DOCSLIB.ORG

Syntax in the Treetops

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Syntax in the Treetops Draft Syntax in the Treetops Shigeru Miyagawa September 2020 ii Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………...vi Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………...vii Chapter 1. Setting the Stage…………………………………………………………1 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2. Ross (1970) and Emonds (1969).…...………………………………………………3 2.1 Combining Ross (1970) and Emonds (1969)…...………...…………………..11 2.2 Problems associated with the performative analysis…………...……..............12 3. Evidence for the representation of the speaker and addressee…………...………..18 3.1 Logophors………………………….………………………………...………..19 3.2 Modern evidence for the speaker and addressee representations in syntax…………………………………………..…………………..………....20 3.2.1 Allocutive agreement and the addressee representation…………...…….21 3.2.2 Evidence for the speaker representation: Romanian………………….....23 3.3 Speech Act Phrase………………………………………………………….....25 4. Problems associated with Emonds’s conception of the root……………………....27 5. Speaker and temporal coordinates (Giorgi 2010) ………………………………....34 6. SAP, Act Phrase, and Illocutionary Force………………………………………....36 7. Previewing the remaining chapters………………………………………………..46 Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 iii Chapter 2. The SAP and the politeness φ-feature………………………………...55 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..55 2. Where is -mas-?…………………………………………………………………....57 3. Moving -mas- to the “correct” location…………………………………………....60 4. Allocutive agreement at C………………………………………………………....63 4.1 SAP……………………………………………………………………............69 4.2 Style adverbs in English…………………………………………………...….74 5. -mas-: Discrepancy between form and function…………………………………...76 5.1 Yamada (2019a) ……………………………………………………………...77 5.2 Where is -mas-?……………………………………………………………….90 6. -des-………………………………………………………………………………..97 6.1 Second type of -des-…………………………………………………………100 7. An interlude: Magahi allocutive agreement……………………………………...104 8. -mas- in embedded, non-root contexts…………………………………………...115 8.1 -koto and -yooni C………………………………………………………...…118 8.2 Feature raising and embedded -mas-…………………………………….......126 9. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..134 Chapter 3. Sentence Final Particles………………………………………………136 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………136 2. SFPs as root phenomena…………………………………………………………139 3. Expressivity of SFPs……………………………………………………………..143 3.1 Experiments on the expressivity of SFPs……………………………………144 3.2 Follow-up experiments: Matsui et al. (2009) ………………………….........147 4. The structure of SFPs…………………………………………………………….148 Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 iv 4.1 Three layers of structure and SFPs………………………………………......149 4.2 Structures for ne and yo…………………………………………………………160 4.3 kana and Judgment Phrase……………………………………………………...162 4.4 sira, i…………………………………………………………………………….169 5. Romanian hai…………………………………………………………………….171 5.1 Hai and the SAP…………………………………………………………......177 5.1.1 Injunctive and evaluative readings……………………………………..179 6. SFPs and the language of autistic children……………………………………….184 6.1 Structural positions of ne and yo and ASD………………………………….186 6.2 Matsuoka et al. (1997) ………………………………………………………187 7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..192 Chapter 4. Topicalization…………………………………………………………194 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………194 2. Topicalization in German………………………………………………………...195 2.1 Issues with Frey and Meinunger (2019) …………………………………….203 3. Topicalization: Basic issues……………………………………………………...205 4. Topics associated and not associated with movement…………………………...209 5. Topic Islands……………………………………………………………………..212 6. Truncation………………………………………………………………………..218 7. Topicalization and the root: Truncation or Topic Island?………………………..219 7.1 Hooper and Thompson (1973) ………………………………………………221 7.2 Focus operator and truncation……………………………………………….230 8. Variation across languages……………………………………………………….240 8.1 Strong Uniformity and topicalization………………………………………..242 Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 v 9. