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Considering Young Adult Literature As a Literary Genre View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jurnal Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya Tri Pramestri – Considering Young Adult Literature CONSIDERING YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE AS A LITERARY GENRE Tri Pramesti Abstrak. Istilah ―young adult literature‖ (sastra remaja) relatif masih baru di Indonesia. Istilah ―young adult‖ dan ―literature‖ bersifat dinamis, berubah sejalan dengan perubahan masyarakat dan budaya. Di Amerika Serikat, para kritikus sastra dan praktisi pendidikan telah tiba pada kesepakatan tentang definisinya dan beberapa peneliti telah mencoba mendeskripsikan genre ini. Makalah ini membahas karakteristik dari ―young adult literature‖ dengan penekanan khusus pada keberadaannya saat ini bagi pembaca targetnya. Disimpulkan bahwa dengan memasukkan sastra remaja sebagai satu genre karya sastra, konsep tentang karya sastra tampaknya sedang berubah dan berevolusi. Keywords: literary genre, postmodern literature, young adult literature INTRODUCTION from the structure of a (frequently repeated) Genre, meaning "kind" or "sort", from social occasion, with its characteristic partici- Latin: genus, is the term for any category of pants and their purposes‖ (1983). Jacques literature or other forms of art or culture, e.g. Derrida proposed that ―a text cannot belong to music, and in general, any type of discourse, no genre, it cannot be without... a genre. whether written or spoken, audial or visual, Every text participates in one or several based on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres genres, there is no genre-less text‖ (Derrida in fiction include science fiction, romance, the 1981:61), while David Buckingham argues Gothic, or crime fiction. The major classical that ―'genre is not... simply "given" by the genres, in descending order of their perceived culture: rather, it is in a constant process of literary value, were epic, tragedy, lyric, negotiation and change‖ (quoted in Daniel comedy, and satire. Genres are formed by Chandler p.3). Nicholas Abercrombie conventions that change over time as new suggests that ―'the boundaries between genres genres are invented and the uses of old ones are shifting and becoming more permeable‖ are discontinued. Often, works fit into (p. 45). multiple genres by way of borrowing and According to Chandler, genres need to be recombining these conventions. The studied as historical phenomena (p. 4); a definition of literary genres has been almost popular focus in young adult fictions, for entirely dependent on society and its instance, has been the evolution of institutions, as Alastair Fowler puts it, ―The conventions within a genre. Current genres go concept of a literary work is dependent upon through phases or cycles of popularity (such there being human institutions (of which as novels with vampire character). On-going indeed critics have become an inte-gral part), genres and their conventions themselves governing its production, and gua-ranteeing change over time. (p.4) He stated further that its relationship to human purposes‖ redefining a genre should ―focus more (1985:50). broadly on the relationship between the Traditionally, literary genres tend to be makers and the audiences of text (p. 5). He regarded as fixed forms, but contemporary added that Econo-mic factors may account for theory emphasizes that both their forms and the perpetuation of a profitable genre. As functions are dynamic. Gunther Kress defines genres and the relationships between them a genre as ―a kind of text that derives its form change over time; the conventions of each * Dr. Tri Pramesti, M.S. adalah dosen Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015 1 Tri Pramestri – Considering Young Adult Literature genre shift, new genres and sub-genres certain range of reactions among adolescent emerge and others are 'discontinued' (though readers. note that certain genres seem particularly long-lasting (p. 5). WHAT IS YOUNG ADULT What makes a literary work a genre? LITERATURE? Tzvetan Todorov argued that 'a new genre is The term of YA Literature is relatively always the transformation of one or several new in Indonesia. In USA, literary critics and old genres' (cited in Swales 1990:36). Each educational practitioners have arrived at an new work within a genre has the potential to unanimous agreement on a definition. Some influence changes within the genre or perhaps researchers have attempted to describe this the emergence of new sub-genres (which may genre. From the perspective of reading later blossom into fully-fledged genres). He interest, Reid (1999) regards YA Literature as (in Bawarshi and Reiff. 2010) once said that ―books that adolescents would probably like genre is resulted ―from an observation of and be able to relate to‖ (1999:3). literary reality.