Mark the Evangelist 1 Mark the Evangelist

" Mark" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Mark (disambiguation).

Mark the Evangelist

Evangelist,

Born 1st century AD Cyrene, Pentapolis of North , according to Coptic tradition

Died traditionally 68 AD

Honored in All Christian churches

Feast 25

Patronage Barristers, , , Mainar is the purported (מרקוס :Mark the Evangelist (: Mārcus; Greek: Μᾶρκος; Coptic: Μαρκοϲ; Hebrew traditional author of the of Mark. One of the , Mark founded the Church of , one of the original three main episcopal sees of . His feast day is celebrated on , and his symbol is the winged lion.

Mark's identity

According to William Lane (1974), an "unbroken tradition" identifies Mark the Evangelist with , and John Mark as the cousin of .[1] However, Hippolytus of in On the Seventy Apostles distinguishes Mark the Evangelist (2 Tim 4:11), John Mark (Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37), and Mark the cousin Mark the Evangelist symbol is the winged lion of Barnabas (Col 4:10; Phlm 1:24). According to Hippolytus, they all belonged to the "Seventy Disciples" who were sent out by to saturate with the gospel (Luke 10:1ff.). However, when Jesus explained that his flesh was "real food" and his blood was "real drink", many disciples left him (John 6:44–6:66), presumably including Mark. He was later restored to faith by the apostle Peter; he then became Peter’s interpreter, wrote the , founded the church of Africa, and became the of Alexandria.

According to of Caesarea (Eccl. Hist. 2.9.1–4), I in his first year of reign over the whole Judea (AD 41) killed James, son of and arrested Peter, planning to kill him after the . Peter was Mark the Evangelist 2

saved miraculously by , and escaped out of the realm of Herod (Acts 12:1–19). Peter went to , then through Minor (visiting the churches in , , , Asia, and , as mentioned in 1 Pet 1:1), and arrived in Rome in the second year of Emperor (AD 42; Eusebius, Eccl, Hist. 2.14.6). Somewhere on the way, Peter picked up Mark and took him as travel companion and interpreter. Mark the Evangelist wrote down the of Peter, thus composing the Gospel according to Mark (Eccl. Hist. 15–16), before he left for Alexandria in the third year of Claudius (43). In AD 49, about 19 years after the , Mark traveled to Alexandria [cf. c. 49 [cf. Acts 15:36–41] and founded the - today, both the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria claim to be successors to this original community.[2] Aspects of the Coptic liturgy can be traced back to Mark himself.Wikipedia:Citation needed He became the first bishop of Alexandria and he is honored as the founder of . According to Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. 2.24.1), Mark was succeeded by Annianus as the bishop of Alexandria in the eighth year of (62/63), probably, but not definitely, due to his coming death. Later Coptic tradition says that he was martyred in 68.[3][4][5] The Gospel of Mark was written by an anonymous author.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The Gospel wasn't written and does not claim to be written by direct witnesses to the reported events.[][14][15]

Biblical and traditional information

Evidence for Mark the Evangelist's authorship of the Gospel that bears his name originates with Papias.[16] Scholars of the Trinity Evangelical Divinity School are "almost certain" that Papias refers to John Mark.[17] However, Catholic scholars have argued that identifying Mark the Evangelist with John Mark and Mark the Cousin of Barnabas has led to the downgrading of the character of Barnabas from truly a "Son of Comfort" to one who favored his blood relative over principles.

Identifying Mark the Evangelist with John Mark also led to identifying him as the man who carried water to the house where the took place (:13), or as the young man who ran away naked when Jesus was arrested (Mark 14:51–52). The Coptic Church accords with identifying Mark the Evangelist with

John Mark, as well as that he was one of the Seventy Disciples sent out , St. Mark the Evangelist, 1657. by (Luke 10:1), as Hippolytus confirmed. Coptic tradition also holds that Mark the Evangelist hosted the disciples in his house after Jesus' death, that the resurrected Jesus Christ came to Mark's house (John 20), and that the descended on the disciples at in the same house. Furthermore, Mark is also believed to have been among the servants at the who poured out the water that Jesus turned to wine (John 2:1–11).[]

According to the Coptic tradition, Saint Mark was born in Cyrene, a city in the Pentapolis of North Africa (now ). This tradition adds that Mark returned to Pentapolis later in life, after being sent by Saint Paul to (Colossians 4:10; Philemon 24. Some, however, think these actually refer to Mark the Cousin of Barnabas), and serving with him in Rome (2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria. When Mark returned to Alexandria, the pagans of the city resented his efforts to turn the Alexandrians away from the worship of their traditional gods.Wikipedia:Citation needed In AD 68 they placed a rope around his neck and dragged him through the streets until he was dead.[18] Mark the Evangelist 3

