Comunicación Para Una Sociedad Sostenible Proyecto Profesoral Aprobado Por El Cci, Soberanía Alimentaria Y Comunicación Para La Sostenibilidad

COMUNICACIÓN PARA UNA SOCIEDAD SOSTENIBLE PROYECTO PROFESORAL APROBADO POR EL CCI, SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA Y COMUNICACIÓN PARA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD

JOSÉ LUIS GARCÍA RUÍZ CODIGO 211722

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE OCCIDENTE FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE DISEÑO PROGRAMA COMUNICACIÓN PUBLICITARIA SANTIAGO DE CALI 2019 COMUNICACIÓN PARA UNA SOCIEDAD SOSTENIBLE PROYECTO PROFESORAL APROBADO POR EL CCI, SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA Y COMUNICACIÓN PARA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD

JOSÉ LUIS GARCÍA RUÍZ CODIGO 2117228

Pasantía de investigación para optar al título de Publicista

Director Ana Lucia Jiménez Maestría en Educación

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE OCCIDENTE FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y ARTES DEPARTAMENTO DE DISEÑO PROGRAMA COMUNICACIÓN PUBLICITARIA SANTIAGO DE CALI 2019 Nota de aceptación:

Aprobado por el Comité de Grado en cumplimiento de los requisitos exigidos por la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente para optar al título de Publicista

JULIAN HERNANDEZ Jurado

LIBARDO MAYA Jurado

Santiago de Cali, 20 de Noviembre de 2019 CONTENIDO

pág.

RESUMEN 6

INTRODUCCIÓN 11

1. PRESENTACIÓN DEL GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 12

2. JUSTIFICACIÓN 16

3. OBJETIVOS DE LA PASANTIA 17

3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 17

3.1.1 Objetivos específicos 17

4. PLAN DE TRABAJO 18

5. ELEMENTOS INNOVADORES DE LA PROPUESTA 20

5.1 BUSCAR EL ESTADO DEL ARTE PARA EVIDENCIAR TODO LO ESCRITO SOBRE LAS PALABRAS CLAVES. 20

5.2 REFORZAR EL MARCO TEORICO 55

5.3 DESARROLLAR TRABAJO DE CAMPO EJECUTANDO LA ENTREVISTA CON BASE AL MARCO TEÓRICO ANTES MENCIONADO. 59

5.3.1 Sociedad de consumo 78

5.3.2 Consumo simbólico 79

5.3.3 La nueva identidad del consumidor 80

6. RECURSOS 82

7. . CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 83

8. . CONCLUSIONES 84

9. . RECOMENDACIONES 86

REFERENCIAS 87

ANEXOS 89

5 LISTA DE FIGURAS

Figura 1. Consumption organic 50

Figura 2. Organic product 51

LISTA DE TABLAS

Tabla 1. Plan de trabajo 18

Tabla 2. Palabras clave. 21

Tabla 3. Listado de Articulos 22

7 LISTA DE ANEXOS

Anexo A. Cuadro 89

RESUMEN

Inscrito en un problema central actual como es el sistema alimentario global, este proyecto pretende intervenir de manera estratégica en la cadena de producción, circulación y consumo de alimentos, desde la perspectiva de la soberanía alimentaria en la ciudad de Cali. Su mayor interés es comprender las subjetividades emergentes y los procesos de comunicación inmersos en experiencias vinculadas a esta cadena productiva.

Con la misma importancia, interesa visibilizar, en un primer momento, experiencias rurales y urbanas, que desarrollen prácticas de transformación social integradas a la lógica de esta cadena productiva, para propiciar, así, en un segundo momento, un encuentro intercultural de experiencias que reconozcan, en este encadenamiento, prácticas relacionadas con la soberanía alimentaria y estudiar en ellas los procesos de comunicación propios de su constitución.

Finalmente, este proyecto se propone, en el nivel de intervención, estimular alianzas entre estas experiencias a través de una estrategia de comunicación para propender por su continuidad y fortalecimiento. Desde esta perspectiva, se estudiarán los mecanismos de interacción, diálogo y apropiación de conocimientos que este encuentro manifieste. Se pretende así mismo organizar una comunidad alrededor del tema que involucre tanto el trabajo de las huertas urbanas como la producción campesina que circula en la ciudad, los intermediarios y consumidores.

En cuanto a la pasantía de investigación, el trabajo se centra en la búsqueda del estado del arte para hacer un análisis de lo que se ha escrito sobre las palabras claves de esta investigación. Reforzar el marco teórico para lograr identificar los conceptos claves que serán implementados en la entrevista de campo. Finalmente se desarrolló un trabajo de campo en donde se identificó a nuestro público objetivo para realizar la entrevista, las cuales fueron grabadas en audio, para posteriormente ser transcritas y por último encontrar subjetividades en común entre los entrevistados. Todo esto se aclara a continuación.

Se realizó la búsqueda de palabras claves relacionadas con la soberanía alimentaria y comunicación para la sostenibilidad, con el fin de conocer que tanto se había escrito sobre al respecto. La búsqueda fue realizada por la plataforma del portal virtual de la UAO, llamada Scopus.

9 Las palabras claves que se buscaron, fueron: Consumption Organic, Organic Product, Communication and Organic Consumption, Subjetives and Organic Consumption, Cultural Practices and Organic Consumption. Fueron seleccionadas para ser la base de la entrevista que se realizó posteriormente a consumidores de alimentos orgánicos, con el fin de poder encontrar subjetividades en común, entre personas que comparten este mismo ideal y hábitos de vida.

