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Isotopic Study of Karst Water

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Jr-> n <'-' FKPOPT KO. IABA-R-2845-F TITLE Isotopic study of Karst water PIKAL RKPOPT FOR THE-'PERIOD I98I-O4-OI - 1984-05-31 AUTHOR(S) H. Leskovsek-Sefman INSTITUTE Institute "Jozef Stefan" Ljubljana Yugoslavia INTEPKATIONAL ATOMIC EMFFGY ACEKCY DATE January 1985 FINAL REPORT ON RESEARCH CONTRACT No. 2845/fcB ISOTOPIC STUDY OF KARST WATER J. Pezdic, H. Leskovsek-Sefman, T. Dolenec, J. Urbane April 1981 to December 1983 Ljubljana, 1984 univerza e. kardelja institut "jo2ef Stefan" Ijubljana, jugoslavija univerza o kardeljj institut"jo2ef Stefan" Ijubljanajugoslavija FINAL REPORT ON RESEARCH CONTRACT No. 2845/RB ISOTOPlC STUDY OF KARST WATER I J. Pezdic, H. Leskovsek-Sefman, T. Dolenec, J. Urbane I J.Stefan Institute, University E. Kardelj, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia I April 1981 to December 1983 1 1 I 1 I 1 i Ljubljana, 1984 I I CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GEOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 4 Precipitation 4 PLANINA CAVE 8 Streamlet 1 10 I Streamlet 6 and Tihi rov 16 1 CAVE CARBONATES 21 UUBLJANICA RIVER BASIN 27 I THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA OF Rlf ANA 32 i THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA OF IDRIJCA 38 CONCLUSIONS 42 i REFERENCES 46 I I 1 I I I Final Report on Research Contract No. 2845/RB - July, 1984 I ISOTOPIC STUDY OF KARST WATER I J. Pezdic, H. Leskovsek-Sefman, T. Dolenec, J. Urbane I J. Stefan Institute, University E. Kardelj, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia I Summary I Mass spectrometric investigations of the isotopic composition of some elements in water and in dissolved carbonates from the Slovenian Karst are presented. Additionally, the isotopic composition of oxygen and I carbon in cave carbonates is given. The results allow the conclusion that the waters in karst aquifers do homogenize to a great extent, but qualitative determination of the I retention time and of the prevailing sources for some springs and water flows is nevertheless possible. I The isotopic composition of O in water and of O and C in dissolved carbonates depends on climatic conditions and on denudation processes. So a fairly good estimation of paleoclimatic conditions from the isotopic I composition of cave carbonates also becomes possible. I INTRODUCTION Measurement of the isotopic composition of water formed part of an I extended investigation of the water drainage system in the Slovenian Karst. These studies were planned to complement geological and speleological investi- I gations (i.e. regular determination of water flows, temperatures, contents of dissolved substances, as well as water tracing with fluorescent dyes) which are I already being performed in this area, with a knowledge of the mechanism of changes in the isotopic composition of water in the natural environment on some smaller (model) locations. As such a location Planina cave near Posrojna, was chosen where we studied the vertical percolation of meteoric water through the karstified carbonate ceiling, and the water catchment areas of some small rivers in the Slovenian Karst, such as the river basin of the Ljubljanica, and - 2 - the water catchment areas of the rivers Rizana and Idrijca. In the karst, where water percolation is relatively rapid, changes in the isotopic composition of water owing to rainfall can be significant. I Because of lithological characteristics, differences in porosity of the minerals which are fissured and cracked in many different ways, owing to specificities in I the karstification process, and last but not least, because of different vegetation, the water retention in several parts of the aquifer varies a great deal, and so I characteristic homogenization of the meteoric waters takes place. All the above mentioned influences vary from place to place and as a rule the isotopic compo- 1 sition of the rainfall varies too, so in spite of the homogenization process, the aquifers contain water of different isotopic composition. This enables the tracing I of the predominant sources for various springs and flows at accessible places. In dissolved carbonates, the isotopic compositions of oxygen and carbon were I measured. The oxygen composition is related to that of water by the equilibrium isotopic ratio of oxygen, which shows a temperature dependence. The second parameter - the isotopic composition of carbon - is important, because this element 13 can be incorporated into the dissolved carbonate from CO9 in air (6 C = 13 1 - 7 %o), from CO9 of organic origin (8 C= - 25 %o), or as dissolved carbon- 13 ate from sea carbonates (6 C = - O to + 3 %o), the latter prevailing in +he 13 I area under investigation. The great differences in the 6 C values enable a I relatively exact determination of various components. I - 3 - I I I I I I / \ jlum VIi I I I I I «•winrti/n?"1" * /' I T mtUorolojic «tallan I M = I: 500.000 " o «tmpllni pdnt I Fig. I: The map of the investigated area I 1 n - 4 - GEOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS The area where the investigations of karst waters took place lies in the SW of Slovenia. From the geotectonic point of view, it belongs to the northern part of the