Where Saint John Mark (son of Mary) is distinguished from Saint Mark, the composer of the earliest Gospel that we have, Saint John Mark is celebrated on September 27th (as in the Roman ) and the writer of the Gospel on April 25th. In addition to Saint John Mark's in , the Parish Church of Chester Hill with Sefton in the Diocese of Sydney (Anglican Church of Australia) is Saint John Mark's and it celebrated its patronal on September 27th. And icon of Saint John Mark on Cyprus, painted by a Russian Orthodox at Walsingham, was formerly in that church and is now in Christ Church Saint Laurence in Sydney.

Relics of St. Mark

In 828, believed to be the body of St. Mark were stolen from Alexandria by two Venetian merchants with the help of two Greek and taken to Venice.[19] A in St Mark's Basilica depicts sailors covering the relics with a layer of pork and cabbage leaves. Since are not permitted to touch pork, this was done to prevent the guards from inspecting the ship's cargo too closely. "History records no more shameless example of body snatching," as John Julius Norwich put it.[20]

Donald Nicol explained this act as "motivated as much by politics as by piety", and "a calculated stab at the pretensions of the of Aquileia." But instead of being used to adorn the church of Grado, which claimed to possess the throne of St. Mark, but was kept secretly by Doge Giustiniano Participazio in his modest palace. Possession of St. Mark's remains was, in Nicol's words, "the symbol not of the Patriarchate of Grado, nor of the bishopric of Olivolo, but of the city of

Venice." In his will Doge Giustininao asked his widow to build a Mark the Evangelist listening to the winged lion, basilica dedicated to St. Mark, which was erected between the palace Mark, image 21 of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch and the chapel of St. , who until then had been or Lorsch of Venice.[21]

In 1063, during the construction of a new basilica in Venice, St. Mark's relics could not be found. However, according to tradition, in 1094 the saint himself revealed the location of his remains by extending an arm from a pillar. The newfound remains were placed in a sarcophagus in the basilica. believe that the head of St. Mark remains in a church named after him in Alexandria, and parts of his relics are in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, . The rest of his relics are in the San Marco Cathedral in Venice, Italy. Every year, on the 30th day of the month of , the Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates the commemoration of the consecration of the church of St. Mark, and the appearance of the head of the saint in the city of Alexandria. This takes place inside St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, where the saint's head is preserved. In , Cyril VI of Alexandria sent an official delegation to Rome to receive a of St. Mark from Pope Paul VI. The delegation consisted of ten metropolitans and , seven of whom were Coptic and three Ethiopian, and three prominent Coptic lay leaders. The relic was said to be a small piece of bone that had been given to the Roman pope by Giovanni Cardinal Urbani, of Venice. Pope Paul, in an address to the delegation, said that the rest of the relics of the saint remained in Venice. The delegation received the relic on June 22, 1968. The next day, the delegation celebrated a pontifical liturgy in the Church of Saint Athanasius the Apostolic in Rome. The metropolitans, bishops, and priests of the delegation all served in the liturgy. Members of the Roman papal delegation, Copts who lived in Rome, newspaper and news agency reporters, and many foreign dignitaries attended the liturgy. Mark the Evangelist 4

In a 2011 episode of the National Geographic Channel television series Mystery Files, historian Andrew Chugg suggests that the Great's body was stolen from Alexandria, Egypt by Venetian merchants who believed it to be that of St. Mark the Evangelist. They smuggled the remains to Venice, which were then venerated as St. Mark the Evangelist in the Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco.[22][23][24]

In art

Mark the Evangelist is most often depicted writing or holding his gospel. In Christian tradition, Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel is symbolized by a lion – a figure of courage and monarchy. Some Christian legends refer to Saint Mark as "Saint Mark The Lionhearted". These legends say that he was thrown to the Lions and the animals refused to attack or eat him. Instead the Lions slept at his feet, while he petted them. When the Romans saw this, they released him impressed by this sight. Mark the Evangelist attributes are the Lion in the desert; he can be depicted as a bishop on a throne decorated with lions; as a man helping Venetian sailors. Mark the Evangelist is often depicted holding a book with "pax tibi Marce" written on it or holding a palm and book. Mark the Evangelist attributes are the Lion in the desert. Other depictions of Mark show him as a man with a book or scroll accompanied by a winged lion. the lion might also be associated with Jesus' Resurrection because lions were believed to sleep with open eyes, thus a comparison with Christ in his tomb, and Christ as king.

Mark the Evangelist can be depicted as a man with a halter around his neck and as Mark the Evangelist rescuing Christian slaves from .