Palabras Claves:

Consumption Organic / Consumo Organico, Organic Product / Producto Organico, Communication and Organic Consumption,Subjetives and Organic Consumption / Subjetividades y Consumo Orgánico, Cultural Practices and Organic Consumption / Prácticas Culturales y Consumo Orgánico

INTRODUCCIÓN

El presente documento contiene el proyecto de trabajo de grado bajo la modalidad de pasantía de investigación – asistente de proyecto de investigación profesoral, concretamente, el trabajo se desarrollará en el grupo de investigación en Comunicación; “grupo interdisciplinario que busca comprender el entramado comunicativo de prácticas culturales situadas y diversas”. La línea de comunicación a la cual pertenece el proyecto se denomina: Procesos de comunicación en las prácticas culturales.

La investigación profesoral, a la cual se vincula como asistente el estudiante, se denomina “Soberanía Alimentaria y Comunicación para la Sostenibilidad” y ya desarrolló su primera etapa, la cual fue revisada y aprobada por par externo, para así dar inicio a la segunda etapa del mismo. Es de anotar que la investigación implica el rastreo de las prácticas comunicativas y de las subjetividades surgidas en los diferentes eslabones de la cadena: producción, distribución y consumo orgánico.

El estudiante, bajo la figura de asistente de investigación, participará en las actividades y tareas de la segunda etapa de la investigación, básicamente en lo concerniente al consumo, o sea, el área de la investigación a cargo de las docentes Ana Lucia Jiménez Bonilla y Carmen Elisa Lerma Cruz. Y estás actividades implican: Buscar el estado del arte para hacer un análisis de lo que se ha escrito sobre las palabras claves de esta investigación. Reforzar el marco teórico para lograr identificar los conceptos claves que serán implementados en la entrevista de campo. Finalmente se desarrolló un trabajo de campo en donde se identificó a nuestro público objetivo para realizar la entrevista, las cuales fueron grabadas en audio, para posteriormente ser transcritas y finalmente se encontrar subjetividades en común entre los entrevistados.

11 1. PRESENTACIÓN DEL GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

El Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación es un grupo interdisciplinario que busca comprender el entramado comunicativo de prácticas culturales situadas y diversas. Se destacan los estudios que abordan la comunicación como mediación en el ejercicio diario de construir nuestros mundos personales y colectivos. Por tanto la reflexión sobre el campo disciplinar se consolida desde los procesos culturales de producción, reproducción, circulación y apropiación o usos de significados y sentidos sociales.

Este énfasis, ayuda al fortalecimiento de un campo que hoy es visto con atención por su capacidad de convocar a diferentes vertientes del conocimiento y por su disposición a abrirse a diversas metodologías. Un campo plural y flexible que empieza a ser paradigmático de los rumbos alternativos del conocimiento.

La trayectoria de investigación está articulada a temas de comunicación en prácticas culturales por lo tanto los desarrollos investigativos, las preguntas planteadas y las metodologías aplicadas, se perfilan desde escenarios como la música, el medio ambiente, la publicidad urbana, la alimentación, la agroecología, la memoria visual y las cartografías. Aunque se han hecho estudios sobre recepción de medios, estas experiencias han abocado al grupo a la reflexión sobre comunicación a partir de problemas diferentes a ellos ampliando con esto el ámbito disciplinar del campo de estudio.

 Objetivos del grupo de investigación:

 Comprender las prácticas culturales desde las mediaciones de la comunicación

 Reflexionar sobre el campo disciplinar considerando procesos culturales de producción, reproducción, circulación y apropiación o usos de significados y sentidos sociales

 Profundizar en el estatuto epistemológico de la comunicación

 Integrantes del grupo de investigación

Director: Carmen Cecilia Rivera Gómez

Master of Arts - Universidad de Nuevo México, USA, Estudios de Doctorado en Educación - Universidad del Valle, Colombia, Comunicación Social - Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia.

 Investigadores

 Ana Lucia Jiménez Bonilla

Doctora en Humanidades - Universidad del Valle, Colombia, Maestría en Estudios Iberoamericanos - Universidad de París, Francia, Licenciatura en Literatura - Universidad del Valle, Colombia.

 Solón Calero Cruz

Maestría Speech Communication - Universidad de San José, USA, Estudios de Doctorado en Educación - Universidad del Valle, Colombia, BA In Radio And Televisión - San State University, USA.

 Carmen Elisa Lerma

Maestría en Psicología, con énfasis en Psicología Cultural – Universidad del Valle Especialización en Psicología - Universidad del Valle, Colombia. Psicología- Universidad del Valle, Colombia.

 Semillero de investigación en comunicación

El Semillero SIENCO es un espacio de investigación del departamento de comunicación, donde:

 Se socializan ideas, propuestas, preguntas, decisiones, avances y resultados de investigaciones alrededor de los proceso de comunicación en las prácticas culturales, incluyendo a la publicidad como tipo de comunicación de la esfera pública y como elemento constitutivo de la cultura.

13  Se da el ejercicio de la crítica, del debate abierto y de la argumentación y se construye conocimiento en comunidad, acerca de temas y propuestas de investigación acordes a la línea de investigación. Además de ser un espacio para el fortalecimiento de herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas de los estudiantes.

 Objetivos del semillero

Objetivo general: Fortalecer las competencias investigativas de los estudiantes, a través de la investigación misma (aprender-haciendo), en un ambiente de trabajo en equipo, desde un abordaje interdisciplinaridad, donde rige la tolerancia y el respeto a la diferencia.

 Objetivos específicos:

 Promover la competencia investigativa en los estudiantes.

 Propiciar la interacción entre docentes y estudiantes con miras a generar conocimiento, el desarrollo social y el progreso científico de la comunidad.

 Generar la capacidad de trabajo en equipo y la interdisciplinariedad.

 Fomentar y gestionar procesos de aprendizaje y estrategias de investigación.

 Conformar y participar en redes de investigación.

