Fada N'gourma

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP

PROJECT : REHABILITATION OF THE GOUNGHIN - FADA N’GOURMA - PIEGA – NIGER BORDER ROAD

SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

Project Team M. NDIAYE-DIOP, Transport Engineer, OITC.1 A. KARANGA, Transport Economist, OITC.1 B. YOUGBARE, Infrastructure Specialist, OITC.1/BFFO A. KERE OUEDRAOGO, BFFO W. DHOUIBI, Procurement Officer, BFFO

M.A. DIALLO, Senior Financial Management Officer, MLFO/ORPF Project M. KINANE, Principal Environmentalist, ONEC.3 Preparation Team H. P. SANON, Socio-Economist, ONEC.3

Sector Director Amadou OUMAROU Regional Director Abdelatif BERNOUSSI Division Manager Jean Kizito KABANGUKA

SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

Project Name: GOUNGHIN - FADA N’GOURMA - PIEGA – NIGER Code SAP: P- BF- BORDER ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT DB0-018 Country: BURKINA FASO Department: OITC Division: OITC-1

1. INTRODUCTION

The project to rehabilitate and pave the Gounghin – Fada N’Gourma – Piéga – Niger border section of National Road 4 on CU2a Corridor of the WAEMU road network is part of WAEMU Commission’s Action Plan for Road Infrastructure and Transport (PACITR). The CU2a is also on the Dakar-Niamey Corridor, a priority of PIDA which seeks to modernize the regional transport infrastructure network in Africa.

This 218 km road section is in an advanced state of degradation. In accordance with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguard System (ISS) and national requirements, this project is classified in Category 1. Accordingly, this summary has been prepared based on AfDB environmental and social assessment guidelines and procedures for Category 1 projects.

It starts with a presentation of the project description and rationale, followed by the legal and institutional framework in Burkina Faso. A brief description of the main environmental conditions of the project area is given for each road section, focusing on its physical, biological and human components. Variants and alternatives are compared in terms of technical, economic, environmental and social feasibility. Then follows a presentation of the most significant positive and negative impacts on the biophysical and human (socio-economic) environments. The next part concerns the rehabilitation and mitigation measures proposed to boost project benefits and/or prevent, reduce, mitigate or offset any negative impact, as well as the monitoring programme. The public consultations held, as well as additional initiatives implemented under the project, are also presented. The document concludes with a summary of climate change-related risks and the proposed adaptation and mitigation measures.

2. POLITICAL, LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Legal Framework of Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso’s legal and regulatory framework on environmental and social issues comprises the following main instruments:

 The Environment Code (Law No. 005/97/ADP of 30 January 1997) which stipulates in Section 17 that activities likely to have a significant environmental impact shall be subject to the prior opinion of the Minister in charge of the Environment. The opinion is issued on the basis of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or an Environmental Impact Notice (EIN).

 Decree No. 2001-342/PRES/PM/MEE of 17 July 2001 defining the scope, content and procedure of the EIA and EIN. In accordance with this decree, the project is classified in Category A (equivalent to AfDB’s Category 1) and is therefore subject to the prior

conduct of an ESIA. This provision helps to meet the Bank’s Operational Safeguard (OS-1) requirements;

 Law No. 014/96/ADP of 23 May 1996 on agrarian and land reorganization (RAF) governs expropriation and compensation issues. As regards expropriation, Section 295 stipulates that any holder of real property rights can be obliged to transfer them “whenever public utility or the general interest so requires, after fair and prior compensation”. Such expropriation in the public interest must follow the stages indicated in Section 301, namely: “the declaration of intent to undertake a project in the public interest; public utility investigation; declaration of public utility; plot investigation; declaration of transferability and negotiation of transferability.” Section 315 specifies that “expropriation shall only apply to goods and real property rights”. As regards compensation, Section 310 provides that “failing an amicable agreement, expropriation shall be pronounced and compensations determined by the expropriation judge of the place where the property is located”. However, unlike OS-2, this law does not explicitly demand the preparation of a resettlement or compensation plan beforehand. In addition to this provision, the Bank’s OS-2 will be applied.

 The Forestry Code: Law No. 006/97/ADP/ of 31 January 1997 provides, under Section 50, that the implementation of any major works that require large-scale clearing shall be subject to prior authorization based on an Environmental Impact Assessment. Burkina Faso ratified the biodiversity conventions. All these provisions help to meet the Bank’s OS-3 requirements.

 Decree No. 2001-185/PRE/PM/MEE of 7 May 2001 defining the standards norms for discharging pollutants into the air, water and soil and Decree No. 98 322/PRES/PM/MEE/MIHU/MATS/MEF/MEM/MCC/MCIA of 28 July 1998 laying down conditions for opening dangerous, insanitary and nuisance-causing establishments (DINE). In 1998, Burkina Faso adopted the national water policy, with the overall objective of contributing to sustainable development by providing adequate solutions to water-related problems. Burkina Faso also ratified conventions related to POPs, PIPs and other pollutants. These provisions are consistent with OS-4 requirements.

 Law No. 028-2008/AN of 13 May 2008 instituting the Burkina Faso Labour Code and Law No. 23/94/ADP of 9 May 1994 instituting the Public Health Code define, in their fundamental principles, “the rights and duties inherent in social protection and promotion of the health of the population and workers”, as well as “the promotion of environmental sanitation”. The same applies to the national public hygiene policy (PNHP). These provisions help to meet OS-5 requirements.

Burkina Faso has also adopted provisions governing environmental and social safeguards and climate change; they include:

 the National Adaptation Plan adopted in 2015 based on the results of the analysis of climate change vulnerability conducted in identified priority sectors (agriculture, livestock, water, forestry and natural ecosystems, energy, infrastructure, housing, health, etc.) and climate change scenarios by 2025-2050;

 the COP-21 commitments taken by Burkina Faso (see section on Climate Change);

 the National Gender Policy adopted in July 2009.

2.2 International Conventions

The main conventions ratified by Burkina Faso and applicable to the project are: (i) the Convention on Biodiversity and World Heritage (Nairobi, December 1993) which supplements the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio 1992); (ii) the Convention to Combat Desertification in countries seriously affected by drought and/or desertification (Paris, June 1994); (iii) the Ramsar Convention (1971) on the protection of wetlands; (iv) the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers, 1968) ; (v) the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) ; (vi) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES-1975), amended at Gaborone (South Africa, 1983); (vii) Bamako Convention on the management of dangerous waste in Africa (Bamako, 30 January 1991); and (viii) commitments made by Burkina Faso during COP-21 (Paris, 12 December 2015).

2.3 Institutional Framework in Burkina Faso

At the institutional level, the project will involve several categories of actors, such as:

 the Ministry of the Environment, Green Economy and Climate Change, through the National Environmental Assessment Office (BUNEE) and the Department of Green Economy and Climate Change;

 the Ministry of Infrastructure, through the General Directorate of Standardization, Engineering Studies and Control (DGNETC) and the General Directorate of Road Infrastructure (DGIR), as well as the Ministry of Territorial Administration, Decentralization and Internal Security, through the local authorities concerned.

2.4 For the African Development Bank (AfDB)

The Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) through five operational safeguards (OS):

 Operational Safeguard 1: Environmental and Social Assessment;

 Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary Resettlement, Land Expropriation, Population Displacement and Compensation;

 Operational Safeguard 3: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services;

 Operational Safeguard 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous Materials and Efficient Resource Use;

 Operational Safeguard 5: Working Conditions, Health and Safety.

Other relevant policies and guidelines remain applicable once triggered under the ISS. The main ones include:

 the Bank’s Gender Policy (2001);

 the Framework for Enhanced Engagement with Civil Society Organizations (2012);

 the Disclosure and Access to Information Policy (2012);

 the Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation in Bank Operations (2001)

 the Bank Policy on Population and Implementation Strategy (2002) ;

 Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures for African Development Bank’s Operations (2014).

3. PROJECT RATIONALE AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 Rationale

Although this road section is in an advanced state of degradation, the section from the Niger border to Niamey is in a very good state. The project falls Pillar 1 of SCADD namely, “Development of accelerated growth pillars” aimed mainly at constructing and rehabilitating road corridors so as to facilitate transportation of goods, passenger and agricultural produce.

The Bank’s involvement in the project is also justified by the fact that it is fully consistent with its 2013-2022 Ten-Year Strategy in which infrastructure is one of the priority operational areas, as well as with the Bank’s CSP (2012-2016) for Burkina Faso whose first pillar is “the development of transformative and growth-supporting infrastructure”. It is also consistent with the Bank’s Regional Integration Strategy Paper (RISP, 2011-2015) for West Africa whose first pillar is “the connection of regional markets”. In addition, the project is consistent with the Bank’s five key priorities since it reinforces regional integration within WAEMU, improves the movement of goods and people, fosters human and economic development, improves the living standards of the local population, and contributes to the transportation of agricultural production and access to productive resources and markets.

