H Kvartarni Geomorfogenezi Ozemlja Med Postojnskim, Planinskim in Cerkniškim Poljem

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H Kvartarni Geomorfogenezi Ozemlja Med Postojnskim, Planinskim in Cerkniškim Poljem Geografski vestnik. Ljubljana, ХХХУП (1965) Ivan Gams (Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa SAZU) H KVARTARNI GEOMORFOGENEZI OZEMLJA MED POSTOJNSKIM, PLANINSKIM IN CERKNIŠKIM POLJEM Uvod Ozemlje med Postojnskim in Cerkniškim poljem je največja pod- zemeljska sovodenj v Sloveniji. Tu so naše najdaljše in teritorialno najbolj zgoščene vodne jame Mala Karlovica (1,3 km), Velika Karlovica (3,5 km), Zelške jame (2,7 km), Tkalca jama (0,55 km, Planinska jama (5 km) in Postojnske jame (15,3 km).. Če k njim prištejemo še Predjamo (5,78 km), dve jami na odtočni strani Planinskega polja (Logarček 2,2 km, Najdeno jamo, 3, 2 km) ter Križno jamo (7 km), na dotočni strani Cerkniškega polja, znaša skupna dolžina rovov 46 km. Te jame so od- daljene največ 27 km med seboj. Slabo izrabljeni znatni vodni viri, jame in skoraj popolna zarašče- nost z gozdom usmerjajo bodoči gospodarski razvoj v turizem in vodno gospodarstvo. Znaki tega so venomer se obnavljajoči načrti za ureditev Cerkniškega jezera in Planinskega polja ter zajetja kraških voda iz- pod Javornikov za primorski vodovod. Manj načrtovanja kot vodno go- spodarstvo je doživel turizem, ki ima na voljo bolj zgoščene prirodne objekte kot drugod na krasu (v. Vrišer, 1965). K omenjenim jamam se namreč pridružujejo kot turistični objekti še presihajoče Cerkniško jezero, Rakov Škocjan in Planinsko polje. Ni pretirana trditev, da je na tem majhnem ozemlju kras bolj izrazit kot kjer koli drugod v Jugoslaviji ali v Evropi. K intenzivnejšemu raziskovanju tega predela pa ne silijo samo zgornji činitelji, temveč tudi dejstvo, da so omenjeni kraški pojavi našli svoje mesto že v svetovni kraški literaturi in da je neraziskanost Pivke med Postojnsko in Planinsko jamo vedno bolj boleča. Kot v zadnjem stoletju bo treba tudi v bodoče širiti turistične kapacitete Postojnskih jam. Za odkopavanje novih rovov pa je potrebno znanje o morfološkem in speleološkem dogajanju v zadnji geološki dobi. Iz teh nagibov smo se v Inštitutu za raziskovanje krasa SAZU 1. 1963 s skromnimi sredstvi lotili geološke, geomorfološke, speleološke in hidrološke raziskave tega ozemlja v okviru teme, ki so jo podprli 61 Ivan Gams Sklad Borisa Kidriča, ELES ter Zavod Postojnske jame. Iz elaborata, oddanega financerjem, so tu povzeti rezultati z geomorfološkega in speleogenetskega področja, ki so na koncu osvetljeni z domačimi in tu- jimi teoretskimi dosežki. Kvartarni razvoj reliefa in jam v območju Postojnskih vrat Y Postojnskih vratih je najnižji prehod iz Mediterana preko se- vernega alpsko-dinarskega gorovja od Francoskih Alp do moravsko- vardarskega razvodja. Zato je bila ena od poglavitnih nalog razisko- vanja, da razloži izredno znižanost reliefa med Postojnskim in Planinskim poljem ter med Javorniki in Planinsko goro. Novejše geološko raziskovanje (Pleničar, 1961, Gospodaric, 1965) je pokazalo, da vzrokov za to ne moremo iskati predvsem v tektonskem znižanju. Geološko-tektonska zgradba javorniške grude se v glavnih obrisih nadaljuje v Postojnskih vratih, kjer se prav tako vrstijo v sme- ri proti jugozahodu vedno mlajši kredni apnenci. Najstarejši, spodnje- kredni, cenomanski skladi so južno od Planine, nakar si sledita turon in senon. Osrednji rovi Postojnske jame so