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Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Spondias Mangifera Wild: a Future Alternative of Antibiotics
Microbiological Communication Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 12(3): 665-668 (2019) Antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Spondias mangifera Wild: A future alternative of antibiotics Pooja Jaiswal1, Alpana Yadav1, Gopal Nath2 and Nishi Kumari1* 1Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Antibacterial effi cacy of both dry and green leaf extracts of Spondias mangifera was observed by using their methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts. Six human pathogenic bacterial strains were selected as test organisms and antibacterial activities were assessed by using disc diffusion method. Maximum inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis was observed by ethanolic dry leaf extract (25.00 ± 0.58). Similarly, methanolic dry leaf extract was very effective against Shigella boydii (25.17±0.44). Higher antibacterial activity was observed by green leaf extracts for other test organisms. Aqueous extract of green leaf showed maximum inhibition (11.50± 0.76) against Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanolic extract of green leaf showed maximum activity (10.17±0.44) against Escherichia coli. Similarly, methanolic extract of green leaf against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris showed maximum antibacterial activities, i.e. (15.50±0.29) and (12.50±0.29) respectively. KEY WORDS: ANTIBACTERIAL, BACTERIA, EXTRACT, INHIBITION, SOLVENT INTRODUCTION metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, fl avonoids, terpe- noids, etc. contribute signifi cant role in developing anti- Since ancient times, we depend on plants or plant microbial properties. After the discovery of antibiotics, products for medicines. Plants serve as source of many our dependence on antibiotics had minimized the use of chemicals and many of them have been identifi ed as such plants. -
Conservation and Scientific Techniques for Improvement of Gum and Resin Yielding Tropical Tree Species RAVINDRA KUMAR DHAKA*, BHUVA DHAVAL C., RAJESH P
Trends6 4 in Biosciences 10(1), Print : ISSN 0974-8431,Trends 64-67, in Biosciences 2017 10 (1), 2017 REVIEW PAPER Conservation and Scientific Techniques for Improvement of Gum and Resin Yielding Tropical Tree Species RAVINDRA KUMAR DHAKA*, BHUVA DHAVAL C., RAJESH P. GUNAGA AND M. S. SANKANUR Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry, ACHF, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. *email: [email protected] ABSTRACT forest products also widely used, the terms to classify forest resources i.e. other than major timber and small timber and Indian tropical forests are rich in biological diversity. It is fire wood. Among many of NTFP resources, Indian forests one of the richest and largest exporter countries in the are also rich in gum and resin, oleoresins yielding forest world for gum and resins. Mostly the raw materials are procured from natural sources which play a major role in species and mostly the raw materials are procured from tribal economy and livelihood security. Some important natural sources. Gums and gum resins are commercially highly traded gum and resin yielding trees species of India extracted from different tropical forest species like gum are Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia products namely gum arabic from Acacia Senegal or Acacia nilotica, gum ghattii from Anogeissus latifolia, gum karaya serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Sterculia urens and Vateria indica, however, the quality of these products may from Sterculia urens, gum katira from Cochlospermum also fetch higher economic returns in the international religiosum, Neem gum from Azadirachta indica, Jingan market. But many of these gum and resin yielding trees gum from Lannea coromandelica, Mesquite gum from like Sterculia urens, Boswellia serrata and Vateria indica Prosopis julifora etc. -
Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamakua Pamakani Inhawah: a Review and Update
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LANTANA, PRICKLY PEAR, AND HAMAKUA PAMAKANI INHAWAH: A REVIEW AND UPDATE Clifton J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioka, and Dina Kageler ABSTRACT The biological control of noxious weeds in Hawai`i has been carried on intermittently since 1902, when insects and diseases of lantana (Lantana camara) were sought in Mexico by the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry (now Hawai`i Department of Agriculture). This approach was subsequently employed for the control of 20 other noxious weed pests between the 1940s and 1970s. Lantana was the first weed to be controlled by this method in the U.S. Results were very dramatic in some areas of the State, especially after later introductions by Hawai`ian and Australian entomologists resulted in heavy stress on lantana. In addition to lantana, excellent results have been obtained in the biological control of cacti (Opuntia spp.), and Hamakua pamakani (Ageratina riparia). Prior to the introduction of cactus insects in 1949, 66,000 a (26,400 ha) of Parker Ranch range lands on Hawai`i Island were infested with cacti. By 1965, 7,610 a (< 3,080 ha) remained infested, the result of three introduced insects and an accidentally introduced fungus disease; the red-fruited variety of cactus is particularly susceptible to the fungus. A spineless variety of the cactus occurs in the 'Ainahou-Poliokeawe Pali sector of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, and biocontrol efforts are in progress. With the introduction of insects from Mexico and a foliar fungus disease from Jamaica, Hamakua pamakani is under excellent control on many ranch as well as privately owned and government lands on Hawai`i Island. -