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..250 Chapter 5. The Question Particle and the Nature of Exhaustivity in Wh- questions…................................................................................................................252 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………252 2. Expressive structure and questions……………………………………………….254 2.1 Evidence: Newari………………………………………………………........256 3. Labeling and the treetop………………………………………………………….260 4. Questions and exhaustivity……………………………………………………….265 5. Q-particle drop…………………………………………………………………...268 5.1 Pair-list questions………………………………………………………........272 5.2 Q-particle and Question Under Discussion (QUD) …………………………275 5.2.1 Question Under Discussion (QUD) ……………………………………279 6. Partial answer…………………………………………………………………….281 6.1 For example……………………………………………………………….....282 6.2 Mentions some……………………………………………………………….285 6.2.1 Mention-one and singleton indefinites…………………………………291 7. The Q-particle, the ‘why’ question, and structure of the interrogative…………..296 8. Concluding remarks……………………………………………………………...303 References……………….......……………………………………………………..304 Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 vi Preface To be written Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 vii Abbreviations A Adjective ABS Absolutive ACC Accusative ActP Act Phrase ADDR Addressee feature addrP Addressee Phrase ADVP Adverbial Phrase AL Allocutive marker ALLOC Allocutive marker AP Adjectival Phrase ARB Arbitrary ASP Aspect AUX Auxiliar C Colloquial C Complementizer Cl Clitic CL Classifier CommitP Commitment Phrase Comp Complementizer CONJ Conjunction CONTR Controlled COP Copula Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 viii CP Complementizer Phrase DAR Double Access Reading DAT Dative DECL Declarative DISJ Disjunction DP Determiner Phrase ERG Ergative F Formal FM Feminine GEN Genitive GHT German Hanging Topic HONA Addressee honorific H Honorific HH High honorific HHA High honorific addressee HHS High honorific subject HP Honorific Phrase IND Indicative JudgeP Judgment Phrase LF Logical Form MAS Politeness marker/Japanese MCP Main Clause Phenomena MSC Masculine MASC Masculine MOD Modal Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 ix ModP Modal Phrase NCP Negative Constituent Preposing NEG Negation NH Non-honorific NHA Non-honorific addressee NHS Non-honorific subject NOM Nominative NP Noun Phrase NPI Negative Polarity Item P Person PL Plural PP Prepositional Phrase PRES Present PRF Perfective PROG Progressive PRT Particle PRS Present PST Past PTCL Particle Q Question marker QUD Question Under Discussion REFL Reflexive RIDE Root-like indirect discourse embeddings RM Relativized Minimality RT Root transformations Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 x S Singular S Sentence phrasal marker saP Speech Act Phrase SAP Speaker-Addressee Phrase SFP Sentence Final Particles SH Subject honorification spkP Speaker Phrase SUBJ Subject SUBJ Subjunctive TOP Topic TopP Topic Phrase TP Tense Phrase V Verb VOC Vocative VP Verb Phrase Miyagawa, Treetops, draft, Sep2020 1 Chapter 1 Setting the stage 1. Introduction In this monograph, I will explore a variety of issues — morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic — that arise when we look at phenomena associated with the highest points in the structure of utterances. Many of these “treetop” phenomena are well known — such as topicalization and auxiliary inversion in English, and V2 in Germanic —, and are typically classified as main clause phenomena. The same phenomena are sometimes called root phenomena, which today seem incongruous since they occur at the top of the tree structure, not at the bottom, in the roots. Whatever term one uses to refer to them, there is general agreement that something special happens up there. Many have observed that these main clause phenomena have a function to pragmatically connect the expression to the conversational context, something we see with, for example, topicalization, as in As for this book, I will read it for sure, in which this book is singled out as referring to something that has been mentioned in some prominent way in the conversation, and topicalization both recognizes and sustains this prominence of the topic. Others see in these main clause phenomena grammatical constructions that are not observed in subordinate clauses, such as Aux inversion in interrogatives in American English and the politeness marking -des-/-mas- in Japanese. Unless there is a need to employ another term, I will use “main clause phenomena” or its singular version to refer to 2 the constructions I will be looking at, following a recent practice in Aelbrecht, Haegeman, and Nye (2012). My purpose in looking at the main clause phenomena is to show that there isn’t just one category into which all main clause phenomena fall into, but