Buying Time with Climate Engineering? an Analysis of the Buying Time Framing in Favor of Climate Engineering

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Buying Time with Climate Engineering? An analysis of the buying time framing in favor of climate engineering

Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer DOKTORIN DER PHILOSOPHIE (Dr. phil.)

von der KIT-Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) angenommene

DISSERTATION

von

Frederike Neuber

KIT-Dekan: Prof. Dr. Michael Schefczyk

1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gregor Betz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Armin Grunwald

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10.04.2018

This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.en

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.FI FKA>I 6+5J! KA> ;>CFN GB BE=B<:K>J KA> I>HLBI>= KBD>?I:D> :E= BEK>EJBKO F? 7*0 J D>J ?FI M:IOBE@ K>DG>I:KLI> @F:CJ" 0? 7*0 BJ LJ>= KF DG>I:KLI> IBJ> KF #"# P+! KA:K BJ KF D:BEK:BE EK K>DG>I:KLI>! ?FI :CC 6+5J ;LK 6+5%"(! KA> ?BEBKL=> F? KA> +- J D> BJ EFK @BM>E"

~~~~~~!!" ! .2,:=0; ' Z/ 0:69@708= <.08,;39<~~~~~~

~~~~~~(a) ~840 years 400 RCP 8.5 RCP 6.0 300~~~~~~

~~~~~~200 RCP 4.5~~~~~~

~~~~~~no. years of SRM 100 RCP 2.6~~~~~~

0 (b) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 maximum solar reduction (%) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 allowable rate of change (°C per decade) ! !$#&%" . =IF PBNFLR RIOV SIF ETQBSJON (B BNE BMOTNS (C OG <,3 SIBS VOTLE CF QF RVJSFE UP DPOTUSBJO UIF SBUF PG UFNQFSBUVSF DIBOHF GPS EJGGFSFOU 1; QBUIXBZT$ PS 1;,$)" UIF BNPVOU BOE EVSBUJPO PG =/5 JT TJHOJGJDBOUMZ MBSHFS UIBO GPS PUIFS QBUIXBZT$ 5G =/5 = 8! JT VTFE UP NBJOUBJO B DPOTUBOU UFNQFSBUVSF FSP SBUF PG DIBOHF!" UIF NBYJNVN TPMBS SFEVDUJPO JT GJOJUF GPS FBDI 1;" CVU EVSBUJPO JT POMZ GJOJUF GPS 1;'$* JOEJDBUFE CZ Y[ GPS UIF PUIFS 1;T!$ 8BD8BSUJO FU BM$ '%& " POMJOF WFSTJPO JO DPMPS$!

