaly, Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was and problems related to skin, throat, tooth, and urinary procured from Merck Specialties Pvt. Ltd., (Mumbai, tract (Stohs and Bagchi, 2015). Various parts of Moringa India). oleifera such as leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods are used as cardiac and circulatory Extraction Process stimulants, and have been shown to have diuretic, The plants were harvested from herbal garden of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antibacterial, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu, 1Genetics and Cytology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, 2Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India *For correspondence: [email protected] Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 16, 2015 6423 Kawthar AE Diab et al India. The plants were identified and authenticated by The absorbance at wavelength 540 nm was read using a taxonomist of the IIIM. The extraction process of these microplate reader (Tecan, Switzerland). plants was procured from the National products Chemistry Division of the IIIM. Dried and powdered plants were MTT assay placed in a conical glass percolator, submerged in 95% Mitochondrial activity was evaluated by MTT assay ethanol or 50 % ethanol, and kept at room temperature as described earlier (Vega-Avila and Pugsley 2011). for 20h (Table 1). The extraction procedure was repeated This assay based on enzymatic reduction of the yellow four times and the percolate were collected and filtered. colored MTT dye to purple colored formazan crystals by Ethanol was distilled off from pooled percolate using a a variety of mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes that are rotavapour under reduced pressure at 50°C. The final operational in viable cells. Briefly, HL-60 and K562 cells drying was done initially in vacuum desiccators and (5000 cells/well) were seeded in 100 µL of medium into finally lyophilized. The dried extracts were scrapped off 96-well plate and left to settle in a CO2 incubator. After and transferred to a wide mouth glass container. Nitrogen 60 min of incubation, the test material was added in each was blown in the container before capping and stored at well (100 μL/well) and the plate was incubated for 48 h. -20°C in a desiccator. Four hours before the end of incubation period, 20 μL of MTT solution (2.5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well Cell culture and treatment and re-incubated for 4h at 37°C. The plate was centrifuged Nine human cancer cell lines were obtained from with rotor for 96-well plate assembly (Beckman GS-6R, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, USA. The cell USA) at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Then, the supernatant lines were derived from different cancers including lung culture medium containing MTT was removed and 200 (A549), prostate (PC-3), breast (T47D and MCF-7), colon μL of DMSO were added to each well to dissolve the (HCT-16, Colo-205), and leukemia (THP-1, HL-60 and formazan crystals. The optical density (OD) of each well K562). All cell lines were routinely cultured in RPMI- was recorded using a microplate reader at a wavelength 1640 growth medium except MCF-7 cell line was cultured of 570 nm. The percentages of cell viability and growth in DMEM medium. Both growth media (pH 7.2) were inhibition were calculated according to the following supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin (100 U/mL) equations (Chanda et al., 2012). Cell viability (%)=[(OD and streptomycin (10 mg/mL), in tissue culture flask in of treated cells-OD of blank)/ (OD of control-OD of an incubator at 37°C with 95% relative humidity and 5% blank)×100]. Growth inhibition (%)100 – % Cell viability CO2 gas environment. The cells were harvested either by trypsinization (adherent cultures) or by centrifugation at Cell cycle analysis 1000 rpm for 5 min (suspension cultures). Stock solutions Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle (20 mg/mL) of the extracts were dissolved in DMSO and distribution according to the standard procedures (Saxena serially diluted with complete growth medium containing et al., 2010). Briefly, HL-60 and K562 cells (2×106 / mL/6 50 µg/mL of gentamycin to the desired concentrations (10, well plate) were treated with plant extracts at 50 and 100 30, 50, 70 and 100 µg/mL). Untreated control cultures μg/mL for 24 h. The cells were harvested and centrifuged received only the vehicle (DMSO<1%). at 400g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was washed twice with 2 mL of PBS. The cells In vitro cytotoxicity screening were fixed overnight in chilled 70% ethanol at 4°C and Sulforhodamine blue (SRB) assay: Measurement of then subjected to RNase digestion (400 μg/mL) at 37°C the cellular protein content was performed using the SRB for 1h. Finally, the cells were stained with PI (10 μg/ assay as described earlier (Vichai and Kirtikara, 2006). mL) for 30 min in dark and analyzed immediately for