3.2 Project Objectives and Components

The project’s sector goal is to help reinforce regional integration and intra-regional trade in the WAEMU zone. Its specific objectives are to improve road service levels and the living conditions of people in the project area (PA).

The project components are as follows:

COST ESTIMATES COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS in CFAF Million

ROAD WORKS 100,542.50 Road works 95,310.00 Works supervision 4,765.50 Implementation of ESMP, including sensitization of the PA population and road users on HIV/AIDS 467.00 and environmental preservation RELATED ACTIVITIES 7,523.00 Urban and sub-urban roads 1,500.00 Development of related road 2,600.00 Improvement of road safety: construction of surrounding walls, road safety information, sensitization 1,000.00 and training by ONASER Construction and equipment of women’s centres in Gounghin, Diapango, Fada N'Gourma, Matiacoali 430.00 and Kantchari Support for women’s and youth socio-economic empowerment (supply of produce processing materials 1,500.00 and equipment, vocational training, association management and technical assistance) Construction of 30 boreholes along the road 288.00 Control and supervision of related activities 205.00 TRANSPORT FACILITATION 1,200.00 Construction of a fixed weighing station in Nagréongo 1,000.00 Technical, economic, environmental and social study on the construction of PCJs in Mossi Paga 200.00 SUPPORT FOR THE TRANSPORT SECTOR 2,046.00 Road studies 700.00 Cartographic studies 771.00 ONASER study 150.00 Study on river navigability 425.00 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 3,665.00 Accounting and financial audit 100.00 Technical and road safety audit 300.00 Monitoring-evaluation of socio-economic impacts 200.00 Monitoring of ESMP implementation 65.00 FAPE implementation and monitoring of women’s and youth socio-economic empowerment activities 50.00 Operating costs of the executing agency 1,050.00 Technical assistance 400.00 Compensation for economic losses 1,500.00 The total project cost is estimated at UA 162.21 million, which is equivalent to EUR 204.39 million or CFAF 134.059 billion. The project will be financed by AfDB, JICA, the European Union, WAEMU and the Government of Burkina Faso. The figure below shows the project area and various lots.

Figure 1: Map of Project Area

Figure 2: Presentation of the various Project Lots

3.3 Current State of the Road

The road section considered for rehabilitation is in an advanced state of degradation, particularly in towns and villages situated in the project area. This situation affects the local population, especially their mobility, the development of socio-economic activities, and public health.

3.4 Main Inputs Required

Water: Water will also be widely consumed during this project. Significant volumes are necessary for concrete-making, optimum compacting of different layers of materials constituting the roadway and cleaning operations in worksite camps. The possible sites of water supply for the works are the retaining reservoirs indicated in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Water resource for the works Location P.K Characteristics Remarks Baskouré 12 Baskoure reservoir Semi-perennial source Kabeiga 24 Kabiega reservoir Semi-perennial source Kolouko 30 Kouloko reservoir Semi-perennial source Diapangou 60 Diapangou reservoir Semi-perennial source Fada N'Gourma 80 Fada N'Gourma reservoir Perennial source Ougarou 150 Ougarou reservoir Semi-perennial source Naloungou 208 Nalougou reservoir Semi-perennial source Sampieri 213 Sampieri reservoir Perennial source Village reservoir 237 Village reservoir Semi-perennial source TOTAL 9 Water points Source: Consultant’s survey

Almost all these water sources are semi-perennial, whereas works will require additional water. Therefore, the contractor will therefore need to construct boreholes that will be handed over to the local population on completion of works.

Fuel: The operation of worksite equipment and vehicles will require the supply of fuel and lubricants (oil and grease). Accidental spillage of these products is a source of environmental pollution. The same applies to waste generated from their use (used oil).

Laterite borrow sites: Borrow sites for lateritic materials likely to be used during the works have been identified. The project implementation will require the excavation of large borrow areas. For this project, 36 lateritic gravel borrow zones of average exploitable area of 3.5 ha/borrow have been identified. In all, about 126 ha will be excavated.

Rock quarries: For this project, six (6) rock quarry zones have been identified. The average exploitable area is 3.5 ha/per quarry, making a total of 21 ha. Taking into account the results of rock sample tests, the intrinsic characteristics of quarries at PK 47+900, PK 86+200, PK 102+400 and PK 112+900 are satisfactory to be used for sand-asphalt mixture and sealing coat. All the six quarries are convenient for underwater concrete. The Wayen quarry, used for the NR 4 works between Ouagadougou and Koupela from 2005 to 2007, can also be excavated.

Table 2 Rock Quarries: Summary of the Results of Rock Samples PK Nature 47+900 Crushed granite 86+200 Crushed granite 102+400 Crushed granite 112+900 Crushed granite 153+300 Crushed granite 218+500 Crushed granite

Sand deposits: Several natural sand deposits were identified in the project area. They consist of washed round small-grain sand (D max = 2 mm).

Table 3 Summary of sand sites About 50 km from NR4 in the Yanwega – Bissiga road 0/5 90 - Gounghin zone

PK 116+300 on NR4 On both sides of the road 0/5 95 3.37

Kantchari – Boulmantiagou road At PK4+700 0/5 88 3.59

Labour: Worksite needs in terms of number of workers to be mobilized have not yet been estimated. Meanwhile, labour-intensive works will be prioritized, especially clearing works, cleaning of structures, etc. In all, over 3,000 S/H will be created for direct and indirect jobs during project implementation.

4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Definition of Study Zones

The 218 km Gounghin-Fada N’Gourma-Piéga–Niger border road section, the subject of this project, is part of National Road No. 4 (NR4): Ouagadougou-Koupéla-Fada N’Gourma-Piéga–Niger border.

The project area covers Centre-East Region, whose chieftown is Tenkodogo, and East Region whose chieftown is Fada N’Gourma.

The main localities crossed in the two regions are: Gounghin, Tibga, Diapangou, Fada N’Gourma, Piéga, Ougarou, Matiakoali and Kantchari.

The Centre-East Region covers an area of 14,964 km2. In 2013, its population was estimated at 1,384,663 people, 53% of them women, corresponding to a population density of 92.5/km2, which was above the national average of 65.8/km² the same year. It has 8% of the total population and occupies 5.3% of the national territory. Since it is one of the regions in Burkina Faso with high

10 agricultural potential, the Government, given its concern for the country’s food security, has made Bagre an economic growth pole. Commercial activity is very developed in this region, and it hosts the Pouytenga market whose influence is international.

The East Region covers an area of 46,807 km², corresponding to 17.13% of the national territory, for an estimated population of 1,212,284 inhabitants, with 50.3% women according to RGPH 2006. The natural growth rate of the East Region is high (3.5%), exceeding the national rate by 0.4 points because it very often receives immigrants. The region’s economy rests on primary sector activities based essentially on agro-sylvo-pastoral production. These activities occupy over 96.9% of the labour force. The embryonic secondary sector is based on handicraft and industry. It comprises handicraft (pottery, basket-weaving, jewelry design) and functional (carpentry, repairs, sewing etc.) activities, as well as agro-food industrial units (cotton ginning, production of honey, milk, bread). Handicraft activities are carried out informally. The tertiary sector, comprising trade and services, is very much present in towns, with public services and modern markets (Fada, Bogandé, and Diapaga).

Direct impact area: It is defined as the area where the project works have direct environmental and socio-economic impacts. This chosen area is where all natural resources and PAP’s properties can be impacted (clearing of vegetation cover and loss of material goods due to rehabilitation works along the existing road). This impact area also covers borrow zones, quarries, access roads, place for installation of crushing and coating plants, base camp sites, depots and their immediate surroundings.

Direct and/or extended influence zone: This area, known as the extended influence zone, covers all the affected sites. Indeed, it concerns the territories in Kouritenga, Gourma and Tapoa (East and Centre-East Regions) provinces, as well as the entire country and even beyond.

Cumulative impacts zone: A cumulative impact stems from a combination of impacts that the same project or several projects generate over time and space. For the NR4 project, the cumulative impacts zone covers direct and extended influence zones.

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment went through the following stages:

Table 4 Allotment for Road Works PK L Description Lot Start End km Start End 1 000+000 033+950 33.95 Koupéla Gounghin exit

2 033+950 084+350 50.40 Gounghin exit Fada exit

3 084+350 184+400 100.05 Fada exit Matiakoali exit 4 184+400 251+519 67.12 Sortie Matiakoali Niger border

Related works were also included in the study and distributed per works lot. Road development works will require enlargement of the road:

 in open country, from 9 metres to 10.20 metres ;

 going across urban centres, from 9 metres to 13.80 metres ;

 going across Fada N’Gourma, from 9 metres to 26 metres.