@IFUIFS UIJT TDFOBSJP JT PQUJNBM PS FWFO QPTTJCMF" JT TUJMM OPU EFDJEFE BT UIF BVUIPST TUBUF UIFNTFMWFT!$ 5OTUFBE" JU QSFTFOUT JUTFMG BT POF GJSTU TUFQ UPXBSET B DPNQSFIFOTJWF BOBMZTJT PG QVSQPTF#CPVOE BOE UFDIOPMPHZ TQFDJGJD EFQMPZNFOU TDFOBSJPT$ >IF BVUIPST VTF UIJT DBTF OPU UP BSHVF GPS JUT JNQMFNFOUBUJPO" CVU SBUIFS UP NBLF EJTDVTTJPO PG UIF NBUUFS NPSF USBOTQBSFOU$ 5U JT JNQPSUBOU UP SFQFBU UIBU =/5 JO UIJT TDFOBSJP XPVME OPU CF VTFE UP UBDLMF BCTPMVUF UFNQFSBUVSF DIBOHF. \ $$$! JU FNQPSBSZ = EFQMPZNFOU XPVME OPU BEESFTT QSPCMFNT TVDI BT UFNQFSBUVSF#EFQFOEFOU UJQQJOH QPJOU UISFTIPMET $$$ )* 8BD8BSUJO FU BM$ '%& " Q$ '!$ =/5 XPVME POMZ BDDPVOU GPS SFEVDJOH UIF ( )" '# !% &$" GPS B HJWFO UFNQFSBUVSF SJTF" OPU JUT NBHOJUVEF$ 5O UIJT TFUVQ" UIF NBJO ESJWFS UP MJNJU HMPCBM UFNQFSBUVSF SJTF XPVME SFNBJO UP CF NJUJHBUJPO$ /DDPSEJOHMZ" JU JT TUJMM BOE POMZ NJUJHBUJPO XIJDI DPVME QPTTJCMZ MFBE UP UIF TUBCJMJ BUJPO PG HMPCBM NFBO UFNQFSBUVSF BU 1 BCPWF QSF#JOEVTUSJBM MFWFM HJWFO UIF BTTVNQUJPOT PG UIF SFTQFDUJWF !$

~~~~~~! !# /4- :0; V/ 0 58 407: 9.07,;389~~~~~~

:DEM M?AI=LEJ @JAM IJN BL=HA 9,3 =M = MO>MNENONA BJL HENEC=NEJI ABBJLNM! MEI?A >JND 9,3 =I@ HENEC=NEJI =LA ?JI?ALIA@ QEND @EBBALAIN =MKA?NM JB CGJ>=G ?GEH=NA ?D=ICA# MJGONA NAHKAL=NOLA ?D=ICA EM MNEGG @ANALHEIA@ >S HENEC=NEJI ABBJLNM! =I@ 9,3 QJOG@ >A OMA@ MOKKGAHAIN=LS NJ LA@O?A NDA L=NA =N QDE?D NDEM ?D=ICA EM NJ ?JHA =>JON# 9,3 EI NDEM M?AI=LEJ @JAM IJN LA@O?A NDA @ELA IAA@ BJL @L=MNE? AHEMMEJI ?ONM V EN L=NDAL KJEINM JON QD=N =@@ENEJI=G DAGK 9,3 ?JOG@ CAIAL=NA# :DEM EM = CLA=N =@P=IN=CA JB NDA M?AI=LEJ! MEI?A EN @JAM IJN EIENE=GGS LOI =BJOG JB >AEIC = W?DA=K NA?DIJ"BERX QDE?D MOKKJMA@GS H=FAM HENEC=NEJI J>MJGANA# 4JLAJPAL! NDA IJ"EHKA@EHAIN NDAMEM >A?JHAM =N GA=MN KG=OME>GA EI NDEM M?AI=LEJ! =M MD=GG >A @EM?OMMA@ EI .D=KNAL (#

!. $,(5+&,( #-+22+/. "4'*(3 7 -+.+-+6+.* 01(2241( )/1 -+3+*%3+/. ,IJNDAL Q=S EI QDE?D .0 ?JOG@ >OS NEHA LAG=NAM NJ NDA AHEMMEJI >O@CAN# :DA >O@CAN =KKLJ=?D NJ NDA NQJ"@ACLAA N=LCAN EM = ?JHHJI HANDJ@ QDAI AP=GO=NEIC IA?AMM=LS AHEMMEJI MNL=NACEAM (A#C# .. &$%'! LEACGAL AN =G# &$%( # :DEM =KKLJ=?D LAMNM JI NDA J>MALP=NEJI ND=N IAN ?OHOG=NEPA AHEMMEJIM JB =INDLJKJCAIE? 2 2 =LA IA=L GEIA=L NJ NDA ?D=ICA JB CGJ>=G HA=I NAHKAL=NOLA# 0PAI EB NDA MKA?EBE? AHEMMEJI NL= A?NJLS

=GNALM V .8 & AHEMMEJI LA=?DAM ENM KA=F A=LGS =I@ @A?LA=MAM MGJQGS JL EN KA=FM G=NA =I@ B=GGM MNAAKGS V EB NDA IAN ?OHOG=NEPA AHEMMEJIM =LA LJOCDGS NDA M=HA =N NDA AI@ JB NDA ?AINOLS! =>MJGONA NAHKAL=NOLA ?D=ICA QEGG >A MEHEG=L BJL NDJMA NL= A?NJLEAM# :DA >O@CAN =KKLJ=?D OMO=GGS AH>L=?AM NDA KALEJ@ OINEG NDA AI@ JB NDA ?AINOLS! =N QDE?D

~~~~~~NEHA = IAN"TALJ A?JIJHS EM =MMOHA@# .8 & ?JI?AINL=NEJI JB =>JON KKH EM =MMOHA@ NJ LA=GETA NDA NQJ"@ACLAA N=LCAN QEND = KLJ>=>EGENS JB HJLA ND= G &$%) #~~~~~~

~~~~~~# ! /4- :0; V/ 0 58 407: 9.07,;389~~~~~~

"%$'&# ! . 1JOL .8 & AHEMMEJI K=NDQ=SM QEND E@AINE?=G ?OHOG=NEPA ?=L>JI AHEMMEJIM JPAL NDA NQAINS"BELMN ?AINOLS (= =I@ NDAEL ?JLLAMKJI@EIC NAHKAL=NOLA KLJ A?NEJIM (> # :DA CLAS =LA= EI@E?=NAM NDA OI?ALN=EINS L=ICA (MJOL?A* ;JCAG AN =G# &$%) #

;JCAG AN =G# (&$%) D=PA =I=GSTA@ NDA P=LSEIC HANDJ@M! >S QDE?D @EBBALAIN ?=L>JI >O@CANM QALA J>N=EIA@# :DAS ?JI?GO@A ND=N EB @EBBALAINE=NA@ ?GEH=NA BAA@>=?FM =LA N=FAI EINJ =??JOIN! NDA LAH=EIEIC ?=L>JI >O@CAN QJOG@ >A IJ HJLA ND=I V

2N.8 & >ANQAAI &$%( =I@ &%$$# :DA MNEJI EM! JB ?JOLMA! DJQ NDA LAH=EIEIC AHEMMEJIM =LA NJ >A =GGJ?=NA@ =I@ QDANDAL =I JPALMDJJN ?=I >A >=G=I?A@ JON PE= BONOLA IAC=NEPA AHEMMEJIM# =I OOLAI AN =G# (&$%' MDJQ DJQ @L=MNE?=GGS AHEMMEJIM QJOG@ D=PA NJ >A LA@O?A@ EI JL@AL NJ LA=GETA IA=L"TALJ AHEMMEJIM EI &%$$# 1JL AR=HKGA! =MMOHEIC = LA@O?NEJI L=NA KAL SA=L! AHEMMEJIM EI &$&$ HOMN >A MEHEG=L NJ NDJMA EI &$$$ =I@ HOMN GEA OI@AL NDA =INE?EK=NA@ >=MAGEIA M?AI=LEJ (1EC# %! =IAG = QDE?D =MMOHAM = >OMEIAMM"=M"OMO=G A?JIJHS# 3B = GEHENA@ HENEC=NEJI KJNAINE=G EM =MMOHA@! LA@O?NEJI HOMN D=KKAI APAI HJLA ?FGS (1E =IAG > #

