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Salle Pleyel VENDREDI 6 SEPTEMBRE - 20H Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski Concerto pour piano n° 1 entracte Richard Strauss Une vie de héros septembre 2013 septembre | Vendredi 6 | Vendredi Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Manfred Honeck, direction Yuja Wang, piano Concert diffusé le 2 octobre à 20h sur France Musique. Fin du concert vers 22h. Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Orchestra Symphony Pittsburgh Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski (1840-1893) Concerto pour piano et orchestre n° 1 en si bémol mineur op. 23 Allegro non troppo et molto maestoso Andantino semplice Allegro con fuoco Composition : 1874-février 1875. Révisions : été 1879, décembre 1888. Dédicace : d’abord à Nikolaï Rubinstein, puis à Hans von Bülow. Création : 13 octobre 1875, à Boston, par Hans von Bülow au piano et le Boston Symphony Orchestra sous la direction de Benjamin Boston Lang. Durée : environ 35 minutes. La dialectique soliste versus orchestre, élaborée par le concerto classique et portée à son apogée par le romantisme, joue à plein dans le Concerto pour piano n° 1 de Tchaïkovski, qui est aujourd’hui l’un des concertos pour piano les plus aimés et les plus interprétés du répertoire, aux côtés du Concerto « Empereur » de Beethoven ou des Concertos n° 2 et 3 de Rachmaninov. La réaction du grand pianiste Nicolaï Rubinstein, lorsque Tchaïkovski soumit à l’automne 1874 la partition tout juste achevée à son approbation, ne laissait pourtant pas augurer d’un tel succès. Le compositeur, novice dans l’art du concerto, avait voulu l’avis d’un virtuose sur l’écriture de la partie soliste (Tchaïkovski était bon pianiste, mais n’avait rien d’un prodige du clavier à la Rachmaninov ou à la Prokofiev). Bien mal lui en prit, puisque la nouvelle œuvre subit un véritable déluge de critiques qui blessèrent profondément le musicien : « Il en ressortit que mon concerto ne valait rien, qu’il était injouable, que les passages sont plats, maladroits et tellement malcommodes qu’il est impossible de les améliorer, que l’œuvre en elle-même est mauvaise, que j’ai volé des choses à droite et à gauche, qu’il n’y a que deux ou trois pages qui peuvent être conservées, mais que tout le reste doit être abandonné ou complètement remanié » (lettre à Nadejda von Meck, 1878). Heureusement, Hans von Bülow, qui en assura finalement la création en octobre 1875 à Boston, n’était pas du même avis. Nikolaï Rubinstein lui-même finit d’ailleurs par changer d’opinion, puisqu’il le joua à Moscou en 1878. L’œuvre parut dans une première version en 1875 puis fut révisée à deux reprises, en 1879 et 1888 ; la majeure partie des différences concerne l’écriture pianistique, qui évolue vers plus de brillance et d’éclat, essentiellement dans le premier mouvement. 2 VENDREDI 6 sEptEmbRE Celui-ci, qui représente à lui seul presque les trois cinquièmes de l’œuvre, a en effet des allures de feu d’artifice pianistique. Superbement déclamatoire pour certains, emphatique pour d’autres, son motif initial – qui compte parmi les airs les plus connus de la musique classique – ne laisse personne indifférent. Contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait croire, il ne constitue pas le premier thème de la classique forme sonate, mais joue un rôle d’introduction ; il est présenté sous différents jours, depuis le thème de cordes entrelacé d’un piano massif du début aux accords heurtés du piano juste soutenu de pizzicati qui suivent, pour finir sur une péroraison où se joignent les masses orchestrales et le soliste. C’est une sorte de choral aux vents qui annonce le véritable thème, une course irrégulière d’octaves pianistiques d’abord légers, inspirés d’un motif populaire ukrainien ; à ce galop répondent deux thèmes plus lyriques, aux bois puis aux cordes. Le développement suivant fait la part belle au pianiste, qui se voit réserver plusieurs passages de virtuosité, sans négliger pour autant les pages orchestrales ; une évolution fondue mène à une réexposition raccourcie puis à la véritable cadence (que bien des passages quasi-solo préfiguraient), rhapsodique à souhait, utilisant volontiers les ressources du registre aigu, avant une coda puissante. Il y avait parfois dans le premier mouvement quelques accents lisztiens ; l’Andantino central, lui, prend indubitablement des airs de Chopin, notamment dans le charmant thème de flûte sur pizzicati de cordes qui en forme la première partie. L’atmosphère y est champêtre, une impression créée tant par l’utilisation des instruments à vent (flûte puis hautbois) que par le falsobordone des cordes en quintes à vide ou les tierces parallèles de la petite danse paysanne. Au centre, un passage Allegro vivace assai, où le piano joue les anguilles tandis que l’orchestre entame le thème joyeux et léger d’une chansonnette d’origine française, selon Modest, le frère du compositeur. Quant au finale, il est tout bonnement bondissant, avec ses phrases enchaînées, ses ornements enjoués, ses piquants contretemps et ses fanfares orchestrales ; un second thème, plus lyrique, vient répondre au premier motif, faisant de ce tableau, comme l’explique André Lischke, une sorte de « scène chorégraphique entre la danse populaire russe et le ballet classique ». Il se clôt en apothéose sur le deuxième thème : ce sera aussi le cas du Concerto n° 2 de Rachmaninov et c’est diablement efficace. 