 Objeto de estudio

 La comunicación como espacio transdisciplinar y multidisciplinar que se vincula directamente con el fenómeno cultural, que a su vez involucra lo político y lo social.

 La comunicación como practica; proceso productor de significados y no de simple circulación de información, en donde el receptor no es solo un decodificador sino también un productor.

 La comunicación como realidad social: Proceso que se construye a partir de las interacciones entre los sujetos sociales.

Proceso de comunicación en las prácticas culturales: El encuentro de estos tres campos de estudio en el interior de una línea de investigación implica:

Primero: reconocer que la relación de la cultura y la comunicación es un proceso histórico social.

Segundo: reconocer que el consumo es una forma de expresión de la realidad de cada individuo que se basa no sólo en los objetos que tiene y adquiere, sino también en las ideas que apropia.

El individuo en el momento de su nacimiento es solo un candidato a ser hombre, por lo que es necesario aprender a ser hombre en la acción y comunicación con el resto de las personas. El carácter histórico social de este proceso está determinado por la apropiación de la cultura, que es un proceso activo del conocimiento de los objetos y fenómenos de la realidad, es producto del desarrollo histórico mediatizado por el propio desarrollo de capacidades y cualidades psíquicas, por eso si la actividad y comunicación son apropiadas, en el transcurso de este proceso no solo se multiplican y reproducen los productos de la historia social, sino que se enriquecen y perfeccionan. … (Vigotsky, 1987).

15 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN

El interés personal de participar en este grupo de investigación en comunicación, se debe a que en el trascurso de mi vida como estudiante de comunicación publicitaria he entendido con más detalle lo que implica la comunicación en una sociedad, de tal manera que influye en la forma de ser, hacer y pensar de cada individuo.

Por tal motivo La soberanía alimenticia y la comunicación para la sostenibilidad es un tema al cual vale la pena contribuir, ya que son dos aspectos los cuales en el camino de la evolución, han ido cambiando y se han impuesto formas alimenticias que no siempre siguen la producción ética y vida sana que requiere todo ser humano.

Con el fin de aportar a este proyecto de investigación, apoye el desarrollo de la segunda etapa del proyecto profesoral, realizando mis tres tareas asignadas por los docentes a cargo. Ordene un estado del arte para evidenciar todo lo escrito sobre las palabras claves ya mencionadas, reforcé el marco teórico con el fin de aclarar las definiciones de las palabras claves y desarrolle un trabajo de campo ejecutando la entrevista con base al marco teórico antes mencionado, esta entrevista permitió evidenciar subjetividades en común entre los entrevistados que cumplían con el perfil de nuestro público objetivo.

3. OBJETIVOS DE LA PASANTIA

3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL

Contribuir al desarrollo de la segunda etapa del proyecto profesoral, realizando las tres tareas que hacen parte de mi plan de trabajo.

3.1.1 Objetivos específicos

 Buscar el estado del arte para evidenciar todo lo escrito sobre las palabras claves.

 Reforzar el marco teórico con el fin de aclarar las definiciones de las palabras claves.

 Desarrollar trabajo de campo ejecutando la entrevista con base al marco teórico antes mencionado.

17 4. PLAN DE TRABAJO

En la modalidad de asistente de investigación me vincula al plan de trabajo programado para el desarrollo de la segunda etapa del Proyecto de investigación profesoral, a cargo de las Docentes Ana Lucia Jimenez y Carmen Elisa Lerma, las cuales me asignaron las siguientes responsabilidades.

Tabla 1. Plan de trabajo

ACTIVIDAD DESCRICIÓN CRONOGRAMA RESPONSABLE

Búsqueda en Buscar en Scopus Septiembre 3 del El pasante José Scopus las palabras clave 2018 / Septiembre Luis García Ruiz, para realizar el 25 del 2018 con la supervisión estado del arte. de Carmen Lerma.

Análisis de datos Ordenar la Septiembre 29 del El pasante José obtenidos información 2018 / Octubre 4 Luis García Ruiz, encontrada y del 2018 con la supervisión analizar los de Carmen Lerma. documentos escritos.

Obtener datos de Acudir a mercados Octubre 8 del El pasante José consumidores en orgánicos para 2018 / Octubre 15 Luis García Ruiz, mercado presentar el del 2018 con la supervisión orgánico proyecto a nuestro de Carmen Lerma. público objetico con el fin de que nos permitieran entrevistarlos.

Realizar Con la base Octubre 18 del El pasante José entrevista a obtenida en el 2018 / Octubre 28 Luis García Ruiz, consumidores mercado orgánico, del 2018 me comunique posteriormente

18 Tabla 1. (continuación)

con los con la supervisión consumidores de Carmen Lerma. para realizar la entrevista.

Transcribir Redactar Noviembre 1 del El pasante José audios de literalmente los 2018 / Noviembre Luis García Ruiz, entrevistas en audios de las 11 25 del 2018 con la supervisión texto entrevistas en de Carmen Lerma. Word.

Tabular Analizar y tabular Abril 16 del 2019 / El pasante José subjetividades en una tabla las Abril 29 el 2019 Luis García Ruiz, en común de las subjetividades con la supervisión entrevista encontradas en de Ana Lucia. las 11 entrevistas por individual para después ver las subjetividades en general.

Analizar Redactar en un Mayo 2 del 2019 El pasante José subjetividades texto una Mayo 17 del 2019 Luis García Ruiz, conclusión sobre con la supervisión las subjetividades de Ana Lucia. tabuladas.

19 5. ELEMENTOS INNOVADORES DE LA PROPUESTA

A continuación presentare el resultado de mi labor como pasante de investigación, enseñando los resultados al trabajar en los tres objetivos específicos antes mencionados.