~~~~~~! # 04.:=2; ) Y1 2:69?728= <028.;59<~~~~~~

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

~~~~=GD @SRGMPQ LMU CDKMLQRP@RD GMU RGD NPDQQSPD ME HKKDCH@RD KHRHF@RHML BMSJC AD JDQQDLDC UGDL @QQSKHLF ESRSPD LDF@RHTD DKHQQHMLQ MAR@HLDC UHRG AHMDLDPFW UHRG B@PAML B@NRSPD @LC QRMP@FD /200~~~~

~~~~~~# "%$'&# !. 2KHQQHML RP@IDBRMPW ME QBDL@PHMQ UHRG @LC UHRGMSR /200< JD@CHLF RM QR@AHJHX@RHML @R )*% @LC~~~~~~

~~~~~~),%NNK 09 '#DO QMSPBD- >@L >SSPDL DR @J$ '%&(!$ ! # ! 15/13:/=6;>~~~~~~

6U JT PCWJPVT GSPN UIF BCPWF GJHVSF" IPX 0311> DBO QPTUQPOF UIF QPJOU PG JOTUBMMJOH ESBTUJD FNJTTJPO SFEVDUJPO" UIFSFCZ BMMPXJOH BO FNJTTJPO PWFSTIPPU$ ?IF SFE HSBQI" XIJDI JOEJDBUFT TUBCJMJ[BUJPO BU )*% QQN CZ '&%% VOEFS UIF BTTVNQUJPO PG =1<'$+" EFNBOET B TIBSQ EFDSFBTF JO DBSCPO FNJTTJPO CZ '%'% MBUFTU$ ?IF CMVF HSBQI" IPXFWFS XIJDI BTTVNFT 0311> BOE OFHBUJWF FNJTTJPOT JO UIF GVUVSF" EFMBZT UIJT QPJOU CZ BCPVU &% ZFBST$ /MTP" UIF DVSWF EFDSFBTFT NVDI TUFFQFS UIBO UIF SFE POF"

IFODF JNQMJDBUJOH B NPSF QPXFSGVM 1; ' #SFEVDUJPO#QPUFOUJBM PG 0311> BT DPNQBSFE UP NJUJHBUJPO BMPOF$ ?IJT JOEFFE DPVME MFTTFO UIF QSFTTVSF PG JNNFEJBUF NJUJHBUJPO BOE IFODF NJHIU CF B NFBOT UP CVZ UJNF$ ;O UIF PUIFS IBOE" JG B NPSF BNCJUJPVT DMJNBUF UBSHFU JT BJNFE BU" 0311> NJHIU TUJMM CF BCMF UP BMMPX B UFNQPSBSZ PWFSTIPPU" CVU XPVME EFNBOE FNJTTJPO SFEVDUJPO UP CF BT JNNFEJBUF BT UIF =1<'$+ TVHHFTUT CMBDL HSBQI!$ 6U JT XPSUIXIJMF JO UIJT DPOUFYU UP FWBMVBUF UIF JOUFOEFE OBUJPOBM EFUFSNJOFE DPOUSJCVUJPO 6:21!" BT IBWF =JBIJ FU BM$ '%&*! EPOF '- $ ?IF BVUIPST EJTUJOHVJTI UXP NJUJHBUJPO TDFOBSJPT UIBU IBWF TIPSU#UFSN UBSHFUT GPS '%(%. 5>? BOE 8>?$ @IJMF 8>?

~~~~~~MPX TIPSU#UFSN UBSHFU! BJNT BU FNJUUJOH POMZ *( 4U PG 1; '#FR$ CZ '%(%" 5>? IJHI~~~~~~

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

~~~~~~############################################################# '- 9PSF SFDFOUMZ" UIF~~~~~~

U EI K=LNE?OG=L NDA 9: K=NDQ=S! I=LLJQM KJGE?S ?DJE?AM =I@ EI?LA=MAM NDA LEMFM ND=N MJHA JB NDA ?OLLAINGS JKNEJI=G NA?DIJGJCEAM! MO?D =M NDA G=LCA"M?=GA @AKGJSHAIN JB >EJH=MM JL ..9! QEGG >A?JHA W= HOMN Y ?T &$'$ FJ KMABM OK >@EFBQB HKR NO>?FHFU>OFKJ O>MDBON#X (:F>EF BO >H# &$%)! L# &$

4J KOEBM RKMAN, T NEKMO"OBMI BIFNNFKJ L>OER>TN >MB ABNFDJBA OKA>T EFDEHT FJCHPBJ@BN OEB KLOFKJN >Q>FH>?HB OK OEB CPOPMB# &+ JA @PMMBJO BIFNNFKJ NOM>OBDFBN# 4C! CKM BS>ILHB! JBD>OFQB BIFNNFKJ OB@EJKHKDFBN HFGB .1//; >MB >JOF@FL>OBA! >J BIFNNFKJ KQBMNEKKO FN NOFHH @KJNFNOBJO RFOE OEB ORK"ABDMBB O>MDBO# 8J OEB KOEBM E>JA! REBJ EFDE NEKMO"OBMI BIFNNFKJN >MB >DMBBA PLKJ! .1//; NBBIN OK ?B@KIB FJBQFO>?HB# J@FJD LMK@BNN FN IKM>HHT MBHBQ>JO! >JA RFHH ?B AFN@PNNBA FJ ;B@OFKJ )#(#