rather, we will see that some constructions may occur strictly at the highest point in the tree structure, while others may occur at varying degrees of distance from the very top of the structure, a point noted by others including, recently, Frey and Meinunger (2019). I will in fact deal with three classes of phenomena: (i) those that fit into the environments that Emonds (1969) called “root,” approximately equal to what Frey and Meinunger (2019) call “strongly root sensitive;” (ii) those that, in response to Emonds, Hooper and Thompson (1973) identified as constructions that allow the meaning of assertion, approximately what Frey and Meinunger (2019) call “weakly root sensitive,” which occur in more positions than Emonds’s root; and, finally, (iii) a very different set of phenomena associated with the labeling of structures (e.g., TP, CP, etc.), which, as we will see, can only occur at the highest point
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Allocutive Marking and the Theory of Agreement
    Allocutive marking and the theory of agreement SyntaxLab, University of Cambridge, November 5th, 2019 Thomas McFadden Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS), Berlin [email protected] 1 Introduction In many colloquial varieties of Tamil (Dravidian; South Asia), one commonly comes across utterances of the following kind:1 (1) Naan Ãaaŋgiri vaaŋg-in-een-ŋgæ. I Jangri buy-pst-1sg.sbj-alloc ‘I bought Jangri.’2 Aside from the good news it brings, (1) is of interest because it contains two different types of agreement stacked on top of each other. 1. -een marks quite normal agreement with with the 1sg subject. 2. -ŋgæ marks something far less common: so-called allocutive agreement. + Rather than cross-referencing properties of one of the arguments of the main predicate, allocuative agreement provides information about the addressee. + The addition of -ŋgæ specifically indicates a plural addressee or a singular one who the speaker uses polite forms of address with. + If the addressee is a single familiar person, the suffix is simply lacking, as in (2). (2) Naan Ãaaŋgiri vaaŋg-in-een. I Jangri buy-pst-1sg.sbj ‘I bought Jangri.’ Allocutive agreement (henceforth AllAgr) has been identified in a handful of languages and is characterized by the following properties (see Antonov, 2015, for an initial typological overview): • It marks properties (gender, politeness. ) of the addressee of the current speech context. • It is crucially not limited to cases where the addressee is an argument of the local predicate. • It involves the use of grammaticalized morphological markers in the verbal or clausal inflectional system, thus is distinct from special vocative forms like English ma’am or sir.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics 203 - Languages of the World Language Study Guide
    Linguistics 203 - Languages of the World Language Study Guide This exam may consist of anything discussed on or after October 20. Be sure to check out the slides on the class webpage for this date onward, as well as the syntax/morphology language notes. This guide discusses the aspects of specific languages we looked at, and you will want to look at the notes of specific languages in the ‘language notes: syntax/morphology’ section of the webpage for examples and basic explanations. This guide does not discuss the linguistic topics we discussed in a more general sense (i.e. where we didn’t focus on a specific language), but you are expected to understand these area as well. On the webpage, these areas are found in the ‘lecture notes/slides’ section. As you study, keep in mind that there are a number of ways I might pose a question to test your knowledge. If you understand the concept, you should be able to answer any of them. These include: Definitional If a language is considered an ergative-absolutive language, what does this mean? Contrastive (definitional) Explain how an ergative-absolutive language differs from a nominative- accusative language. Identificational (which may include a definitional question as well...) Looking at the example below, identify whether language A is an ergative- absolutive language or a nominative accusative language. How do you know? (example) Contrastive (identificational) Below are examples from two different languages. In terms of case marking, how is language A different from language B? (ex. of ergative-absolutive language) (ex. of nominative-accusative language) True / False question T F Basque is an ergative-absolutive language.
