DOCSLIB.ORG

On Eeg, Emotion & Odour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Eeg, Emotion & Odour A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/136112 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications - CONTENTS- Page C ontents..............................................................................................................................i List of tables and illustrations...........................................................................x Acknowledgem ents.................................................................................................... xiii D eclaration....................................................................................................................xiv A bstract...........................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1: Olfactory psychology-an introduction and o v e r v i e w ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Psychology and the sense of smell ......................................................... 1 1 .2 . The human psychophysiology of the sense of smell.................................. 6 1 .3 . The aims of the present thesis ................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Can odour alter behaviour? A review and critique of olfactory psychology .................................................................................. 1 1 2 .1 . Olfactory psychology: a definition ......................................................... 11 2 .2 . What is the use of smell? Some social consequences.............................. 12 2.3. Olfaction: Its common roles ................................................................. 14 2.4. Olfactory influences on affect and cognition .......................................... 15 2.4.i. Learning, memory and cognition .................................... 16 2.4.ii. Alteration of affective and expressive response to odour....... 18 2.4. a) Field studies ............................................................... 19 2.4. b) Laboratory-based experiments ...................................... 20 2 .5 . A caveat ................................................................................................... 23 2 .6 . Summary of behavioural effects of odour and a mention of the limbic system ............................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3: Foods and their odours-their effects on consumption and behaviour........................................................................ 29 3.1. The psychological usefulness of food: behavioural effects...................... 29 3 .2 . Food consumption and cognition in adults ............................................ 30 3 .3 . Nutrient-specific impairment? ................................................................ 32 3 .4 . Pre-and post-prandial response to food and food odour.......................... 34 3 .5 . Alliesthesia and the concept of sensory-specific satiety........................... 36 3.6. Alliesthesia & sensory-specific satiety I: the laboratory studies................ 38 3 .7 . Pre- and post-prandial pleasantness ratings of food ................................ 40 3.8. Alliesthesia and sensory-specific satiety II: a critique............................. 41 3 .9 . Summary of the behavioural effects of food and food odour................... 43 Chapter 4: EEG, ERP and olfactory perception. The use of psychophysiology to examine human response to odour and food consumption ............................................................................................. 45 4 .1 . Psychological concomitants of EEG activity ........................................... 45 4 .2 . Alpha desynchrony: artifact or task-related? ........................................... 48 4 .3 . Electroencephalography: The technique, the activity and its problems........50 4.4. Brain mapping and EEG ........................................................................ 52 4.5. EEG: statistical considerations ............................................................... 53 4 .6 . Event-Related-Potentials and their potential relation to information- processing ................................................................................................. 57 4 .7 . The P300 .................................................................................................... 58 iii 4 .8 . Changes in evoked potentials: food consumption or diurnal variation?...... 61 4.9. ERPs and food analogues ...................................................................... 62 4 .1 0 . EEG & odour: methodological considerations ....................................... 65 4 .1 1 . Event-related potentials and olfaction ..................................................... 68 4 .1 2 . Food odour, the EEG and the ERP ....................................................... 70 4.13. EEG and food odour: cognitive mediation? .......................................... 73 4 .1 4 . EEG, odour and affect ........................................................................... 74 4 .1 5 . Approach-withdrawal behaviour ........................................................... 80 4 .1 6 . Approach-withdrawal behaviour and odour ........................................... 82 4.1 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 84 Chapter 5: Experiment 1- Meal ingestion and exposure to food odour: their effects on the auditory oddball ERP task. Method & results ....................................................................... 88 5 .1 . Introduction .......................................................................................... 