Fazlur R. Khan Lecture
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lbbert Wayne Wamer a Thesis Presented to the Graduate
I AN ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE USE BUILDING; by lbbert Wayne Wamer A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering Lehigh University 1982 TABLE OF CCNI'ENTS ABSI'RACI' 1 1. INTRODlCI'ICN 2 2. THE CGJCEPr OF A MULTI-USE BUILDING 3 3. HI8rORY AND GRami OF MULTI-USE BUIIDINCS 6 4. WHY MULTI-USE BUIIDINCS ARE PRACTICAL 11 4.1 CGVNI'GJN REJUVINATICN 11 4. 2 EN'ERGY SAVIN CS 11 4.3 CRIME PREVENTIOO 12 4. 4 VERI'ICAL CANYOO EFFECT 12 4. 5 OVEOCRO'IDING 13 5. DESHN CHARACTERisriCS OF MULTI-USE BUILDINCS 15 5 .1 srRlCI'URAL SYSI'EMS 15 5. 2 AOCHITECI'URAL CHARACTERisriCS 18 5. 3 ELEVATOR CHARACTERisriCS 19 6. PSYCHOI..OCICAL ASPECTS 21 7. CASE srUDIES 24 7 .1 JOHN HANCOCK CENTER 24 7 • 2 WATER TOiVER PlACE 25 7. 3 CITICORP CENTER 27 8. SUMMARY 29 9. GLOSSARY 31 10. TABLES 33 11. FIGJRES 41 12. REFERENCES 59 VITA 63 iii ACKNCMLEI)(}IIENTS The author would like to express his appreciation to Dr. Lynn S. Beedle for the supervision of this project and review of this manuscript. Research for this thesis was carried out at the Fritz Engineering Laboratory Library, Mart Science and Engineering Library, and Lindennan Library. The thesis is needed to partially fulfill degree requirenents in Civil Engineering. Dr. Lynn S. Beedle is the Director of Fritz Laboratory and Dr. David VanHom is the Chainnan of the Department of Civil Engineering. The author wishes to thank Betty Sumners, I:olores Rice, and Estella Brueningsen, who are staff menbers in Fritz Lab, for their help in locating infonnation and references. -
Braced Tube Structural System: a Review
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015 484 ISSN 2229-5518 Braced tube Structural System: A Review Hardik J. Patel Prof. A. R. Darji PROF. (DR.). K. B. PARIKH PG Student, M.E. Structure M.E. Structure engineer,, Assistant Head of Department, engineer Professor Government Engineering Government Engineering College, Government Engineering College, College, Dahod, Gujarat, Dahod, Gujarat, India. Applied Mechanics Department, India. Abstract: The advanced construction technologies, evolution of efficient structural system, necessity of vertical growth because of scarcity of urban land and rapidly increasing population caused the development of the high rise buildings all over the world. Lateral loads i.e. earthquake loads and wind loads requires special attention in design of high rise buildings along with gravitational loading. Lateral loads can be taken care by interior structural system or exterior structural system. Generally shear wall core, braced frame and their combination with other frames are interior structural systems where lateral load is borne by centrally located structural elements. While framed tube, braced tube structural system bear lateral loads by the elements provided on periphery of the buildings. It is very much important that the selected structural system must be optimized and should utilize structural elements effectively while satisfying design requirements. In the past decades, the Braced tube structural system is widely adopted and used for the construction of tall steel buildings due to its structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. Compared to closely-spaced vertical columns in framed tube, Braced tube structural system consists of widely spaced column with inclined X- brace members on the exterior surface of building. -
Material Quantities in Building Structures and Their Environmental Impact
Material quantities in building structures and their environmental impact by Catherine De Wolf B.Sc., M.Sc. in Civil Architectural Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2012 Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Building Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2014 © 2014 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: Department of Architecture May 9, 2014 Certified by: John A. Ochsendorf Professor of Architecture and Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Takehiko Nagakura Associate Professor of Design and Computation Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students 2 John E. Fernández Professor of Architecture, Building Technology, and Engineering Systems Head, Building Technology Program Co-director, International Design Center, MIT Thesis Reader Frances Yang Structures and Sustainability Specialist at Arup Thesis Reader 3 “It is […] important to remember that unlike operational carbon emissions the embodied carbon cannot be reversed” Craig Jones, Circular Ecology 4 Material quantities in building structures and their environmental impact by Catherine De Wolf Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Building Technology on May 9, 2014. Thesis Supervisor: John Ochsendorf Title Supervisor: Professor of Architecture and Civil and Environmental Engineering Abstract Improved operational energy efficiency has increased the percentage of embodied energy in the total life cycle of building structures. Despite a growing interest in this field, practitioners lack a comprehensive survey of material quantities and embodied carbon in building structures. -