Common Name- Bilayat Botanical Name- Sida Ovata
Common Name- Bilayat Botanical Name- Sida ovata Classification: Kingdom - Plantae Phyllum -Magnoliophyta Class - Magnoliopsida Order - Malvales Family - Malvaceae Genus - Sida Species - ovata Key Characters: 1- It is perennial herb, up to 3ft tall, with all part velvety, 2- Stem is purple in colour and hairy. 3- Oval leaf fan petalis an erect. 4- Leaves have 3-7 mm long, threadlike stipules. 5- Floers are white, occurring solitary or paired leaf axils. 6- Sepals cup is 5 lobed about 4mm across and slightly angular Common Name- Bhendi Botanical Name-Abelmoschus esculentus Classification: Kingdom - Plantae Unranked- Angiosperm Unranked- Eudicots Unranked- Rosids Order - Malvales Family - Malvaceae Sub-family- Mavoideae Tribe - Hibisceae Genus - Abelmoschus Species - esculentus Key characters: 1- It is small medium herb. 2- The stem is semiwoody with few branches. 3- The leaves are 10-40 cm long and broad, palmately lobe with 37 lobes.the lobe from barely lobe, to cut almost to the base of leaf 4- The flowers with 5 white to yellow petals, often with red or purple spot at the base of each petal. 5- The fruit is capsule 5-20 cm long containing numerous seeds. Common Name- Wire weed, Jungli methi Botanical Name- Sida acuta Classification: Kingdom - Plantae Unranked- Angiosperm Unranked- Eudicots Unranked- Rosids Order - Malvales Family - Malvaceae Tribe - malvaeae Genus - Sida Species - acuta Key Characters: 1- The plant is undershrub, perennial, much branched, branches, stellately hairy. 2- Leaves are 1.5 cm long,lanceolate, base rounded. 3- Flowers are yellow, pedicel 1-2 in each axils. 4- Calyx lobe triangular, acute. 5- Fruit strongly reticulate. -
Appendix I List of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers
APPENDIX I LIST OF TREES, SHRUBS AND CLIMBERS RECORDED DURING VEGETATION SURVEYS TREES Acacia catechu Pongamia pinnata Acacia chundra Pterocarpus marsupium Acacia ferruginea Schleichera oleosa Adina cordifolia Semecarjjus anacardium Aegle marmelos Soymida febrifuga Ailanthus excelsa Spondias mangifera Alangium salvifolium Sterculia urens Albizzia lebbek Stereospernium personatuni Albizzia procera Terminalia tomentosa Anogeissus latifolia Trema orien talis Bauhinia laivii Trezvia nudiflora Bauhinia purpurea Wrightia tinctoria Bauhinia racernosa Wrightia t&nentosa Bombax ceiba Xeromphis spinosa Bridelia retusa Xeromphis uliginosa Butea monosperma Zizyphus mauritiana Careya arborea Zizyphus xylopyra Casaeria elleptica Morinda tinctoria Cassia fistula Oroxylum indicum Cordia dichotoma Ougenia oojeinensis Dalbergia lanceolaria Peliostigma malabaricum 173 TREES SHRUBS AND CLIMBERS Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia paniculata Abrus precatorius Dillenia pentagyna Acacia pennata Diospyros melanoxylon Azanza lampas Eleodendron roxburghii Butea superba Embelica officinalis Baliospermun axillare Erythrina indica Capparis horrida Ficus asperrima Carissa karandas Ficus benghalensis Cryptolepis buchanani Ficus hispida Celasirus paniculata Ficus racemosa Ficus heterophylla Ficus religiosa Grewia abutifolia Ficus rumphii Helicteres isora Flacourtia indica Hippocratea indica Gardenia lucida Ipornea sepiaria Garuga pinnata Leea aspera Gmelina arborea Leea macrophylla Grewia rnicrocos Meytenus senegalensis Grewia tilaefolia Milletia auriculata Heterophragma -
Rediscovery, Biology, Vocalisations and Taxonomy of Fish Owls in Turkey
Rediscovery, biology, vocalisations and taxonomy of fish owls in Turkey Arnoud B van den Berg, Soner Bekir, Peter de Knijff & The Sound Approach n the Western Palearctic (WP) region, Brown Distribution and traditional taxonomy IFish Owl Bubo zeylonensis is one of the rarest Until recently, fish owls were grouped under the and least-known birds. The species’ range is huge, genus Ketupa. However, recent DNA research has from the Mediterranean east to Indochina, but it is shown that for reasons of paraphyly it is better to probably only in India and Sri Lanka that it is include this genus together with Scotopelia and regularly observed. In the 19th and 20th century, Nyctea in Bubo. Former Ketupa species, Brown a total of c 15 documented records became known Fish Owl, Tawny Fish Owl B flavipes and Buffy of the westernmost and palest taxon, semenowi, Fish Owl B ketupu cluster as close relatives of and no definite breeding was described for the Asian Bubo species like Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl WP. These records included just one for Turkey in B nipalensis and Barred Eagle-Owl B sumatranus the 20th century, in 1990. However, while the (König et al 1999, Sangster et al 2003, Knox 2008, species appears to be extinct in other WP coun- Wink et al 2008, Redactie Dutch Birding 2010). tries, several pairs have been found in southern Based on external morphology and geography, Turkey since 2004. New findings in 2009-10 cre- four subspecies of Brown Fish Owl are tradition- ated a rapid increase in our understanding of the ally recognized. -
