DOCSLIB.ORG

While Rome Burns – the Battle of Yongqiu 756 CE 1Up Podcast Network

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
While Rome Burns – the Battle of Yongqiu 756 CE 1Up Podcast Network While Rome Burns – The Battle of Yongqiu 756 CE 1up Podcast Network In 8th century CE China, The An Lushan rebellion rose up in opposition to the wildly successful Tang dynasty. As the rebellion advanced from small rebellion to overwhelming opposing state, it seemed as if the Tang dynasty and the accompanying golden age, was over. But for some loyal soldiers of the Tang dynasty, losing hope and faith in their Emperor was an unacceptable position. Our story today is a story of brilliant tactics, loyalty, and just a bit of brashness. Our story is about The Battle of Yongqiu in 756 CE. Sit Back… relax… And let me tell you a story… While Rome Burns. The Tang dynasty rose to power in 618 CE. Emperor’s rose and fell over the years, but the general stability that the Tang established led to a golden age of art, literature and culture from China. This golden age reached its peak during the 44-year rule of the Emperor Xuanzong. Poets such as Du Fu, Li Bai produced their great works during this time, the trading of goods from China into the middle east became a huge industry, the government of China was staffed by members of a variety of political factions, and inflation in the Chinese economy was reduced. By all rights, the Tang dynasty looked to be on track for a long, healthy, and prosperous existence for decades and possibly centuries to come. But this prosperity was not shared by all throughout the Chinese empire and eventually the stirrings of discontent by those feeling exploited exploded into full on rebellion. Emperor Xuanzong appointed a Turkic general named An Lushan to take control of three garrisons in the north east of the country. This effectively gave An Lushan an army of nearly 165,000 men. An Lushan had rivals in the imperial court who opposed his appointment to this position of command. These rivals were Chancellors Yang Guozhong and Wei Jiansu. Yang orchestrated political attacks against An and his political allies around China. The resulting tension did nothing but drive An Lushan further away from the Emperor’s inner circle and foment the stirrings of rebellion in the mind of An Lushan. Finally, in the winter of 755, An Lushan finally made his move. An Lushan emptied the Northeastern Garrisons and marched his army directly south west into Chang’an, the seat of Imperial Power. The pretense of this action was supposedly to remove his rival Yang from power by order of Emperor Xuanzong. However, the Emperor dispelled this notion and began preparing his capital for an attack. An Lushan had the advantage, and the imperial court new it. Many of the armies and garrisons in China were set up to defend the borders from the surrounding nations and kingdoms who had their own political turmoil going on at the time. Additionally, as An Lushan marched to the capital, he made sure to treat the local leaders and commanders that had surrendered with respect and dignity, making them more willing to support the rebellion. A final advantage was given to An Lushan as he marched to the capital and captured areas along the Grand Canal, cutting off crucial food supplies to the western capital of Chang’an. The emperor sought ways to take back the advantage from An Lushan. First he called upon his General, General Feng to raise an army and take the fight to An Lushan in the east. He also hoped to break An Lushan’s spirits and morale by making a more personal attack on An Lushan. Emperor Xuanzong ordered the execution of An Qingzong and An Lushan’s first wife, Lady Kang. Unfortunately, these efforts were not enough to slow down or stop the rebellion. General Feng’s army was caught ill-prepared in Luoyang. The battle was quick and decisive, with Feng fleeing Luoyang and heading back to Chang’an. Feng and another general named Gao XianZhi, urged the Emperor to retreat to the more defensible position of the Tong pass. The emperor followed this advice and moved his imperial defenses to the Tong pass, he then had these top two generals executed after accusations and court intrigue eventually targeted Geng and Gao. Luckily for Emperor Xuanzong, he would have plenty time to plan his defenses, as An Lushan allowed his own hubris and ambition to stop his advance on the imperial forces. On February 5th, 756 CE, the day of the Lunar New Year, An Lushan held a ceremony in Luoyang declaring himself the Emperor of the new state of Yan. He filled his imperial court with former Tang officials and named two of his sons princes of various provinces in the new state. This slow down gave Emperor Xuanzong time to regroup and muster his remaining forces. The Tang forces, having the time needed to regroup and plan a counter attack, began making progress and attacked the Yan territories in earnest. They took Yan provinces north of the Yellow river, cutting off a vital point of communication between the northern and southern territories of the Yan state. An Lushan suffered another serious setback at the battle of Yongqiu. An Lushan sought to not only take Chang’an, but to also spread the influence of his rebellion to Southern China, where it would theoretically take root with the civilians who were becoming more disillusioned with the Tang by the day. The Tang army needed a victory at Yongqiu to prevent An Lushan’s rebellion from spreading further south. Southern china