Dinaric Alps. The landscape is rather mon tai nous, there are many I karstified mountain chains and high plateaus, with scattered karst poljes and I flysch reefs (Fig. 1). Mountains and high plateaus reach a height of 'about 1300 m above sea level; I Snetnik even 1796 m. The Karst poljes are to be found especially along the Ljubljanica river basin. The flysch reefs have the direction of the Dinaric Alps', I which means NW-SE. Surface flows are to be found only on karst poljes and on flysch, while water flows in the karstified limestone area are underground. I Slovenia belongs to a transitional climatic region between the continental and the Mediferranion climates. Just in the Ljubljanica river basin is this transition I most evident - because of the so-called "Postojnska vrata". In the cooler half of the year, the Dinaric high plateaus are a barrier high enough to divide Slovenia into its inner (continental) part with severe winters and its SW (littoral) Primorje, where the mild winters show the influence of the Adriatic Sea. Preci pi tati on The isotopic composition of precipitation was followed during the entire period of our investigations. The main sampling place was the meteorological station in Ljubljana, which provides basic data for other hydrogeological investigations in Slovenia. All the hydrometeorological data for longer periods are collected together there. So we were able to obtain the average precipitation, air temperature and average humidity in Ljubljana for the last 20 years. The avera- ge rainfall was 1402 mm, the average temperature 9.8 C and the average humidity 7.7 mb. Data for single months and years throughout the period of our investigations are presented in the following table (Table 1), together with - 18 - - 5 - UUBUANA, YUGOSLAVIA Lat. 46°04' Long. 14°31' Alt. 299 msl Maan 1956-80, Prac. 1402 mm. Mun 1956-80, w.P. 10.21 mb, Mein 1956-80, Ttmp. Yt«r Month Prtcip. S18O SO T Tamp. Mean vJ*. mm Ko Ko T.U. 0C milli barr 1981 May 147 - 8.15 - 64.7 70 14.3 112 Juna 171 - 9.39 - 64.0 83 182 15.0 July 94 - 7.19 - 47.6 64 19.6 16.1 Augutt 129 - 6.30 - 30.0 65 183 16J) Stpttmbff 214 - 7.33 - 46.3 26 16.1 13.7 • Octobiir 140 - 7.66 - 54J) 18 12.1 12.7 Nova mt>«f 30 . -11.69 - 86.7 16 3J) 72 I Daoambar 216 - 7JtO - 49.7 15 0.0 4.3 18 Yur Month Pracip. O O SD T Maan tamp. Mun V.P, 0 I mm Ko Ko T.U. C milli barr 1962 Januar 64JO -8.83 - 63.4 40 - IJ) 4.4 Fabruar 18,6 -14.44 -106.0 — - 0.7 A3 March 84.9 - 9.70 - 70.3 19 4.9 6.9 I April 262 -8.33 - 552 32 8.4 7.0 May 199.1 - 7.62 - 54.6 25 14.9 11.7 Juna 2634 - 6.63 - 47.0 31 19.0 15J3 1 July 43J) - 5.11 - 34.7 61 212 17.9 August 1582 - 721 - 49.1 32 19.9 16J) Scptambar 86J) - 5.47 - 31.0 24 17.9 17.0 October 234.6 -8.43 - 57.1 20 11.1 11.6 Novambar 102.0 -13.22 -101.9 14 • 5.9 8.4 Decembar 146.9 -14.33 -113.2 17 3.7 7.0 Sums 1418.0 Maani + 10J 10.6 Wt. muni - 8.66 - 62.3 26.1 8 Yfar Month Pracip. o' O SD T Maan tamp. MHn VP. 0 mm Xo Ko T.U. C milli barr 1983 Januir 36.3 - 9.68 - 68.8 27.6 1.3 6.5 Februar 110.6 -14.06 -104.2 16.2 1.1 4J3 March 147 A -11.63 - 87.6 23.6 6.1 6.9 April 48.9 - 6.43 - 42.7 202 12J) 92 May 168.0 -8.45 - 60J 22.9 152 12.0 Juna 94.6 - 7.51 - 49Ji 36.4 18.4 14.3 July 313 - 4.17 - 22J3 61.6 22.6 17J) August 117.4 - 535 - 34.0 32.9 19.7 16Ji Saptambar 91.7 - 7.69 - 62.7 20J) 16.6 13.7 Octobar 127.5 - 9.81 - 70.1 202 10.0 OJB Novambtr 30.7 - 6.19 - 402 11.7 1.7 5.9 Dacamb«r 145.4 -10.00 - 71.7 30.7 0.4 6.1 Sumi 11492 Maans 102 10.1 Wt. maans - 9.06 - 64.3 24.4 TABLE 1: Avaraga monihly precipitation in Ljubljana from 1981 to 1983.
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    HIKING IN SLOVENIA Green. Active. Healthy. www.slovenia.info #ifeelsLOVEnia www.hiking-biking-slovenia.com |1 THE LOVE OF WALKING AT YOUR FINGERTIPS The green heart of Europe is home to active peop- le. Slovenia is a story of love, a love of being active in nature, which is almost second nature to Slovenians. In every large town or village, you can enjoy a view of green hills or Alpine peaks, and almost every Slove- nian loves to put on their hiking boots and yell out a hurrah in the embrace of the mountains. Thenew guidebook will show you the most beauti- ful hiking trails around Slovenia and tips on how to prepare for hiking, what to experience and taste, where to spend the night, and how to treat yourself after a long day of hiking. Save the dates of the biggest hiking celebrations in Slovenia – the Slovenia Hiking Festivals. Indeed, Slovenians walk always and everywhere. We are proud to celebrate 120 years of the Alpine Associati- on of Slovenia, the biggest volunteer organisation in Slovenia, responsible for maintaining mountain trails. Themountaineering culture and excitement about the beauty of Slovenia’s nature connects all generations, all Slovenian tourist farms and wine cellars. Experience this joy and connection between people in motion. This is the beginning of themighty Alpine mountain chain, where the mysterious Dinaric Alps reach their heights, and where karst caves dominate the subterranean world. There arerolling, wine-pro- ducing hills wherever you look, the Pannonian Plain spreads out like a carpet, and one can always sense the aroma of the salty Adriatic Sea.
  • Portrait of the Regions – Slovenia Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2000 – VIII, 80 Pp