Briefly, seven adherent cultures namely A459, PC3, MCF- DNA contents on a Flow Cytometer FACS Diva (Becton 7, T47D, Colo-205, HCT-16 and THP-1 were harvested Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The cell cycle in log phase using trypsinization (0.05% trypsin and histograms were analyzed using the ModFit LT™ 3.2.1 0.02% EDTA, in PBS) and the cells were counted using a software packages (Verity Software House Inc., Topsham, hemocytometer. The cells were seeded into 96-well plates ME). In this program, debris and single cell populations at density 1000 cells/100μL/well excepting Colo-205 cells were gated out using two parameter histogram of FL2-A were seeded at density 1500 cells/well in 100μL medium versus FL2-W. into 96 well plate. After 24h, the medium was aspirated and the cells were exposed to 100 μL/well of freshly DNA ladder assay prepared medium containing test materials at desired HL-60 cells (2×106 cells/mL in 6-well plate) were concentrations for 48 h. At the end of exposure time, 50 harvested after 24h treatment with the selected plant μL of ice-cold 50% TCA was added to each well and left extracts at 50 and 100 μg/mL.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conservation and Scientific Techniques for Improvement of Gum and Resin Yielding Tropical Tree Species RAVINDRA KUMAR DHAKA*, BHUVA DHAVAL C., RAJESH P
    Trends6 4 in Biosciences 10(1), Print : ISSN 0974-8431,Trends 64-67, in Biosciences 2017 10 (1), 2017 REVIEW PAPER Conservation and Scientific Techniques for Improvement of Gum and Resin Yielding Tropical Tree Species RAVINDRA KUMAR DHAKA*, BHUVA DHAVAL C., RAJESH P. GUNAGA AND M. S. SANKANUR Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry, ACHF, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. *email: [email protected] ABSTRACT forest products also widely used, the terms to classify forest resources i.e. other than major timber and small timber and Indian tropical forests are rich in biological diversity. It is fire wood. Among many of NTFP resources, Indian forests one of the richest and largest exporter countries in the are also rich in gum and resin, oleoresins yielding forest world for gum and resins. Mostly the raw materials are procured from natural sources which play a major role in species and mostly the raw materials are procured from tribal economy and livelihood security. Some important natural sources. Gums and gum resins are commercially highly traded gum and resin yielding trees species of India extracted from different tropical forest species like gum are Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia products namely gum arabic from Acacia Senegal or Acacia nilotica, gum ghattii from Anogeissus latifolia, gum karaya serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Sterculia urens and Vateria indica, however, the quality of these products may from Sterculia urens, gum katira from Cochlospermum also fetch higher economic returns in the international religiosum, Neem gum from Azadirachta indica, Jingan market. But many of these gum and resin yielding trees gum from Lannea coromandelica, Mesquite gum from like Sterculia urens, Boswellia serrata and Vateria indica Prosopis julifora etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Analgesic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Anogeissus Latifolia Wall on Swiss Albino Mice
    Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2013, 4(5):79-82 ISSN: 0976-8688 CODEN (USA): PSHIBD Analgesic effects of methanolic extracts of Anogeissus latifolia wall on swiss albino mice Vijusha M.*1, Shalini K.2, Veeresh K.2, Rajini A.2 and Hemamalini K.1 1Teegala Ram Reddy College of Pharmacy, Meerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy, Sheriguda, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The main objective of my present research work is to find out the good pharmacological properties from medicinal plants with their preliminary phytochemical study and also to evaluate the analgesic activity of Anogeissus latifolia belongs to combretaceae family on mice by tail immersion, tail flick and eddy’s hot plate method. Dose was selected from the literature and the dose chosen for the study is 200 mg/kg, a small trial on acute toxicity was used to confirm the dose by using 2000 mg/kg, and there was no mortality found, so 1/10 th of this dose was chosen for analgesic activity. Normally herbal drugs are free of side effects and available in low cost. The methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia at 200 mg/kg showed a significant analgesic activity in tail immersion, tail flick, and hot plate model when compared to that of standard drug. Key words: Anogeissus latifolia, leaf, methanolic extract, tail immersion, tail flick and eddy’s hot plate model. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION In the history of medicine for the relief of pain many medicinal herbs has been used .natural products which contain many active principles are believed to have their potiential therapeutic value.