was also rich in resources that would prove vital to whichever side of the rebellion controlled these areas. The battle of Yongqiu began in March of 756 CE. Yongqiu had changed hands throughout the course of the past couple of months between the Tang and the Rebels. The Rebel Commander, Linghu Chao, surrounded Yongqiu with 40,000 rebel troops that An Lushan had given to him. The Tang garrison at Yongqiu consisted of 2,000 men commanded by General Zhang Xun. Outside the fortress of Yongqiu, these two Generals met for a council of war. Chao asked Xun to unilaterally surrender and that the rebel army would show them the mercy, respect and dignity that An Lushan had shown the other commanders that he had defeated in his march south. Xun refused this call, noting that Chao, who was once known for his fierce loyalty, could no longer be trusted asking, “Where is your loyalty now?” As the council of war broke down and each commander returned to their camps, Xun decided on a brazen, and possibly even suicidal plan. He returned into the fortress and immediately ordered 1,000 troops, half his force, to immediately assault the enemy camped outside the gates. The attack scattered Chao’s troops and forced a sudden and frenzied retreat from the fortress, buying Xun time to plan for the follow-up attack. He wouldn’t have to wait very long. Chao brought his troops back and surrounded the fortress, bringing up siege towers in an attempt to swarm the city with his overwhelming numbers. Xun had other plans and had used a fire attack to burn many of the siege ladders. The fire attack caused many troops to either burn to death or fall from the ladders. The damage was so one sided that many troops refused to climb the remaining ladders, for fear of meeting the same fate. Chao took a different approach and simply surrounded the Tang forces, hoping to cut off supplies and to use the psychological effects that siege warfare typically has on the besieged populace. Unfortunately, Xun intended to flip the script on Chao and implement his own form of psychological warfare on the rebels. As night fell, Xun ordered his troops to begin beating war drums, signaling to the outside rebels that they should prepare for battle. The rebels formed ranks and prepared for another direct attack from within the fortress, but no attack came. Xun repeated this the following night, again, the rebels prepared for a battle that never came. Xun repeated this tactic until the rebels started ignoring the nightly war drums. This was exactly the false sense of security that Xun was hoping to lure the Yan forces into. As the war drums continued to beat on, Xun led small forces to raid the enemy encampment night after night, causing further casualties upon the Yan. The Yan rebels were forced to sleep in constant fear or not sleep at all, for fear of being killed in these raids. Chao was continuing to lose men, resources, and morale. As the siege marched on, the fear that food would run scarce within the fortress turned out not to be as big of an issue. The Tang soldiers hunted rodents, birds and other animals found within the walls of the fortress, allowing them to outlast the siege much longer than was expected. One resource that Xun was unable to readily provide for his soldiers were arrows. As the defenders in the siege, the Tang Army would need arrows to repel any direct attack by the Yan rebels. Taking inspiration from another figure we’ve talked about in another episode of this podcast, Xun knew what to do. Xun ordered his men to create scarecrows and then place their own armor on the scarecrows. At night, the soldiers lowered these scarecrows down the walls of the fortress. Chao, having realized the strategy of Xun’s night raids, ordered his archers to fire at the scarecrows, which they mistook for actual soldiers. After the scarecrows had been filled with arrows, Xun raised the scarecrows back up and took possession of the arrows and resupplied their stock.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The End of the Queue: Hair As Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley
    East Asian History NUMBER 8 . DECEMBER 1994 THE CONTINUATION OF Paperson Far EasternHistory Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board John Clark Mark Elvin (Convenor) Helen Hardacre John Fincher Andrew Fraser Colin Jeffcott W. J. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Helen Lo Design Maureen MacKenzie (Em Squared Typographic Design), Helen Lo Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the eighth issue of East Asian History in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific & Asian History, Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 62493140 Fax +61 62495525 Subscription Enquiries Subscription Manager, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Mid-Ch'ing New Text (Chin-wen) Classical Learning and its Han Provenance: the Dynamics of a Tradition of Ideas On-cho Ng 33 From Myth to Reality: Chinese Courtesans in Late-Qing Shanghai Christian Henriot 53 The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley 73 Broken Journey: Nhfti Linh's "Going to France" Greg and Monique Lockhart 135 Chinese Masculinity: Theorising' Wen' and' Wu ' Kam Louie and Louise Edwards iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing �JU!iUruJ, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover picture The walled city of Shanghai (Shanghai xianzhi, 1872) THE END OF THE QUEUE: HAIR AS SYMBOL IN CHINESE HISTORY ..J1! Michael R.