    [Show full text]
  • Honorificity, Indexicality and Their Interaction in Magahi
    SPEAKER AND ADDRESSEE IN NATURAL LANGUAGE: HONORIFICITY, INDEXICALITY AND THEIR INTERACTION IN MAGAHI BY DEEPAK ALOK A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Linguistics Written under the direction of Mark Baker and Veneeta Dayal and approved by New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Speaker and Addressee in Natural Language: Honorificity, Indexicality and their Interaction in Magahi By Deepak Alok Dissertation Director: Mark Baker and Veneeta Dayal Natural language uses first and second person pronouns to refer to the speaker and addressee. This dissertation takes as its starting point the view that speaker and addressee are also implicated in sentences that do not have such pronouns (Speas and Tenny 2003). It investigates two linguistic phenomena: honorification and indexical shift, and the interactions between them, andshow that these discourse participants have an important role to play. The investigation is based on Magahi, an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the state of Bihar (India), where these phenomena manifest themselves in ways not previously attested in the literature. The phenomena are analyzed based on the native speaker judgements of the author along with judgements of one more native speaker, and sometimes with others as the occasion has presented itself. Magahi shows a rich honorification system (the encoding of “social status” in grammar) along several interrelated dimensions. Not only 2nd person pronouns but 3rd person pronouns also morphologically mark the honorificity of the referent with respect to the speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Mismatches in Honorificity Across Allocutive Languages
    Mismatches in honorificity across allocutive languages Gurmeet Kaur, Göttingen Akitaka Yamada, Osaka [email protected] [email protected] Symposium: The features of allocutivity, honorifics and social relation @ LSA 2021 1 Introduction • Allocutivity is a phenomenon, where certain languages have distinct verbal morphology that encodes the addressee of the speech act (Oyharçabal, 1993; Miyagawa, 2012; Antonov, 2015; McFadden, 2020; Kaur, 2017; 2020a; 2020b; Haddican, 2018; Alok and Baker, 2018; Yamada, 2019b; Alok, 2020 etc.) • A classic example comes from Basque. (1) a. Pette-k lan egin di-k Peter-ERG work do.PFV 3ERG-M ‘Peter worked.’ (said to a male friend) b. Pette-k lan egin di-n Peter-ERG work do.PFV 3ERG-F ‘Peter worked.’ (said to a female friend) (Oyharçabal, 1993: 92-93) • As existing documentation shows, allocutive forms may or may not interact with 2nd person arguments in the clause. • This divides allocutive languages into two groups: • Group 1 disallows allocutivity with agreeing 2nd person arguments (Basque, Tamil, Magahi, Punjabi). In the absence of phi-agreement, Group 2 (Korean, Japanese) does not restrict allocutivity with any 2nd person arguments. (2) Punjabi a. tusii raam-nuu bulaa raye so (*je) 2pl.nom Ram-DOM call prog.m.hon be.pst.2pl alloc.pl ‘You were calling Ram.’ b. raam twaa-nuu bulaa reyaa sii je Ram.nom 2pl.obl-DOM call prog.m.sg be.pst.3sg alloc.pl ‘Ram was calling you.’ 1 (3) Japanese a. anata-wa ramu-o yon-dei-masi-ta. 2hon-TOP Ram-ACC call-PRG-HONA-PST ‘You were calling Ram.’ b.