‖ That means genres are Other researchers have identified YA literary institutions that make certain literary Literature from the perspective of writing activities possible and meaningful, both in craft. Regarding style, Herz and Gallo (1996) terms of the subjects who participate within mention the quick-paced style in young adult them and in terms of the writers and readers texts, where ―the first page or two demand who produce and interpret them (2010:15). In readers‘ attention, enticing them to read on‖ this way, according to Fredric Jameson, (1996:xvi). With respect to characterization, ―genres are essentially literary institutions, or Reid (1999) observes that ―the teenage main social contracts between a writer and a character is usually perceptive, sensitive, specific public, whose function is to specify intelligent, mature, and independent‖ and ―the the proper use of a particular cultural actions and decisions of the main characters artifact‖(quoted in Bawarshi and Reiff : are major factors in the outcome of the 2010:18). conflict‖ (quoted in Nilsen and Donelson, Furthermore literary genre is a 2001:4). Bushman and Haas (2002) identify manifestation of the interplay between some ―common characteristics‖ of YA different human institutions as Briggs and Literature: ―Conflicts are often consistent Bauman stated that with the young adult‘s experience, themes are often of interest to young people, protagonists ―Genres have strong historical associa- and most characters are young adults, and the tions— proverbs and fairy tales have the language parallels that of young people‖ ring of the traditional past, whereas electronic mail (E-mail) is associated with (2002:2). These statements provide insight the ultramodern. Genres also bear social, into the distinguishing features of YA ideological, and political-economic connec- Literature, even though they are partial, not tions; genres may thus be associated with comprehensive. Nilsen and Donelson (2001) distinct groups as defined by gender, age, social class, occupation, and the like‖ offer the term ―YA Literature‖ as an umbrella (1992:147). term that includes various literary works written for young adults instead of such terms From the discussion above, it can be said as ―teenage books,‖ ―teen fiction,‖ ―juvenile that Young Adult (YA hereafter) literature fiction,‖ or ―adolescent literature.‖ Further- qualifies as a literary genre because it reflects more they list the characteristics of YA the changes in society as well as induces a Literature: Parafrase Vol. 15 No.01 Mei 2015 2 Tri Pramestri – Considering Young Adult Literature 1. ―Young adult authors write from the view matter of YA Literature match issues in point of young people‖: YA books are adolescents‘ personal, social, intellectual, and written through the eyes of adolescents. cognitive development, saying that ―we can, 2. In YA stories, the protagonists get rid of through YA Literature, connect them with their parents or an elder to accomplish issues that are contemporary, such as gender their own goals. bias or orientation‖ (1995:32). 3. YA plots develop speedily through a restricted number of events and characters. CONTEMPORARY YOUNG ADULT 4. ―YA Literature includes a variety of genres FICTION and subjects‖: YA books are abundant in a Young adult fiction becomes more and remarkable diversity of subjects, themes, more popular after the publication of J.K. and genres. Rowling ‗s Harry Potter and Stephanie 5. ―The body of work includes stories about Meyer's Twilight saga . The year 2011 has characters from many different ethnic and seen an explosion of books catering to this cultural groups‖: YA Literature reflects ever-expanding bimodal audience, not only in social, economic, and ethnic multiplicity. novels for young adults but increasingly in 6. ―Young adult books are basically titles for middle-grade readers, elementary optimistic, with characters making worthy school readers, even the preschool set,1 accomplishments‖: YA works inspire whether they are written by best-selling adolescent readers by showing them how authors who are now writing for a younger to successfully mature from childhood to audience, or first-time novelists. Carpenter adulthood, even in the face of cruel further stated that Young adult continues to realities. be the topic of discussion due to Suzanne 7. ―Successful young adult novels deal with Collins‘ hugely popular Hunger Games emotions that are important to young trilogy, which has triggered an avalanche of adults‖: YA fiction addresses issues of dystopian fiction set in barely recognizable, physical growth and mental maturity in post-Apocalyptic American. adolescents‘ developmental tasks. The history of contemporary
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