St. Mark by (, )

Depictions of Mark the Evangelist

Mark the Evangelist The martyrdom of Mark the Evangelist by Mark the Evangelist with the looking at the lion, c.823. Saint Mark. Très , 1450 lion, 1524 Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly), c. 1412 and 1416 Mark the Evangelist 5

Saint Mark on a St. Mark writes his Mark the Evangelist by Il St Mark the Evangelist Icon 17th-century naive Evangelium at the Pordenone (c. 1484 – 1539) from the royal gates of the painting by unknown dictation of St. Peter, central iconostasis of the Kazan artist in the choir of St by Pasquale Ottino, Cathedral in St.-Petersburgh, Mary church (Sankta 17th century, 1804. Maria kyrka) in Åhus, Beaux-Arts, Sweden. Bordeaux

Major • Basilica di San Marco (Venice, Italy) • Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Cairo, Egypt) • Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria, Egypt)

References Specific [1] Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter p55 C. Clifton Black – 2001 –"... infrequent occurrence in the Septuagint (Num 36:11; Tob 7:2) to its presence in Josephus (JW 1.662; Ant 1.290, 15.250) and Philo (On the Embassy to 67), anepsios consistently carries the connotation of "cousin," though ..." [2] See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"

[3] Acts 15:36–40 (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=acts 15:36-40& version=NASB)

[4] :11 (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=2timothy 4:11& version=NASB)

[5] Philemon 1:24 (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=philemon 1:24& version=NASB) [6] E P Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, 1995) page 63 - 64. [7] Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The : a historical introduction to early Christian writings. Oxford University Press.

[8] Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) International Standard Encyclopedia: K-P (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=r7QTYwYvvx0C&

pg=PA287& dq=matthew,+ like+ the+ other+ three+ Gospels+ is+ an+ anonymous+ document. & hl=nl& ei=ulSOTJXtKNS7jAfajcGhBg&

sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=matthew, like the other three Gospels is an

anonymous document. & f=false) MATTHEW, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: „Matthew, like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document.”

[9] Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris (2002:328) Invitation to the Gospels (http:/ / books. google. nl/

books?id=VrmW1eXBILgC& pg=PA328& dq=gospels+ anonymous& hl=nl& ei=9V6OTMiWJMiOjAfs05X8BQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&

ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=gospels anonymous& f=false) Paulist Press.

[10] Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) The : an introduction (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=5SSytjasmAgC& pg=PA43&

dq=gospels+ anonymous& hl=nl& ei=9V6OTMiWJMiOjAfs05X8BQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=6&

ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage& q=gospels anonymous& f=false) Westminster John Knox Press.

[11] Ben Witherington (2004:44) The Gospel code: novel claims about Jesus, , and Da Vinci (http:/ / books. google. nl/

books?id=_1zuyIimlzcC& pg=PA44& dq=gospels+ anonymous& hl=nl& ei=9V6OTMiWJMiOjAfs05X8BQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&

ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage& q=gospels anonymous& f=false) InterVarsity Press.

[12] F.F. Bruce (1994:1) The (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=0MzO2GD62JUC& pg=PA1& dq=gospels+ anonymous&

hl=nl& ei=9V6OTMiWJMiOjAfs05X8BQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=8& ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=gospels

anonymous& f=false) Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

[13] Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) The Gospel of Mark Made Easy (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=LYjpVXhF-GIC& pg=PA16&

dq=gospels+ anonymous& hl=nl& ei=9V6OTMiWJMiOjAfs05X8BQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=10&

ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage& q=gospels anonymous& f=false) Paulist Press Mark the Evangelist 6

[14] Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary

Magdalene, and Constantine. (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=vbLK6kn5T-EC& pg=PA110& dq=ehrman+ gospels+ "don't+ even+

claim+ to+ be+ written& hl=nl& ei=nYQXTJDEKpaisQboquDmCQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&

ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false) Oxford University Press.

[15] Bart D. Ehrman (2006:143) The lost Gospel of : a new look at betrayer and betrayed. (http:/ / books. google. nl/

books?id=oBuJMhJlTYwC& pg=PA143& dq=ehrman+ gospels+ "do+ not+ claim+ to+ be+ written& hl=nl&

ei=c4IXTPWcC4WWsQavv9HiCQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false) Oxford University Press.

[16] Papias, Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord, VI. Newadvent.org (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ fathers/ 0125. htm) [17] D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris, An Introduction to the New Testament (, 1992), 93.