    [Show full text]
  • Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907)
    Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 BuYun Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen During the Tang dynasty, an increased capacity for change created a new value system predicated on the accumulation of wealth and the obsolescence of things that is best understood as fashion. Increased wealth among Tang elites was paralleled by a greater investment in clothes, which imbued clothes with new meaning. Intellectuals, who viewed heightened commercial activity and social mobility as symptomatic of an unstable society, found such profound changes in the vestimentary landscape unsettling. For them, a range of troubling developments, including crisis in the central government, deep suspicion of the newly empowered military and professional class, and anxiety about waste and obsolescence were all subsumed under the trope of fashionable dressing. The clamor of these intellectuals about the widespread desire to be “current” reveals the significant space fashion inhabited in the empire – a space that was repeatedly gendered female. This dissertation considers fashion as a system of social practices that is governed by material relations – a system that is also embroiled in the politics of the gendered self and the body. I demonstrate that this notion of fashion is the best way to understand the process through which competition for status and self-identification among elites gradually broke away from the imperial court and its system of official ranks.
    [Show full text]
  • The 20Th Century History of China (1912-1992)
    The 20th Century History of China (1912-1992) This is a course designed for Foreign Students’ Study in China Program only. Course Title: The 20th Century History of China Instructor: Prof. Zhou Yi (Ph.D.) History & Culture School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Phone: 13881861940 E-mail: [email protected] Textbook: Edwin Pak-wah Leung, Ph.D., Essentials of Modern Chinese History, © 2006 by Research & Education Association Inc. Reference Books and Websites: 1. Jonathan Fenby, The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850– 2009, London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2008. 2. Mary B. Rankin, John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13 Part 2Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 3. Fairbank, John King, The Great Chinese Revolution (1800-1985), New York: Harpers & Row, 1987. 4. http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Sources/History/History_Sources.html 5. Chinese Studies: Video & Audio Lectures with Harvard Faculty—— http://www.extension.harvard.edu/open-learning-initiative/china-history Course Description and Objective: This course will be a historical survey of the 20th c.-China in 1912-1992 from the socio-cultural as well as political perspectives. In order for the beginners to get a whole picture of China historically, We’ll first sum up briefly the chronological history of 5,000-year-old China. Then, We will examine the causes and effects of the downfall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911-1916, the
    [Show full text]
  • VCU Open 2013 Round #3
    VCU Open 2013 Round 3 Tossups 1. At one point in this novel, a character retrieves the twenty-fifth edition of The Serpent At Home and praises such chapters as "Satan in the Hair Brush" and "Satan Under the Tea Table." Another character in this novel puts a paint-stained nightgown in a box which she then hides in quicksand before killing herself. Rosanna Spearman's suicide is covered up by Lucy Yolland in this book, which also features a character whose eye bulge gives him the nickname "Gooseberry." The central incident of this novel is caused by laudanum administered by Dr. Candy, and is finally unraveled by Sergeant Cuff, who discovers that evangelist Godfrey Ablewhite stole the title object, which originally was taken by John Herncastle from Seringapatam. For 10 points, name this novel in which the sleepwalking Franklin Blake begins the chain of events that results in three Hindus reclaiming the sacred title gem, written by Wilkie Collins. ANSWER: The Moonstone 019-13-64-03101 2. In one speech, this man claimed that “National honour” and “the security of our great international trade” were “no party question[s].” A meeting at the Carlton Club was called after this man’s hasty reaction to a possible Turkish attack on a guard station near the Dardanelles. The Chanak crisis occurred during this man’s premiership. This man delivered the “Mansion House” speech in response to Germany sending the Panther to Agadir, Morocco. After the Shell Crisis, this man was placed in charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions. Contemporaries of this man called him and Winston Churchill the “Terrible twins.” While serving as Asquith’s Chancellor of the Exchequer, this man pushed through the People’s Budget.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Section 1