    [Show full text]
  • Views of Local Population
    Tropical Ecology 53(3): 307-315, 2012 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Effect of altitude and disturbance on structure and species diversity of forest vegetation in a watershed of central Himalaya PRERNA POKHRIYAL, D. S. CHAUHAN* & N. P. TODARIA Department of Forestry, HNB Garhwal University ( Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India Abstract: The Phakot watershed of Central Himalaya harbours two forest types; Anogeissus latifolia subtropical dry deciduous forest (600 - 1200 m asl) and Quercus leucotrichophora moist temperate forest (1500 - 1900 m asl). We assessed the disturbance level in these forests and analyzed its effect on species composition and diversity. Three levels of disturbance (undisturbed, moderately disturbed and highly disturbed) were identified within both the forest types on the basis of canopy cover, tree density and light attenuation. The canopy cover and light attenuation were higher in the Quercus leucotrichophora forest as compared to the Anogeissus latifolia mixed forest. Asteraceae was the dominant family at all disturbance levels in both forest types. Tree density was higher in the Anogeissus latifolia mixed forest, while shrub and herb density was high in Quercus leucotrichophora forest as compared to the Anogeissus latifolia mixed forest. A sharp decline in tree density and basal area was recorded with increasing disturbance level in both the forests. Species richness (number of species per unit area) of trees, shrubs and herbs declined with disturbance, except for the highly disturbed Anogeissus forest which was more species rich than the undisturbed or moderately disturbed forest. Resumen: Lacuenca Phakotde los Himalaya Centrales albergadostipos de bosque: bosquesub- tropical seco caducifolio de Anogeissus latifolia (600 - 1200 m s.n.m.) y bosque húmedo templado de Quercus leucotrichophora (1500-1900 m s.n.m.).
    [Show full text]
  • "Ellagic Acid, an Anticarcinogen in Fruits, Especially in Strawberries: a Review"
    FEATURE Ellagic Acid, an Anticarcinogen in Fruits, Especially in Strawberries: A Review John L. Maasl and Gene J. Galletta2 Fruit Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 Gary D. Stoner3 Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43699 The various roles of ellagic acid as an an- digestibility of natural forms of ellagic acid, Mode of inhibition ticarcinogenic plant phenol, including its in- and the distribution and organ accumulation The inhibition of cancer by ellagic acid hibitory effects on chemically induced cancer, or excretion in animal systems is in progress appears to occur through the following its effect on the body, occurrence in plants at several institutions. Recent interest in el- mechanisms: and biosynthesis, allelopathic properties, ac- lagic acid in plant systems has been largely a. Inhibition of the metabolic activation tivity in regulation of plant hormones, for- for fruit-juice processing and wine industry of carcinogens. For example, ellagic acid in- mation of metal complexes, function as an applications. However, new studies also hibits the conversion of polycyclic aromatic antioxidant, insect growth and feeding in- suggest that ellagic acid participates in plant hydrocarbons [e.g., benzo (a) pyrene, 7,12- hibitor, and inheritance are reviewed and hormone regulatory systems, allelopathic and dimethylbenz (a) anthracene, and 3-methyl- discussed in relation to current and future autopathic effects, insect deterrent princi- cholanthrene], nitroso compounds (e.g., N- research. ples, and insect growth inhibition, all of which nitrosobenzylmethylamine and N -methyl- N- Ellagic acid (C14H6O8) is a naturally oc- indicate the urgent need for further research nitrosourea), and aflatoxin B1 into forms that curring phenolic constituent of many species to understand the roles of ellagic acid in the induce genetic damage (Dixit et al., 1985; from a diversity of flowering plant families.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Assessment in Some Selected Hill Forests of South Orissa
    BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT IN SOME SELECTED HILL FORESTS OF SOUTH ORISSA BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT IN SOME SELECTED HILL FORESTS OF SOUTH ORISSA, INDIA FIELD SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION TEAM PRATYUSH MOHAPATRA, PRASAD KUMAR DASH, SATYANARAYAN MIASHRA AND DEEPAK KUMAR SAHOO & BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION TEAM SWETA MISHRA, BISWARUP SAHU, SUJATA DAS, TUSHAR DASH, RANJITA PATTNAIK AND Y.GIRI, RAO REPORT PREPARED BY VASUNDHARA A/70, SAHID NAGER BHUBANESWAR ORISSA ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are grateful to Concern Worldwide for providing financial support to carry out the study. The authors are also thankful to Dr. Dr. R.C .Mishra, Scientist, RPRC, Bhubaneswar, Dr. S.K Dutta, Head, Dept. of Zoology, North Orissa University and Dr. Manoj Nayar, Dr. N.K.Dhal and