~~~~~~!. "&/1)0/ #+% $,*-)&0& #.'1*&+0 *#0.(2~~~~~~

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

############################################################# &+ 2MKI > LKHF@T LBMNLB@OFQB FJFOF>H HKR LHBADBN IFDEO ?B LMPABJO, .B@>PNB MBAP@OFKJ O>MDBON PJABM OEB 9>MFN -DMBBIBJO RFHH FJ@MB>NB KQBM OFIB! NO>OBN RFHH KJHT LHBADB HKR 470/ FJ OEB CFMNO LBMFKA BQBJ FC OEBFM BJBMDT LKHF@FBN >MB >HMB>AT IKMB >AQ>J@BA#

~~~~~~! # ! ,1*7:.8 ( U- .736<4.5: 9,.5*8269~~~~~~

N=E@! ODA ORK"@ACMAA >P@CAO NAMQAN =N ODA NR?KQGQ?QGSC QFOCPFLIB BCDGKGKE CJGPPGLK CDDLOQP" TFGIC QFC ;0:P GKBGA?QC QFC IGHCIGFLLB LD OCJ?GKGKE TGQFGK QFGP @RBECQ$ =FGP ECKCO?QCP DLRO AIGJ?QC MLIGAV LMQGLKP 9*

~~~~~~%-,.(2+ '0-,*3 &12,0/ &~~~~~~

~~~~~~0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK ? <.5 ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP OCJ?GKGKE TGQFGK QFC QTL#~~~~~~

~~~~~~BCEOCC @RBECQ (09 & , &W @RBECQ $~~~~~~

~~~~~~0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK . <.5 ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP CUACCBGKE QFC QTL#BCEOCC~~~~~~

~~~~~~@RBECQ (09 & - &W @RBECQ $~~~~~~

~~~~~~0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK @ /200~~~~~~

~~~~~~BCEOCC @RBECQ (09 & , &W @RBECQ $~~~~~~

~~~~~~0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK / /200< ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP CUACCBGKE QFC QTL#BCEOCC~~~~~~

~~~~~~@RBECQ (09 & - &W @RBECQ $~~~~~~

=FC ILTCO A?PC ICQQCOP ? ?KB @ GKBGA?QC CJGPPGLKP OCJ?GKGKE TGQFGK QFC QTL#BCEOCC @RBECQ+ QFC RMMCO A?PC ICQQCOP . ?KB / PGEKGDV ?K LSCOPFLLQ PACK?OGL$ .K ?OERJCKQ J?QOGU" TFGAF MILQP 9 ?KB 3 ?E?GKPQ C?AF LQFCO" VGCIBP PGUQCCK SCOPGLK LD QFC /=#?OERJCKQ*

~~~~~~0IGJ?QC 3L?I 3 :OCSCKQGKE AIGJ?QC QGMMGKE ;CBRAGKE MOCPPROC MLGKQP .SLGBGKE .SLGBGKE ;CBRAGKE ;CBRAGKE~~~~~~

~~~~~~QCJMCO?QROC O?QC# ?B?MQ?QGLK JGQGE?QGLK~~~~~~

~~~~~~# BCMCKBCKQ BCMCKBCKQ MOCPPROC MOCPPROC$ QGMMGKE QGMMGKE MLGKQP MLGKQP$ 1 ! "~~~~~~

~~~~~~:LIGAV 9MQGLK 9 09 & , &W ( ?% ?& ?' ?( @RBECQ 09 & - &W # .% .& .' .( @RBECQ <.5 09 & , &W ) @% @& @' @( @RBECQ~~~~~~

~~~~09 & - &W $ /% /& /' /( @RBECQ /200< =?@IC )$ .OERJCKQ J?QOGU$ =FC OLTP BCMGAQ AIGJ?QC EL?IP 3" QFC ALIRJKP BCMGAQ MLOQDLIGL LMQGLKP 9$ 2?AF CKQOV OCMOCPCKQP ? SCOPGLK LD QFC /=#?OERJCKQ~~~~

~~~~~~! ! # +/)58-6 % R, -51492-38 7+-3)6047~~~~~~

~~~~~~)K BFLJG=M<>= BF +A:HL>J #, : HGDB~~~~~~

:KL LAJ>> GHLBGFK' EBLB@:LBGF, :=:HL:LBGF :F= +-! .GJ FGO, 0 OBDD :KKME> LA:L LA>J> BK FG J>D:LBGF ;>LO>>F LA>K> GHLBGFK $" ! 0FKL>:=, 0 OBDD BF LOG +- L>K, 7)0 :F= *-++7, :F= =B??>J>FLB:L> LOG KM; <:K>K J>@:J=BF@ EBLB@:LBGF >??GJLK, :K LA> :;GN> L:;D> BDDMKLJ:L>K! 8AGK> KM; <:K>K :J> FGL =>L>JEBF>= ;P LA> OBLA LA> EBLB@:LBGF G;DB@:LBGF! 6:LA>J, LA>P :J> HMJ>DP IM:FLBL:LBN>' )J> >EBKKBGF