88 5 .2 . Subjects ................................................................................................. 91 5 .3 . Procedure .............................................................................................. 93 5 .4 . Task ....................................................................................................... 95 5 .5 . ERP recording apparatus .................................................................... 96 5.6. Data reduction ..................................................................................... 96 5 .7 . Psychometric data ............................................................................... 97 5.7.i. Odour identification ........................................................... 97 5.7.ii. Psychometric ratings: pleasantness, strength and familiarity ..................................................................................... 98 5 .8 . ERP results ......................................................................................... 101 5.8.1. Tone counting ................................................................ 101 5.8.11. Amplitude data ............................................................... 102 (a) Effects on N100 amplitude ............................................... 102 (b) Effects on P200 amplitude ............................................... 102 (b) i. Was there an effect of group or odour? .............................. 102 (b) ii. Was there an effect of time-of-day?................................. 103 (b) iii. Did exposure to odour interact with group or time-of-day? .. 103 (c) Effects on P300 amplitude ................................................. 104 5.8.111. Latency data ............................................................... 104 (a) Effects on N100 latency ................................................... 104 (b) Effects on P200 latency ...................................................... 104 (b) i. Was there a main effect of group, odour or time-of-day ? .... 104 (c) Effects on P300 latency ...................................................... 105 (c) i. Was there a main effect of odour, lunch or time-of-day?...... 105 5 .9 . Discussion .......................................................................................... 105 5.9.1. Alliesthesia ..................................................................... 105 5.9.11. Did lunch affect the P3(X) or any other ERP component? ... 106 5.9.111. Did odour affect any ERP component? ......................... 110 5.9.iv. Was any diurnal variation apparent for any component? .... 113 Chapter 6: Experiment 2- Meal consumption, exposure to food odour and EEG activity; an investigation using Brain Electrical Activity Mapping. Method & results ........................ 116 6 .1 . Introduction ......................................................................................... 116 V 6 .2 . Subjects ............................................................................................. 119 6 .3 . Procedure .......................................................................................... 120 6 .4 . The odours ...................................................................................... 121 6 .5 . The lunch ............................................................................................ 123 6 .6 . EEG apparatus and recording protocol
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flavors & Fragrances
    INDUSTRY MARKET RESEARCH FOR BUSINESS LEADERS, STRATEGISTS, DECISION MAKERS CLICK TO VIEW Table of Contents 2 List of Tables & Charts 3 Study Overview 4 Sample Text, Table & Chart 5 Sample Profile, Table & Forecast 6 Order Form 7 About Freedonia, Custom Research, Related Studies, Corporate Use License 8 Flavors & Fragrances US Industry Study with Forecasts for 2012 & 2017 Study #2461 | January 2009 | $4700 | 264 pages The Freedonia Group 767 Beta Drive www.freedoniagroup.com Cleveland, OH • 44143-2326 • USA Toll Free US Tel: 800.927.5900 or +1 440.684.9600 Fax: +1 440.646.0484 E-mail: [email protected] Study #2461 January 2009 Flavors & Fragrances $4700 264 Pages US Industry Study with Forecasts for 2012 & 2017 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Beverages ...........................................95 Research & Development ..................... 179 Industry Overview .............................96 Natural Flavors & Fragrances ............. 182 MARKET ENVIRONMENT Flavor Demand ..................................98 Biotechnology ................................ 183 Carbonated Soft Drinks ................. 101 Delivery Systems ............................. 184 General ................................................4 Other Beverages .......................... 103 Production Methods ............................ 187 Macroeconomic Outlook ..........................5 Other Markets .................................... 107 Marketing & Distribution ..................... 189 Demographic Trends ...............................9 Personal Consumption
    [Show full text]
  • CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY 2E ISBN 0-443-07236-1 Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science
    CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE An Imprint of Elsevier Science Publishing Manager: Inta Izols Development Editor: Karen Gilmour Project Manager: Peggy Fagen Design Manager: Mark Bernard Design: Sheilah Barrett Design CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY 2e ISBN 0-443-07236-1 Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the publisher (Churchill Livingstone, The Curtis Center, Independence Square West, Philadelphia, PA 19106). Churchill Livingstone and the sailboat design are registered trademarks. NOTICE Complementary and alternative medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, change in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary as appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most cur- rent product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the re- sponsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to deter- mine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Buckle, Jane, RGN, MA, BPhil, Cert Ed, MISPA, MIScB. Clinical aromatherapy / Jane Buckle.—2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Clinical aromatherapy in nursing / Jane Buckle. c1997. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-443-07236-1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • NVEO 2019, Volume 6, Special Issue
    NVEO 2019, Volume 6, Special Issue CONTENTS Wellcome address of the Presidents of the Local Organizing Committee......... 2 ISEO 2019 Committees....................................................................................... 3 ISEO Medal of Honour........................................................................................ 4 IFEAT - Young Scientists Fellowship.................................................................... 5 NVEO 2019 Editorial........................................................................................... 6 Scientific Programme......................................................................................... 8 List of Poster Presentations................................................................................ 12 Abstracts............................................................................................................. 18 Sponsors............................................................................................................. 186 50th International Symposium on Essential Oils (ISEO2019) Key of Abbreviations: WS workshop WL welcome lecture PL plenary lecture IS invited speaker OP oral presentation YS young scientist presentation PD panel discussion PP poster presentation YS PP young scientist poster presentation All abstracts are from the 50th International Symposium on Essential Oils (ISEO2019) Abstract Book By Editors: Johannes Novak & Iris Stappen are adapted to the NVEO –ISEO 2019 Special Issue e-ISSN: 2148-9637 Nat. Vol. & Essent. Oils, 2019, 6
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications
    Handbook of ESSENTIAL Science, Technology, OILS and Applications Handbook of ESSENTIAL Science, Technology, OILS and Applications Edited by K. Hüsnü Can Bas¸er Gerhard Buchbauer Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-6315-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution from Aromatherapy to Natural Perfumery – Anya Mccoy 2004 2 the Complexities of Blending the Raw Materials
    Natural Perfumery - A Fragrant Evolution For Aromatherapy by Anya McCoy printable version http://perfumeclasses.com Update: The author of this article, Anya McCoy, has begun teaching an online course in natural perfumery that is found here. Introduction The term “Natural Perfume” was relatively obscure more than five years ago. Many people, myself included, say we have been natural perfumers for years. But really, we were mostly amateurs, happily mixing simple blends, often cribbed from aromatherapy books, with our own preferences dropped in. Then there was a change in consciousness, and many decided that they really wanted to learn how to blend, and they wanted to define themselves as separate from mainstream perfumery, the stuff of department store choking clouds and allergic reactions. So, the term Natural Perfumery, like a synchronistic “click” in many scent-lovers heads, became the way in which we define what we do. I launched a natural perfume line in South Florida in 1991, the first in the USA. In the 1800’s, before the discovery of synthetics that would change perfumery forever, natural perfumery did exist; it just wasn’t called that. The perfumers were just perfumers. The 20th Century saw the growth of Mainstream Perfumery and the increasing use of synthetic chemicals replacing the natural aromatics. Now, in the 21st Century, Natural Perfumery is the logical next step along the fragrant path for many aromatherapists. It is the road back through history that we are now finding, and it is wonderful. Aromatherapists are already used to blending several essential oils to evoke a mood, or bring about a desired physical change, and so this new trend, the natural progression of blending perfumes came into being.
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy of Fragrance Use for Enhancing the Slot Machine Gaming Experience of Casino Patrons
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2009 The Efficacy of agrfr ance use for enhancing the slot machine gaming experience of casino patrons Gael D. Hancock University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Hospitality Administration and Management Commons Repository Citation Hancock, Gael D., "The Efficacy of agrfr ance use for enhancing the slot machine gaming experience of casino patrons" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1383413 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFICACY OF FRAGRANCE USE FOR ENHANCING THE SLOT MACHINE GAMING EXPERIENCE OF CASINO PATRONS by Gael D. Hancock Bachelor of Arts in Economics Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Hotel Administration William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2009 Copyright by Gael D.