še v turonu, krajni južni, zahodni in severni pa že v senonu. Robni kredni apnenci so ob Po- stojnski kotlini nagubani v dinarsko usmerjeno postojnsko antiklinalo, ki prehaja proti SV v vzporedno studenško sinklinalo. Ker so s postojn- Fot. 1. Nižja jugozahodna stopnja Postojnskih vrat, kjer so rovi Postojnske jame. Krčevina desno v sredi je Ravberkomanda, v ozadju Nanos. Kvartarna korozija je bistveno preoblikovala »robno ravnino« v gričevnat kras, ki obkroža Postojnsko kotlino. The lower south-western part of Postojna Gap with the galleries of the Postojna Grottoes underneath. Quarternary corrosion has essentially transfor- med the primary fluvial border level (Randebene) round the Postojna basin into a hilly relief. 62 H kvadratni geomorfogenezi ozemlja med Postojnskim, Planinskim in Cerkniškim poljem ske antiklinale severno od Postojne erodirani senonski apnenci, je doka- zano močno erozijsko znižanje reliefa, ki je bilo tu zato toliko izdat- nejše, ker se samo tu prelivajo preko niza robnih notranjih kraških planot vode s primorskega flišnega pasu Vipavska dolina — Pivka — Brkini. Sicer pa je že Melik (1951) zastopal stališče, da odtok s pivškega področja nikoli ni bil usmerjen proti Vipavi, kot je to zagovarjal K o s s m a t (1916, 565), ali z zgornje Pivke proti Reki, kot je menil Krebs. Melik se je pri tem naslanjal na upravičeno domnevo, da je kvartarna erozija hitreje zniževala flišne prevale na jugu in zahodu kotline kot pa severno apneniško obrobje, ki je zato najvišje. Vendar je sporno Melikovo sklepanje, da je zato tudi današnji relief fluviatilen. Pri tem se Melik sklicuje na suhe doline, ki jih navaja ob Tolstem vrhu, kjer je tekel potok iz Rakovega Škocjana čez Ravberkomando in od tu proti severu na Planinsko polje, nadalje v podnožju Hruščice čez Belsko, Studeno in Strmico. Tretja suha dolina naj bi potekala med Studenim, Pivko jamo in železnico (Melik, 1951, 28 — 29). Z Melikovimi ugotovitvami se skladajo Michlerjevi rezultati raz- iskovanja med Studenim in Postojno, kjer je vrsta nekdanjih ponorov. Vhodi teh jam so v n. v. 551 — 592 m, le pri Čednikovi kašči v n. v. 623 m. Vodoravni rovi v njih so med 541 in 587 m (Michler — F. Hribar, 1962/63, št. 8, 203-204). Poglejmo suhe doline, ki jih omenja Melik. Najbolj značilna je tista, po kateri poteka avtomobilska cesta Postojna—Planina. Njen za- četek je v pomolu fliša, ki sega na postojnskem mestnem ozemlju na sever do vojašnice. Ker v pomolu fliš normalno transgredira na senon, je verjetno segal prvotno še dalje proti severu. Novejše geološko kar- tiranje (Gospodaric, 1965) je ugotovilo v suhi dolini čez Ravber- komando in ob železnici proti kotlini Rakovega Škocjana več krajših vzdolžnih prelomnic. Bolj je verjetno, da so bile te prelomnice osnova za nastanek tega dela suhe doline, ki vodi proti SV. Zakaj, če bi ga ustvaril Rak, bi moral napraviti dolg in nepriroden ovinek, če naj bi bil tekel, kakor meni Melik, proti Planinskemu polju čez Ravberko- mando. Od te do Planinske koliševke poteka suha dolina po stiku med cenomanom in turonom. Njene precejšnje poglobljenosti v oko- liško višavje in strma pobočja najbrž res ne moremo drugače tolmačiti kot da poteka njena zasnova iz rečne doline. Kraški procesi pa so fluviatilni relief tudi že močno zabrisali. Dno ni več najvišje severno od Postojne, temveč tik pred spustom proti Planinskemu polju. Od vrtač so posebno globoke tiste pri Mačkovcu, ki segajo do 30 m pod zvegano dno. Razmeroma nižji