~~~~~~:FLB= LA:L OGMD= J>E:BF OBLABF LA> LOG =>@J>> ;M=@>L G? +4 # >EBKKBGFK( *P BF :EGMFL G? EBLB@:LBGF :K : ;: HGDB~~~~~~

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~~~~~~$. (.*31-+., -/12*/2-*2-0/1~~~~~~

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~~~~~~-IFJ>QB 0L>I 0 7OBSBKQFKD @IFJ>QB QFMMFKD 8BAR@FKD MOBPPROB MLFKQP +SLFAFKD +SLFAFKD 8BAR@FKD 8BAR@FKD~~~~~~

~~~~~~QBJMBO>QROB O>QB" >A>MQ>QFLK JFQFD>QFLK~~~~~~

~~~~~~" ABMBKABKQ ABMBKABKQ MOBPPROB MOBPPROB# QFMMFKD QFMMFKD MLFKQP MLFKQP# 7LIF@V 6MQFLK 6 ! " #~~~~~~

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~~~~~~$.! (/2.*53-+., -034*04-*4-103~~~~~~

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~~~~~~-HEI=PA K=H NARAJPEJC ?HEI=PA PELLEJC 8A@Q?EJC LNAOOQNA LKEJPO +RKE@EJC +RKE@EJC 8A@Q?EJC 8A@Q?EJC~~~~~~

~~~~~~PAILAN=PQNA N=PA" =@=LP=PEKJ IEPEC=PEKJ~~~~~~

~~~~~~" @ALAJ@AJP @ALAJ@AJP LNAOOQNA LNAOOQNA# PELLEJC PELLEJC LKEJPO LKEJPO# KHE?U 7LPEKJ 7 ! " #~~~~~~

~~~~~~-7 % % * = =% =& = >Q@CAP -7 % % & + +% +& + >Q@CAP 9+3 -7 % % + > >% >& > >Q@CAP~~~~~~

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~~~~~~# ! -2+7:/8 ( V/ ;+3 +:265 6 :1/ +80 4/5:9~~~~~~

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~~~~~~! !!# .1,69/7 ( V/ <+3;+:265 6/ :1. +80;4.5:9~~~~~~

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~~~~~~# ! ).'47+5 ,8(1 (7/3 3- 7 , (5. 2, 76~~~~~~

*FCG;M? .I;F . K?O?HMCHA =FCG;M? MCJJCHA 5?>N=CHA JK?LLNK? JICHML (OIC>CHA (OIC>CHA 5?>N=CHA 5?>N=CHA

~~~~~~M?GJ?K;MNK? K;M?" ;>;JM;MCIH GCMCA;MCIH~~~~~~

~~~~~~" >?J?H>?HM >?J?H>?HM JK?LLNK? JK?LLNK?# MCJJCHA MCJJCHA JICHML JICHML# ! " #~~~~~~

IFC=R 3JMCIH 3 *3 % %S + I"A?M IJMCIH MB?LCL *3 % %S ' I" I" I" I" A?M CGJ?>CG?HM CGJ?>CG?HM CGJ?>CG?HM CGJ?>CG?HM MB?LCL! MB?LCL! MB?LCL! MB?LCL! @CHCMN>? @CHCMN>? @CHCMN>? @CHCMN>? MB?LCL MB?LCL MB?LCL MB?LCL 6(/ *3 % %S , < A?M

*3 % %S ( A?M ),**6 *+,3/ %. /GJF;NLCL#

~~~~~~! $." )+-2 50 24563/.1/~~~~~~

~~~~~~/H GILM =;L?L! / LCGJFR >I HIM B;O? MB? ?QJ?KMCL? MI DN>A? MB? JF;NLC?JFIRG?HM L=?H;KCIL CHMKI>N=?> CH *B;JM?K &#~~~~~~

*FCG;M? .I;F . K?O?HMCHA =FCG;M? MCJJCHA 5?>N=CHA JK?LLNK? JICHML (OIC>CHA (OIC>CHA 5?>N=CHA 5?>N=CHA