3 Richard Strauss (1864-1949) Une vie de héros, poème symphonique op. 40 Der Held [le Héros] Des Helden Widersacher [les adversaires du Héros] Des Helden Gefährtin [la compagne du Héros] Des Helden Walstatt [la bataille du Héros] Des Helden Friedenswerke [les œuvres de paix du Héros] Des Helden Weltflucht und Vollendung [la retraite du Héros et l’accomplissement] Composition : 1830-1832. Création : le 3 mars 1899, Francfort-sur-le-Main, sous la direction du compositeur. Dédicace : au jeune chef d’orchestre Willem Mengelberg et à l’orchestre du Concertgebouw d’Amsterdam. Effectif : piccolo, 3 flûtes, 3 hautbois, cor anglais (également hautbois), clarinette en mi bémol, 2 clarinettes en si bémol, clarinette basse, 3 bassons, contrebasson – 8 cors, 5 trompettes, 3 trombones, tuba ténor, tuba basse – timbales, batterie (dont grosse caisse, petit tambour militaire, grande caisse roulante, tam-tam) – 2 harpes – cordes. Durée : environ 45 minutes. Avec Une vie de héros, composé quelque dix ans après Don Juan, Strauss prend congé du poème symphonique (Tondichtung), un sillon qu’il a creusé avec enthousiasme pendant ces quelques années : voici l’une de ses dernières « gammes » (mais quelles gammes !) avant d’aborder l’opéra si désiré, frôlé déjà – mais non étreint – avec Guntram en 1894. Depuis Don Juan ou Macbeth, l’orchestre s’est étoffé (Une vie de héros, comme ses deux cadettes symphoniques, la Sinfonia domestica de 1904 et Une symphonie alpestre en 1915, utilise l’orchestre « par quatre »), les durées se sont allongées (ici, trois quarts d’heure) ; mais surtout, la polyphonie s’est développée et certains jeux de mélodies polytonales distendent à l’extrême l’harmonie fonctionnelle, préfigurant les opéras du début du siècle (Salomé ou Elektra). Cette « audace harmonique à faire dresser les cheveux sur la tête » a fortement marqué Dukas, qui note dans la Revue hebdomadaire en 1900 : « On n’avait rien osé de pareil avant M. Strauss et M. Strauss lui-même n’avait encore rien écrit de si hardi. » Une vie de héros : nombre de musicologues, s’appuyant sur les multiples autocitations de la cinquième partie de l’œuvre (« Les œuvres de paix du héros »), ont identifié Strauss lui-même au héros, considérant la partition comme une autobiographie musicale. Cependant, si autobiographie il y a, celle-ci ne peut être que fictive (contrairement à la Sinfonia domestica, qui trace, comme son nom le suggère, « un portrait familial et un autoportrait symphoniques ») : cette intériorité qui s’exprime dans son combat contre le monde – l’œuvre devait s’appeler Héros et monde – peut bien prendre parfois les traits du compositeur, elle n’est pas le compositeur lui-même. Si Strauss, dans ses notes, parle en général de « héros », il utilise aussi parfois, de façon symptomatique, le terme bien plus distancié de « force héroïque ». En fait, en tant qu’expression parfois fantasmatique d’un « moi », l’œuvre rejoint ce que Liszt nommait « épopée philosophique » et n’est finalement pas si éloignée, par exemple, des symphonies de Mahler qui lui sont contemporaines… 4 VENDREDI 6 sEptEmbRE Les trois premiers « mouvements » (il s’agit là de mouvements enchaînés, unis par une profonde communauté thématique) présentent les protagonistes, en commençant, comme il se doit, par « le héros » : thème large de cors et de cordes dans un mi bémol majeur héroïque hérité de Beethoven, dont la courbe emplie d’élan n’est pas sans rappeler le premier thème de Don Juan. Deux autres mélodies lui sont bientôt adjointes et leurs combinaisons forment la matière sonore de cette première partie toute de vigueur et d’extériorité. Le scherzo ricanant des « adversaires du héros » met fin à l’héroïsme : sonorités aigres de flûte, de piccolo ou de hautbois, grognements des tubas, mélodie hachée de sauts malaisés, polyrythmie bancale. Le héros d’abord mis à mal (sonorités mineures, contrechant plaintif) finit par triompher des caquètements ; son thème de fanfare, issu du mouvement précédent, retentit avant de laisser la place au violon solo, voix de « la compagne du héros » (inspirée de Pauline, la femme du compositeur), tour à tour languissante, espiègle, sentimentale, joueuse, aimable ou frénétique, comme l’indique la partition. À la pyrotechnie violonistique (accords, polyphonie, balayages, groupes-fusées…) répond un orchestre à l’éclat plus mat, débarrassé des vents aigus, puis un grand adagio lyrique réunit soliste et orchestre dans un écrin sonore chatoyant. Un lointain rappel du thème des adversaires fait basculer l’œuvre dans sa seconde partie et une fanfare venant de l’arrière-scène lance « la bataille du héros », où Strauss fait preuve de tout son génie orchestral : sonorités colorées (batterie, vents aigus, modes de jeu des cordes), superpositions rythmiques complexes, thèmes fondus ou au contraire violemment opposés (on croirait presque, par moments, les collages d’un Stravinski dans Petrouchka).
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