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Biodiversité Au Burkina Faso 8 Biodiversity Conservation Strate- Gies in Burkina Faso

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Biodiversité Au Burkina Faso 8 Biodiversity Conservation Strate- Gies in Burkina Faso Strategies de conservation de la biodiversité au Burkina Faso 8 Biodiversity conservation strate- gies in Burkina Faso Le Burkina Faso en réponse aux obligations internationales, a signé et ratifié des conventions et protocoles relatifs à la conservation de la biodiversité. Il a en outre développé des politi- ques nationales et des stratégies de mise en œuvre des diverses recommandations. Les initia- tives prises par le gouvernement n’auront de succès véritable que si tous les acteurs, en parti- culier les différentes couches sociales étaient sensibilisées et s’engageaient résolument dans des actions concrètes en conciliant deux approches : Une approche préventive basée sur des principes de gestion durable de la biodiversité. Une approche de restauration écologique basée sur des actions directes favorisant le re- tour des ressources perdues ou en voie de disparition. Cette partie de l’atlas passe en revue les principaux textes réglementaires en vigueur au Bur- kina Faso et les institutions de formation et/ou de recherche oeuvrant pour la conservation de la biodiversité. En outre la place très importante des règles socioculturelles qui contri- buent à une meilleure conservation de la biodiversité est évoquée. Sur une soixantaine d’eth- nies du Burkina Faso, une d’elles a été choisie pour montrer comment en respectant les tra- ditions on pourrait contribuer à réduire un tant soit peu la perte des ressources biologiques. Burkina Faso has signed and ratified conventions and protocols in response to its in- ternational obligations relating to biodiversity conservation. It has also developed na- tional policies and strategies for the implementation of various recommendations. The initiatives taken by the government will be successful only if all the actors, in particular the different social strata, are sensitized and resolutely take concrete action by combin- ing two approaches: A preventive approach based on principles of sustainable management of biodiversity. An ecological restoration approach based on direct actions promoting the restora- tion of lost or disappearing resources. This part of the atlas reviews the principal regulatory texts in force in Burkina Faso, whilst highlighting the different biodiversity conservation strategies as well as the or- ganizations that work in this direction, including the training and/or research institu- tions. Moreover, the important socio-cultural rule that contributes to better conser- vation of biodiversity is highlighted. Unable to take into account all ethnic groups in Burkina Faso (over sixty), one of them has been selected to show how respecting the traditions could help reduce the loss of biological resources a little. Fig. 8.0: Savane au Parc Nationale de W. | Savanna in the W National Park. MSC 8: Strategies de conservation | Conservation strategies pour atteindre les résultats escomptés ainsi que les mécanismes de suivi et d’évaluation. La mise en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière de diversité Politique nationale biologique nécessite le recours à de nombreux instruments. Il s’agit 8.1 d’abord des instruments juridiques (les textes normatifs et les mé- canismes institutionnels) qui forment le cadre juridique de la pro- Amidou GARANE Le Burkina Faso, afin de renverser la tendance continue à l’appau- tection de la diversité biologique. Il s’agit ensuite des instruments vrissement de la diversité biologique (biodiversiték), a adopté opérationnels qui sont des outils opératoires pour une meilleure progressivement un certain nombre de mesures qui constituent conservation de la diversité biologique (aires de protection, projets aujourd’hui les composantes d’une ébauche de politique nationa- et programmes de développement). Parmi ces instruments de mise le en matière de conservation de la diversité biologique. La politi- en œuvre de la politique nationale en matière de diversité biologi- que nationale en matière de diversité biologique est définie dans de que, les instruments juridiques qui se composent des normes et des nombreux textes de politique et de stratégies, soit globaux soit sec- institutions, sont d’une importance fondamentale. En premier lieu, toriels. Les principaux textes qui peuvent être mentionnés sont le les normes en matière de diversité biologique consistent en un en- document de politique nationale en matière d’environnement [1], semble de règles obligatoires donc contraignantes pour sa conser- le document de politique et stratégies en matière d’eau (1998) [2], vation et dont le non respect est sanctionné par l’autorité publique. la Stratégie nationale et le Plan d’action du Burkina Faso en matière Les règles de conservation de la