    [Show full text]
  • Télécharger Article
    Revue algérienne des lettres ISSN 2602-621X | EISSN 2661-7447 Volume 5, N°1 (2021) pages 55-67 Date de soumission : 25/04/2021 ; Date d’acceptation : 29/05/2021 ; Date de publication : 30/06/2021 L’HOMME IDÉAL DE GUERLAIN : UN PARFUM AU CROISEMENT DU MYTHE ET DE LA RÉALITÉ L’HOMME IDÉAL OF GUERLAIN : A PERFUME AT THE CROSS OF MYTH AND REALITY SEGHIR Atmane Université de Bejaia, Algérie [email protected] Résumé : Le monde du parfum ne cesse d’intéresser les hommes, grâce à son pouvoir vanté par la publicité, le marketing et l’aromachologie. Le pouvoir de les changer et les rendre meilleurs, en modulant leur comportement, devient un mythe à réaliser. La gamme de parfums L’homme idéal de Guerlain en est un cas de figure qui procurerait ce potentiel, en évoquant des souvenirs et racontant des histoires romantiques. Son message olfactif présume que si l’on met ces essences luxueuses, l’on devient l’homme idéal par excellence, alors qu’il ne s’agit en réalité que d’une évidente abstraction. Cet article nous permet de comprendre le parcours sémiotique de la sensibilité culturelle qu’engendre, chez les femmes et les hommes, le langage de ce parfum qui se veut mythique. Enchanteur, le parfum est quelque chose qui parle, se lit et s’enseigne, même si la création olfactive touche généralement à l’indicible et privilégie l’approche émotionnelle. Autrement dit, les émotions s’expriment le mieux lorsqu’elles sont décrites verbalement et traduites poétiquement en odeurs. Mots-clés : parfum, sémiotique, mythe, émotion, publicité Abstract : The world of perfume continues to interest men, thanks to its paower touted by advertising, marketing and aromachology.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmologies: Towards Aroma Composition
    THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Copyright and use of this thesis This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author -subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright Sydney College of the Arts The University of Sydney DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 THESIS Osmologies: towards aroma composition David Haines May 2012 Osmologies: towards aroma composition Table of contents Acknowledgments. List of Illustrations and Tables. 3. Abstract. 4. Introduction: Osmologies 1. Chapter 1: Carnival of Networks 23. 1.1 Individuals on the same footing 30 1.2 Language 40. 1.3 Congregation of worlds 42.
    [Show full text]
  • Training the ABC's of Perfumery
    Training the ABC's of Perfumery The training of staff at TCFF, (Thai-China Flavours and Fragrances Industry Co. Ltd., Ayuthya, Thailand) with guest post-graduate students and professors from major universities in Thailand, on "The Perfumery Business". (under a grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency) This is paper was published in modified form in Perfumer & Flavorist, Allured Publications, USA. 1999 Address correspondence to Stephen V. Dowthwaite, PerfumersWorld, email: "[email protected]" © Stephen V. Dowthwaite Bangkok, Thailand. Training the ABC's of Perfumery © Stephen V. Dowthwaite Bangkok, Thailand. "Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy" i Introduction The training of any discipline is never an easy task. This is the case even when there are clearly defined rules and parameters such as in language training. Perfumery is one language in which even the most basic concepts have not yet been clearly defined, leaving us without definitive understandings of perfumistic terms. An individual's understanding of odours, smells or aromas is usually the result of his culture, personal experience and environment rather than training. There also appears to be an underlying feeling that until the biological mechanism of smell is fully understood then a unified language is perhaps impossible or of limited use. However, try describing 'Debussy's - L'Apres-midi d'un faune' in terms of wavelength, pitch, amplitude or Van Goughs "Sunflowers" using the RGB colour system. Our true understanding is not as greatly enhanced as we might hope, in knowing and being able to measure the science of sound and light objectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Scent Trends in Cosmetics & Household