    Elegies for Empire The Poetics of Memory in the Late Work of Du Fu (712-770) Gregory M. Patterson Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 ! 2013 Gregory M. Patterson All rights reserved ABSTRACT Elegies for Empire: The Poetics of Memory in the Late Work of Du Fu (712-770) Gregory M. Patterson This dissertation explores highly influential constructions of the past at a key turning point in Chinese history by mapping out what I term a poetics of memory in the more than four hundred poems written by Du Fu !" (712-770) during his two-year stay in the remote town of Kuizhou (modern Fengjie County #$%). A survivor of the catastrophic An Lushan rebellion (756-763), which transformed Tang Dynasty (618-906) politics and culture, Du Fu was among the first to write in the twilight of the Chinese medieval period. His most prescient anticipation of mid-Tang concerns was his restless preoccupation with memory and its mediations, which drove his prolific output in Kuizhou. For Du Fu, memory held the promise of salvaging and creatively reimagining personal, social, and cultural identities under conditions of displacement and sweeping social change. The poetics of his late work is characterized by an acute attentiveness to the material supports—monuments, rituals, images, and texts—that enabled and structured connections to the past. The organization of the study attempts to capture the range of Du Fu’s engagement with memory’s frameworks and media. It begins by examining commemorative poems that read Kuizhou’s historical memory in local landmarks, decoding and rhetorically emulating great deeds of classical exemplars.
    [Show full text]
  • UC GAIA Chen Schaberg CS5.5-Text.Indd
    Idle Talk New PersPectives oN chiNese culture aNd society A series sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies and made possible through a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange 1. Joan Judge and Hu Ying, eds., Beyond Exemplar Tales: Women’s Biography in Chinese History 2. David A. Palmer and Xun Liu, eds., Daoism in the Twentieth Century: Between Eternity and Modernity 3. Joshua A. Fogel, ed., The Role of Japan in Modern Chinese Art 4. Thomas S. Mullaney, James Leibold, Stéphane Gros, and Eric Vanden Bussche, eds., Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China’s Majority 5. Jack W. Chen and David Schaberg, eds., Idle Talk: Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China Idle Talk Gossip and Anecdote in Traditional China edited by Jack w. cheN aNd david schaberg Global, Area, and International Archive University of California Press berkeley los Angeles loNdoN The Global, Area, and International Archive (GAIA) is an initiative of the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, in partnership with the University of California Press, the California Digital Library, and international research programs across the University of California system. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure and Circulation of the Elite in Late-Tang China
    elite in late-tang china nicolas tackett Great Clansmen, Bureaucrats, and Local Magnates: The Structure and Circulation of the Elite in Late-Tang China he predominant paradigm describing Chinese elite society of the T first millennium ad was defined thirty years ago in carefully re- searched studies by Patricia Ebrey and David Johnson, both of whom partly built upon the foundation of earlier scholarship by Takeda Ryˆji 竹田龍兒, Moriya Mitsuo 守屋美都雄, Niida Noboru 仁井田陞, Sun Guodong 孫國棟, Mao Hanguang 毛漢光, and others.1 According to this model, a circumscribed number of aristocratic “great clans” were able to maintain their social eminence for nearly a thousand years while simultaneously coming to dominate the upper echelons of the government bureaucracy. The astonishing longevity of these families was matched in remarkability only by their sudden and complete disap- pearance after the fall of the Tang at the turn of the tenth century. In their place, a new civil-bureaucratic scholar-elite came to the fore, an elite described in enormous detail first by Robert Hartwell and Robert I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments, as well as all of the participants in the 2007 AAS panel where I first presented this paper, notably the discussants Robert Hymes and Beverly Bossler. To minimize the number of footnotes, references for epitaphs of individuals are not included in the main text and notes, but in- stead can be found in the appendix. All tables are located at the end of the article, after the appendix. 1 David Johnson, “The Last Years of a Great Clan: The Li Family of Chao chün in Late T’ang and Early Sung,” H JAS 37.1 (1977), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.2.2 SR Trade Obstructed by Hostilities, but Arabs Transmit Key