~~~~~~M?GJ?K;MNK? K;M?" ;>;JM;MCIH GCMCA;MCIH~~~~~~

~~~~~~" >?J?H>?HM >?J?H>?HM JK?LLNK? JK?LLNK?# MCJJCHA MCJJCHA JICHML JICHML# IFC=R 3JMCIH 3 ! " #~~~~~~

*3 % %S + ; ;% ; ;& A?M *3 % %S ' ( (% ( (& A?M 6(/ *3 % %S , < <% < <& A?M

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;FCOC ?OC PGU ?OERKCLQP QF?Q 3 A?LLMQ DRJJV CS?JR?QC GL QFGP TMOI BRC QM ? J?AI MD ILMTJCBEC$ 0MRO MD QFCK ?OC ?OERKCLQP ?PPRKGLE ? -/..:#PACL?OGM (@%" -%" @& ?LB -& $ ;FMPC ?OERKCLQP KC?L QM OC?JGWC QFC OCJ?QCB AJGK?QC EM?JP % ?LB &) 9CBRAGLE ?B?NQ?QGML NOCPPROC ?LB ?SMGBGLE O?QC#BCNCLBCLQ QGNNGLE NMGLQP$ ;FMPC ?OERKCLQP PF?OC QFC P?KC RLACOQ?GLQV) 3Q GP RLAJC?O TFCQFCO -/..: Y ? QCAFLMJMEV TFGAF NOGK?OGJV

BC?JP TGQF QFC AMLACLQO?QGML MD .7 % GL QFC ?QKMPNFCOC ?LB MLJV PCAMLB?OGJV TGQF QFC N?AC QFGP AMLACLQO?QGML AMKCP ?@MRQ Y A?L ?BBOCPP ?LV O?QC#BCNCLBCLQ AJGK?QC EM?JP$ 3Q GP @CVMLB QFC PAMNC MD QFGP QFCPGP QM HRBEC QFC K?LV MLEMGLE KMBCJ#ORLP DMO -/..:$ ;TM MQFCO ?OERKCLQP AMLQ?GLGLE RLACOQ?GL NOCKGPCP ?OC ?' ?LB @'$ ;FCV C?AF ?PPRKC ? KGQGE?QGML N?QFT?V" TFGAF OC?JGWCP QFC QTM#BCEOCC Q?OECQ GLBCNCLBCLQJV MD ?BBGQGML?J ./ BCNJMVKCLQ$ ;FC OCPNCAQGSC AJGK?QC EM?J GP ? OCBRAQGML GL KGQGE?QGML NOCPPROC (AJGK?QC EM?J ' $ >FGJC ?OERKCLQ -'" TFGAF ?PPRKCP -/..: GL D?AC MD GLPRDDGAGCLQ KGQGE?QGML ?P ? KC?LP QM OCBRAC DROQFCO KGQGE?QGML NOCPPROC" TGJJ @C QFC DMARP MD BGPARPPGML GL QFC LCUQ PCAQGML (:CAQGML ($' " QFC LMQGML MD OCBRAGLE KGQGE?QGML NOCPPROC DMO ?JOC?BV PRAACPPDRJ KGQGE?QGML KGEFQ K?IC LM PCLPC$ 2CLAC" ?OERKCLQP ?' ?LB @' ?OC GLAJRBCB GL QFC EOMRN MD GLBCQCOKGL?@JC ?OERKCLQP$ ;FC DGOPQ QTM ?OERKCLQP 3 TGJJ BC?J TGQF ?OC ?OERKCLQP @% ?LB -%)

~~~~~~,OERKCLQ @%) 1 .JGK?QC 1M?J % ,SMGBGLE O?QC#BCNCLBCLQ QGNNGLE NMGLQP$~~~~~~

~~~~~~7 .JGK?QC 8MJGAV 7NQGML @ -/..: ! .7 % CKGPPGMLP OCK?GLGLE TGQFGL QFC QTM#~~~~~~

~~~~~~BCEOCC @RBECQ ( .7 % * %X @RBECQ $~~~~~~

~~~~~~,OERKCLQ -& 1 .JGK?QC 1M?J % ,SMGBGLE O?QC#BCNCLBCLQ QGNNGLE NMGLQP$~~~~~~

~~~~~~7 .JGK?QC 8MJGAV 7NQGML - -/..: ! .7 % CKGPPGMLP CUACCBGLE QFC QTM#BCEOCC~~~~~~

~~~~~~@RBECQ ( .7 % + %X @RBECQ~~~~~~

~~~~~~>FCQFCO -/..: GP ?@JC QM Q?AIJC QFC O?QC MD QCKNCO?QROC AF?LEC GP RLAJC?O$ 3Q KGEFQ~~~~~~

F?SC PMKC CDDCAQ ML QFC T?OKGLE O?QC @V K?LGNRJ?QGML QFC ?KMRLQ MD .7 % GL QFC ?QKMPNFCOC$ ;FGP GP LMQ ? BGOCAQ ?BHRPQKCLQ MD QFC T?OKGLE O?QC ?P CUCKNJGDGCB @V QFC :,3 PACL?OGM$ 3Q A?LLMQ @C ORJCB MRQ" FMTCSCO QF?Q -/..: KGEFQ @C ?@JC QM OC?JGWC AJGK?QC EM?J %$ 3D" GL ?BBGQGML" ?L CKGPPGML MSCOPFMMQ GP ?LQGAGN?QCB (?OERKCLQ -% " -/..: TMRJB ?OER?@JV @C RPCB QM @MQF PQ?@GJGWC QFC ?@PMJRQC QCKNCO?QROC AF?LEC

~~~~~~!!" ! 0 .:=2; ) X2 .4 .=596 9 = 2 .;3 26=<~~~~~~

?KB GKDIRCKAC QFC M?AC LD T?OJGKE$ =FC GKQCOBCMCKBCKAV LD QFLPC QTL ?PMCAQP ?KB QFC OLIC /20< A?K MI?V FCOC" GP LM?NRC QL JC$ =FC CDDCAQGSCKCPP QFCPGP A?KKLQ @C CS?IR?QCB DLO @LQF ?OERJCKQP GK QFC EGSCK ALKQCUQ$

~~~~~~.OERJCKQ @'* 3 0IGJ?QC 3L?I ' ;CBRAGKE .B?MQ?QGLK MOCPPROC~~~~~~

~~~~~~9 0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK @ /200< ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP OCJ?GKGKE TGQFGK QFC QTL#~~~~~~

