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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 420 582 SO 028 806 TITLE Reviews of National Policies for Education Greece. INSTITUTION Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France). ISBN ISBN-92-64-15365-9 PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 205p.; For the report on the Czech Republic, see SO 028 807. AVAILABLE FROM Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Commission of the European Communities, Head of Publications Service, 2, rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16 France. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education; Economic Development; Educational Assessment; *Educational Development; Educational Planning; *Educational Policy; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *International Cooperation; Program Improvement; *Strategic Planning IDENTIFIERS *Greece ABSTRACT This volume contains the Educational Policy Review of Greece undertaken in 1995-96 at the request of the Greek authorities. The book contains two parts with 13 chapters. Part 1 provides the full text of the Background Report, prepared by the Greek authorities for the purpose of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Review. Part 1 chapters include:. (1)"Educational Policy-Making, Administration and Management"; (2) "Introduction to the Greek Education System"; (3) "Structure of the Education System"; (4) "Linking of the Education System with the Training System"; (5) "Resources"; (6) "Equity Aspects of Education: Distribution of Educational Opportunities by Region and Sex"; and (7) "Efficiency Aspects of the Education System." Part 2 is the Examiners' Report on which the Committee discussion was based. Part 2 chapters include: (1) "The Setting"; (2) "School Education"; (3) "Higher Education"; (4) "Educational Policy-Making, Administration and Management";(5) "A Strategy for Change"; and (6)"Issues for Discussion." The annex describes recent reform measures in Greek education. (EH) *****************************************,. ************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** 1-111 fizzat-- PERMISSIONDISSEMINATE TO THIS REPRODUCE MATERIAL HASAND EDUCATIONALMiceU S of DEPARTMENT Educational RESOURCES Research OF EDUCATIONand INFORMATION Improvement A BEEN GRANTEDwe's BY r yThisoriginatingrocoivodMinor document changes from it,CENTER tho havehas porson been been(ERIC) reproducedor made organization to as TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES documentPointsimprove of reproduction view do not or opiniorisnecessarily quality. stated represent In this C REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION GREECE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subse- quently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and the Republic of Korea (12th December 1996). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention). Pub lie en francais sous le titre: EXAMENS DES POLITIQUES NATIONALES D'EDUCATION GRECE © OECD 1997 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD 2, rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France. 4 FOREWORD This volume contains the Educational Policy Review of Greece undertaken in 1995-96 at the request of the Greek authorities. The Review programme was com- pleted in April 1996, with the usual discussion by the OECD Education Committee, at its meeting of 2nd April 1996, in the presence of a special Greek Delegation headed by Mr. George Papandreou, Greek Minister of National Education and Religious Affairs. Part One provides the full text of the Background Report, prepared by the Greek authorities for the purpose of the OECD Review. Part Two is the Examiners' Report on which the Committee discussion was based. The Examiners for the review were Denis Kallen (Netherlands), Professor Maurice Kogan (United Kingdom) and George Papadopoulos, rapporteur (former OECD Deputy Director for Education). The report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. j 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS The OECD Examiners and the Greek Delegation 9 Preface by G. Papandreou 11 Part I EDUCATION IN GREECE Background Report prepared by the Greek authorities Introduction 17 Chapter I.Educational Policy-Making, Administration and Management 21 The role of the Ministry of Education (MoE) 21 Bodies and agencies 23 Decentralisation 26 Central information and statistics network 30 Collaboration with international organisations 31 Chapter 2.Introduction to the Greek Education System 33 A brief historical sketch of education in Greece 33 Educational level of the population and labour force participation 37 Participation in education 39 Chapter 3.Structure of the Education System 43 Basic characteristics 43 Primary education 44 Secondary education 50 Tertiary education 56 Special education 63 Chapter 4. Linking of the Education System with the Training System 67 Structure of the formal training system 67 Links to the education system 70 Links to the labour market 73 Certification and validation 74 Public agencies of Vocational and Technical Education and Training 76 5.1 6 REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: GREECE Chapter 5.Resources 81 Teaching staff 81 Financial resources 84 Infrastructure 92 Chapter 6.Equity Aspects of Education: Distribution of Educational Opportunities by Region and Sex 99 Variation in primary and secondary school enrolment 99 Tertiary education 101 Chapter 7.Efficiency Aspects of the Education System 103 Internal efficiency 103 External efficiency 115 Notes 122 Bibliography 124 Part II THE EXAMINERS' REPORT Introduction 131 Chapter I.The Setting 135 The central challenge 135 Background factors, features and considerations 136 Major issues and bottlenecks: an overview 139 Chapter 2.School Education 145 Structure and logistics 145 Pre-school provision 147 Compulsory schooling 148 Upper secondary education 151 Technical and vocational education 155 Curricula 158 Teachers 160 Efficiency and performance of the school system 162 Educational support functions 164 Conclusions and proposals 168 Chapter 3.Higher Education 171 Managing the demand for higher education 172 Entrance examinations 173 Education overseas 174 Number and viability of institutions 174 Resources and funding mechanisms 179 Patterns of government 179 6 Graduate studies 182 7 REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: GREECE Universities and Technological Education Institutions (TEI) 182 Relations with the world of work 183 Staff development 184 Evaluation 184 Conclusions and proposals 186 Chapter 4.Educational Policy-Making, Administration and Management 191 Decentralisation 191 Evaluation 194 Changes at the national level 195 Chapter 5.A Strategy for Change 197 Chapter 6.Issues for Discussion 201 Educational demand, resources and financing 202 School education 202 Higher education 204 Educational policy-making, administration and management 205 Annex: Recent Reform Measures 207 List of abbreviations 211 _7_ I 8 THE OECD EXAMINERS Mr. Denis Kallen Professor, University of Paris VIII, Former Professor of Education, University of Amsterdam Mr. Maurice Kogan Professor of Government, Brunel University, England Mr. George Papadopoulos Former Deputy-Director for Education, (rapporteur) Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD THE GREEK DELEGATION Mr. George Papandreou Minister of NationalEducation and Religious Affairs Mr. George Paschalidis Secretary of State, Ministry of NationalEducation and Religious Affairs Mr. John Panaretos General Secretary, Ministry of NationalEducation and Religious Affairs Mr. Dimitris Deniozos Special Secretary, Ministry of NationalEducationand Religious Affairs Mrs. Kalypso Golanda General Director, Ministry of NationalEducation and Religious Affairs Mr. Dionissis Kladis Professor, Universityof Thrace Mr. !has Flytzanis Professor, EconomicUniversity of Athens Mr. Stelios Psarakis Counsellor Mrs. Frances Tsakono Counsellor Mr. Anastasios Vasilopoulos Counsellor REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: GREECE