    66 3 From the Migration Period to the Pinnacle of Nomadic Power: The Mongol Eurasian Empire currency: The Muslim mints issued golden (dinars), silver dynasty reached out for its militarily superior Uighur allies, (dirhams), and bronze coins inscribed in Arabic on both who then intervened and crushed the rebellion. The two sides, which did not immediately replace or supplant local capitals of the Tang era, Changan and Luoyang, were bru- money in circulation, though. Moreover, the dinar (from tally cleansed of rebels. There was a high price for this help: denarius) imitated the respective Byzantine gold coins, and The Uighurs demanded and received the right to loot the the dirham (from drachma) rivaled the Sassanian silver captured cities. In 765 the Tang had to pay the Uighurs a money, which had been particularly highly esteemed in CA special subsidy of 100,000 pieces of silk to make them leave and China (Davidovich and Dani 1998, 391; Ponting 2001, the capitals. Under the guise of gift-giving and trade, Chi- 355). This bimetallism gave rise to the presence of money nese tributary payments to the Uighur Empire were ratcheted changers (djahbadh) across the empire, who often became up. A kind of asymmetric alliance emerged between the two real businessmen, sometimes bankers. Apart from Chinese players: China fulfilled lavish and increasing Uighur silk, which continued to function as money, the currencies of demands for payment of subsidies, in exchange for which the Islamic world started to dominate Eurasian trade (Burlot the nomads occasionally intervened to prop up Tang author- 1995, 79). ity in the Middle Kingdom (Barfield 1989/1992, 151–153; With the expansion and increasing economic integration Golden 2011, 44).21 of the caliphate, Muslim businessmen either introduced or At the Battle of Talas, the Arabs had gained lots of booty adopted and perfected a number of institutions and rules for and a large number of prisoners, among who were skilled silk accessing capital, for generating business partnerships, for weavers, papermakers, and gold- and silversmiths.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Foreign Aromatics Importation
    CHINESE FOREIGN AROMATICS IMPORTATION FROM THE 2ND CENTURY BCE TO THE 10TH CENTURY CE Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University. by Shiyong Lu The Ohio State University April 2019 Project Advisor: Professor Scott Levi, Department of History 1 Introduction Trade served as a major form of communication between ancient civilizations. Goods as well as religions, art, technology and all kinds of knowledge were exchanged throughout trade routes. Chinese scholars traditionally attribute the beginning of foreign trade in China to Zhang Qian, the greatest second century Chinese diplomat who gave China access to Central Asia and the world. Trade routes on land between China and the West, later known as the Silk Road, have remained a popular topic among historians ever since. In recent years, new archaeological evidences show that merchants in Southern China started to trade with foreign countries through sea routes long before Zhang Qian’s mission, which raises scholars’ interests in Maritime Silk Road. Whether doing research on land trade or on maritime trade, few scholars concentrate on the role of imported aromatics in Chinese trade, which can be explained by several reasons. First, unlike porcelains or jewelry, aromatics are not durable. They were typically consumed by being burned or used in medicine, perfume, cooking, etc. They might have been buried in tombs, but as organic matters they are hard to preserve. Lack of physical evidence not only leads scholars to generally ignore aromatics, but also makes it difficult for those who want to do further research.
    [Show full text]
  • Gossip, Knowledge and Libel in Early Republican China, 1916-1928 Jing
    Small Words, Weighty Matters: Gossip, Knowledge and Libel in Early Republican China, 1916-1928 Jing Zhang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Jing Zhang All rights reserved ABSTRACT Small Words, Weighty Matters: Gossip, Knowledge and Libel in Early Republican China, 1916-1928 Jing Zhang In the years following the death of the autocratic ruler Yuan Shikai (1859-1916), the flow of gossip surrounding political leaders in China’s urban spheres revealed an open, disorderly yet robust arena full of competing voices, agendas, and manipulations. My dissertation examines gossip as both a new body of public political knowledge and a means of popular participation in this politically-fragmented and transitional era. On the one