Reinforcement works will mainly consist in putting in place a structure made up of:

 a cement-enhanced laterite sub-base;

 a base course (reinforcement) in graded aggregate bitumen;

 a wearing course in bituminous concrete.

4.2 Physical Environment

Climate

The East and Centre-East regions have a Sudan-type climate. Based on the isohyet distribution for the 1971-2004 period, the mean high rainfall values range between 600 mm and 900 mm in this type of climate. The physical features of the zone’s climate, such as long sunny periods, very high temperatures, dry winds and prolonged drought, contribute to intensifying evapotranspiration and rapid drying up of the surface water. These factors affect human activities in Fada and Koupela towns. As regards climate change, refer to the section on climate change.

Air Quality

Since there were no baseline data for air quality in the project area, it was agreed to establish the baseline situation in the towns concerned, especially in and around Fada, which is the main town on the road section. Provisions have been made for the contractor to undertake COx, NOx, SOx, PPM 2.5 and 10 measurements, as required, with the control mission’s support. The same applies to sound measurements at relevant crossing points in Fada town.

A trend scenario analysis shows that Burkina Faso’s GHG emissions will continue to grow significantly. By 2030, the emissions level will have risen five-fold compared to 2007, and by almost 1.6 compared to 2015 (see Table 4 below)

Source: PNA, 2015.

Geology/Geomorphology and Topography

The East Region is very much dominated by a precambian metamorphic substratum, with mainly syntectonic granite and basic or neutral Birrimian rocks.

The project area is relatively flat.

Hydrology and Water Resources

The region’s territory is shared by two large river basins: the Niger to the North and the Pendjari (a tributary of the Oti) to the South. A number of watercourses flow into the Niger River from the South- West to the North-East; the watercourses are the Sirba, the Goroubi, the Dyamongou and the Tapoa. Those that flow into the Pendjari basin are: the Ouale, the Singou, the Arly, the Doubolo and the Kourtiga, from the North-West to the South-East. The East Region has the two hydro-geological zones of Burkina Faso: the crystalline zone, where the waterflow is weak (2 to 3 m3/h on average) with exceptional levels of 50 m3/h, and the sedimentary zone in Gobnangou area, with flows of up to several hundreds of m3/h.

It has: (i) acquifers in lateritic strata that are often unexploited; (ii) groundwater in valley sediments that are heavily exploited by sumps; (iii) acquifers in indigenous debris caused by rock weathering whose flow depends on the nature of the parent rock, the form of alteration and the acquifer’s static level; (iv) the grès Voltaire groundwater, which flows into some ten springs at the foot of Gobnangou mountain; (v) the Fada N'Gourma rachis in Namounou (Tapoa Province), which is rich in local perennial groundwater. Groundwater in hard strata and water circulating in cracks and fissures, which is adequate locally to replenish a borehole, are present virtually everywhere.

On the road section studied, two hundred and fifty-two (252) transversal structures were identified, corresponding to an average of 1 structure per kilometre. The table below shows the detailled numbers.

Type of Structure Number Concrete ducts 137 Box culverts 102 RC girder bridges 13 252 A few lateral structures, often built precariously, are used for crossing these ditches in some localities. Three developed reservoirs were identified on the road section: in Fada N’Gourma (PK 80+150), Naloungou (PK 207+500) and Sampiéri (PK 212+700). These works are of special interest given the precarious nature and scarcity of water.

4.3 Biological Environment

Flora

At the phyto-geographic level, the East Region is a transition zone between the Sudan zone to the South and the Sahel zone to the North. The region comprises tree and bush savannah, gallery forests along water bodies, and steppe. From one province to the other, there are a few particularities.

To the North of Komandjari, there is a Sahel South-Sudan-type of vegetation, dominated by bush savannah whose main wood species are: Combretum nigicans, combretum micranthum, Acacia seyal and Acacia gourmaensis. Quite often, the graminaceous plants are annual (Loudetia togoensis), but include a few perennial plants in water-fed depressions, such as Andropogon gayanus.

To the South of Komandjari, in Gourma, Tapoa and Kompienga, the vegetation and flora are of the South-Sudan type marked by abundant wood species that form dense tree and bush savannahs. This natural vegetation stands alongside plantations with exotic species, mostly orchards, small woods and row plantations dating to colonial times along NR4 (shade trees - Khaya senegalensis – planted in Fada). The orchards mentioned above are mango (manguifera indica) orchards, while the small woods were planted with three species: Adzadirachta indica (neem), Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Cassia siamea. Fauna

The Centre-East Region has limited faunic potential, unlike the East of Burkina Faso. Indeed, the East Region has many wildlife reserves and national parks in Gourma, Kompienga, Komandjari and Tapoa Provinces. The reserves cover 30.43% of the total surface of protected areas, and have 80% of fauna resources at national level, including Pama (223,000 hectares) and Arly (119,000 hectares) partial wildlife reserves and Singou (117,394 hectares) full reserve. The reserves occupy 25% of the territory of Tapoa Province (W. National Park). The categories of wildlife species encountered are: (i) large land mammals; (ii) reptiles; and (iii) avifauna (several bird species).

Protected Areas Since the road is located far from classified areas, the project will not affect fauna, especially species protected by IUCN and the Ministry in charge of the Environment of Burkina Faso. The closest protected area is over 20 km from the road.

Source: Development and Management Plan of W-2006-2010 Border Biosphere Reserve

4.4 Human Environment

4.4.1 Population

The East Region covers 46,807 km2 (17.13% of the national territory) with a population estimated at 1,212,284 people according to RGPH 2006. The region’s natural growth rate (3.5%) is higher than the national level by 0.4 points because the zone often receives immigrants. The female population represented 50.93% of the population in 2006. The population structure is marked by a very high proportion of youths 49% of whom are aged between 0 and 14 years. Persons aged 15 to 64 years represent 48% of the population, while those aged 65 years and above account for only 3%.

4.4.2 Land Organization and Management

In the East Region, urbanization concerns mostly provincial chieftowns, the only urban municipalities. According to RGPH 2006, the region’s urban population was 76,040 for a total population of 1,209,399 people, representing an urbanization rate of only 6.29%. Compared to the national level (20.15%), the East Region is marginally urbanized. In 2009, the region’s rate rose to 6.6% as against 22.7% at national level. Only the chieftown of the region has an Urban Development and Planning Master Plan (SDAU), which was drawn in April 2014. This medium and long-term planning tool is an institutional framework for defining development guidelines of urban centres. Diabo municipality has a land use plan. Successive land allotment operations in urban and rural municipalities in the region have helped enhance the urbanization of the localities concerned.

4.4.3 Customs and Practices

The Gulmacé society is agrarian; consequently, land has special status. Land management practices in the region are draw heavily on local customs. This predominance of local land customs is mainly expressed at two levels:

 general recognition of the “land rights of the first occupants”, which still confers on natives the privilege of assuming the function of landlords;

 rural land management by lineage, which guarantees that land heritage is preserved and transferred from one generation to the next. Within this context, the oldest in lineage assumes the role of heritage manager.

4.4.4 Sacred Sites

There are no sacred sites in the works area. Nevertheless, during extraction activities in borrows and the creation of deviations, etc., sacred sites or archeological/cultural vestiges could be discovered by chance.

4.4.5 Socio-cultural Activities

4.4.5.1 Agriculture

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the East region. Red-fed crops are the most important, and the main crops are sorghum, millet, maize, groundnuts and cotton. In the East Region, like in the whole country, agriculture still largely depends on rainfall, with wide variability of production from

15 year to year. Agriculture is also marked by extensive and still fertile arable land, resulting from the combined effects of abundant plant cover compared to most regions of the country.

From 2008 to 2013, the East Region accounted for between 7.84% and 11.78% of Burkina Faso’s national cereals production, or an average of 9.79% for the six-year period under review. Apart from cereals and cash crops, the region has other crops, in particular cow pea, sweet potatoes and voandzou as shown in the preceding table. Among these, cow pea is the most important, with proportions of sown areas varying between 56.20% and 80.34% of the total area covered by these crops.

4.4.5.2 Livestock

Stockbreeding is quite developed in the East Region. It is the region’s second economic activity after agriculture. Like for the entire country, stockbreeding in the East Region is extensive, with herds grazing mainly on natural fodder in pasturelands with very little supplementary inputs. The region is a destination and/or transit zone for numerous herds in transhumance, coming from the Sahel, Centre and North regions, as well as from Niger and Mali.

According to the results of the National Cattle Herd Survey in Burkina Faso (ENEC II), the East Region in 2003 occupied the third position in terms of numbers of cattle and sheep reared, and the fourth position for the rearing of goats. Access and transhumance tracks are mainly located in Gnagna, Gourma and Tapoa provinces. The largest proportion of the total track length is in Gourma and Gnagna Provinces, with 59.59% and 34.93% respectively. Indeed, 2,344.5 km of tracks (44.06%) are demarcated.