5.1 BUSCAR EL ESTADO DEL ARTE PARA EVIDENCIAR TODO LO ESCRITO SOBRE LAS PALABRAS CLAVES.

Consulta base de datos:

Se realizó la búsqueda de palabras claves relacionadas con la soberanía alimentaria y comunicación para la sostenibilidad, con el fin de conocer que tanto se había escrito sobre al respecto. La Búsqueda fue realizada por la plataforma del portal virtual de la UAO, llamada Scopus.

Estas palabras clave fueron seleccionadas para ser la base de la entrevista que se realizó posteriormente a consumidores y comerciantes de alimentos orgánicos, con el fin de poder encontrar subjetividades en común, entre personas que comparten este mismo ideal y hábitos de vida. Las palabras claves, fueron: Consumption Organic, Organic Product, Communication and Organic Consumption, Subjetives and Organic Consumption, Cultural Practices and Organic Consumption.

Con la información obtenida en esta búsqueda, se realizó un cuadro en donde se categorizaban los documentos que contenían estas palabras claves, y los clasificábamos con su fecha de publicación, titulo, autores, resumen y fuentes.

Teniendo como base estos datos, se almacenaron los gráficos que brindaba SCOPUS, permitiéndonos obtener una visión más simple pero completa sobre nuestros documentos de interés. A continuación se presentaran los gráficos más representativos.

Al finalizar de obtener los datos generales sobre los documentos redactados acerca de estas palabras, analizamos la información para posteriormente elaborar el modelo de un formato para entrevista, que se realizaría a los consumidores de productos orgánicos.

20 A continuación presentare en una tabla datos generales de las palabras claves buscadas en Scopus. Encontraran la cantidad de documentos encontrados por cada una de las 5 palaras claves, el rango de fecha en que basamos nuestra investigación y el área al cual pertenece los documentos encontrados.

Tabla 2. Palabras clave.

Palabras Clave Cantidad de Fecha de Área documentos Publicación Consumption 57 Entre el 2016 y Psicología y Organic 2018 Neurociencia Organic Product 9.633 Entre el 2016 y Ciencias 2018 Naturales Communication 49 Entre el 2016 y Agricultura, and Organic 2018 Psicología y Consumption Ciencias Biológicas. Subjetives and 4 Entre el 2016 y Agricultura, Organic 2018 Psicología y Consumption Ciencias Biológicas. Cultural Pratices 19 Entre el 2016 y Agricultura, and Organic 2018 Psicología y Consumption Ciencias Biológicas.

Las siguientes imágenes contienen los títulos, autores, fecha de publicación y resumen de cada uno de los documentos encontrados bajo cada una de las palabras claves. La búsqueda fue realizada en Scopus, en Septiembre del 2018. Las palabras clave, fueron: Consumption Organic, Organic Product, Communication and Organic Consumption, Subjetives and Organic Consumption, Cultural Practices and Organic Consumption. Los documentos fueron publicados desde el 2014 al 2018.

21 Tabla 3. Listado de Articulos

Listado de artículos sobre análisis de contenido. Buqueda realizada en Scopus. Fecha Septiembre del 2018. Palabras Clave: Consumption Organic, Organic Product, Communication and Organic Consumption, Subjetives and Organic Consumption, Cultural Practices and Organic Consumption. Libros, Documentos y Articulos desde el 2014 a 2018.

No. Autores Fuente Fecha Titulo Palabras Clave Descripción

© 2018 The Authors This paper takes as a starting point “food consumption prescriptions” or guidelines on what and how one should eat when it comes to Cutting through “healthy and sustainable diets”. Through qualitative research in Switzerland, involving discourse analysis, observations, in-depth interviews, and focus conflicting groups, we set out to uncover the more dominant prescriptions put forward by a variety of actors, how consumers represent these prescriptions, as well as Godin, L., prescriptions: How overlaps and tensions between them. The notion of a “balanced meal” is the more prominent prescription, along with the idea that food and eating should be Appetite 1 Sahakian, 2018 guidelines inform Consumption Organic “pleasurable”. Guidelines towards eating local and seasonal products overlap with organic and natural food consumption, while prescriptions to eat less 130, pp. 123-133 M. “healthy and meat of higher quality are in tension with prescriptions around vegetarian and vegan diets. We then consider how prescriptions play out in daily life, as both sustainable” diets in a resource and obstacle towards the establishment of eating habits, and what dimensions of everyday life have the most influence on how certain Switzerland prescriptions are enacted – contributing to conceptual deliberations on food in relation to social practices. Time, mobility, and the relationships built around food and eating are forces to be reckoned with when considering possible transitions towards the normative goal of “healthier and more sustainable diets”.

© 2018 In recent years, consumption of alternatively produced foods has increased in popularity in response to the deleterious effects of rapidly globalising and industrialised food systems. Concerns over food safety in relation to these changes may result from elevated levels of risk and changing perceptions associated with food production practices. This paper explores how the middle class residents of Islamabad, Pakistan, use the concept of ‘good food’ to reconnect themselves with nature, changing food systems, and traditional values. The paper also demonstrates how these ideas relate to those of organic, “Everyone just ate local, and traditional food consumption as currently used in more economically developed states in the Global North. Through research based on participant Appetite good food”: ‘Good 2 Hasnain, S. 2018 Consumption Organic observation and semi-structured interviews, this paper illustrates that besides price and convenience, purity, freshness, association with specific places, 127, pp. 1-9 food’ in Islamabad, and ‘Pakistani-ness’ were considered as the basis for making decisions about ‘good food’. The results show that while individuals are aware of and have Pakistan some access to imported organic and local food, they prefer using holistic and culturally informed concepts of ‘good food’ instead that reconnect them with food systems. I argue that through conceptualisations of ‘good food’ the urban middle class in Islamabad is reducing their disconnection and dis- embeddedness from nature, the food systems, and their social identities. The paper contributes to literature on food anxieties, reconnections in food geography, and ‘good food’ perceptions, with a focus on Pakistan.