    Portrait of the Regions – Slovenia Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2000 – VIII, 80 Pp

    PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS 13 17 KS-29-00-779-EN-C PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 25,00 ISBN 92-828-9403-7 OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION L-2985 Luxembourg ࢞ eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS VOLUME 9 SLOVENIA EUROPEAN COMMISSION ࢞ I eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000 ISBN 92-828-9404-5 © European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium II PORTRAIT OF THE REGIONS eurostat Foreword The accession discussions already underway with all ten of the Phare countries of Central and Eastern Europe have further boosted the demand for statistical data concerning them. At the same time, a growing appreciation of regional issues has raised interest in regional differences in each of these countries. This volume of the “Portrait of the Regions” series responds to this need and follows on in a tradition which has seen four volumes devoted to the current Member States, a fifth to Hungary, a sixth volume dedicated to the Czech Republic and Poland, a seventh to the Slovak Republic and the most recent volume covering the Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Examining the 12 statistical regions of Slovenia, this ninth volume in the series has an almost identical structure to Volume 8, itself very similar to earlier publications.
  • The Caves of Eatsern Europe

    The Caves of Eatsern Europe

    At the gates of Postojna Cave, Slovenia. L to R: Steve Bourne, Neil Kell, Andy Spate, Kent Henderson, and Postojna Caves Manager, Bogdan Debevc. THE CAVES OF EASTERN EUROPE - Steve Bourne, Andy Spate & Kent Henderson Andy in the train into Postojna Cave Postojna (show) Cave (Postojnska Jama) and he promised to meet us next morning to assist us with planning our stay in Slovenia. The train ride into Postojna cave is famous and with features everywhere, but until you have done the trip it is difficult to imagine the experience. It was way too fast to see the cave properly. The walls are very close and it seemed to run downhill both in and out of the cave. Interestingly, when we hopped on the train some days later for a second tour, the train ride seemed much slower - the perception of speed must have been the initial excitement. Tour groups are divided by language in Postojna – English, French, German, Italian and Slovene. This was the only cave we saw with this strategy but it is probably the only one that After months of planning, three intrepid cave nuts attracts such large groups of visitors to warrant it. from Australia, Steve Bourne, Andy Spate and Kent Henderson met on Monday 12 September at Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia - the capital of karst and caves. So began a two week adventure to explore the caves and karst of Eastern Europe. Slovenia First stop was of course Postojna, a mere 45 minutes from the airport. Brief introductions at the ticket office were made and Caves Manager Bogdan Debevc came to meet us.
  • Contaminated Sites and Health

    Contaminated Sites and Health

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