Gtr Pnw343.Pdf
Abstract Marcot, Bruce G. 1995. Owls of old forests of the world. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-343. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 64 p. A review of literature on habitat associations of owls of the world revealed that about 83 species of owls among 18 genera are known or suspected to be closely asso- ciated with old forests. Old forest is defined as old-growth or undisturbed forests, typically with dense canopies. The 83 owl species include 70 tropical and 13 tem- perate forms. Specific habitat associations have been studied for only 12 species (7 tropical and 5 temperate), whereas about 71 species (63 tropical and 8 temperate) remain mostly unstudied. Some 26 species (31 percent of all owls known or sus- pected to be associated with old forests in the tropics) are entirely or mostly restricted to tropical islands. Threats to old-forest owls, particularly the island forms, include conversion of old upland forests, use of pesticides, loss of riparian gallery forests, and loss of trees with cavities for nests or roosts. Conservation of old-forest owls should include (1) studies and inventories of habitat associations, particularly for little-studied tropical and insular species; (2) protection of specific, existing temperate and tropical old-forest tracts; and (3) studies to determine if reforestation and vege- tation manipulation can restore or maintain habitat conditions. An appendix describes vocalizations of all species of Strix and the related genus Ciccaba. Keywords: Owls, old growth, old-growth forest, late-successional forests, spotted owl, owl calls, owl conservation, tropical forests, literature review. -
Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID
Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY. Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra Affiliations: - Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB) - Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of Brasília (AQQUA – UnB) - Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF MAY, 2020 Brasília – Brazil 1 Project number: S1-32QTL-000018 Host Country: Brazilian Government Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore Project start: September 2019 Project duration: 24 months 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 05 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07 3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07 3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08 4. RESULTS 4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10 4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10 4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11 4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 13 4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 14 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6. REFERENCES 20 APPENDICES 22 APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M. -
Initial Environmental Examination, Addendum for 230
MAKO PROJECT IEE Addendum: 230 kV Transmission Line Realignment (Tower 54 to Tower 86) FINAL Prepared for By May 2015 IEE Addendum RECORD DISTRIBUTION Copy No. Company / Position Name 1 Director, ESD NNP1 Mr. Prapard PAN-ARAM 2 EMO Manager, NNP1 Mr Viengkeo Phetnavongxay 3 Deputy Compliance Manager, NNP1 Mr. Cliff Massey DOCUMENT REVISION LIST Revision Status/Number Revision Date Description of Revision Approved By Rev0 22nd April 2015 Working Draft Nigel Murphy Rev1 24th April 2015 Draft Nigel Murphy Rev2 18th May 2015 Draft Nigel Murphy Rev3 20th May 2015 Final Nigel Murphy Rev4 28th May 2015 Final (reformatted) Nigel Murphy This report is not to be used for purposes other than those for which it was intended. Environmental conditions change with time. The site conditions described in this report are based on observations made during the site visit and on subsequent monitoring results. Earth Systems does not imply that the site conditions described in this report are representative of past or future conditions. Where this report is to be made available, either in part or in its entirety, to a third party, Earth Systems reserves the right to review the information and documentation contained in the report and revisit and update findings, conclusions and recommendations. FINAL i i IEE Addendum Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. -
Brief Review on Lantana Camera