Mr. N.C.Rout, Scientist, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Dr. Virendra Nath, Scientist, National Botanical Research Institute, Lacknow, Dr. Dinesh Kumar Saxena, Professor, Barely collage, U.P for their technical input during the study design, identification of species and sincere guidance in preparing the report. Mr. Himanshu Sekhar Palei and Mr. Anup Kumar Pradhan, students, Msc. Wildlife, Baripada, Orissa are duly acknowledged for their information on Otters and Giant squirrels of south Orissa Dr. Bijaya Mishra, Mr. Biswjyoti Sahoo and Mr. Himanshu Patra are thanked for their support and cooperation during field visits to different hills. The help and co-operation rendered by the local informants of different ethnic groups in providing first hand information is highly appreciated and acknowledged. Last but not the least, the help and support provided by the Director Vasundhara is highly acknowledged. PREFACE Biodiversity is declining seriously on a global scale, underscoring the importance of conservation planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Invasive Alien Species-Prosopis Juliflora on Floral Diversity of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
    Biodiversity International Journal Research Article Open Access Impact of invasive alien species-Prosopis juliflora on floral diversity of Sathyamangalam tiger reserve, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Volume 2 Issue 6 - 2018 The Bhavanisagar Range of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in the foothills of the Nilgiris is one of the most famous preferred breeding grounds for the Elephants in the Western Maheshnaik BL, Baranidharan K, Vijayabhama Ghats and it is known for its landscape beauty, varied of forest ecosystems and wildlife Forest College and Research Institute, India diversity. Unfortunately, during the last decades, there has been a drastic reduction in the diversity of the natural vegetation. The available niches have been occupied by invasive Correspondence: Baranidharan K, Forest College and exotic species especially Prosopis juliflora. The present study deals with the impact Research Institute, Mettupalayam TNAU, Tamil Nadu-641 301, India, Email assessment of Prosopis juliflora in Bhavanisagar range of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. The parameter assessed are floral diversity and its diversity indices. For floral Received: December 06, 2018 | Published: December 18, diversity sample plot technique was followed in three different sites viz., Prosopis juliflora 2018 eradicated and effectively managed area, Prosopis juliflora invaded area and natural forest. The study results revealed that totally 79 species of trees, shrubs, herbs and grass species were recorded out of which 38 trees belonging to 22 families, 22 shrubs covering 16 families, 19 herbs and grass species relating to 14 families was recorded. In Prosopis juliflora invaded area, 24 tree species belonging to 11 families, 16 shrubs species occupying 13 families and 11 herbs & grasses belonging to 8 families were documented.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries of India
    Wildlife sanctuaries of India Srisailam Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh The largest of India's Tiger Reserves, the Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Sanctuary ( 3568 sq. km.); spreads over five districts - Nalgonda, Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool, Prakasam and Guntur in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Sanctuary was notified in 1978 and declared a Tiger Reserve in 1983. The Reserve was renamed as Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary in 1992. The river Krishna flows through the sanctuary over a distance of 130 km. The multipurpose reservoirs, Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar, which are important sources of irrigation and power in the state are located in the sanctuary. The reservoirs and temples of Srisailam are a major tourist and pilgrim attraction for people from all over the country and abroad. The terrain is rugged and winding gorges slice through the Mallamalai hills. Adjoining the reserve is the large reservoir of the Nagarjunasagar Dam on the River Krishna. The dry deciduous forests with scrub and bamboo thickets provide shelter to a range of animals from the tiger and leopard at the top of the food chain, to deer, sloth bear, hyena, jungle cat, palm civet, bonnet macaque and pangolin. In this unspoilt jungle, the tiger is truly nocturnal and is rarely seen. Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary Total Area: 3568-sq-kms Species found: Catla, Rahu, Murrel, Ech Paten, Karugu, Chidwa,Painted Storks, Herons, Coots, Teals, Cormorants, Pochards, Black and White Ibises, Spoon Bills, Open Billed Storks etc About Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary: Manjira bird sanctuary spreads over an area of 20 sq.kms and is the abode of a number of resident and migratory birds and the marsh crocodiles.