[18] H.H. Pope Shenouda III. The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter Seven. Tasbeha.org (http:/ / tasbeha. org/

content/ hh_books/ Stmark/ ) [19] Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in diplomatic and cultural relations (Cambridge: University Press, 1988), p. 24 [20] Cited in Gayford, Martin, "Treasures of Heaven, , Relics and Devotion in Medieval Europe, British Museum",The Telegraph, June 11,

2011 (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ culture/ art/ 8565805/

Treasures-of-Heaven-Saints-Relics-and-Devotion-in-Medieval-Europe-British-Museum. html) [21] Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, pp. 24-6

[22] http:/ / www. metacafe. com/ watch/ cb-1LsVpeVIO9Qp/ mystery_files_the_disappearance_of_alexanders_tomb/

[23] http:/ / www. smh. com. au/ entertainment/ tv-and-radio/ mystery-files-alexander-the-great-wednesday-june-29-20110624-1gicv. html

[24] http:/ / natgeotv. com/ uk/ mystery-files/ about

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Mark.

• The Life, and Martyrdom of St. Mark the Evangelist of Jesus Christ (http:/ / www. catholic-saints. net/

saints/ st-mark. php)

• H.B. Swete, 'St. Mark in the New Testament' (http:/ / hbswete. co. uk/ art13_a. html)

• H.B. Swete, 'St. Mark in Early Tradition' (http:/ / hbswete. co. uk/ art13_b. html)

• St. Mark the Apostle, Evangelist, and Preacher of the Christian Faith in Africa (http:/ / www. copticchurch. net/

topics/ synexarion/ mark. html) • A. J. Schem (1879). "Mark, Saint". The American Cyclopædia.

• Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy (http:/ / ocafs. oca. org/ FeastSaintsViewer. asp?SID=4& ID=1& FSID=100019) Orthodox icon and synaxarion

• santiebeati (http:/ / www. santiebeati. it/ dettaglio/ 20850)

• saints.sqpn (http:/ / saints. sqpn. com/ catholic-encyclopedia-saint-mark/ )

Coptic New creation Pope of Succeeded by Alexandria Anianus 43–68 Article Sources and Contributors 7 Article Sources and Contributors

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File:Jose leonardo-san marcos.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jose_leonardo-san_marcos.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Enrique Cordero, Ham File:Vittore carpaccio, leone di san marco 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vittore_carpaccio,_leone_di_san_marco_02.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mattes, Sailko File:Emmanuel Tzanes - St. Mark the Evangelist - 1657.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emmanuel_Tzanes_-_St._Mark_the_Evangelist_-_1657.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Emmanuel Tzanes File:Codexaureus 21.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Codexaureus_21.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Scriptorium of the Lorsch Abbey (Hofschule Karls des Großen), Germany Image:Stmark.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stmark.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Agamitsudo, Bohème, Butko, Cnelson, Evrik, G.dallorto, Sailko File:Vangeli di ebbone (evangelista marco), epernay, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 1 f 18 v., 20,8x26 cm, ante 823.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vangeli_di_ebbone_(evangelista_marco),_epernay,_Bibliothèque_municipale,_Ms._1_f_18_v.,_20,8x26_cm,_ante_823.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Batchheizer, Goodness Shamrock, Sailko, Shakko Image:Folio 19v - The Martyrdom of Saint Mark.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Folio_19v_-_The_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Mark.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Man vyi, Petrusbarbygere, Shakko File:Andrea Mantegna 087.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andrea_Mantegna_087.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, AndreasPraefcke, Aristeas, Bukk, Dmitry Rozhkov, Emijrp, Jenaesthetics, Mattes, Melkom, Shakko, Solbris, TeleComNasSprVen, Wst, Xenophon File:Evangelist-with-lion.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Evangelist-with-lion.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bohème, Bukk, Ji-Elle, Jonkerz, Julien Demade, Liftarn, Mattes, Mel22, Shakko, Skipjack, TTaylor, TwoWings, Wst, 2 anonymous edits File:Åhus kyrka-15.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Åhus_kyrka-15.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dcastor, Jssfrk, Sendelbach, Xenophon File:Pasquale Ottino San Marcos escribe sus Evangelios al dictado de San Pedro Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pasquale_Ottino_San_Marcos_escribe_sus_Evangelios_al_dictado_de_San_Pedro_Musée_des_Beaux-Arts,_Bordeaux.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Darwinius, Foroa, Hsarrazin, Magnificus, Mattes, Oxxo, Tancrède, Zolo File: - San Marco - Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Il_Pordenone_-_San_Marco_-_Budapest.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: YukioSanjo File:GRM Inv. J-3179.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GRM_Inv._J-3179.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Butko, Etnaa, Kilom691, Shakko, ShinePhantom, Syrio Image:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie Image:wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo, MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter License

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