4.4.5.3 Other Activities

The East Region’s main industrial plants are the three cotton-ginning units of Gourma Cotton Company (Société Cotonnière du Gourma - SOCOMA) in Gourma, Kompienga and Tapoa provinces. Apart from these plants, the region has a few small agro-food industrial units – bakeries, dairy factories as well as a honey-processing unit. The region’s dairy factories comprise an industrial dairy processor in Gourma and two semi-industrial dairy processors in Tapoa. There are also small natural drinking water production units that package water under brand names: ‘Biala’ in Fada and ‘Lantila’ in Tibga.

The largest trading infrastructure are Fada’s central market and cattle market. The latter market is sub- regional and serves as a meeting place for many economic actors from Burkina Faso and many West African countries. Although commercial sector actors comprise men, women and youths, trade in the region is dominated by men, while women and youths are very often in petty trade.

The East Region has one of the largest tourist zones of Burkina Faso. Tourism contributes significantly to unemployment reduction, local economic development, and urbanization. The region has numerous tourist sites, including the National Reserve (Arly Park), GOBNANGOU cliffs, the W. Crossborder Park, Lake Tapoa, the Pama hunting concession, the Sword of King Yendabri, the Grottos of Youbri and Pama, the Singou Game Ranch, etc.…

The East Region has forty-nine (49) hotels and accommodation facilities, with a total capacity of 571 rooms. Gourma Province (with the region’s chieftown) has the highest number (55.34%) of hotel rooms in the region.

4.4.8 Access to Basic Infrastructure and Services

According to data collected by EICVM 2009 and EMC 2014, access to basic social services in the project area is as follows:

 Access to basic services in less than 30 minutes

2007 2009 2014 Burkina Faso 2014 Primary school (%) 54.4 59 67.1 77.2 Secondary school 13.8 17.3 18.7 38.7 (%) Health centre (%) 25.8 38.8 17.7 47.2 Market (%) 56.2 45 34.7 59

 Access to electricity, drinking water and sanitation 2009 2014 Burkina Centre- Burkina East Faso East Faso Lighting with 6.7 14 7.1 24.4 electricity (%) Drinking water (%) 74.1 72.3 68.4 76.3 Latrine (%) 4.2 9.1 1.9 11.5

 The rate of attendance of health units for the past five years, according to DGISS, is summarized as follows :

Burkina 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 56.1 57.9 74.3 78 83 85

 The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the East Region was 1.7% in 2003 and 0.4% in 2010, hence slightly lower than the national average.

5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

The basic engineering study analyzed various scenarios at the economic, environmental and social levels to determine the best possible alternatives.

5.1 Without-project Option

From an environmental point of view, the option of not rehabilitating the road will have a major negative impact on the environment due to the continued degradation of the road, which will cause nuisances (dust, floods in the rainy season). But there will be little or no disturbance of the living environment (noise) by the works. Furthermore, no existing road vestiges will be demolished. On the whole, the “without-project” scenario is not consistent with the policy of improvement of urban roads in the main towns and economic and social development of the country. The “without-project” option also hampers the development of the project area known for being a development pole since Fada is a major trade hub.

This option only exacerbates the poverty of the population of the project area who, it should be noted, live below the poverty threshold.

5.2 Project Implementation Option

The “with-project” option prioritizes the rehabilitation of the Gounghin-Fada-Kantchari-Niger border road. The rehabilitation of the road will have significant negative impacts on the environment. The works will generate dust emissions, noise pollution and vibrations that are offensive to the local population. With regard to the worksite activities, there could be a risk of soil and water pollution. Apart from the induced benefits, the road’s rehabilitation will generate a number of negative impacts, including the displacement of project affected persons and disturbance of trade along the road to be rehabilitated.

5.3 Route Corrections

The planimetric alternatives (ground view and longitudinal section of the route) were analyzed. They consist in stepping back the road into zones of controlled constraints and factoring in design and safety parameters for two reasons: (i) the existence of public utility networks, especially optical fibre, along the road; and (ii) the complexity of extending hydraulic works. The main advantages of these planimetric alternatives are: (i) minimal displacements of public utility networks and land expropriations; and (ii) minimal risk of destabilizing hydraulic works by systematic demolition of intake structures.

5.4 Roadway Structure

The proposed reinforcement solution on all road sections from Koupela to the Niger border is the following: (i) 5 cm of high-module Class 1 bituminous concrete; (ii) 8 cm of graded bituminous aggregate; (iii) 20 cm of existing base course in cement-enriched lateritic gravel. To limit possible cracks rising from lower coats or from soil-cement to upper layers, a geogrid coat will be applied to the soil- cement.

As regards the quantity of materials needed for the roadway structure, the cumulative exploitable volume of borrow sites is estimated at 299,450 m3. It was agreed to recycle about 366,324 m3 of materials from the existing road, as this will help to limit economic as well as environmental and social impacts.

For the Gounghin – Fada – Niger border road section, lateritic gravel borrow sites were analyzed and some were avoided/will be excluded due to environmental and social issues. This mainly concerns borrow site No. 15 at PK 60+600, which is in a classified forest. Exploitation of borrow sites situated in demarcated zones and in the zone that is divided into lots (Borrow site No. 32 at PK 175+850 is in a subdivided zone) will be subject to the contractor complying with guidelines defined in the resettlement plan.

5.5 Cross-section Profile

The standard geometric cross-section profiles selected by the FD study are given in the table below. A few ground view images are given to illustrate these profiles.

PT1 PT2 PT3 Largeur plateforme (m) 10.20 13.80 26.00 Largeur chaussée (m) 7.20 9.40 2x7.00 Largeur TPC (m) - - 3.00 Largeur piste cyclable (m) - - 2x2.50 Largeur accotements / trottoirs (m) 2x1.50 2x2.00 2x2.00 2.5% (en toit Dévers 2.5% (en toit) 2.5% (en toit) AD) Diapangou, Namoungou, Section Tanwalbougou, Zones d'application Fada N'Gourma courante Ougarou, Matiakoali et Kantchari

6. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT MEASURES

6.1 Direct Negative Impacts

6.1.1 Works Site Preparation and Construction Works Phase

6.1.1.1 Biophysical Environment

 Impact on Air Quality: Clearance and excavation works, roadway construction and vehicle movement on the road during the works will generate dust, gas emissions including carbon (COx), nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur (SOx) oxides and sprays leading to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The operation of concrete, crushing and macadam coating plants produces dust, while the surfacing sites produce smoke likely to contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAH) that can affect the health of workers and the local population. Air pollution can also: (i) reduce drivers’ visibility and promote accidents; and (ii) increase cases of respiratory-track and eye infections among workers and the exposed local population. These impacts will however be localized given the number of machines involved and the duration of works. Since the level of traffic and industrial activities in the project area is quite low, these emissions are not such as can significantly degrade the surrounding air quality parameter.

 Impacts on Soil Structure (compacting, erosion and loss of soil fertility): Soils that are laid bare can be seriously affected by surface erosion if nothing is done, because they will have little organic matter and plant cover to slow down runoff. In addition, the movement of equipment/machinery will contribute to soil compaction, especially in and around deviation area and access to quarries/borrow sites. This will result in loss of soil permeability and fertility.

 Risk of Physical and Chemical Pollution of Water and Soils: During the works, dangerous products, like hydrocarbons, lubricants and drained oil, can accidentally or inadvertently spill on the ground. These products may be transported by water percolating into the profound soil layers and thus constitute a source of pollution for groundwater. This risk concerns mostly the bitumen storage zone, coating macadam plants, base camps and zones where surface water is collected. Furthermore, some building materials (concrete, whitewash, bitumen, etc.) that come into contact with infiltration water can be transported to the water table and pollute it. The impacts on the population’s health can also be serious, given the scarcity of drinking water points in the villages. The absence of filling stations on a large part of the project area will force the contractor to store fuel to operate its vehicle/equipment pool. The worksite will also use grease, engine oil, bitumen for road surfacing, formwork removal products, and paint for road signs and other uses.

 Impact on Water Quantity: The excessive use of reservoirs (road reservoirs) will have a direct impact on their volume by reducing their water potential, which shortens water

retention duration and reduces time of use. There are concerns about their capacity to supply water to the worksite. Apart from the Fada N’Gourma reservoir, existing “natural water-points” are inadequate and their capacity will not meet prospective needs. This will be detrimental to the practice of agriculture, stockbreeding, market gardening, etc. which are sources of income during dry periods in this region. This presents a significant quantitative impact/risk in a zone as water-stressed as the project area. In addition, the works in the two watercourses at the entrance and crossing of Fada will require by-passes or temporary drying of work areas. The river flow could be temporarily disrupted. Furthermore, poor management of solid and liquid wastes on the river bed can disrupt the water flow.