    [Show full text]
  • 份lia Forests in Garhwal Himalayas
    For. Stud. China, 2012, 14(4): 268-275 DOI 1O.1007/s11632-012-0409-6 I Forest structure, diversity and regeneration in unburnt and burnt Anogeissus lat份， lia forests in Garhwal Himalayas Munesh KUMARl*, Jahangeer A. BHATI, G. S. RAJWAR2 I Department ofForestry and Natura! Resources, HNB Garhwa! University, Srinagar Garhwa!, Uttarakhand 249161 , India 2 Department ofBotany, Govemment Post Graduate Col1ege, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249201 , India 。 Be司 ing Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide!berg 2012 Abstract The present study was carried out at two different gradients of unbumt and bumt Anogeissus latifolia forest sites in the Garhwal region, India. At each gradient, the unbumt and bumt forest sites were further categorized into three different e!evations, i.e. , !ower (700 m), midd!e (850 m) and upper (1 000 m). At each e!evation, the density oftrees, saplings and seedlings was higher at the unbumt sites except for 仕ees at the upper e!evation which was higher at the bumt sites. The tota! basa! area of each !ayer of for­ est was a!so higher at the unbumt sites. The study revea!ed that the !ower number of saplings and seed!ings at the bumt forest sites might be due to the effect of fire. Most trees in the !ower dbh classes were affected by forest fire at the bumt sites which reduced the tota! density and tota! basa! area of the trees comp缸'ed to the unbumt sites. The diversity oftrees increased with increasing e!evation. However, the diversity of sap!ings and seedlings reduced with increasing e!evation.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Article
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE ISSN: 2067-533X Volume 9, Issue 1, January-March 2018: 165-172 www.ijcs.uaic.ro A CRITICAL REVIEW ON ANOGEISSUS PENDULA: AN IMPORTANT SPECIES OF ARID ZONE Desha MEENA1*, Shiwani BHATNAGAR2, Anil SINGH1 1 Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India 2 Forest Protection and Entomology Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Abstract Anogeissus pendula is a multipurpose tree species with immense ethno-ecological importance. The tree has ecological significance for the Aravallis and other hilly areas of the country. The tree of Anogeissus pendula is socially acceptable and economically viable to the farming community. It is valued for timber and regarded as the third toughest timber in the world. Also used as a source of fuel wood, fodder and gum. However, Anogeissus pendula has some constraint also such as seed germination capacity and seedling growth is very slow. Due to its very slow growing nature it forms bushy appearance which reduces the value of the timber. Alternatively, attempts have been made to propagate this tree through in vitro approaches. In this communication, we emphasize the research progress made with respect to Anogeissus pendula on various aspects, and suggest some future directions of research. Keywords: Anogeissus pendula; Ethno-ecological context; Conservation status; Timber species. Introduction Anogeissus pendula (family: Combrataceae), commonly known as dhok/kardhai is a tree of arid region and is distributed in tropical Asia and Africa. It grows in the dry and hot regions of India reported by A.C. Gupta [1]. This species is recognized as climax species of Aravalli hills and grows up to 9–15mt in height and 1cm in girth.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of the Asian Elephant in Central India
    Conserwotion of the Asiqn elephont in Centrql Indiq Sushant Chowdhury Introduction Forests lying in Orissa constitute the major habitats of In central India, elephants are found in the States of elephant in the central India and are distributed across Orissa, Jharkhand (pan of the erstwhile Bihar), and over 22 out of the 27 Forest Divisions. Total elephant southern part of \(est Bengal. In all three States elephants habitat extends over an area of neady 10,000km2, occupy a habitat of approximately 17,000km2 constituted which is about 2lo/o of 47,033km2 State Forest available, by Orissa (57'/), Jharkhand Q6o/o) and southern West assessed through satellite data (FSI 1999). Dense forest Bengal (7"/'). A large number of elephant habitats accounts for 26,073km2, open forest for 20,745km2 in this region are small, degraded and isolated. Land and mangrove for 215km2. \(/hile the nonhern part of fragmentation, encroachment, shifting