    [Show full text]
  • Assertions and Judgements, Epistemics, and Evidentials 1
    Assertions and Judgements, Epistemics, and Evidentials Manfred Krifka1 Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft & Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin [email protected] Workshop 'Speech Acts: Meanings, Uses, Syntactic and Prosodic Realizations' Leibniz-ZAS Berlin, May 29 – 31, 2017 1. Overview Topics to be covered: • The nature of assertion as expressing commitments • Judgements as a separate act from commitments • Subjective epistemics as expressing strength of judgments • Evidentials as expressing source of judgements • Discourse epistemics 2. Assertions as Commitments 2.1 The dynamic view of assertions (1) Assertions as modifying the common ground, “a body of information that is available, or presumed to be available, as a resource for communication” (Stalnaker 1978) (2) Standard view of assertion in dynamic semantics s (Stalnaker 1978, 2002, 2014; Heim 1983, Veltman 1996) φ s+φ – Common ground is modeled by a set of propositions (context set), – Assertion of a proposition restricts the input common ground to an output common ground by intersection. + Example: s + φ = s ⋂ φ (3) Alternative view: Common ground as sets of propositions – Assertion of a proposition adds the proposition to the common ground c φ – Context set: the intersection of the propositions of the common ground + Example: c + φ = c ⋃ {φ} (4) Advantages of this view: c ⋃ {φ} – Meaningful addition of tautologies, e.g. ‘2399 is a prime number’ = – possible modeling of contradictory common grounds (would lead to empty context set) – possible enrichment by imposing
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics 203 – Languages of the World Basque Basque Notes • Also
    Linguistics 203 – Languages of the World Basque Basque Notes also called Euskara linguistic isolate surrounded by Indo-European languages was spoken in Europe before Indo-European languages spread spoken by about 690,000 people. Of these, 580,000 are in Spain and 76,200 in France. (www.ethnologue.com) co-official language in Basque regions of Spain; no official standing in France between 6-9 dialects exists; some may not be mutually intelligible written with Roman alphabet plus <ñ>, and occasionally > and <ü>. Basque Country (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basque_Country_location_map.png) Basque Provinces (http://www.eke.org/euskal_herria/karta.gif) Linguistics 203 – Languages of the World Basque % fluent speakers by location (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Euskara.png) Linguistics 203 – Languages of the World Basque Phonology (phonemic) (based on Hualde & de Urbina 2003) Vowels: o canonical 5 vowel system (Gipuzkoan, High Navarrese, Standard Basque) o Zuberoan dialect additionally has /y/, and it phonemically distinguishes nasal from non-nasal vowels in word-final stressed position. Consonants: labio- apico- lamino- palato- bilabial dental palatal velar glottal dental alveolar alveolar alveolar plosive p b t d c ɟ k g aspirated {ph} {th} {kh} plosive nasal m n ɲ fricative f } } ʃ {ʒ} (x) {h/ħ} affricate tʃ flap (ɾ) trill r lateral l ʎ approximant o Sounds not in Zuberoan dialect in parentheses ( ). Sounds only in Zuberoan dialect in curly brackets {}. o Note that Basque distinguishes apical consonants from laminal ones; thus, zu [ u] ‘you’ and su u] ‘fire’. Linguistics 203 – Languages of the World Basque Syntax Basque is an ergative-absolutive language; meaning that i.
    [Show full text]
  • The Common Syntax of Deixis and Affirmation George Tsoulas University of York
    Chapter 12 The common syntax of deixis and affirmation George Tsoulas University of York This paper pursues a formal analysis of the idea that affirmative answers to Yes/No questions correspond to a sort of propositional deixis whereby the relevant proposition is pointed at. The empirical case involves an analysis of the deictic particle Nà in Greek and a comparison of its syntax with that of the affirmative particle Nè. It is shown that both involve an extra head which in the case of the deictic particle is uniformly externalised as the pointing ges- ture. It is argued that gestural externalisation of syntactic structure should be considered on a par with phonetic externalisation (not only in sign languages). The grammar of the af- firmative particle gives us also an account of the observed facts about Greek whereby both the truth and the polarity answering system appear to coexist. 1 Introduction Holmberg (2015) begins thus: ‘It is certainly not obvious that expressions like Yes and No have syntactic structure.’ It is even less obvious that elements like Yes and No have complex internal syntactic and semantic structure. In the literature on the semantics of Yes/No questions an explicit semantics for Yes is rarely given. Groenendijk & Stokhof (1984) is one of these exceptions and their semantics is given in (1): (1) »»yes¼¼=λp p(a) Groenendijk & Stokhof’s (1984) syntactic assumption is that Yes and No are sentential adverbs of type S/S. It would then seem that there is not much of interest that either the semantics or the implied syntax would give us.