 Impacts on Wildlife: Small wildlife will especially be disturbed during the works. Such disturbance will be temporary and local, and concern mostly noise from equipment, as well as the presence of labourers and worksite equipment. Workers on the road rehabilitation site will certainly consume the available wildlife products. This impact is deemed average since most wildlife have withdrawn further from the road itinerary and no small wildlife on IUCN’s redlist are present in the project’s direct impact area.

 Impacts on Flora: The project will destroy vegetation cover to develop the road, build fixed site installations, and develop access roads to borrow zones and quarries. Since the works will require the opening of new quarries or exploitation of existing ones in the zone, such exploitation will have negative impacts on air quality, as well as destroy the vegetation (about 147 ha) and modify the beauty of the landscape. The number of trees to be felled to widen the road is indicated in the table below.

Table 7: Summary of Number of Trees to be Felled

Heading Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 3 Lot4 Total

Number of trees 180 714 109 228 1231

6.1.1.2 Human Environment

 Expropriation: The road construction project will lead to the economic displacement of about 715 people as follows : (i) lot-1: 176 persons; (ii) Lot-2: 348 persons; (iii) lot- 3: 176 persons; and (iii) lot-4: 15 persons. The works will affect commercial structures, including mud houses, sheds with thatched or corrugated iron roofing, metal stands, etc. (see Summary Resettlement Plan in Annex for more details).

 Impact on the Health of Workers and the Local Population: With the arrival of workers from different backgrounds, the prevalence rate of STD/HIV/AIDS in the project area will probably increase. The organization of works can generate certain health risks for workers operating gas-discharging noisy machines (auditory disturbances). Accidents can occur during the transportation of workers between the workplace and their residences, and during the use of contusive equipment fall or when materials fall. If not handled appropriately, solid and liquid wastes from the worksite and base camps can undermine the people’s quality of life by polluting drinking water resources.

 Risk of Conflict: Several types of conflicts can occur: between the project and the population, or between the employer and the employees, etc. Conflicts can stem from a number of factors: (i) failure to respect current customs and practices in the new environment; (ii) non-compliance with compensation procedures, including prior consultation of affected persons, opening of deviations, access roads to borrow sites and quarries, etc.; (iii) non-compliance with the conditions of employment of workers and the supervisor, etc.; (iv) abusive use of surface water resources in the area which could disrupt other uses by the population.

 Risk of fortuitous discovery or desecration/destruction of cultural and archeological heritage/sacred sites: There are no sacred sites in the direct impact area of the works. Based on available information, no direct impacts are anticipated on the cultural or archeological heritage since 99% of the existing road itinerary will be maintained. However, during extraction works in the borrow areas or opening of deviations etc., sacred sites or archeological/cultural vestiges could be discovered. Although low, this risk should be factored in and be subject to special procedures.

6.1.2 Operational Phase

6.1.2.1 Biophysical Environment

 Impacts on Flora and Fauna: With the facility offered by access roads mainly in Fada and Matiakoali municipalities, people in some large urban centres will be able to more easily enter the protected areas (Singou and Pama) from the road in search of firewood and non-timber forest products for energy and other needs.

 Impacts of Water Resources and Soils: Friction on the road surface through the grind of continuous traffic will produce large quantities of fine dust. For carriageways that are 7.5 metres wide, the pollution load is estimated at 0.66 kg/m². Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measured in 5 days (BOD5) as a result of the wear and tear is generally minimal. On the other hand, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is high for high traffic zones. Although reliable values over an extended period do not yet exist on the extent to which these car emissions contribute to pollute rain water effluents in urban areas and along roads, this risk should be considered. Road wear and tear through friction of brake-lining and metal parts mainly generate inorganic matter containing significant amounts of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, chromium and lead. Furthermore, poorly managed or discarded solid wastes will potentially impact these resources. The use of road easements for drying and sale of food can have a health risk for the population concerned.

 Impact on the Air: See section on climate change.

6.1.2.2 Human Environment

 Risks of Road Accidents: On completion of the works, road traffic and the movement of people and goods on this section will be smooth. Higher traffic could become a factor of recurrent road accidents. The development of rural roads will also help to ease traffic, thereby increasing risks for the rural population concerned. This risk is average in the open country, but high in urban centres, especially in and around Fada.

 Risks for Human Health: The main risks stems from the use of road/shoulder easements for drying and sale of foodstuffs.

6.2 Direct Positive Impacts

The positive impacts of the road cannot be overemphasized. The project’s main positive impacts could be summarized as follows: (i) better transport conditions for goods and persons; (ii) accessibility of the interior and better accessibility to basic socio-economic infrastructure through the construction of access roads, ramps, etc.; (iii) creation of over 3000 S/H for direct and indirect jobs during the road construction, operational and maintenance phases; (iv) better living conditions for the population served by the road and related roads, as well as related works that will benefit especially women and youths; (v) reduction of erosion through the rehabilitation of some structures; and (v) improved security around some schools and health centres along the road.

6.4 Cumulative Impacts

6.4.1 Negative Impacts

No significant cumulative impacts are expected on the air, water and soil quality because there is no industrial project in the zone. The main infrastructure project is the construction of the Koupela-Bitou road financed by AfDB. However, the simultaneous exploitation of water resources could exacerbate water stress in some project areas, which will be compounded in Koupela by the cumulative traffic disturbance.

6.4.2 Positive Impacts

Apart from job creation during the works phase, the local population will subsequently earn higher incomes. The related works will further create new income-generating activities, which will help to boost the incomes of the population in the areas concerned, particularly around Koupela municipality. Lastly, these projects will help open up production areas and facilitate access to socio-economic infrastructure.

6.5 Mitigation/Improvement/Early Monitoring Measures at this Stage

6.5.1 Normative and Administrative Measures

This concerns ensuring that the project complies with the applicable regulations and administrative and contractual requirements, in particular:

 Compliance with environmental and social regulations: The project should ensure compliance with national environmental and social regulations in force and relevant Bank requirements in the works and operational phases. In that regard, the ESIA report has been submitted to BUNEE for approval. The control mission will also verify all required documentation before works start, and before the borrow sites, quarries, bases and others are opened for use, etc.

 Compliance with land regulations: Since the project involves economic displacement, the Resettlement Plan will comply with land laws in force in Burkina Faso and AfDB requirements. These elements are contained in the Full Resettlement Plan (FRP)

prepared as a separate document and which should be implemented before the works start on the section concerned. The payment of compensation before works start-up will be required for each lot concerned.

 Selection and engagement of contractors: Environmental, Hygiene, Health and Safety (EHHS) clauses will be included in the bidding documents (BD), require each bidder to submit an EHHS methodology describing how they intend to meet the EHHS requirements and goals.

 Just, fair and prior compensation of PAPs for properties identified in the FRP. The budget, comprising all measures adopted under this Plan and the project implementation and monitoring-evaluation costs, stands at CFAF 309.3 million for lots-2, 3 and 41. This amount must be paid by the Burkina Faso Government before works start on the lots concerned.

 Each contractor’s commitments and deliverables: The contractor will prepare, implement and update a Worksite Environmental and Social Management Plan (WESMP) to be validated by the supervisor (45 days after notification of contract). For each of the identified sites, the contractor will prepare a Site Environmental Protection Plan (SEPP) to be attached to the WESMP, which is the contractor’s sole reference document that details all organizational and technical measures to be implemented to meet the EHHS requirements. The WESMP will, as a minimum, indicate:

o The environmental and social management system: (i) the contractor’s environmental and social policy; (ii) human resources assigned to EHHS management; (iii) actors’ responsibilities in EHHS issues, including the organizational chart; (iv) internal regulations; (v) applicable system for managing standards and non-compliance; (vi) documents and reporting;

o Environmental protection plan: (i) protective measures and construction methods to avoid affecting vegetation, soil, ground water, biological diversity of animal and plant species, natural drainage and water quality in zones adjoining the sites; (ii) selection of borrow or excavation sites for materials needed for construction or sites for depositing excess excavated earth or rubble; (iii) effluents management plan in accordance with national regulations and applicable international standards; (iii) works/construction method, minimizing atmospheric emissions and a related mitigation plan; (iv) construction/works method, minimizing noise and vibrations and a noise/vibration mitigation plan; (v) waste management plan (excluding dangerous substances considered in the EHHS plan); (vi) vegetation clearing and restoration plan; (vii) the borrow sites and quarries management and rehabilitation plan; (iv) the erosion, drainage and sedimentation management plan;(v) plan for documenting the state of the sites; and (v) the conduct of baseline situation studies in and around Fada for relevant parameters concerning air, water quality, etc.;

o Hygiene, Health and Safety Plan comprising at least: (i) implementation of measures defined in the plan (frequency of hygiene and safety meetings by site

1 The Koupela-Gounghin section is financed separately by the EU.

and type of activity); (ii) operating standards and equipment; (v) permit and authorization; (vi) management of dangerous substances; (vii) planning of emergency situations; (vii) on-site care centre, first-aid kit and medical personnel; (viii) medical follow-up; (ix) hygiene (drinking water, housing conditions and hygiene of common spaces, feeding, etc.); (x) traffic and signs management plan.

o Community relations/communication and local jobs: (i) plan to recruit local labour; (ii) gender mainstreaming action plan ; (iii) plan for managing damage caused to persons and property, including mechanisms for handling complaints; (iv) information of local population and road users.