cultivation and Orissa beyond the Mahanadi River is plagued by severe mining activities are the major threats to the habitats. The mining activities, the southern pan suffers from shifting small fragmented habitats, with interspersed agriculture cultivation. FSI (1999) data reports that the four Districts land use in and around, influence the range extension of of Orissa, namely, Sundergarh, Keonjhar, Jajpur and elephants during the wet season, and have become a cause Dhenkenal, have 154 mining leases of iron, manganese of concern for human-elephant conflicts. Long distance and chromate over 376.6km2 which inclu& 192.6km2 elephant excursions from Singhbhum and Dalbhum of forest. About 5,030km2 (or 8.8olo of total forest area) forests of the Jharkhand State to the adjoining States of is affected by shifting cultivation, most of which is on Chattisgarh (part of erstwhile Madhya Pradesh) and \fest the southern part.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry of Secondary Metabolites and Their Antimicrobial Activity in the Drug Development Process: a Review of the Genus Anogeissus
    Chemistry of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity in the drug development process 1 Review Article Chemistry of secondary metabolites and their antimicrobial activity in the drug development process: a review of the Genus Anogeissus A. Mann1, J.O. Amupitan2, A.O. Oyewale2, J.I. Okogun3 and K. Ibrahim 4 1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Bida, P.M.B. 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria 3Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P.M.B. 21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria 4Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), P.M.B.21, Garki – Abuja, Nigeria ABSTRACT The significance of secondary metabolites as antimicrobial agents and its chemistry in the drug development process is reviewed. The genus Anogeissus (Combretaceae) is widely distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Anogeissus is a genus of trees, shrubs or small trees. The genus has eight species, five native to South Asia, two indigenous to the southern Arabian Peninsula, and one native to Africa. Genus Anogeissus have long been used in traditional medicine to treat a broad spectrum of disorders. Chemical constituents isolated from Genus Anogeissus so far include amino acids, terpenoids (and their glycoside derivatives); steroids; flavonoids and their glycosides; tannins and other phenolic compounds and lignan. The focus of this paper has been on the phytochemistry of the species of Anogeissus and with the bioactivities of their various metabolites and their general potential in drug development were reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Variations in Tannin Profile of Tree Leaves
    1134 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 19, No. 8 : 1134 - 1138 August 2006 www.ajas.info Seasonal Variations in Tannin Profile of Tree Leaves K. K. Rana, M. Wadhwa and M. P. S. Bakshi* Department of Animal Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India ABSTRACT : Forest tree leaves (12 different species) of semi hilly arid region of Punjab State were collected at 30-day interval throughout the year to assess the seasonal variations in tannin profile. Tannins were extracted and fractionated from fat free samples and data were analyzed statistically by 12×12 factorial design. The leaves of Anogeissus latifolia had the highest (p<0.05) concentration of total phenols (17.4%), net (15.9%) and hydrolysable (16.9%) tannins, followed by leaves of Acacia nilotica. Majority of the tree leaves selected had moderate levels (2-5%) of net tannins. Leaves of Carrisa had the highest (p<0.05) concentration of condensed tannins (CT), whereas the leaves of Anogeissus had the lowest (p<0.05) concentration of condensed tannins. The protein precipitable phenols (PPP) corresponded well with the net tannin content present in different tree leaves. Seasonal variation data revealed that in summer, net tannins and PPP decline in leaves of Bauhinia and Zizyphus whereas the net tannin content of Anogeissus and that of Carrisa increased during summer. The CT and PPP content in the leaves of Pheonix, Leucaena, Zizyphus and Ougenia increased in winter till spring season. Tree leaves generally had higher concentration of HT during summer months. It was concluded that leaves of leaves of A. nilotica, A.
    [Show full text]