svet čez Studeno, Strmico in Planino (glej foto- grafijo 2), kjer se cesta pred Strmico dvigne na 660 m, nima značaja suhe doline. Podoben nižji svet na stiku med dolomitom, apnencem in flišem je običajen pojav. Pri Strinici je dolomitno pobočje amfiteatralno vbo- čeno, pod njim pa je majhno polje na dolomitni podlagi. Njegov rahli nagib in gladko pobočje brez grap pričata, da je bila poleg korozije na krajevno bolj zdrobljenih dolomitih ploskovna denudacija pogla- 63 Ivan Gams vitni činitelj nastanka miniaturnega kraškega polja, kii mu manjka le kotanja na apnencu, pa bi ga lahko uvrstili v serijo kraških depre- sij, nastalih ob enakem kontaktu med apnencem in dolomitom med Loškim in Planinskim poljem. Dolomitno naplavino pa so potočki s Strmiškega polja naplavili še na robne senonske apnence, ki so tu Fot. 2. Relief in izraba tal na področju predjamske prelomnice od Strmškega polja v ospredju, nastalega z amfîteatralnim odmikom dolomitnega pobočja, do Nanosa v ozadju. Izza naselja Belsko bolj razgibani flišni relief, levo od od naselja suha dolina Za piatovi. Levi, kredni apnenci so področje gozda. Relief and land use along the Predjaina fault from the Strmica piedmont level, originated by retreating dolomitic slopes, to Mt. Nanos in the background. Behind the village of Belsko the more dissected flysh area. The Cretaceous limestone on the left is completely covered with wood. uravnani tako kot drugod v podobnih legah. Kotanjasti relief pri Stude- nem je povzročila močnejša erozija fliša in raztekanje potokov na robne apnence, ki jih je tako (imenovana »robna korozija« znižala in površje uravnala. Tretja Melikova suha dolina, ki jo imenujem nižinski pas Pivke jame, je na severnem krilu postojnske antiklinale in je en kilometer široka ulegnina, ki jo proti Postojnski kotlini omejuje niz vzpetinic in v celem nekoliko višji relief. Reliefna depresija se začenja že oba- kraj Postojnskih vrat, v območju Planinske gore nad Studenim med hribom Sv. Lovrenca (1019) in Lipovcem, v Javornikih pa ob Volčjem vrhu. Pri Ravberkomandi se navezuje na Mačkovsko suho dolino ob 64 RAZVOJ POSTOJNSKIH JAM - DEVELOP M E IN T OF CAVES OF POSTOJNA Gams \ H kvartarni geomorfogenezi ozemlja med Postojnskim, i. л Planinskim in Cerkniškim poljem \ARX, • I (priloga) K \ -Y Glavni rovi Main channels 1. Velika dvorana 2. Glavni rov 3. Rov Biospeleološke postaje 4. Rov starih podpisov 5. Kristalni rov 6. Brezimni rov 7. Pisane jame 8. Jama za Veliko goro 9. Velike jame 10. Gornji Tartar 11. Dolnji Tartar 12. Otoška jama 13. Ruski rov 14. Lepe jame 15. Črna jama 16. Pivka jama 17. Jama podzemeljske Pivke 18. Jama Koliševke 19. Perkov rov 20. Vilharjev rov 21. Matevžev rov 22. Magdalena jama Koliševke Collapsed dolinas SA — Stara apnenica JD— Jeršanove doline VD — Vodni dol MD — Mrzli dol Slepe doline Bliric[ valleys P — Postojnska R — Risnik Š — Spile V 111 IV SUHI R0VI K0TLINSK0 DN0 fT:K0LIŠEVKA Г—3 VODNI RÓVI ГГ^ ГПТП 1 5 trf^ WATER CHANNELS P^I DRY CHANNELS LLUU POLIE BOTTOM ^ " «*/ COLLAPSED DOLINE H kvadratni geomorfogenezi ozemlja med Postojnskim, Planinskim in Cerkniškim poljem cesti Postojna—Planina, na SZ pa na nižji relief pri Studenem. Kot celoto je ni mogoče šteti med doline. Pač pa dobimo vtis 1,5 km dolge suhe doline, če opazujemo tisti njen del, ki je med kotami 618, 658 in 607 m ter med sklenjeno višjim reliefom na črti Ravberkomanda—Stu- deno (glej fotografijo št.
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