Subsequently, before any activity starts on a new site, the WESMP will be updated, including SEPP which is submitted to the supervisor within thirty (30) days, unless the supervisor agrees to a different timeframe.

6.5.2 Construction Phase

6.5.2.1 Biophysical Environment

 Measures for the protection of air quality: The contractor must take appropriate measures to avoid littering the worksite surroundings, carriageways, road shoulders and sidewalks with dust, rubble, mud or materials produced by the works. The contractor’s SEPP and WESMP will contain all these measures, and will be approved by the supervisor’s control office. Public lighting using lamp posts equipped with solar panels, as well as similar equipment in administrative buildings, will help to avoid the emission of 2,200 tonnes of CO2 eq yearly. Lastly, the areas to be planted during this project (given the number of trees to be felled) will technically contribute to sequestration of about 1,300 tonnes of CO2 eq per year (assuming that all the planted trees survive).

 Protection of water resources and soils: The protection of surface/ground water and soils from pollution will be mainly by prohibiting any spillage or discharge of waste water, mud, grouting, hydrocarbons, pollutants of any nature into wells, boreholes, water tables, water courses, natural springs, gutters or even on the ground. Consequently, the base camps must be adequately equipped (sceptic pits, adequate fuel pumps, etc.). To mitigate impacts on watercourses, the following measures should be applied: (i) prepare a waste management plan; (ii) avoid discharging materials (residual concrete, rubble, scrap metal, …) and waste into watercourses; (iii) restore the flow of watercourses at works completion; (iv) protect earth banks by turfing or shaped ripraps; (v) open deposit zones for fade materials at a distance of at least 100 m; (vi) develop a concrete area for washing vehicles and machines with hydrocarbons separators; (vii) construct a covered watertight tank for the storage of hydrocarbons; (viii) install, on the site, tanks with lids labelled according to the various types of waste; (ix) sign a contract with a company with an environmental permit to recycle and treat hydrocarbon waste, filters, irons, batteries and other non-biodegradable waste.

 Impact mitigation measures on water quantity: Considering the scarcity of surface water in the project area during the dry season, it is recommended that provisions be made for boreholes to meet the needs of road works so as to minimize conflicts of use.

The ESMP provides for seven (7) boreholes for Lot 2 and twenty-nine (29) for Lot 3, making a total of thirty-six (36) boreholes to be constructed in certain localities crossed by the project. These boreholes are part of the contractor’s contract. The minimum technical characteristics to be observed (depth, diameter, flow, location) must be indicated before publication of BDs to ensure that the said boreholes match the set objectives. Furthermore, a water quality analysis on relevant parameters will be conducted before the start of works, mainly in and around Fada town. A corresponding provision should be specified in the contract. This will allow for adequate monitoring of water quality during the works and two years after the commissioning.

 Impact mitigation measures on flora: To mitigate the impacts of extraction sites on the landscape, it is necessary to: (i) select work points not visible from the road, and progressively scour the site as exploitation progresses; (ii) limit and direct exploitation to obtain “hollow-tooth” exploitation; develop approaches to quarries (entrance to the site, access road) with inputs in topsoil and plantations. To limit the destruction of existing vegetation, the contractors’ contracts must specify as follows: (i) limit the felling of trees to the barest minimum on the various worksites; (ii) place felled wood at the disposal of the local population as firewood to limit the pressure on wood resources; (iii) rehabilitate degraded spaces (works base/living base, borrow sites, quarries and others) on completion of works; (iv) make up for degraded areas by replanting mangrove zones. The Contracting Authority will finance a reforestation programme to be associated with the project to offset the project’s impact on the vegetation. The total number of trees to be planted is 8,200 trees. In addition, green spaces are envisaged in each municipality, including groves.

 Impact mitigation measures on fauna: To limit intensification of poaching, the following measures are recommended: (i) include in the worksite internal regulations that workers should not consume or transport bush meat and that defaulters will be punished; (ii) sensitize staff and the local population on wildlife protection; (iii) prohibit the sale of bush meat to food sellers on the site.

6.5.2.2 Human Environment

 Compensation: Monitoring of FRP implementation and operation of the disputes settlement committee. Since submission of evidence of compensation is a condition precedent to start-up of works on this section, it is important to ensure optimum FRP implementation.

 Access for the local population and heritage sustainability: Develop final access for the local population for constructions at the top or bottom of earth banks, and ramps/secondary roads;

 Sensitization on road safety and environmental protection: This activity will be entrusted to an NGO or other specialized structures. It will be undertaken preferably one month before works start-up, throughout the construction period, and one month after completion of construction works. The local population, employees and road users will be sensitized on: (i) health issues (STI/HIV-AIDS, malaria, dangers of drying foodstuffs on the road and the use of filter screens) ; (ii) road safety and protection of

road heritage; (iii) environmental protection, treating themes such as deforestation, management of tree plants, the fight against bushfires, etc. ;

 Preventive health, safety and hygiene measures: To guarantee the safety of its workers, the local population and road users, the contractor is required to submit an HSH plan on appropriate precautions for any risk of accident: road accidents, fire, explosions, poor handling of worksite equipment, etc.

 Measures to protect the cultural heritage: If monuments, ruins, vestiges of houses or ancient sepulchers, inscriptions or generally objects of interest on pre-history, history, art or archeology are discovered during the works, the Contractor must immediately declare same to the competent administrative authorities (services in charge of cultural heritage) for the procedures to follow. The Contractor must take appropriate measures to prevent workers or any other persons from removing or damaging these objects; it must also notify the supervisor of any discovery and carry out instructions on how to dispose of them.

6.5.3 Operational Phase of the Road

 Road Safety Measures: Special attention will be paid to the development of crossing points in towns and villages which are dangerous points for road users and the local population (signs, speed bumps, 2m-wide pavements, widening of roadbed shoulders, parking lanes in villages, protection of school rights, etc.). Six (6) standard cross- sectional profiles have been proposed to cover constraints due to existing bridges that will not be widened, and the 25m reduction of the allotment’s residual right of way at Fada N’Gourma between PK 80+250 and PK 83+700. Furthermore, the local population and road users will be sensitized on road safety before the commissioning of the road.

 Measures for protecting the population’s health: The municipalities concerned were sensitized during project preparation and appraisal. They were urged to develop, to the extent possible, zones dedicated to commercial activities outside road easements. The sensitization to be carried out during this project should cover themes relating to minimum protective measures for sale of food by the side of the road.

7. RESIDUAL IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT

7.1 Residual Negative Effects

No medium or high residual negative impacts are expected after implementation of the mitigation measures. Negative residual impacts are minor, and will not require special measures.

7.2 Environmental Risk

Environmental risks will mainly concern the accidental spillage of hydrocarbons, bituminous or explosive products, and other substances used in road construction. The measures concern: sensitization and training of site workers and ad hoc teams on rapid intervention techniques in case of disaster; safety measures for dangerous or risky zones; sensitization of the local population on the prevention of health hazards; and road safety. All these measures will be detailed in documents to be

27 submitted by the contractor and approved by the control office before the works start-up. The measures include: (i) the waste management plan; (ii) site protection measures and implementation programme; (vii) methods of avoiding and reducing pollution, fire, and road accidents; (viii) health infrastructure and the population’s access in case of emergency; and (ix) worksite regulations governing environmental protection and security.

The operation of concrete, crushing and macadam coating plants produces dust, while the coating sites produce smoke likely to contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAH) which can hurt the health of workers and the local population. As such, various authorizations must be obtained from the Ministry of Energy, Quarries and Mines to ensure compliance with the standards.

8. MONITORING PROGRAMME AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

8.1 Objectives and Content of Supervision

The aim of environmental supervision is to ensure effective implementation of environmental measures. Its main objectives are to : (i) ensure compliance with the laws, regulations and strategies in force within the government services involved; (ii) respond to governmental directives on guidelines for preparing the environmental and social assessment report; (iii) present an environmental assessment in case of appearance of impacts not foreseen by the ESIA, and propose appropriate solutions; (iv) enable the developer to respond promptly to failure of a proposed mitigation measure or any unforeseen environmental disruption; (v) apply sanctions and penalties as specified in the various contracts between the developer and third parties.