hand, a wide spectrum of Chinese society engaged with this body of political knowledge, which fostered an uncontrolled playful citizenship in China’s urban spaces. On the other hand, this new civic participation prompted the fledging Republican state to curb the dissemination of information through censorship, legal avenues and political propaganda. I argue that political gossip played a constructive role in forming a participatory political culture, in developing state mechanisms to discipline popular knowledge, and in shaping legal categories of defamation. As opposed to other studies that analyze the formation of Chinese citizenship in the process of nation-building, my project contextualizes popular political participation in the Republican era within a broader shift in political culture that was increasingly shaped by the entertainment media. Lower-class information traders and a commoner audience dominated the gossip economy by actively producing and consuming narratives and opinions, without being restricted by state education and elite activism.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Book # Articles on Mayors of Xi'an, Including: Yang
    ZLZHNSQKVATV / Book ~ Articles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Yang Guozhong, Song Jing, Li Yuanhong... A rticles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Y ang Guozh ong, Song Jing, Li Y uanh ong (tang Dynasty), Pei Y aoqing, Diwu Qi, Lu Sh ang, Y uan Qianyao, Li Xian (ch ancellor), Liu Y an (ch ancellor), Li Y ong (ch ancel Filesize: 1.19 MB Reviews Very helpful to all category of folks. It is actually rally exciting throgh studying time. I am easily will get a delight of looking at a created ebook. (Prof. Isaiah Harber) DISCLAIMER | DMCA SLKKLWTW5WP3 < eBook Articles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Yang Guozhong, Song Jing, Li Yuanhong... ARTICLES ON MAYORS OF XI'AN, INCLUDING: YANG GUOZHONG, SONG JING, LI YUANHONG (TANG DYNASTY), PEI YAOQING, DIWU QI, LU SHANG, YUAN QIANYAO, LI XIAN (CHANCELLOR), LIU YAN (CHANCELLOR), LI YONG (CHANCEL Hephaestus Books, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. PRINT ON DEMAND Book; New; Publication Year 2016; Not Signed; Fast Shipping from the UK. No. book. Read Articles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Yang Guozhong, Song Jing, Li Yuanhong (tang Dynasty), Pei Yaoqing, Diwu Qi, Lu Shang, Yuan Qianyao, Li Xian (chancellor), Liu Yan (chancellor), Li Yong (chancel Online Download PDF Articles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Yang Guozhong, Song Jing, Li Yuanhong (tang Dynasty), Pei Yaoqing, Diwu Qi, Lu Shang, Yuan Qianyao, Li Xian (chancellor), Liu Yan (chancellor), Li Yong (chancel BL2RQI4KYDWC \ Doc # Articles On Mayors Of Xi'an, including: Yang Guozhong, Song Jing, Li Yuanhong... See Also Bully, the Bullied, and the Not-So Innocent Bystander: From Preschool to High School and Beyond: Breaking the Cycle of Violence and Creating More Deeply Caring Communities HarperCollins Publishers Inc, United States, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • California State University, Northridge
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE THE JAPANESE FASCINATION TOWARDS THE LEGENDS OF THE CHINESE FIGURE YANG GUIFEI A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in GEOGRAPHY, STANDARD PROGRAM by Jasmine Yu Ting Tung August 2018 1 The thesis of Jasmine Yu Ting Tung is approved: Dr. Steve Graves Date Dr. James Craine Date Dr. Ron Davidson, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ii ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF YANG GUIFEI 1 BACKGROUND CHINESE HISTORY 1 ACTUAL LIFE AND DEATH OF YANG GUIFEI 2 CHAPTER 2: JAPANESE LEGENDS OF YANG GUIFEI 6 LEGENDS OF HER AS HUMAN 6 LEGENDS OF HER AS DEITY 11 CHAPTER 3: JAPANESE LITERATURES ON YANG GUIFEI 15 HEIAN PERIOD LITERATURES 15 MEDIEVAL PERIOD LITERATURES 22 TOKUGAWA PERIOD LITERATURES 26 CHAPTER 4: JAPANESE RELIGIOUS ADAPTATIONS 32 SHINTOISM AND NAGOYA ATSUTA SHRINE 32 BUDDHISM AND KYOTO SENNYU JI 39 CHAPTER 5: PAINTINGS AND THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES 45 YANG GUIFEI IN PAINTINGS 45 YANG GUIFEI IN THEATRE 58 CHAPTER 6: JAPANESE REASONS FOR YANG GUIFEI ADORATION 71 RISE OF JAPANESE NATIONALISM 71 RISE OF JAPANESE ORIENTALISM 80 RISE OF JAPANESE RELIGIOUS REFORM 83 ROMANCE AND BEAUTY SYMBOL IN POP CULTURE 88 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS 102 REFERENCES 104 iii Abstract Why the Japanese Fascination towards the Legends of the Chinese Figure Yang Guifei By Jasmine Yu Ting Tung Master of Arts in Geography, Standard Program This thesis discusses the different versions of the historic Chinese figure Yang Guifei's legends that circulated in Japan, and her various appearances throughout Japanese literatures.
    [Show full text]