    SCENT TRENDS IN PERSONAL CARE & HOUSEHOLD In Cosmetics Barcelona 2015 © 2015 Mintel Group Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Confidential to Mintel. AGENDA • Consumers: Scent is a primary purchase driver in personal care and household • Market: Scent trends • Innovation: Bringing new formats and added benefits 2 CONSUMERS • Scent is a primary purchase driver in personal care & household categories 3 Fragrance is a top purchase driver in personal care categories, Europe Big 5, % consumers Fragrance is the top purchase driver for SBS products ahead of moisturising functions Scent is nearly as important as protection when buying deodorant 4 Source: Lightspeed GMI/ Mintel Fragrance is a top purchase driver in personal care categories, USA, % consumers Bodycare products: Scent is the most Haircare: “Has a fragrance I like” is a top important claim that consumers look for priority for consumers 66 42 41 43 42 37 Has a scent I like Intensive healing to Calms itchy skin Shampoo and Hairstyling products Hair treatments, treat severely dry, conditioner (ie hairspray, gel) serums, and oils cracked skin 5 Source: Lightspeed GMI/ Mintel Fragrance is a top purchase driver in household categories, Europe Big 5, % consumers Europe Big 5, Top 3 Important factors when purchasing fabric softeners (2014) France Germany Italy Spain UK Scent/Fragrance 58 67 62 62 57 Makes clothes extra soft 55 50 53 49 54 Keeps clothes fresher for longer 39 50 38 52 56 Europe Big 5, Top 3 Important factors when purchasing laundry detergents (2014) France Germany Italy Spain UK Power
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy of Fragrance Use for Enhancing the Slot Machine Gaming Experience of Casino Patrons" (2009)
    UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones 1-1-2009 The fficE acy of fragrance use for enhancing the slot machine gaming experience of casino patrons Gael D. Hancock University of Nevada Las Vegas Repository Citation Hancock, Gael D., "The Efficacy of fragrance use for enhancing the slot machine gaming experience of casino patrons" (2009). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 110. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/110 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses/ Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFICACY OF FRAGRANCE USE FOR ENHANCING THE SLOT MACHINE GAMING EXPERIENCE OF CASINO PATRONS by Gael D. Hancock Bachelor of Arts in Economics Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Hotel Administration William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2009 Copyright by Gael D. Hancock, 2010 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by Gael D. Hancock entitled The Efficacy of Fragrance Use for Enhancing the Slot Machine Gaming Experience of Casino Patrons be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Hotel Administration Kathryn A. LaTour, Committee Chair Karl J. Mayer, Committee Member Kathleen B. Nelson, Committee Member Ashok K. Singh, Committee Member Michael L. LaTour, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistence of Memory: Scent Gardens
    PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY: SCENT GARDENS FOR THERAPEUTIC LIFE REVIEW IN COMMUNITIES FOR THE ELDERLY by WENDY J. MEYER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2007 Copyright © by Wendy J. Meyer 2007 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to Dr. Pat D. Taylor, my thesis advisor, for his calm demeanor and thoughtful editing in the face of many missed deadlines. Any errors and omissions are the sole responsibility of the author. Thanks also to the study participants, who were forthcoming and generous with their time: Brian Bainnson, Betsy Brawley, Jack Carman, Ken Durand, Nancy Easterling, Barbara Haight, Rebecca Haller, Teresia Hazen, Robert Hoover, Johanna Leos, Catherine Mahan, Patrick Mooney, Jane Nunnelee, Naomi Sachs, Rosheen Styczinski, Martha Tyson, Joanne Westphal, and Pauline Youngren. I truly appreciate their willingness to talk. This paper is dedicated to: my German Shepherds, Chester and Pepper, who always make me laugh. To my husband, who keeps the technology running, and my kids, who prevent me from losing perspective. My sisters Linda, Patty and Betty, who kept me going with prayers and pep talks about their doctoral dissertations. And my mom, who always says, ―Do the best you can, and angels can do no more.‖ Among other things. April 23, 2007 iii ABSTRACT PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY: SCENT GARDENS FOR REMINISCENCE THERAPY IN COMMUNITIES FOR THE ELDERLY Publication No. ______ Wendy J. Meyer, MLA The University of Texas at Arlington, 2007 Supervising Professor: Pat D.
    [Show full text]