~~~~~~BCEOCC @RBECQ ( 09 & , &W @RBECQ $~~~~~~

~~~~~~.OERJCKQ /' 3 0IGJ?QC 3L?I ' ;CBRAGKE .B?MQ?QGLK MOCPPROC~~~~~~

~~~~~~9 0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK / /200< ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP CUACCBGKE QFC QTL#BCEOCC~~~~~~

~~~~~~@RBECQ ( 09 & - &W @RBECQ~~~~~~

~~~~~~LO PGJGI?O OC?PLKP" ?OERJCKQP @' ?KB /' A?KKLQ @C DROQFCO CS?IR?QCB$~~~~~~

~~~~~~.OERJCKQ ?(* 3 0IGJ?QC 3L?I ( ;CBRAGKE GQGE?QGLK MOCPPROC~~~~~~

~~~~~~9 0IGJ?QC :LIGAV 9MQGLK ? <.5 ! 09 & CJGPPGLKP OCJ?GKGKE TGQFGK QFC QTL#~~~~~~

~~~~~~BCEOCC @RBECQ ( 09 & , &W @RBECQ~~~~~~

############################################################# '( 9KC J?V ?OERC QF?Q QGJC DLO ?B?MQ?QGLK f ll "! DOLJ JLOC QGJC DLO JGQGE?QGLK (/200< ?P ? JC?KP QL @RV QGJC DLO JGQGE?QGLK TGII @C BGPARPPCB GK .=598 92 =41 .;3>718=<

~~~~~~.QFTLDMS A) 3 0KHL@SD 3N@K ) ;DCTBHMF 7HSHF@SHNM OQDRRTQD~~~~~~

~~~~~~9 0KHL@SD :NKHBX 9OSHNM A /100< ! 09 ' DLHRRHNMR QDL@HMHMF VHSGHM SGD SVN#~~~~~~

~~~~~~CDFQDD ATCFDS ( 09 ' - 'Z ATCFDS $~~~~~~

5M B@RD NE @QFTLDMS @)" HS MDDCR SN AD ONHMSDC NTS SG@S <.5 CDOKNXLDMS @R HMSQNCTBDC AX 7@B7@QSHM @MC DHSG (7@B7@QSHM DS @K$ '%&)" DHSG @MC 7@B7@QSHM @MC GHR BNKKD@FTDR HR B@KBTK@SDC @F@HMRS SGD A@BJCQNO NE @ BDQS@HM ;0: SQ@IDBSNQX$ <.5 HM SGNRD RBDM@QHNR VNQJR @CCHSHNM@KKX SN LHSHF@SHNM DEENQSR @MC" @S KD@RS SGDNQDSHB@KKX" CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGDL (RDD

~~~~~~!. # /-'&)%* &%/'" #.(1+',0 $~~~~~~

=GDQD @QD CDOKNXLDMS#RBDM@QHNR SG@S RDDL HM HSRDKE Q@SHNM@K" ATS @QD @S NCCR VHSG SGD /=#@QFTLDMS HM HSR OQDRDMS ENQL$ 1RODBH@KKX SGD OQNLHMDMSKX CHRBTRRDC B@RD NE /100< @R @ LD@MR SN ATX SHLD HM E@BD NE KDRR SG@M RTEEHBHDMS LHSHF@SHNM (

~~~~~~" # ! /3-9<1: ) 1 -5=-<487 82 <31 -: =617<;~~~~~~

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

~~~~~~-MDPIBJO .%, /HFI>OB K>H % -QKFAFJD OBILBM>OPMB"ABLBJABJO OFLLFJD LKFJON~~~~~~