© 2018, Spandidos Publications. All rights reserved. In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), probiotics are often employed as an adjuvant therapeutic option. In the present study, a fermented vegetable beverage containing Pediococcus pentosaceus strain IDS885 was administered to patients with active UC for 8 Effect of fermented weeks. A total of 11 patients with mildly to moderately active UC were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A (n=6), in which the subjects consumed Bamba, S., vegetable beverage the fermented beverage for 8 weeks immediately following enrollment, and Group B (n=5), in which the subjects were followed up for 8 weeks following Takahashi, containing enrollment and then consumed the beverage over the ensuring 8 weeks. The subjects whose Rachmilewitz clinical activity index (CAI) had decreased by ≥1 K., Imaeda, Biomedical Reports pediococcus 3 2018 Consumption Organic point were defined as responders, whereas the subjects whose score had either been unchanged or increased were defined as non-responders. A total of 7 H., (...), 9(1), pp. 74-80 pentosaceus in subjects (5 in Group A and 2 in Group B) completed the 8-week consumption regimen. No significant changes were observed in the Rachmilewitz CAI and Sasaki, M., patients with mild to ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity prior to and following the consumption period. Regarding the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), Andoh, A. moderate ulcerative the total GSRS score and Question 12, ‘Loose stools’ were significantly improved following consumption (P=0.042 and 0.048, respectively). Organic acid colitis analysis revealed that the levels of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid tended to be continuously higher in the responders than in the non- responders. In conclusion, the fermented vegetable beverage ameliorated loose stool symptoms, although the activity of UC did not improve.

Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2018 Interest in the consumption of organic food has steadily risen over the past two decades. Yet after considerable research addressing a range of issues related to organic food consumption no research systematically examines which factors explain consumers’ perceptions and purchase of organics. Massey, A meta-analytic study Through a meta-analysis we examine factors underpinning the purchase of organic food using a sample of 124,353 consumers reported in 150 M., Appetite of the factors driving manuscripts over the period from 1991 to 2016. The results demonstrate that credence attributes of organic food are valued more than search and 4 2018 Consumption Organic O'Cass, A., 125, pp. 418-427 the purchase of experience attributes. This shows that the market is guided by the perceived benefits of organic over conventionally grown food. These findings do not Otahal, P. organic food diminish the importance of search and experience attributes, but suggest that credence attributes have a prominent role in consumer organic food purchases. From the perspective of organic producers and sellers an understanding of consumer perceptions, set within search, experience and credence attributes, has the potential to offer a unique selling proposition and point of differentiation in the market.

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Exposure to organic forms of mercury has the theoretical capacity to generate a range of immune abnormalities coupled with chronic nitro-oxidative stress seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The paper discusses possible mechanisms explaining the neurotoxic effects of mercury and possible associations between mercury exposure and ASD subtypes. Environmental mercury is neurotoxic at doses well below the current reference levels considered to be safe, with evidence of neurotoxicity in children exposed to environmental sources The Putative Role of including fish consumption and ethylmercury-containing vaccines. Possible neurotoxic mechanisms of mercury include direct effects on sulfhydryl groups, Environmental pericytes and cerebral endothelial cells, accumulation within astrocytes, microglial activation, induction of chronic oxidative stress, activation of immune- Morris, G., Mercury in the inflammatory pathways and impairment of mitochondrial functioning. (Epi-)genetic factors which may increase susceptibility to the toxic effects of mercury Puri, B.K., Molecular Neurobiology Pathogenesis and 5 2018 Consumption Organic in ASD include the following: a greater propensity of males to the long-term neurotoxic effects of postnatal exposure and genetic polymorphisms in Frye, R.E., 55(6), pp. 4834-4856 Pathophysiology of glutathione transferases and other glutathione-related genes and in selenoproteins. Furthermore, immune and inflammatory responses to immunisations Maes, M. Autism Spectrum with mercury-containing adjuvants are strongly influenced by polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and by genes encoding effector Disorders and proteins such as cytokines and pattern recognition receptors. Some epidemiological studies investigating a possible relationship between high Subtypes environmental exposure to methylmercury and impaired neurodevelopment have reported a positive dose-dependent effect. Retrospective studies, on the other hand, reported no relationship between a range of ethylmercury-containing vaccines and chronic neuropathology or ASD. On the basis of these results, we would argue that more clinically relevant research is required to examine whether environmental mercury is associated with ASD or subtypes. Specific recommendations for future research are discussed.

© 2018, Journal of Visualized Experiments. All rights reserved. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaics (PVs). Among this material group, inorganic/organic perovskites have demonstrated significant improvement and potential towards high-efficiency, low-cost PV fabrication due to their high charge carrier Epps, mobilities and lifetimes. Despite the opportunities for perovskite QDs in large-scale PV and LED applications, the lack of fundamental and comprehensive R.W., A modular microfluidic understanding of their growth pathways has inhibited their adaptation within continuous nanomanufacturing strategies. Traditional flask-based screening Felton, Journal of Visualized technology for approaches are generally expensive, labor-intensive, and imprecise for effectively characterizing the broad parameter space and synthesis variety relevant K.C., Experiments systematic studies of to colloidal QD reactions. In this work, a fully autonomous microfluidic platform is developed to systematically study the large parameter space associated 6 2018 Consumption Organic Coley, 2018(135),e57666 colloidal with the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals in a continuous flow format. Through the application of a novel translating three-port flow cell and modular C.W., semiconductor reactor extension units, the system may rapidly collect fluorescence and absorption spectra across reactor lengths ranging 3 - 196 cm. The adjustable Abolhasani, nanocrystals reactor length not only decouples the residence time from the velocity-dependent mass transfer, it also substantially improves the sampling rates and M. chemical consumption due to the characterization of 40 unique spectra within a single equilibrated system. Sample rates may reach up to 30,000 unique spectra per day, and the conditions cover 4 orders of magnitude in residence times ranging 100 ms - 17 min. Further applications of this system would substantially improve the rate and precision of the material discovery and screening in future studies. Detailed within this report are the system materials and assembly protocols with a general description of the automated sampling software and offline data processing.