To ensure good environmental supervision of the project, the stages to follow are: (i) preparation of the supervision programme; (ii) definition of operations to be supervised; (iii) identification and location of sites to be supervised; and (iv) preparation of an inventory and comprehension of the environmental measures proposed in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report.

8.2 Operations requiring Supervision

The operations that will require environmental supervision include:  compliance with the worksite environmental regulations;  the presence of mobile and/or fixed signs at sensitive spots (works areas and population centres, etc.);  control of the management of fade materials depots (slush, excavated materials, etc.);  exploitation and rehabilitation of borrow sites, as well as worksite installations;  compliance with STI/HIV/AIDS prevention measures;  compensation paid for damaged properties and crops;  the wearing by staff of appropriate individual protective gear;  the recovery of used oil and all other dangerous waste; and  noise and surface water quality in and around Fada.

8.3 Supervision and Monitoring Actors

Contractor’s EHHS Officer: Each contractor’s EHHS officer will be in charge of implementing certain measures, but s/he remains the first EHHS supervision actor. Indeed, they primarily supervise several other measures to be implemented generally by the field superintendent and other garage supervisors.

EHHS Officer of the Control Mission: The environmental officers of control missions will be the main agents of environmental supervision. Their role will be to ensure proper implementation of environmental measures. To succeed, they must work closely with their correspondents in the works enterprises.

Project Implementation Unit in the Ministry of Infrastructure: Environmental supervision will be conducted by the project implementation unit through monthly field visits and/or monthly meetings. The unit will also be responsible for receiving and verifying quarterly reports produced by the Control Mission before submission to BUNEE and AfDB.

During the Bank’s preparation and appraisal mission, it was agreed to conclude a protocol agreement with BUNEE to ensure ESMP implementation monitoring throughout the project duration, as well as 2 years after completion of the project.

Local Population: The role of the local population in environmental supervision is to ensure that all the envisaged environmental and social measures are properly implemented. To ensure that the project does not degrade the living environment, the local population should be involved in environmental and social supervision. To the extent possible, they should report lapses in connection with any envisaged measures that are not properly implemented.

8.2 Supervision Tools

To succeed in their duties, the environmental officers of control missions need to design appropriate environmental supervision tools, in particular: (i) the environmental identification form (EIF); (ii) the indicators form; (iii) the EHHS management chart; (iv) the preventive actions form; (v) sensitization meeting reports; (vi) the environmental non-compliance form; (vii) the monitoring form; and (viii) correspondence.

8.5 Reports

Quarterly environmental and social supervision reports will be prepared by the control mission’s environmental officers. These reports, which summarize their activities and the difficulties encountered, will be submitted to AfDB. A model report was provided by AfDB alongside lessons learned from the implementation of other road projects.

9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

Public consultation in Burkina Faso is governed by Decree No. 2015-1187/PRES- TRANS/PM/MERH/MADT/MME/MS/MARHASA/MRA/MICA/ MHU/MIDT/MCT under Chapter III- Section 1- Paragraph 2- from Article 19 to 27. Consequently, the stakeholders were consulted during the conduct and validation of the ESIA, ESMP and FRP, as stipulated by the said decree.

9.1 Public Consultation during the Conduct of Studies

Thirteen (13) public consultation sessions were held from 22 to 28 June 2016 with the whole population along the project route, as well as with the project affected persons. The meeting venues were Zaogo, Gounghin, Kabeiga, Seguem, Dagbili, Bskoure, Fada, Kantchari, Matiacoali, Kouloungou, Diapangou, Tilonti and Maoda. The meetings were attended by chairpersons of special delegations, secretaries-general of municipalities, rural development committees, the inhabitants, farmers, stockbreeders, environmental services, and municipal councillors.

The persons affected by the CU2a Road Rehabilitation and Improvement Project actively participated in public consultations in the various localities. An individual survey was conducted among the PAPs to collect data concerning them, their concerns and expectations. They expressed their wishes and fears about the ongoing project, mainly in reports attached as Annex to the FRP.

The form of compensation most wished for is financial compensation to enable PAPs to re-start similar activities in other sites of their choice or proposed by the municipal authorities.

These public working sessions and meetings sought mainly to: (i) inform national, regional and local authorities and the local population about the programme under study; (ii) obtain their views, concerns and expectations on the programme; (iii) inform them of the programme’s negative impacts and obtain their views on proposed mitigation and improvement measures; and (iv) elicit their support for meaningful involvement and real ownership of the programme.

The reports of these consultations are attached as Annex of ESIA reports.

9.4 Results of Public Consultations on the ESIA

The concerns raised by the participants include: (i) the durability of the road; (ii) compensations; (iii) the lack of drinking water for the population; (iv) insufficient and obsolete health and school infrastructure; (v) difficulties in transporting agricultural produce with the inaccessibility of agricultural production basins; (vi) the poor state of farm-to-market roads; (vii) insufficient marketing infrastructure of the local market; and (viii) youth unemployment.

A good number of these concerns and expectations were reflected in the design of the road and related works/measures to be developed by the programme. Apart from the road, they involve: (i) development works of 5 km of urban roads in the main towns crossed; (ii) the construction of one (1) market; (iii) the construction of ten (10) equipped boreholes; (iv) the construction of one (1) equipped multi-purpose women’s and youth empowerment centre and supply of kits to women’s groups for the processing of agricultural produce.

9.5 Future Consultations

Decree No. 2015-1187/PRES-TRANS/PM/MERH/MADT/MME/MS/MARHASA/MRA/MICA/ MHU/MIDT/MCT in its Chapter III- Section 1- Paragraph 2- from Article19 to Article 27 defines the terms and conditions for conducting an environmental and social impact assessment, as well as methods of public participation during the study implementation phase. Unfortunately, nothing is said about public participation during the project implementation phase. Nevertheless, the participatory approach and public consultation process will continue during the project study and implementation phases, especially during: (i) the update of the resettlement plan before compensation; (ii) installation

30 of the worksite and start-up of works; and (iii) establishment of the baseline situation and monitoring- evaluation of project impacts. These consultations will facilitate the implementation of measures outlined in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Provisions are also made in the contractor’s contract to facilitate communication with the local population during project management.

The participation of the population will consist in: (i) collaborating with the team charged with identifying properties to be compensated; (ii) participating in sensitization meetings; (iii) using the complaints management mechanisms; (iv) reporting all cases of environmental non-compliance observed during the works; (v) establishing environmental and road protection committees; and (vii) participating in road maintenance works through the environmental and road protection committees.

This summary ESIA and that of the FRP will be posted to the Bank’s website.

9.5 Dissemination of ESIA Reports at National Level

The terms of reference of the study were approved by BUNEE. The ESIA, ESMP and FRP reports were submitted to BUNEE for validation. Public hearings were organized by BUNEE, and reports made available within the project area and at central level. To that end, BUNEE dispatched a letter to the General Directorate of Road Infrastructure (DGIR).

10. SUMMARY COSTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The table below presents the summary costs of the project’s environmental and social measures broken down as follows:

(i) CFAF 467 million for measures to be implemented by the contractor and NGOs during the works;

(ii) CFAF 309 million for implementation and monitoring of the resettlement plan;

(iii) CFAF 5.276 billion for related works (improvement measures); and

(iv) CFAF 64 million for monitoring of RSMP implementation.

Table 7 Summary Costs of Environmental and Social Measures ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MEASURES Lot-1 Lot-2 Lot-3 Lot-4 Total Cost (CFAF)

Reflection in Works/Contractor and NGO Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount

Environmental and social management system (Human and logistic resources and equipment dedicated to EHHS management) 96,000,000

Human resources assigned to EHHS management 24,000,000 24,000,000 24,000,000 24,000,000 96,000,000 Preparation and update of documentation (plans, internal regulations, maps), inspection Included in EHHS Included in EHHS Included in EHHS Included in EHHS reports. team’s salary team’s salary team’s salary team’s salary

Environmental Protection Plan 178,900,000.00 Sensitization and training of contractor’s staff on environmental protection, and the Included in EHHS Included in EHHS Included in EHHS Included in EHHS cultural/archeological heritage team’s salary team’s salary team’s salary team’s salary Included in worksite Included in worksite Included in worksite Included in installation costs installation costs installation costs worksite (excluding those (excluding those (excluding those installation Included in the earmarked for earmarked for related earmarked for related costs Exploitation of groundwater resources (including water quality analysis) boreholes construction related works) works) works) (excluding cost those earmarked for related works)

Provision for establishing the baseline situation on relevant sites in and around Fada 4,800,000.00 7,200,000.00 12,000,000.00 9,600,000 33,600,000.00 Included in the Included in the Included in Included in the deviation roads deviation roads the deviation deviation roads Included in the development and development and roads development and deviation roads Plan to mitigate on-site emissions in the air maintenance price maintenance price development maintenance price development and and maintenance price maintenance price Included in the price of Included in the price Included in Included in the price of Included in the price areas for use by the of areas for use by the the price of areas for use by the Wastes management plan of areas for use by contractor contractor areas for use contractor the contractor by the contractor