diversité biologique, comme dans de diversité biologique (1999) [3]. tout autre domaine, assurent une double fonction : la prévention et Comme tous les textes de politique, les trois documents définissent la répression. La fonction préventive consiste, par la régulation des les objectifs de la politique nationale en la matière, les principes di- comportements humains, à empêcher la commission d’actes pré- recteurs, déterminent les moyens et stratégies à mettre en œuvre judiciables à la diversité biologique. La prévention des dommages instruments (the normative and institutional mechanisms) that form the legal framework for the protection of biodiver- sity. Then there are operational tools for improved conserva- National policy tion of biodiversity (protected areas, projects and development programs). Amongst the instruments for the implementation of national policy on biodiversity, the legal instruments which To reverse the continued depletion of biodiversityk, Burkina consist of norms and institutions are of fundamental impor- Faso has gradually adopted a number of measures which are tance. Firstly, standards of biodiversity are a set of mandatory now the components of a draft national policy on conservation rules, therefore binding for its conservation; non-compliance of biodiversity. National policy with regard to biodiversity is de- is sanctioned by public authority. The rules for conservation of fined in numerous policy and strategy documents, either global biodiversity, as in any other domain, have a dual function: pre- or sectoral. The principal texts that can be mentioned are the vention and repression. The preventive function is by regulat- national policy document on the environment [1], the policy ing human behaviour, to prevent the commission of acts det- and strategy document on water (1998) [2], the National Strat- rimental to biodiversity. The prevention of damage is, indeed, egy and the Burkina Faso Action Plan on biodiversity (1999) [3]. of fundamental importance in relation to the environment and Like all policy documents, the three documents define the ob- remains the best form of protection, because of the irreversible jectives of national policy thus: guidelines determine ways to nature of certain types of damage to biodiversity which make implement strategies to achieve the desired results and the restoration uncertain and lead to the disappearance of certain mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation. components. Regarding the function of repression, it seeks to Implementation of the national policy on biodiversity re- punish antisocial behaviour constituting a violation of legisla- quires the use of many instruments. Firstly there are the legal tion relating to biodiversity. These offences are usually qualified 404 Burkina Faso est, en effet, d’une importance fondamentale en matière environne- LE CADRE NORMATIF DE LA CONSERVATION DE mentale et demeure la meilleure forme de protection, en raison du LA DIVERSITE BIOLOGIQUE caractère irréversible de certaines atteintes à la diversité biologique Ce cadre normatif est composé d’instruments internationaux et de qui rend aléatoire la restauration et entraîne ainsi la disparition de la législation nationale. certains de ses éléments constitutifs. Quant à la fonction de répres- sion, elle vise à punir un comportement anti-social constitutif d’in- Les instruments internationaux fraction à la législation relative à la diversité biologique. Ces infrac- Les instruments internationaux non conventionnels tions sont habituellement qualifiées de contraventions ou de délits Les instruments internationaux non conventionnels sont des tex- punis par les sanctions pénales correspondantes. tes adoptés par les Etats lors des conférences internationales ou au En second lieu, et parallèlement aux normes, les institutions jouent sein des organisations intergouvernementales, avec des dénomi- également un rôle majeur en ce qu’elles rendent effectives les nor- nations diverses tels que les déclarations, les directives, les plans ou mes. En effet, ce sont les institutions qui assurent la mise en œuvre programmes d’action. Leur caractéristique principale est qu’ils ne des normes destinées à la conservation de la diversité biologique. sont pas obligatoires ni pour ceux qui les adoptent ni pour leurs des- Elles conditionnent donc l’effectivité de ces normes c’est-à-dire tinataires. Bien que n’étant pas juridiquement contraignants pour détermine la mesure dans laquelle ces normes sont effectivement les Etats, ces instruments sont d’une importance fondamentale en appliquées. matière de droit et politique de l’environnement. Comportant des Il convient donc d’examiner l’ensemble du cadre juridique de la di- principes et orientations stratégiques, ils constituent un guide d’ac- versité biologique au Burkina Faso à travers successivement son ca- tion précieux au service des Etats pour leur
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