© 2018 Association for the Study of Food and Society. Dissociating meat from its animal origins has been considered a central strategy omnivores employ to sustain their meat consumption despite their concerns for animal welfare. In recent years, the dissociation strategy has become increasingly contested as short food-chain movements promote consumer contact with farmed animals as a means to more ethical eating. This article examines how different Contesting the groups of Finnish consumers construct the meat–animal link based on focus groups with gastronomes, hunters, organic consumers, rural women, and meat–animal link and Food, Culture and Society supermarket customers. The theoretical approach is based on Noëlie Vialles’s concepts of the sarcophage and zoophage logic of meat eating and on the 7 Kupsala, S. 2018 the visibility of animals Consumption Organic 21(2), pp. 196-213 literature on animal categorization. Supermarket customers preferred to dissociate meat from the animal, while gastronomes and rural residents regarded killed for food: a focus the presence of the animal in meat as important for its quality. Hunters valued game meat highly as animals were transformed into meat through their own group study in Finland effort. Although rural women and some organic consumers personalized certain farmed animals due to their proximity, these animals were still edible and killable. The research suggests that challenging dissociation does not in itself necessarily imply an increased moral valuation of animals if the objectification of animals is not confronted.

© 2018 Background: Mercury exposure in the Brazilian Amazon region has been an important concern since the 1980s, when gold mining activities contaminated many Amazonian river basins and the fish therein. Mercury exposure in humans can lead to changes in neural function. The visual system dos Santos has been used as a functional indicator of methylmercury (organic) and mercury vapour (inorganic) toxicity. Children are particularly vulnerable to this metal Freitas, J., exposure. Objective: To compare the color vision of children from riverine communities of mercury-exposed (Tapajós basin) and non-exposed Amazonian da Costa rivers (Tocantins basin). Methods: The study sample was 176 children, aged 7–14 years old. Children from two locations in the mercury-exposed Tapajós Brito Cross-sectional study river basin, Barreiras (n = 71) and São Luiz do Tapajos (n = 41), were compared to children from Limoeiro do Ajuru (n = 64), a non-exposed area in the Lacerda, to assess the Tocantins river basin. No caregiver reported that any children had contact with mercury vapour during their lifetime, and probably most of the mercury in E.M., da association of color their bodies was obtained by fish consumption. Because of this, we decided to evaluate the mercury exposure by total mercury levels in hair samples, a Silva NeuroToxicology vision with mercury good marker for organic mercury, and not in the urine, a marker for inorganic mercury. Color vision was assessed by the Lanthony Desaturated D-15 test. 8 Martins, 2018 Consumption Organic 65, pp. 60-67 hair concentration in We used the Vingrys and King-Smith method (1988) to quantify the hue ordering test. The primary visual outcomes from this analysis were C-index I.C.V., (...), children from Brazilian (magnitude of the hue ordering error) and angle of the hue ordering. Results: The Tapajós children had a higher mean hair mercury level (mean: 4.5 μg/g; da Amazonian riverine range: 0.26–22.38 μg/g) than that of Tocantins children (mean: 0.49 μg/g; range: 0.03–1.91 μg/g) (p < 0.05). Mean difference was approximately 4.01 μg/g Conceição communities with a 95% confidence interval of 2.79–5.23. The results of the Lanthony D-15d test showed no significant difference between the C-index mean values of Nasciment the Tapajós and Tocantins groups (p > 0.05). There was a weak linear correlation in the average C-index obtained from both eyes and the total mercury o Pinheiro, concentration. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the location of the community and the age had a greater influence on the visual outcomes M., da Silva than the sex of the children and within-locale variation in mercury concentration. Conclusion: Our results suggest a difference in one aspect of vision, that is, Souza, G. color vision, between children living in two different river basins in the Brazilian Amazon. The association may be related to Hg exposure but also appeared related to the location of the community and age.