    [Show full text]
  • Verb Morphology and Clause Structure in Basque: Allocutive
    Morphology of the World's Languages, June 11-13 2009, University of Leipzig Verb Morphology and Clause Structure in Basque: Allocutive Yulia Adaskina Pavel Grashchenkov Moscow State University Institute for Oriental Studies [email protected] [email protected] 0. Introduction The term ‘allocutive’ refers to the verb agreeing with the addressee which doesn’t belong to the set of arguments of the verb in question. In Basque the allocutives are used in case of so called familiar treatment / intimacy, when the addressee and the speaker share some background (see Alberdi (1994), Aurrekoetxea (2003)). Basque Allocutive Marker (BAM) is a suffix with two gender variations: -k/-a- for masculine, -n/-na- for feminine addressee, (1) presents a neutral and a pair of allocutive forms: (1) Ataun-en jaio n-aiz / n-au-k / n-au-n Ataun-LOC born 1SG .ABS -AUX 1SG .ABS -AUX -BAM .M 1SG .ABS -AUX -BAM .F I was born in Ataun. Previous approaches to allocutive include Oyharçabal (1993)’s generative account, Eguren (2000)’s and Albizu (2003)’s analyses in terms of Distributed Morphology. B. Oyharçabal introduces an allocutive operator e ALLO which is generated in the Spec-TP thus forcing out complementizers. This analysis explains the fact that, according to Oyharçabal and others, allocutive forms can’t be used in embedded clauses (see below). L. Eguren shows that allocutive resembles to ergative or — in some cases — dative argument morphologically, and to neither of them syntactically; basing on this he concludes that the allocutive is generated on an autonomous post-syntactic level. P. Albizu redefines Basque cases and allocutivity in terms of following clusters of features organized in a hierarchical manner: [± MARK (ed)], [± OBL (ique)], [± ARG (ument)].
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Syntax of Speech Acts: Embedding Illocutionary Force
    Investigating the syntax of speech acts: Embedding illocutionary force Rebecca Louise Woods Doctor of Philosophy University of York Language and Linguistic Science February 2016 Abstract This dissertation examines the notion of illocutionary force and whether it is embeddable by examining the syntax, semantics and pragmatic effects of a range of root-like embedded constructions. Though illocutionary force has long been considered a property exclusive to root clauses, the examination and analysis of English embedded inverted questions and other quasi-quotational constructions cross-linguistically show that this is not the case. The contributions of this dissertation are three-fold: a refined definition of independent illocutionary force; a syntax for non-root complement clauses that carry independent illo- cutionary force; and a model for the discourse that captures the effects of these clauses. I also work towards understanding how the instantiation of independent illocutionary force in such constructions leads to their restricted distribution. Illocutionary force may be represented both lexically and through syntactic processes such as verb movement. I argue that verb movement to Forceo is an interface operation| it occurs in syntax but is directly linked to a specific discourse interpretation. Building on Krifka (2014), illocutionary force is the expression of who takes responsibility for as- serting or responding to a proposition or set of propositions, according to a given modal base. When illocutionary force is independently expressed on an embedded clause, the perspective holder and responsibility taker(s) are unambiguous and not mixed. In con- trast, standard embedded clauses may be ambiguous as to who takes responsibility and may contain multiple perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Aug 3 1 1990 Ubraries ,% Abstract