Structural Development of Skyscrapers
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SKYSCRAPERS 1ABHISHEK GUPTA, 2S.M. GUPTA 1,2NIT KURUKSHETRA, HARYANA, INDIA E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract- This paper presents a review on the evolution of the structural system of skyscrapers from earlier to the modern and the effects of this on the society and environment Keywords- Skyscrapper/Tall Buildings, Height Premium, Internal, external and hybrid structural system, Building Loads, Shear Walls, lateral rigidity, Lateral Sway, Floor Vibration I. INTRODUCTION iron. The inventor Henry Bessemer took out a patent on the process in 1855. Tall buildings emerged in the late nineteenth century In 1857, Elisha Otis and the Otis Elevator Company in the United States of America. They constituted a began manufacturing passenger elevators. Invention so-called “American Building Type,” meaning that of Elevator allowed vertical transportation of people most important tall buildings were built in the U.S.A. and goods without stair Today, however, they are a worldwide architectural Chicago is the birthplace of the skyscraper The Home phenomenon. Many tall buildings are built Insurance building (1885) in Chicago, (ten storied worldwide, especially in Asian countries, such as with 42 meter in height) is generally referred as the China, Korea, Japan, and Malaysia. first high rise building (Architect :William Jenney) The Home Insurance Building was built followed by The distribution of tall buildings has changed the Great Chicago Fire, 1871 radically with Asia now having the largest share with • The physical envelope of construction was 38%, and North America’s at 22%(Fig. 1). This data traditional load-bearing system. demonstrates the rapid growth of tall building • Thick masonry external walls creates comfortable construction in Asian while North American indoor thermal environment construction has slowed. -
Burj Khalifa Tower
Burj Khalifa Tower The tallest structure in the world, standing at 2,722 ft (830 meters), just over 1/2 mile high, Burj Khalifa (Khalifa Tower) opened in 2010 as a centerpiece building in a large-scale, mixed-use development called Downtown Dubai. The building originally referred to as Dubai Tower was renamed in honor of the president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Burj Khalifa Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architecture Style Modern Skyscraper | Neo-Futurism Glass, Steel, Aluminum & Reinforced Concrete Prominent Architecture Features Y-Shaped Floor Plan Maximizes Window Perimeter Areas for residential and hotel space Buttressed central core and wing design to support the height of the building 27 setbacks in a spiraling pattern Main Structure 430,000 cubic yards reinforced concrete and 61,000 tons rebar Foundation - 59,000 cubic yards concrete and 192 piles 164 ft (50 m) deep Highly compartmentalized, pressurized refuge floors for life safety Facade Aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with low-E glass Vertical polished stainless steel fins Observation Deck - 148th Floor PROJECT SUMMARY Project Description Burj Kahlifa, the tallest building in the world, has redefined the possibilities in the design, engineering, and construction of mega-tall buildings. Incorporating periodic setbacks at the ends of each wing, the tower tapers in an upward spiraling pattern that decreases is mass as the height of the tower increases. The building’s design included multiple wind tunnel tests and design adjustments to develop optimum performance relative to wind and natural forces. The building serves as a model for the concept of future, compact, livable, urban centers with direct connections to mass transit systems. -
Construction History of the Composite Framed Tube Structural System
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003. Construction history of the composite framed tube structural system Richard A. Ellis David P. Billington This paper examines the construction history of tall primary lateral structural system. As a result, the building s designed during the latter portion of the potential applications for composite construction are twentieth century. Fazlur Khan was able to capitalize numerous, especially with the renewed awareness of on the inherent strengths of steel and concrete by fire protection concems in high-rise structures. using them in conjunction with a framed tube system. Study of such innovations allows us to see how This idea involves a novel construction process, they came into being, how individual engineers which takes advantage of the virtues of structural contributed to their success, and how the local steel and reinforced concrete. Early applications of construction constraints stimulated the search for this system in the mid-1960's were in the 35-story such new ideas. Gateway III Building in Chicago, Illinois and the 25 story CDC Building in Houston, Texas. Composite construction is now being used more frequently in the INTRODUCTlON design of high rise buildings. This paper will look closely at the construction history of the 52-story One Born in Dacca, Bangladesh, Fazlur Rahman Khan Shell Square Building in New Orleans, which was received his Bachelor of Engineering degree from the completed in 1971 and still stands as the tallest University of Dacca. -