© 2016, © The Author(s) 2016. Community-Supported Agriculture programs have become a popular model for providing consumers with direct economic engagement with independent local organic farms. The degree to which Community-Supported Agriculture members are unified in their identity and consumer interests, however, is unclear. One possibility is that mostly individual interests including supposed nutritional benefits, superior taste, and avoidance of synthetic pesticides motivate Community-Supported Agriculture members. Another is that they are motivated more by environmental and Schrank, Individualist and economic concerns at the collective level. Our study engages this debate by analyzing emergent themes in consumers’ motivational narratives using Journal of Consumer Z., collectivist consumer interview data with 58 members of a Community-Supported Agriculture program in a large southwestern city in the United States. We find that Community- 9 Culture 2018 Consumption Organic Running, motivations in local Supported Agriculture members are largely unified in their consumer orientation and pursue individualist and collectivist goals equally. In other words, 18(1), pp. 184-201 K. organic food markets Community-Supported Agriculture members are neither primarily altruistic nor egoistic consumers, but they approach their consumption as a holistic act. Specifically, they emphasize environmental issues and a commitment to sustainability through local organic consumption as a pathway to individual health. This suggests that an internally homogeneous, yet multidimensional, framework constitutes the motivational structure of local organic food consumption. We argue this framework aligns with an emerging eco-habitus exhibited in environmentally conscious market fields that translate into both collective and individual benefits.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd As the current research suggests that there are links between prosocial acts and status signaling (including sustainable consumer choices), we empirically study (with three experiments) whether food consumers go green to be seen. First, we examine how activating a motive for status influences prosocial organic food preferences. Then, we examine how the social visibility of the choice (private vs. public) affects these preferences. We Puska, P., Sweet taste of found that when consumers' desire for status was elicited, they preferred organic food products significantly over their nonorganic counterparts; making the Kurki, S., prosocial status choice situation visible created the same effect. Finally, we go beyond consumers' evaluative and behavioral domains that have typically been addressed to Lähdesmä Appetite signaling: When investigate whether this (nonconscious) “going green to be seen” effect is also evident at the level of more physiologically-driven food responses. Indeed, 10 ki, M., 2018 Consumption Organic 121, pp. 348-359 eating organic foods status motives and reputational concerns created an improved senso-emotional experience of organic food. Specifically, when consumers were led to Siltaoja, M., makes you happy and believe that they have to share their organic food taste experiences with others, an elevation could be detected not only in the pleasantness ratings but also Luomala, hopeful in how joyful and hopeful they felt after eating a food sample. We claim that the reason for this is that a tendency to favor organic foods can be viewed as a H. costly signaling trait, leading to flaunting about one's prosocial tendencies. According to these findings, highlighting socially disapproved consumption motives, such as reputation management, may be an effective way to increase the relatively low sales of organic foods and thereby promote sustainable consumer behavior.

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A case report of Saini, R., pregabalin use Asian Journal of Panda, disorder with co- 11 Psychiatry 2018 Consumption Organic [No abstract available] U.K., morbid somatic 32, pp. 89-91 Sarkar, S. symptom disorder and depression

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Failure to translate intentions into actual behaviour is known in many areas of human action. The intention to consume more sustainable is no exception and often fails to be translated into behaviour. Behavioural research emphasized the use of nudges as one of the remedies to ensure that most of the people's daily choices on what to buy or what to eat end up being in their best interest. The behavioural economics literature usually Torma, G., I nudge myself: focusses on interventions supporting automatic and unconscious processes, mostly being the result of cognitive shortcuts produced by System 1 (e.g., by Ascheman Exploring ‘self- International Journal of setting better default options or making existing contexts more intuitive and easy to handle). However, this begs the question, what consumers themselves n-Witzel, nudging’ strategies to 12 Consumer Studies 2018 Consumption Organic can do to ensure a consumption behaviour that is more in line with their pro-environmental intentions? This article explores a possible ‘self-nudging’ strategy J., drive sustainable 42(1), pp. 141-154 of consumers signing up for an organic box scheme subscription, whereby they change a large number of small daily choices to a larger decision on Thøgersen, consumption exclusively getting organic groceries delivered to their doorstep. It does so based on qualitative in-depth interviews with 10 customers of such an organic J. behaviour box scheme. The analysis reveals that signing up for the subscription scheme indeed means that low-involvement decisions in regular supermarkets are replaced by a high-involvement decision on subscribing to an organic box scheme. In this context of the organic box scheme, the self-nudging phenomenon is in fact the active choice of consumers to set their default consumption option to ‘organic’ in the long run.

© 2018 Sadeghi-Nassaj et al. Background. Mono-specific aquaculture effluents contain high concentrations of nutrients and organic matter, which affect negatively the water quality of the recipient ecosystems. A fundamental feature of water quality is its transparency. The fraction of dissolved organic matter that absorbs light is named chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). A sustainable alternative to mono-specific aquaculture is the multitrophic aquaculture that includes species trophically complementary named ''extractive'' species that uptake the waste byproducts. Sea cucumbers are recognized as efficient extractive species due to the consumption of particulate organic matter (POM). However, the effects of sea cucumbers on CDOM are still unknown. Methods. During more than one year, we monitored CDOM in two big-volume tanks with different trophic structure. One of the tanks (-holothurian) Sadeghi- only contained around 810 individuals of Anemonia sulcata, whereas the other tank (Cholothurian) also included 90 individuals of Holothuria tubulosa and Nassaj, Sea cucumbers Holothuria forskali. We routinely analyzed CDOM absorption spectra and determined quantitative (absorption coefficients at 325 nm) and qualitative S.M., reduce chromophoric (spectral slopes) optical parameters in the inlet waters, within the tanks, and in their corresponding effluents. To confirm the timeseries results, we also Catalá, PeerJ 13 2018 dissolved organic Consumption Organic performed three experiments. Each experiment consisted of two treatments: Cholothurians (CH) and +holothurians (-H). We set up three CH tanks with 80 T.S., 2018(2),e4344 matter in aquaculture individuals of A. sulcata and 10 individuals of H. tubulosa in each tank and four +H tanks that contained only 80 individuals of A. sulcata. Results. In the time- Álvarez, tanks series, absorption coefficients at 325 nm (a325) and spectral slopes from 275 to 295 nm (S275-295) were significantly lower in the effluent of the P.A., Cholothurian tank (average: 0.33m-1and 16 μm-1, respectively) than in the effluent of the-holothurian tank (average: 0.69m-1and 34 μm-1, respectively), the Reche, I. former being similar to those found in the inlet waters (average: 0.32m-1and 22 μm-1, respectively). This reduction in the absorption of the dissolved organic matter appears to be mediated by the POM consumption by holothurians. The experiments confirmed the results observed in the time-series. The a325and S275-295values were significantly lower in the treatment with holothurians than in the treatment without holothurians indicating a reduction in the concentration of chromophoric organic compounds, particularly of low molecular weight. Discussion. Consequently, sea cucumbers appear to improve water transparency in aquaculture tanks. The underlying mechanism of this improvement might be related to the POM consumption by holothurians, which reduces the concentration of CDOM derived from POM disaggregation or to the direct assimilation of dissolved compounds of low molecular weight as chromophoric amino acids.

