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Carotenoid Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Eucheuma Denticulatum, Sargassum Polycystum and Caulerpa Lentillifera

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Carotenoid Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Eucheuma Denticulatum, Sargassum Polycystum and Caulerpa Lentillifera View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Northumbria Research Link Northumbria Research Link Citation: Balasubramaniam, V., June Chelyn, L., Vimala, S., Mohd Fairulnizal, M.N., Brownlee, Iain and Amin, I. (2020) Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential of Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera. Heliyon, 6 (8). e04654. ISSN 2405-8440 Published by: Elsevier URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04654 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04654> This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/44370/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/pol i cies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher’s website (a subscription may be required.) Heliyon 6 (2020) e04654 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon Research article Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential of Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera V. Balasubramaniam a,*, L. June Chelyn b, S. Vimala c, M.N. Mohd Fairulnizal a, I.A. Brownlee d, I. Amin e a Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 3, Block C7, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/ 52, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 3, Block C7, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia c Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109, Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia d Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK e Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Three species of Malaysian edible seaweed (Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera) Food science were analyzed for their carotenoid composition using a combination of high-performance thin layer chroma- Food technology tography (HPTLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass Food analysis spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS), while the antioxidant capacities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy- Nutrition drazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The HPTLC analysis exhibited a distinct Caulerpa lentillifera Sargassum polycystum carotenoid pattern among the three seaweed groups. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed fucoxanthin as the Orbitrap major carotenoid present in S. polycystum while lutein and zeaxanthin in E. denticulatum. For C. lentillifera, LC-MS/MS β-carotene and canthaxanthin were the major carotenoids. Some of the carotenoids, such as rubixanthin, Carotenoid dinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and antheraxanthin, were also tentatively detected in E. denticulatum and S. polycystum. Eucheuma denticulatum For antioxidant activity, S. polycystum (20 %) and E. denticulatum (1128 μmol TE/g) showed the highest activity in Antioxidant the DPPH and ORAC assays, respectively. The findings suggest the three edible varieties of seaweeds may provide a good dietary source with a potential to reduce antioxidative stress. 1. Introduction result of these harsh conditions, seaweeds are highly resistant to oxida- tive damage, possibly contributed by the antioxidant compounds within Seaweed remains a popular food ingredient in many parts of Asia and their cells [14]. is an important source of high-value hydrocolloids, such as agar, algi- Carotenoids are one of the essential antioxidant compounds in sea- nates and carrageenan [1, 2]. In addition, seaweeds are increasingly weeds [15]. Carotenoids, which have a characteristic linear C40 chain, recognized for their health promoting benefits, leading to a growing in- contain up to 11 conjugated bonds (allenic bonds) that may participate in terest and number of utilization in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and antioxidant activities via the transfer of the excess energy of singlet ox- cosmetic industries [3]. Previous studies have further shown that ygen (O) in the long central allenic chain [16]. Moreover, the allenic seaweed-derived extracts and compounds possess many interesting bio- bonds and other functional groups at the terminal rings of the structure, activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and as seen in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, may also react with free radicals anti-cancer properties [4, 5, 6]. The observed activities could partly be and thus further contribute to its antioxidant potential [9]. Although contributed by the range of antioxidant compounds found in seaweeds profiling of carotenoids has been used for the taxonomic classification of [7, 8, 9, 10]. seaweed, data on their concentrations in different phyla remain scarce. Seaweeds are exposed to many environmental factors that favor the Traditionally, the separation and characterization of carotenes generation of free radicals and strong oxidizing agents [11, 12, 13]. As a (nonpolar carotenoids) and xanthophylls (polar carotenoids) have been * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (V. Balasubramaniam). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04654 Received 13 March 2019; Received in revised form 30 April 2020; Accepted 4 August 2020 2405-8440/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). V. Balasubramaniam et al. Heliyon 6 (2020) e04654 achieved using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance 2.3. Sample preparation liquid chromatography coupled to a UV or photodiode array detector (HPLC-UV/DAD) [15]. However, the complexity of the extract matrices, Freeze-dried seaweed powder was mixed in a ratio of 1:20 w/v with as well as close structural similarities between the carotenoids, necessi- the extraction solvent (100 % ethanol; EMSURE® ACS) by stirring at tates new methods that are more precise and sensitive to distinguish room temperature for 24 h. The crude extracts were obtained by filtration closely related isomers and accurately quantify them [15, 17]. The using a Whatman filter paper (No. 1), and the filtrate was concentrated development of high-resolution and accurate mass spectrometry (MS) using a rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor R-200, Switzerland) under has allowed complex mixtures of carotenoids to be distinguished ac- reduced pressure at 45 C. The concentrated extracts were subsequently cording to their accurate masses and fragmentation patterns [18]. aliquoted into a 5 ml Bijou bottle. Next, the extracts were dried overnight Various MS ionization methods have also been investigated in the anal- (45 C) by vacuum centrifugation using MiVac (Genevac, UK) to yield a ysis of carotenoids, such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization dark-green extract for E. denticulatum and C. lentillifera, while for (APCI) and the electrospray ionization (ESI) method [19, 20]. Moreover, S. polycystum, a dark-brown extract was obtained. The extracts were substantial improvements have been made in the development of maintained at -20 C until further use. Each so-obtained dried pellet ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), which allows (seaweed extract) was reconstituted with relevant solvents according to better sensitivity and a shorter run time for carotenoid analysis [18, 21]. analysis. For the LC-MS analysis, the seaweed extract was diluted with a To date, information regarding the bioactive components present in 50:50 DCM/MeOH solution and then filtered through a 0.22 μm nylon the Malaysian local seaweeds remain insufficient. The current work is a filter into a LC vial to remove any impurities before loading to the continuation of our previous research [4, 5]. These studies reported that UHPLC. A concentration of 1 mg/ml was injected in UHPLC. the ethanol extracts of E. denticulatum manifest anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. The health benefits shown in the 2.4. Preparation of stock standard solutions ethanol extracts may be due to the presence of polyphenols or other antioxidant components, such as carotenoids. The evaluation of poly- Stock standard solutions (10 mg/ml) were prepared individually by phenols content has been reported previously on the selected seaweeds dissolving the analytes in a 50:50 DCM/MeOH solution. The solutions [22,
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