The-Hows-Whats-And-Wows-Of-Willis
There are enough impressive facts about the When you get back to your school, we hope Willis Tower to make even the most worldly your students will send us photos or write or among us say, “Wow!” So many things at the create artwork about their experiences and Willis Tower can be described by a share them with us (via email or the mailing superlative: biggest, fastest, and longest. But address at the end of this guide). there is more to the building than all these “wows”: 1,450 sky-scraping, cloud-bumping One photo will be selected as the “Photo of feet of glass and steel, 43,000 miles of the Day” and displayed on our Skydeck telephone cable, 25,000 miles of plumbing, monitors for all to see. Artwork and writing 4.56 million square feet of floor space and a will posted on bulletin boards in the view of four states. lunchroom area. We would also love to have you and your students post you Skydeck Behind the “wows” are lots of “hows” and Chicago photos to the Skydeck Chicago pages “whats” for you and your students to on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. explore. In this guide you will be introduced to the building—its beginnings as the Sears As you get ready for your trip, please call us Tower and its design, construction and place with any questions at (312) 875-9447. We aim in the pantheon of skyscrapers. Its name to make your visit your best school trip ever. was recently changed to the Willis Tower, proudly reflecting the name of the global insurance broker who makes the Tower its Chicago home. -
Economics Planning of Super Tall Buildings in Asia Pacific Cities
Economics Planning of Super Tall Buildings in Asia Pacific Cities Dr Paul H K HO, Hong Kong SAR, China Key words: economics planning, super tall building, Asia Pacific SUMMARY The purpose of this paper is to study the economics planning of super tall office buildings in Asia Pacific cities. This study is based on the case study of the Asia Pacific’s 10 tallest buildings which are distributed over six major cities. All are landmark buildings with similar functions. From the analysis of the collected data, the floor plate of these buildings is comparatively large, thus achieving a fairly high lettable to gross floor ratio of about 80% and low wall to floor area ratio of about 0.33. The most common lease span is approximately 12m with column-free between its service core and exterior window. The most common floor-to-floor height is about 4.0m. Square or similar plan is the most common geometry in super tall buildings since this geometry offers the same stiffness in both directions against lateral wind forces. Typically the building is in form of a large podium at lower levels with a setback in the overall floor plan dimension in the main tower and a slightly tapered shape at its top floors. The central core approach in which the core is designed as a structural element to provide stability is commonly used in super tall buildings. By using slip-form or jump-form techniques, a 3 to 4-day cycle is achievable for core wall construction which is similar to steel construction. -
Signature Redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015
TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE ARCHIVES 1 by MASSACM I 1TT;r OF 1*KCHN0L0LGY Wenjia Gu JUL 02 2015 B.S. Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 LIBRAR IES SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2015 C2015 Wenjia Gu. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known of hereafter created. Signature of Author: Signature redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015 Certified by: Signature redacted ( Jerome Connor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted bv: Signature redacted ?'Hei4 Nepf Donald and Martha Harleman Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chair, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE by Wenjia Gu Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 21, 2015 in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Requirements for Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT Over the past decade, high-rise buildings in the world are both booming in quantity and expanding in height. One of the most important reasons driven the achievement is the continuously evolvement of structural systems. In this paper, previous classifications of structural systems are summarized and different types of structural systems are introduced. Besides the structural systems, innovations in other aspects of today's design of high-rise buildings including damping systems, construction techniques, elevator systems as well as sustainability are presented and discussed. -
The Hows, Whats and Wows of the Willis Tower a Guide for Teachers Skydeck Chicago
