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An Anthropological Study of Smes in Manchester

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An Anthropological Study of Smes in Manchester “BLOCKS TO CONVERGENCE” IN THE NEW MEDIA INDUSTRIES: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES IN MANCHESTER A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law 2003 HANNAH KNOX DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures 3 Abstract 4 Declaration 6 Copyright 6 The Author 7 Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations 8 1: Introduction......................................................................................................9 Why Anthropology? 14 Chapter Outline 40 2: The Study of Cities - Making Manchester...................................................45 Views of the City 46 From Landscape to Space 50 Competitive Spaces 59 Historical Stories 65 Creative Places 74 Conclusion 81 3: New Media Workplaces ................................................................................84 Anthropology and Organisations 85 Gaining Access 91 Work and Identity 111 4: Realising Our Potential - Paradigms of Newness and Change................117 Introducing Convergence 119 Conversations on Convergence 122 Gaming 124 Interactive TV 131 Commerce and Convergence 135 Blocks to Convergence 148 The “Newness” of New Media 157 Conclusion 161 5: The Discourse of Skills in the Practice of the Economic ..........................168 Wider Discourses on Skill 174 Skills – a Means to an End 182 6: The Network as Cultural Form ..................................................................205 Network Theories 208 Networks in New Media 213 Conclusion 239 7: Practices of Promotion - The Organisation and the Self..........................242 8: Conclusion ....................................................................................................276 Socially Constructed Agency 282 Conclusion 298 References .........................................................................................................300 2 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. 1 GMLC Objective 2 Eligible Area (in grey) 53 Fig. 2 Distribution of New Media companies in Greater Manchester 57 Fig. 3 Urbis – a new city centre development in Manchester next to the old Corn Exchange. 71 Fig. 4 One of the posters which was part of the “this is Manchester advertising campaign”. 72 3 ABSTRACT Around the world there exist programs of technological and economic development designed to improve the economic and social fortunes of particular locales. This thesis looks at the cultural bases of one such project through a study of the development of the 'new media' industries in Manchester, England. Whilst economic development programmes have been researched by people from various disciplines, this thesis explores the benefits of taking an anthropological approach to understanding the activities of people working on such projects. Through such an approach it becomes possible to engage with the cultural aspects of economic development and economic practice in what has frequently been termed the 'new economy', providing insight into the ways in which work is made meaningful in these contemporary Western workplaces. This thesis focuses on three organisations – a European Union funded business support and economic development project, a web design company, and an interactive advertising firm. As well as considering activities within these organisations the research also incorporates the practices and perspectives of a number of other people who were involved in the development of the new media industries in Manchester. Engaging with the cultural bases of such projects of change inevitably means acknowledging the cultural bases of our own work as ethnographers. Development projects frequently draw on social theory and ideas that are shared by anthropologists. Thus, one of the issues dealt with throughout this thesis is how we might reconcile the relationship between theoretical proposition and 4 situated practice. This involves reflexivity about many of the terms of analysis that ethnographers share with their research participants. Through reflexive engagement with such terms it is possible find novel insights into not only the practices of research participants but also into our own theories and assumptions as anthropologists. 5 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university of other institute of learning. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any other process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. 2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the University of Manchester, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. 3) Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Social Anthropology. 6 THE AUTHOR Hannah Knox received a B.Soc.Sc. in Social Anthropology from the University of Manchester’s Department of Social Anthropology in June 1999 and began her Ph.D. in the October of that year. Her research experience includes a number of short research projects as well as the in depth ethnographic fieldwork conducted for this thesis. Hannah conducted the majority of her fieldwork for this piece of research between August 2000 and September 2001. The research for this thesis was jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Manchester Institute for Telematics and Employment Research (MITER) through the ESRC’s Collaborative Awards in Science and Engineering (CASE) studentship scheme. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who assisted me in producing this thesis. I am indebted to my supervisors; Terry Speake for his help in facilitating this research project, and Penny Harvey for the support and encouragement she has given me throughout, in particular during the writing process. The names of all of the people who I met during fieldwork and the organisations which I have described in this thesis have been changed. However I would like to thank by name Lowena, John and Des for their encouragement and friendship during research and their ongoing interest in the work that I have been doing. 7 ABBREVIATIONS CAD Computer Aided Design CIDS Cultural Industries Development Service CTM Centre for Technology Management DCMS Department for Culture Media and Sport DFES Department for Education and Skills DTI Department for Trade and Industry ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund EU European Union FMCGs Fast Moving Consumer Goods GLC Greater London Council GMLC Greater Manchester Lancashire and Cheshire ICTs Information and Communication Technologies IRA Irish Republican Army IRBS Institute of Research and Business Support (pseudonym) MIDAS Manchester Investment and Development Agency Service NGO Non-governmental organisation NWDA North West Development Agency OFSTED Office for Standards in Education PDAs Personal Digital Assistants SMEs Small and Medium Sized Enterprises SPD Single Programming Document WAP Wireless Application Protocol 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1999 a new organisation was established in Manchester, which was to play a contributing role in the ongoing economic development of the city. One of many such projects to appear around the UK, this organisation would focus specifically on the development of one part of the local economy. Through a combination of economically oriented business development activities this project was to help ensure the emergence and ongoing sustainability of the highly educated and culture conscious high technology workers who constituted the “new media” industry. This thesis is the story of the local process of economic development in which this organisation was engaged. It is a story of local networks and self replication, of companies, of individuals and of projects of local development situated in a particular time and space where information and communication were isolated as the mechanisms through which change could be realised. It is the story of local inroads into global change and the ways in which the local becomes globalised and the global becomes localised. It is also an account of the discourses of development, which work to bring about the futures we envisage in light of the pasts that we have experienced and the reconfiguration of those pasts to achieve the future. Furthermore it is an analysis of the micro-manifestation of overarching idioms of our time - the economy, technology, information, communication and knowledge - and the way such idioms both come into being, and bring into being the conditions for their reproduction. 9 On 3rd December 1999, in a stylish bar on the edge of Manchester’s Gay village, a group of people gathered for the launch of a new website. Artist, musicians, designers, and public sector workers mingled in the darkened room, sipping large complementary glasses of red
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