GUIDED READING the Power of the Church Section 4

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CHAPTER 13 GUIDED READING The Power of the Church Section 4

A. Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about the clashes between the Church and European rulers, note the causes and outcomes of each action listed in the chart.

Causes Actions Outcomes 1. Otto invades Italy on pope’s behalf.

2. Pope Gregory bans lay investi- ture.

3. Henry IV travels to Canossa.

4. Representatives of Church and emperor meet in Worms.

5. Lombard League ﬁghts Battle of Legnano.

©M C. Writing Informative Compositions On the back of this paper, explain how the Church was a unifying force in medieval society. Use the following terms in your writing. clergy sacrament canon law

European Middle Ages 69 wh10a-IDR-0313_P7 11/24/20034:06PMPage72 yy yyyyy yyyyy yyyyyyyyy yyyy yyyy yyy yyyy yyy 72 Name T 966 muchofthePolishregionhadsidedwithRome, the newfaithfulcausedaboominreligiousbuildings. to 22millionin950—andtheneedaccommodateall increasing rapidly—fromaround14millionin600 churches. Thepopulationofthecontinentwas western Europewastheincreasedpresenceof feudal Europewasnearlyrealized. sions, theChurch’s visionofaspiritualkingdomin after 800.By1000,attheendofageinva- Section 4 It wasaneraofnewRomanChristianstates.By A signofthespreadRomanChristianityin Unit 13 CHAPTER Catholic Church—grewinwesternEurope he inﬂuenceoftheLatinChurch—theRoman 3, Christianity inEuropeAround1000 A 0 0 y TLANTIC Chapter OCEAN OCEAN Pagan lands Eastern Orthodox Islamic Lands Latin Church Feudal Europe’s Religious Inﬂuences GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: PLACE the questionsthatfollow. Directions: Readtheparagraphsbelowandstudymapcarefully. Thenanswer SPAIN SP 300 Miles AIN 13 600 Kilometers FRANCE

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B the twoforever. Constantinople andRome—wouldsoonseparate between thetwowingsofChristianity—headedby south haddoneintheeighthcentury. Disputes Orthodox, orByzantine,Church,asregionstothe prince ofKievreceivedbaptismfromtheEastern Christianity. bring EnglandundertheinﬂuenceofRoman saints.” Then,between500and900,Ireland In theﬁfthcentury, Irelandbecamethe“islandof of ScandinaviaadoptedtheLatinChurchby1000. as didthatofHungaryaround986.Largesections

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Name Feudal Europe’s Religious Influences continued

Interpreting Text and Visuals

1. What two forms of Christianity were found in Europe in 1000? ______

2. What surrounds most of the northern section of Eastern Orthodox land? ______

3. Which cities were the leaders of the two Christian religions? ______

4. What was the main religion of southern Spain? ______

5. What nine full or partial political divisions made up the Latin Church around 1000? ______

______

6. What areas of the Latin Church were bordered by pagan lands? ______

______

7. What body of water touched Latin, Eastern Orthodox, and pagan lands?______

8. Look carefully at the map. In what place would you anticipate a major effort by the Latin Church to expand its inﬂuence? Why? ______

______

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CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE Letters of Gregory VII and 13 Henry IV Section 4 In 1075 Pope Gregory VII became locked in a power struggle with Henry IV, the German emperor. First, the pope excommunicated ﬁve of Henry’s advisers and suspended six bishops that Henry had appointed. Next, Henry deﬁed the pope by continuing to communicate with his advisers and sending the six bishops to posts in Italy. Then the pope sent the following letter of protest to Henry. As you read the letters, think about why the two men opposed one another so bitterly.

regory, bishop, servant of the servants of God, Nevertheless, that this decree may not seem to Gto Henry, the King, greeting and apostolic you beyond measure grievous and unjust, we have benediction,—that is, if he be obedient to the apos- commanded you by your faithful ambassadors to tolic see as is becoming in a Christian king: send to us the wisest and most pious men whom It is with some hesitation that we have sent you you can ﬁnd in your kingdom, so that if they can our apostolic benediction, knowing that for all our show or instruct us in any way how we can temper acts as pope we must render an account to God, the sentence promulgated by the holy fathers with- the severe judge. It is reported that you have will- out offense to the eternal King or danger to our ingly associated with men who have been excom- souls, we may consider their advice. But, even if we municated by decree of the Pope and sentence of a had not warned you in so friendly a manner, it synod. If this be true, you are very well aware that would have been only right on your part, before you can receive the blessing neither of God nor of you violated the apostolic decrees, to ask justice of the Pope until you have driven them from you and us in a reasonable manner. . . . But from what you have compelled them to do penance, and have also have since done and decreed it is evident how little yourself sought absolution and forgiveness for your you care for our warnings, or for the observance of transgressions with due repentance and good works. justice. Therefore we advise you that, if you realize your But since we hope that, while the long-suffering guilt in this matter, you immediately confess to patience of God still invites you to repent, you may some pious bishop, who shall absolve you with our become wiser and your heart may be turned to permission. . . . obey the commands of God, we warn you with We wonder, moreover, that you should continue fatherly love that, knowing the rule of Christ to be to assure us by letter and messengers of your devo- over you, you should consider how dangerous it is tion and humility; . . . and that you should commend to place your honor above His. . . . [R]ather with yourself to us with all zeal of love and reverence— faithful devotion you should offer your assistance to whereas in fact you are constantly disobeying the the increasing of this liberty to omnipotent God canonical and apostolic decrees in important matters and St. Peter. . . . You ought to recognize what you of the faith. . . . undoubtedly owe to them for giving you victory Now in the synod held at the apostolic seat to over your enemies, that as they have gladdened you which the divine will has called us (at which some with great prosperity, so they should see that you of your subjects also were present) we, seeing that are thereby rendered more devout. And in order the Christian religion had been weakened by many that the fear of God, in whose hands is all power attacks, . . . were alarmed at the evident danger of and all rule, may affect your heart more than these the destruction of the ﬂock of the Lord, and had our warnings, you should recall what happened to

holy fathers. We decreed nothing new, nothing of ©M our invention; but we decided that the error should self in his triumph and did not obey the warnings be abandoned and the single primitive rule of of the prophet, and how God reproved him; and, ecclesiastical discipline and the familiar way of the on the other hand, what grace King David acquired saints should be again sought out and followed. . . . by reason of his humility, as well as his other virtues.