~~~~~~8 /HFI>OB 9KHF@T 8LOFKJ . .1//; /8 & BIFNNFKJN BS@BBAFJD OEB ORK"ABDMBB~~~~~~

~~~~~~?PADBO ( /8 & & ?PADBO~~~~~~

~~~~~~-MDPIBJO .(, /HFI>OB K>H ( :BAP@FJD 6FOFD>OFKJ LMBNNPMB~~~~~~

~~~~~~8 /HFI>OB 9KHF@T 8LOFKJ . .1//; /8 & BIFNNFKJN BS@BBAFJD OEB ORK"ABDMBB ?PADBO ( /8 & & ?PADBO~~~~~~

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~~FIXES LIES AT THE HEART OF THE ,;"ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF -/! AS HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THOROUGHLY# :O! THE~~ TECHNOLOGICAL FIX FRAMING IS RELATED TO THE BUYING TIME ARGUMENT# ,UT IT IS ALSO CLEAR FROM THE ABOVE QUOTE THAT A TECHNOLOGICAL FIX CANNOT SERVE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR A SOCIAL SOLUTION \ THE SAME HAS BEEN SHOWN FOR -/ AND MITIGATION# :COTT HAS DUBBED THE FEAR ASSOCIATED WITH A MISINTERPRETED TECHNOLOGICAL FIX THE _TECHNO"FIX`"OBJECTION (:COTT &$%& ) ;HE RECKLESS USE OF -/! WITHOUT DEALING WITH THE UNDERLYING SOCIAL PROBLEM! OR EVEN WORSENING IT# ;HIS IS THE DANGER THAT LIES WITHIN THE TECHNOLOGICAL FIX ARGUMENT AND ARGUABLY ALSO WITH THE BUYING TIME ARGUMENT! IF THE ,;"REQUIREMENTS ARE NOT MET OR WATERED DOWN! AND -/ IS USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MITIGATION (:ECTION (#% # :OME FORM OF :+3 DEPLOYMENT MIGHT BE USED AS A STOPGAP MEASURE TO BUY MORE TIME FOR SOCIAL TRANSITION \ THIS IS WHAT THE ,;"ARGUMENT SHOWS# ,UT WHEN DOES THE ,;" ARGUMENT SUPPORT A _CHEAP TECHNO"FIX`* ;ECHNO"FIXES ARE DEEMED TO BE A WAY OF DELAYING THE PROBLEM! NOT SOLVING IT! SINCE THEY DO NOT ADDRESS THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM! AND ADVOCATES OF THE TECHNO"FIX FRAMING WOULD REJECT -/ DEPLOYMENT AS INHERENTLY FLAWED#

]?:OLUTIONS@ TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LIKE CLIMATE CHANGE COULD NEVER BE POWERFUL TECHNOLOGIES LIKE :95# =ESTERN SOCIETIES MUST CHALLENGE THEIR FUNDAMENTAL VALUES AND WORLDVIEW TO FIND SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE#^ (:COTT &$%&! P# %(%

;HIS _WESTERN WORLDVIEW` THAT OUGHT TO BE CHANGED! ARGUABLY AMOUNTS TO THE NOTION THAT BUSINESS AS USUAL CAN BE CONTINUED AND THAT OUR MODES OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION CAN BE UPHELD! THOUGH POSSIBLY BY DIFFERENT MEANS# -ONCEPTS LIKE GREEN GROWTH OR SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION ARE ACCOMPANIED WITH THE PROMISE THAT A LIFESTYLE CHANGE IS NOT NEEDED! BUT RATHER THAT ECONOMIC! YET SUSTAINABLE GROWTH GUARANTEES PERPETUAL! ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY WEALTH# ;HE NOTION OF _GREEN GROWTH` HAS BEEN CHALLENGED FREQUENTLY# ,RAND CALLS GREEN GROWTH THE ]NEXT OXYMORON^ (,RAND &$%& ! AND 1RUNWALD ARGUES THAT SUSTAINABLE CONSUMERISM IS NO SILVER BULLET TO ]SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT^! BUT INSTEAD THAT THE PARADIGM OF CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH HAS TO BE CHANGED ALTOGETHER BY POLITICAL AND LEGAL MEANS (1RUNWALD &$%' # + DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SETUP LIKE THE DEGROWTH FRAMING COULD ENABLE A COMPREHENSIVE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF SUCH TECHNOLOGIES! IN ORDER TO RULE OUT THE NAZVE TECHNOPHILE BELIEVE

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~~~~~~~~THAT TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS CAN TAKE CENTER STAGE IN SOLVING THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AT HAND (3RUNWALD &$%) # =HIS LINE OF THOUGHT RESONATES WITH THE IDEA OF~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~\(=HE DISCOURSE CRITICAL OF /1 EMPHASIZES THAT THERE IS NO NEED FOR GEOENGINEERING, EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES AND RENEWABLES WOULD SURELY BE SUFFICIENT TO CONSIDERABLY~~~~~~~~

DECREASE /9 & EMISSIONS IF THEY WERE DEPLOYED WORLDWIDE# 4OWEVER! THIS WOULD REQUIRE RADICAL SYSTEMIC CHANGE! WHICH THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD ARE UNWILLING OR UNABLE TO ACCEPT# =HIS IS WHERE GEOENGINEERING PRESENTS ITSELF AS A PSEUDO SOLUTION! MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO OR! IN THE LONG RUN! POSSIBLY EVEN WORSENING THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CRISIS] (-NSHELM &$%(! P# %'+

4OWEVER! ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT OF SUFFICIENT MITIGATION! A BUYING TIME DEPLOYMENT CAN BE JUSTIFIED# -S 5 HAVE ARGUED IN /HAPTER '! THE .="ARGUMENT ALSO ADDRESSES THE SECONDARY CLIMATE GOAL OF REDUCING PRESSURE# -RGUABLY! REDUCING THE PRESSURE FOR MITIGATION ONLY THEN MAKES SENSE! WHEN MITIGATION IS INDEED UNDERTAKEN#

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ($ ?HILE 5 HAVE FREQUENTLY USED THE TERMS DECARBONIZATION! TRANSITION OF SOCIETY AND THE LIKE! DECARBONIZATION ARGUABLY DOES NOT NECESSARILY INCLUDE A REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH! OR GENERATE A JUST FORM OF PRODUCTION# =O FURTHER SUBSTANTIATE THE TECHNO"FIX ARGUMENT! DIFFERENT ASSESSMENT PATTERNS COULD BE APPLIED# =HE DEGROWTH FRAMING MIGHT BE HELPFUL! WHEN EVALUATING /1 IN FRONT OF DIFFERENT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS (7URACA AND 8EUBER &$%* # !$ ! -1+7:.8 ) X. // / /. + + :3: 70 ;2/ ,< 3 1 ;35/ +91<5/ ;

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