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 2019, Vol. 6, No. 2, 205-210 https://dx.doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.577172 Published at http://ijate.net/index.php/ijsm http://dergipark.org.tr/ijsm Review Article Brief Review on Lantana camera Rohit Shankar Mane 1, Rachana Dattatray Nagarkar 2, Pragati Pramod Sonawane 3, Ankala Basappa Vedamurthy *,1 1 Department of Studies in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India. 2 Sanjivani Arts, Commerce, Science College Kopargaon, Maharashtra 423603, India 3 Department of Microbiology, Access Health Care, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Abstract: Medicinal plants are widely spread in nature with their unique habitats ARTICLE HISTORY and effective medicinal properties. One of them plant is Lantana Camera. The L. Received: February 06, 2019 camera is well known invasive weed. Used to cure several diseases in Ayurvedic Accepted: June 09, 2019 preparations with different formulations. This plant has great ethnobotany and Pharmacology however it is lagging behind in the list of medicinal plants for their KEYWORDS applications in drug preparations due to mere research study and awareness. Therefore present review may help to reveal different aspects of L. camera with Lantana camera, their awareness in society. Ethnobotany, Pharmacology 1. INTRODUCTION The term "biodiversity hotspot" was coined by the British biologist Norman Myers in 1988. He described them as a biogeographic region by characterizing their exceptional levels of plant endemism and serious levels of habitat loss [1]. Further, in between 1989-1996, Conservation International (CI) adopted ‘Myers hotspots criteria’ and they made one organization for the reassessment of the hotspots concept and in 2005 they have published an revised title “Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions” [2]. -
Rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 the New Listings Entered Into Force on January 2, 2017
Original language: English CoP18 Inf. 50 (English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Geneva (Switzerland), 17-28 August 2019 IMPLEMENTING CITES ROSEWOOD SPECIES LISTINGS: A DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE FOR ROSEWOOD RANGE STATES This document has been submitted by the United States of America at the request of the World Resources Institute in relation to agenda item 74.* * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. CoP18 Inf. 50 – p. 1 Draft for Comment August 2019 Implementing CITES Rosewood Species Listings A Diagnostic Guide for Rosewood Range States Charles Victor Barber Karen Winfield DRAFT August 2019 Corresponding Author: Charles Barber [email protected] Draft for Comment August 2019 INTRODUCTION The 17th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP-17) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), held in South Africa during September- October 2016, marked a turning point in CITES’ treatment of timber species. While a number of tree species had been brought under CITES regulation over the previous decades1, COP-17 saw a marked expansion of CITES timber species listings. The Parties at COP-17 listed the entire Dalbergia genus (some 250 species, including many of the most prized rosewoods), Pterocarpus erinaceous (kosso, a highly-exploited rosewood species from West Africa) and three Guibourtia species (bubinga, another African rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 The new listings entered into force on January 2, 2017. -
Effect of Seed Treatments on Germination of Karoda
International Journal of Chemical Studies 2020; 8(4): 3174-3176 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 www.chemijournal.com Effect of seed treatments on germination of IJCS 2020; 8(4): 3174-3176 © 2020 IJCS Karoda (Carissa carandas L.) cv. local Received: 10-05-2020 Accepted: 12-06-2020 JM Mistry and HH Sitapara JM Mistry Department of Horticulture, B. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4am.10138 A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India Abstract The research experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. HH Sitapara A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during the year 2018. The Experiment Department of Horticulture, B. was laid out in completely randomized design involved 11 different seed treatments including control. A. College of Agriculture, Anand The effect of different seed treatments on various parameters of germination were studied on karonda Agricultural University, Anand, seeds. Among various treatments applied, Seeds soaked in cow dung slurry for 24 hours recorded Gujarat, India maximum seed germination (62.67%), speed of germination (2.20) and required minimum mean germination time (15.03 days). While, seeds soaked in GA3 100 mg/l for 24 hours took minimum days (21.00) for germination. Keywords: Germination, cow dung slurry, GA3, mean germination time, speed of germination Introduction Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) is an important, minor underexploited fruit crop has origin in India. It is popularly known as “Bengal currant” or “Christ’s Thorn”. It belongs to family Apocynaceae with chromosome number 2n = 22. There are about 30 species in genus the Carissa being native of tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, Australia and China (Arif et al., [2] 2016) .