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Name Letters of Gregory VII and Henry IV continued

Henry IV’s Reply am, have yet been anointed to rule among the anointed of God, and who, according to the teach- Henry, king not by usurpation, but by the holy ing of the fathers, can be judged by no one save ordination of God, to Hildebrand, not pope, but God alone, and can be deposed for no crime except false monk. This is the salutation which you infidelity. For the holy fathers in the time of the deserve, for you have never held any office in the apostate Julian [Roman Emperor 361–363] did not Church without making it a source of confusion presume to pronounce sentence of deposition and a curse to Christian men, instead of an honor against him, but left him to be judged and con- and a blessing. To mention only the most obvious demned by God. St. Peter himself said, “Fear God, cases out of many, you have not only dared to lay honor the king.” But you, who fear not God, have hands on the Lord’s anointed, the archbishops, dishonored me, whom He hath established. St. bishops, and priests, but you have scorned them Paul, who said that even an angel from heaven and abused them, as if they were ignorant servants should be accursed who taught any other than the not fit to know what their master was doing. This true doctrine, did not make an exception in your you have done to gain favor with the vulgar crowd. favor, to permit you to teach false doctrines. For he You have declared that the bishops know nothing says, “But though we, or an angel from heaven, and that you know everything; but if you have such preach any other gospel unto you great wisdom you have used it not than that which we have preached to build but to destroy. Therefore unto you, let him be accursed.” we believe that St. Gregory, whose “Come down, come Come down, then, from that apos- name you have presumed to take, tolic seat which you have obtained had you in mind when he said: down, and be by violence; for you have been “The heart of the prelate is puffed accursed through declared accursed by St. Paul for up by the abundance of subjects, your false doctrines, and have and he thinks himself more power- all the ages.” been condemned by us and our ful than all others.” All this we bishops for your evil rule. Let have endured because of our another ascend the throne of St. respect for the papal office, but you have mistaken Peter, one who will not use religion as a cloak of our humility for fear, and have dared to make an violence, but will teach the life giving doctrine of attack upon the royal and imperial authority which that prince of the apostles. I, Henry, king by the we received from God. You have even threatened grace of God, with all my bishops, say unto you: to take it away, as if we had received it from you, “Come down, come down, and be accursed and as if the Empire and kingdom were in your dis- through all the ages.” posal and not in the disposal of God. Our Lord Jesus Christ has called us to the government of the from Milton Viorst, The Great Documents of Western Empire, but He never called you to the rule of the Civilization (New York: Bantam, 1965), 43–49. Church. This is the way you have gained advance- ment in the Church: through craft you have Activity Options obtained wealth; through wealth you have obtained 1. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects favor; through favor, the power of the sword; and Draw a cause-and-effect diagram to illustrate through the power of the sword, the papal seat, what happened after Henry IV first defied Pope which is the seat of peace; and then from the seat Gregory VII. of peace you have expelled peace. For you have 2. Analyzing Motives With a partner, role-play a incited subjects to rebel against their prelates by conversation between Pope Gregory VII and teaching them to despise the bishops, their rightful Henry IV in which you air your differences of cDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. rulers. You have given to laymen the authority over opinion.

©M priests, whereby they condemn and depose those whom the bishops have put over them to teach them. You have attacked me, who, unworthy as I

European Middle Ages 77 wh10a-IDR-0313_P23 11/24/20034:06PMPage88 88 Name Multiple Choice Church. Answertheminthespaceprovided. Determining MainIdeas __.MedievalChristians,whetherrichorpoor, ____3. Thebishopsandpriestswhothepopein ____2. TheGerman-Italianempirelaterbecame ____1. Section 4 Unit 13 CHAPTER . WhathappenedattheBattle ofLegnano? 9. WhatwastheConcordatof Worms? 8. Howdidpopesinthe11th century useexcommunicationandinterdictsaspoliticaltools? 7. WhywastheChurchsoimportantinlivesofpeople? 6. practice otherwiseknownas had tofollowtherulesofChurch,a Rome hadauthorityoverwerecalledthe known as .theTen Commandments. d. c. Justinian’s Code. Hammurabi’s Code. b. a. canon law. d. clergy. c. disciples. noblemen. b. a. sacrament. KingdomofHungary. d. HolyRomanEmpire. c. Barbarossa. b. Canossa. a. 3, ______Chapter RETEACHING ACTIVITY Choose thebestanswerforeachitem.Write theletterofyouranswerinblank. 13 The followingquestionsdealwiththepowerof The PoweroftheChurch ____5. The practiceoftheappointmentchurch ____5. Religiousceremoniesthatledtoachieving ____4. officials bykingsandnobleswascalled salvation werecalled .feudalism. d. c. excommunication. layinvestiture. b. a. royal authority. sacraments. d. c. icons. interdicts. b. excommunications. a. Date