Reforestation/Tree-plantation plan 25,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 85,000,000.00

Borrow sites management and rehabilitation plan 5,400,000.00 18,000,000.00 21,000,000.00 15,900,000.00 60,300,000.00

Quarries management and rehabilitation plan 4,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 16,000,000.00

Hygiene and safety plan 99,200,000.00 32

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MEASURES Lot-1 Lot-2 Lot-3 Lot-4 Total Cost (CFAF) Provision for a contract with corporate nurse and doctor for periodic on-site medical follow-up 4,800,000.00 6,000,000.00 4,800,000.00 9600000 25,200,000.00 Provision for primary care and first-aid products, etc. on the worksite (excluding those in base camps) 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 Preparation and implementation of a specific contract for the management of dangerous waste by a specialized contractor 10,000,000.00 20,000,000.00 12,000,000.00 12,000,000.00 54,000,000.00 Included in the Included in the Included in deviation roads deviation roads the deviation Included in the development and development and roads deviation roads Traffic management and signage plan maintenance price maintenance price development development and - and maintenance price maintenance price

Relations/communication with communities/population/users 131,000,000.00 Communication and information management plan for the local population and road users 6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 24,000,000.00

Sacrifices, protection of sacred sites, etc. 2,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 2,500,000.00 2,500,000.00 11,000,000.00

Sensitization of the population on road safety, HIV/AIDS and environmental protection 24,000,000.00 24,000,000.00 24,000,000.00 24,000,000.00 96,000,000.00 Related works 5,276,500,000.00 Urban roads 1,500,000,000 Women’s centre 430,000,000 Related road works 2,600,000,000 Fence 458,500,000 Borehole 288,000,000

Institutional support/Capacity building 24,000,000.00

Capacity building for PIU members 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 12,000,000.00

Capacity building for members of ESMP monitoring committee at local level 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 12,000,000.00

Implementation of resettlement plan Cost of FRP implementation, including monitoring (a provision of 1,500 million is 78,642,918 230,736,747 made) 309379665

Monitoring of ESMP implementation 64,800,000.00

Monitoring by the project implementation unit 7200000 7200000 7200000 7200000 28,800,000.00 Monitoring by BUNEE including provision for monitoring 2 years after completion of works 9000000 9000000 9000000 9000000 36,000,000.00

11. CLIMATE CHANGE

11.1 Main Challenges

At national level

Projections of water resources show a decrease in annual water volumes in two of the four basins in Burkina Faso, but an increase in the two other basins. In 2050, water volumes will fall sharply below the 1961-1990 normal level on all basins in Burkina Faso. In particular, a 68.9% drop will be observed for the Comoé, 73% for the Mouhoun, 29.9% for the Nakanbe, and 41.4% for the Niger.

The commitment of Burkina Faso is based on three scenarios: (i) a first unconditional scenario aimed at reducing GHG emissions by 7,808 Gg yearly in 2030, or 6.6% in relation to BaU, for ongoing investments of USD 1.125 billion; (ii) a conditional hybrid scenario aimed at reducing GHG emissions by 11.6%, corresponding to 13,766 Gg per year in 2030 for investments of USD 756,032,667; (iii) a third adaptation scenario aimed particularly at restoring and developing 5.055 million ha of degraded lands by 2030, corresponding to 55% of the current total degraded land surfaces in the country. These adaptation projects will also help to reduce GHG emissions by 43,707Gg of CO2, or 36.95% in relation to BaU, for a total investment of USD 5,804,949,915.

In the project area

Based on the vulnerability analysis conducted by the Bank’s Climate Safeguard System, the project has been classified in Category 2. The main relevant characteristics of vulnerability in the project area are summarized as follows:

1. The structures located in population centres where longitudinal gutters are to be provided (Diapangou, Fada N'Gourma, Namoungou, Tanwalbougou, Piéga, Ougarou, Matiakoli and Kantchari) have very shallow inverts, which does not allow for good containment of runoff;

2. Certain portions of the road are particularly vulnerable to regressive erosion from rain water flowing in the gutter walls (example of portions situated between PK 210+200 and 210+600 on the right) ;

3. The road section has many areas where the road slope is very high (over 2.00 m); as such, embankments that are maintained or planned are exposed to gully erosion.

Greenhouse gas emissions: Improving the state of the road will not generate greater additional traffic, which implies a negligible increase of greenhouse gas emissions that will remain the same as in the “without project” scenario.

11.2 Adaptation

The project took these challenges into account in the design of hydraulic structures. Specifically, the sizing of hydraulic and drainage works reflected the following parameters:

1. For better sizing and better upstream anchoring of ditch inverts, it is necessary to reconstruct these structures to adapt to the projected flow of water in gutters; 34

2. There are plans to pave exposed slopes with shaped stones.

3. Provisions are made for kerbs and descents to the right of these passages to preserve the slopes against the identified risks. It is proposed that the slope be increased to 2H1V on the wider downstream end of the Naloungou and Sampiéri dams dykes to make them more stable.

11.3 Mitigation

The construction of the road will help to increase average traffic speed compared to the “without project” situation, leading to smoother traffic flow and generally lower emission ratios than at current speeds (atmospheric emission ratios are generally inversely proportional to traffic speeds). Furthermore, the road works in and around Fada will help to further ease bi-directional traffic flow.

To offset losses linked to carbon sequestration potential due to the felling of 1,231 trees on the road and the destruction of vegetation cover on 147 ha for borrow pits and quarries, there are plans for: (i) compensatory reforestation/rehabilitation with about 8,200 trees; (ii) the rehabilitation of borrow areas and quarries after exploitation; (iii) in view of the species in the Sahel-Sudan ecosystem, the trees to be planted in this project (considering the number of trees to be felled) will in principle help in the sequestration of about 1,300 tons of CO2 eq per year (assuming that all the trees planted survive).

Furthermore, the project envisages the electrification of some sections of the road using solar-powered lamp posts, as well as certain DGIR administrative buildings: (i) public lighting: 3,961 solar panels each of 60 watts, making a total of 238 kW; (ii) administrative buildings : 600 panels with unit power of 250 watts, making a total of 150 kW.

These solar installations will help to prevent emissions of about 2,200 tons eq CO2 per year.

12. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND ENHANCEMENT PLAN

Considering the project’s scope and the arrival of new staff in the unit in charge of environmental issues of the Ministry of Infrastructure, there are provisions to strengthen the capacity of the unit staff, especially in monitoring. The capacity building will concern themes linked to the environmental and social monitoring of road projects.

13. CONCLUSION

As presented in this study, the project will have negative environmental and social impacts that should be mitigated or optimized, as appropriate. The project’s probable negative impacts during the works and operational phases are generally of average to high importance. If the proposed measures and recommendations made above are taken into account, this will allow for smooth integration of the various project components into their bio-physical and human environments, and this will guarantee the project’s sustainability from the environmental, social and climatic points of view.

14. REFERENCES AND CONTACTS

References

ESIA REPORT ON THE STUDIES UPDATE AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR ROAD REHABILITATION AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON THE KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN – FADA N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA FASO SECTION OF NATIONAL ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNITY ROAD CU2a), June 2016, ACE Ingénieurs Conseil & ACIT GEOTECHNIQUE, 126 PAGES.

ESMP REPORT ON THE STUDIES UPDATE AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR REHABILITATION AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON NATIONAL ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNTY ROAD CU2a) : KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN – FADA N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA FASO, May 2016, ACE Ingénieurs Conseil & ACIT GEOTECHNIQUE, 71 PAGES.

DESCRIPTIVE MEMO OF ENGINEERING STUDIES REVIEW OF THE STUDIES UPDATE AND DESIGN OF BDs FOR REHABILITATION AND REINFORCEMENT WORKS ON NATIONAL ROAD No. 4 (COMMUNTY ROAD CU2a) : KOUPELA – GOUNGHIN – FADA N’GOURMA – NIGER BORDER (252 KM) – BURKINA FASO, June 2016, ACE Ingénieurs Conseil & ACIT GEOTECHNIQUE, 47 PAGES

For more information, please contact:

For the Ministry of Infrastructure

 Mrs. Aicha NABARE TOURE, Director-General of Standardization, Engineering Studies and Control (DGNETC) email. [email protected]

 Mr. Jacques BASSAN BALE, Director of Studies, DGNETC, [email protected]

For AfDB

 Mr. Barnabé YOUGBARE, Infrastructure Specialist, Email : [email protected]

 Mr. Modeste KINANE, Principal Environmentalist, Email : [email protected]

 Mr. Pierre Hassan SANON, Social Development Specialist, Email : [email protected]