    NEGATION IN SYNTAX: ON THE NATURE OF FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES AND PROJECTIONS by MIREN ITZIAR LAKA MUGARZA B.A. University of the Basque Country (1985) M.A. University of the Basque Country (1986) SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS & PHILOSOPHY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT.OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY August, 1990 c Miren Itziar Laka Mugarza The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part Signature of Author Department of Linguilstics & Philosophy Certified by A .. ....- - r S-, Keneth Hale Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . M Wayne O'0Neil OMTASSACHUIEIT Departamen al Committee AUG 3 1 1990 UBRARIES ,% ABSTRACT. The central concern of this work is the syntactic nature of negation in Universal Grammar, and its relation to other functional elements in the Syntax. The study argues that negation is not a syntactic category on its own; rather, it is one of the values of a more abstract syntactic category, named E, which includes other sentence operators, such as affirmation and emphasis (Chapter 2). It is also argued that the syntactic feature [negation] surfaces in other syntactic categories besides E. In particular, the existence of (N] (negative) Complementizers is defended; this acounts for a range of phenomena in various languages: across-the-clause licensing of Negative Polarity Items in English, the ditribution of the -nik complementizer in Basque, and the nature of Dubitative Subjunctive in Romance (Chapter 3). Chapter I argues for the existence of a universal requirement that inflectional heads such as negation (E) must be c-commanded by the syntactic head Tense at S- structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Slocum 2016 Dissertation
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... The Syntax of Address A Dissertation Presented by Poppy Slocum to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University May 2016 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Poppy Slocum We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Daniel L. Finer – Dissertation Advisor Professor, Department of Linguistics John F. Bailyn - Chairperson of Defense Professor, Department of Linguistics Richard K. Larson Professor, Department of Linguistics Raffaella Zanuttini Professor, Department of Linguistics Yale University This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation The Syntax of Address by Poppy Slocum Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Stony Brook University 2016 This dissertation examines the role of the addressee in syntax, focusing on nominals that refer to addressees: vocatives (calls and addresses) and imperative subjects. Beginning with Moro (2003), generative analyses of vocatives have proposed that they are associated with functional projections at the left edge of or above CP. Such analyses are unable to account for the existence of mid-sentential addresses. I propose that vocatives (specifically addresses) are merged into the specifier of a functional projection, AddrP, which is located in the topic field of the CP domain (specifically between the highest TopP and FocP).
    [Show full text]
  • Verb Agreement with Nonarguments: on Allocutive Agreement
    Verb Agreement with Nonarguments : On Allocutive Agreement Bernard Oyharçabal To cite this version: Bernard Oyharçabal. Verb Agreement with Nonarguments : On Allocutive Agreement. J. Ortiz de Urbina & J. Hualde (eds) - John Benjamins Publishing, pp.89-114, 1993. artxibo-00000076 HAL Id: artxibo-00000076 https://artxiker.ccsd.cnrs.fr/artxibo-00000076 Submitted on 8 Feb 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bernard Oyharçabal J. I. Hualde & J. Ortiz de Urbina (eds.) Generative Stuides in Basque Linguistics, John Benjamins, 89-114, 1993. Verb Agreement with Nonarguments : On Allocutive Agreement* Recent works within Principles and Parameters Theory have made new proposals regarding sentence structure. These modifications are concerned with Inflection and especially Agreement, Verb projection, and the definition of A(rgument) positions (among other issues). Within previous analyses, argument positions were defined as (potential) theta positions (Chomsky (1981)). However, the hypotheses (i) that subject NPs are VP internally generated (Fukui (1986), Koopman & Sportiche (1988), Kuroda (1988), among others), (ii) that the inflectional complex is multi- headed (Pollock (1989)), and (iii) that structural Case can or must be assigned by functional heads, even for accusative Case (Chomsky (1989a), Miyagawa (1990)), raise the question of the definition of argument / nonargument positions.
    [Show full text]