THE HOWS, WHATS AND WOWS OF THE WILLIS TOWER A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS SKYDECK CHICAGO PROPERTY MANAGED BY U.S. EQUITIES ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC WELCOME TO SKYDECK CHICAGO AT WILLIS TOWER THE NATION’S TALLEST SCHOOL When you get back to your school, we hope your students will send us photos or write or create There are enough impressive facts about the Willis artwork about their experiences and share them Tower to make even the most worldly among us with us (via email or the mailing address at the end say, “Wow!” So many things at the Willis Tower can of this guide). We’ve got 110 stories already, and we be described by a superlative: biggest, fastest, would like to add your students’ experiences to our longest. But there is more to the building than all collection. these “wows”: 1,450 sky-scraping, cloud-bumping feet of glass and steel, 43,000 miles of telephone One photo will be selected as the “Photo of the cable, 25,000 miles of plumbing, 4.56 million Day” and displayed on our Skydeck monitors for all square feet of floor space and a view of four states. to see. Artwork and writing will posted on bulletin boards in the lunchroom area. Your students also Behind the “wows” are lots of “hows” and “whats” can post their Skydeck Chicago photos to the Willis for you and your students to explore. In this Tower or Skydeck Chicago pages on flickr, a free guide you will be introduced to the building—its public photo-sharing site: http://www.flickr.com/ beginnings as the Sears Tower and its design, photos/tags/willistower/ or http://www.flickr.com/ construction and place in the pantheon of photos/skydeckchicago/ skyscrapers. -
20 Years of Building Skyscrapers
Tall Buildings in Numbers The Middle East: 20 Years of Middle East Totals Total Population:3 381,402,626 Building Skyscrapers Total Land Area:4 7,119,839 km2 Regional Population Density: 53.6 people/km2 Given the location of this Journal’s case study, the Gate Towers, Abu Dhabi, we thought it would Cities of 1,000,000+ Population:5 38 be interesting to investigate tall buildings in the Middle East. Twenty years ago, the region Est. by 2015… contained only one skyscraper over 150 meters in height. It is now estimated that by the end of Countries with at least one 150 m+ building: 10 2015 the region will have 289 buildings in this category. While this massive increase has centered Cities with at least one 150 m+ building: 22 City with the most 150 m+ buildings: Dubai (150) in Dubai, by the end of 2015 over 20 cities in 10 countries will have completed a 150 m+ project. Total 150 m+ buildings: 289 Tallest building height: 828 m Mapping the Middle East 2015: Population and Skyscrapers Average height of 150 m+ buildings: 217 m Map shows data on skyscrapers and population as estimated in the year 2015 (see key for details). Building outlines show the tallest building in each country by the year 2015. 6 Rest of Middle East Footnotes Asiatic Turkey 1. The focus on buildings over 150 meters is driven by the need to ensure accuracy of data, rather than suggesting Ankara (3) that this is the threshold for a tall building. Izmir (2) 2. -
Building Tall in the Arabian Gulf: Perception | Performance | Place-Making
Building tall in the Arabian Gulf: Perception | performance | place-making Fahad Alotaibi1, Brian R. Sinclair2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada and Qassim University, Saudi Arabia 2University of Calgary + sinclairstudio inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada ABSTRACT: Skyscrapers are arguably impressive, excessive, essential and ubiquitous in the intense landscapes of contemporary global cities. As a typology these towers are unparalleled in their costs, demands, parameters and presence. Perhaps more so than any region on the planet, the realities, including both remarkable challenges and outstanding opportunities, of building tall is illustrated and demonstrated in the emerging urban centres of the Arabian Gulf . Despite the massive impacts of this building type, and especially on the burgeoning cities in the Gulf States, research concerning place-making, social perceptions, and sustainable performance (i.e., systemic views) is undeniably lacking. The cities in this region have changed dramatically – transforming overnight from traditional human-scaled settlements, built by local materials and local expertise, into the modern oil-driven technology-propelled metropolitan hubs of today. Over the past two decades the Arab Gulf area has witnessed unprecedented urban growth, especially in vertical constructions which have flourished in Emirates cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi, and more recently in neighbouring Doha (Qatar), Kuwait City (Kuwait), and Riyadh & Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). In relatively spectacular bursts of development these cities have seen their skylines erupt, their streets defined and their buildings soar. Such transformation has multiple impacts on the city, including the shaping of a metropolitan image, influences on inhabitant perceptions and traction towards a more sustainable tomorrow. To gain a better understanding of the impacts of tall buildings in Arabian Gulf Cities, the researchers consider urban growth in three pivotal Gulf cities (Dubai, Kuwait City and Doha) from the early 1970s until present times.