© 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS We are presenting in this article the third updated version of “Guidelines for non-sexologist general practitioners for first-line treatment” for a patient suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED). This work follows the methodology recommended by the French National Health Authority, and includes an in-depth documentary search of medical and scientific bibliographic data. It was conducted by a working group that identified, selected, analysed and summarised the scientific literature used to prepare these guidelines. All the work was reviewed by a reading group that expressed an opinion on the substance and format of these guidelines, in particular concerning their legibility and ease of application. Amongst the main points that have been Colson, updated and which are presented in detail in the articles of this issue, we draw attention in particular to: a change in definitions, abandoning the classification M.H., Erectile dysfunction, of erectile dysfunction by aetiology, dividing it into three types (organic, psychogenic and mixed), preferring a better suited integrated definition, recognising Cuzin, B., twenty years after | that these various factors can overlap; the issue of the partner's role in triggering or maintaining the patient's ED is today seen as an important factor that Sexologies 14 Faix, A., 2018 [La dysfonction Consumption Organic should not be overlooked; the high prevalence of ED has been confirmed by recent studies, as well as its steady rise with age. But the older patients would 27(1), pp. 2-8 Grellet, L., érectile, vingt ans today appear to be more acutely affected in terms of their quality of life. For younger patients, the prevalence of ED can also be high, linked to lack of activity, Huyghes, après] comorbidities, or excessive consumption of alcohol and/or toxic substances. Vulnerable populations (patients with comorbidities, diabetes, hypertension É. and cardiovascular pathologies, depression etc.) are today identified as presenting high levels of risk for high prevalence of ED. ED is often an “indicator” of a comorbidity, in particular for certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, or impaired urination. In such cases, its emotional impact is intensified; treatments have also evolved, with the arrival of new drugs, and better structured care to take account of the various organic, psychological and relationship factors. These guidelines were designed as a support for diagnosis and treatment, for first-line management of patients consulting for erectile dysfunction, and are summarised by an algorithm. We have added a Communication Guide to help practitioners to tackle the issue of sexuality with patients whenever this is helpful or necessary.

© 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS We are presenting in this article the third updated version of “Guidelines for non-sexologist general practitioners for first-line treatment” for a patient suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED). This work follows the methodology recommended by the French National Health Authority, and includes an in-depth documentary search of medical and scientific bibliographic data. It was conducted by a working group that identified, selected, analysed and summarised the scientific literature used to prepare these guidelines. All this work was reviewed by a reading group that expressed an opinion on the substance and format of these guidelines, in particular concerning their legibility and ease of application. Amongst the main points that have been Colson, updated and which are presented in detail in the articles of this issue, we draw attention in particular to: a change in definitions, abandoning the classification M.H., of erectile dysfunction by aetiology, dividing it into three types (organic, psychogenic and mixed), preferring a better suited integrated definition, recognising Cuzin, B., that these various factors can overlap; the issue of the partner's role in triggering or maintaining the patient's ED is today seen as an important factor that Sexologies Erectile dysfunction, 15 Faix, A., 2018 Consumption Organic should not be overlooked; the high prevalence of ED has been confirmed by recent studies, as well as its steady rise with age. But the older patients would 27(1), pp. e1-e6 twenty years after Grellet, L., today appear to be more acutely affected in terms of their quality of life. For younger patients, the prevalence of ED can also be high, linked to lack of activity, Huyghes, comorbidities, or excessive consumption of alcohol and/or toxic substances. Vulnerable populations (patients with comorbidities, diabetes, hypertension E. and cardiovascular pathologies, depression etc.) are today identified as presenting high levels of risk for high prevalence of ED. ED is often an “indicator” of a comorbidity, in particular for certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, or impaired urination. In such cases, its emotional impact is intensified; treatments have also evolved, with the arrival of new drugs, and better structured care to take account of the various organic, psychological and relationship factors. These guidelines were designed as a support for diagnosis and treatment, for first-line management of patients consulting for erectile dysfunction, and are summarised by an algorithm. We have added a Communication Guide to help practitioners to tackle the issue of sexuality with patients whenever this is helpful or necessary.

© 2018 Lee et al. Sea cucumbers play an important role in the recycling and remineralization of organic matter (OM) in reef sands through feeding, excretion, and bioturbation processes. Growing demand from Asian markets has driven the overexploitation of these animals globally. The implications of sea cucumber fisheries for shallow coastal ecosystems and their management remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the current study manipulated densities of Holothuria scabra within enclosures on a reef flat in Fiji, between August 2015 and February 2016, to study the effects of sea Lee, S., cucumber removal on sedimentary function as a biocatalytic filter system. Three treatments were investigated: (i) high density (350 g m-2wet weight; ca. 15 Ford, A.K., Effects of sandfish individuals); (ii) natural density (60 gm-2; ca. 3 individuals); and (iii) exclusion (0 gm-2). Quantity of sediment reworked through ingestion by H. scabra, grain Mangubhai, PeerJ (Holothuria scabra) 16 2018 Consumption Organic size distribution, O2penetration depth, and sedimentary oxygen consumption (SOC) were quantified within each treatment. Findings revealed that the S., Wild, 2018(5),e4773 removal on shallow- natural population of H. scabra at the study site can rework ca. 10,590 kg dry sediment 1,000 m-2year-1; more than twice the turnover rate recorded for H. C., Ferse, water sediments in Fiji atra and Stichopus chloronotus. There was a shift towards finer fraction grains in the high treatment. In the exclusion treatment, the O2penetration depth S.C. decreased by 63% following a 6 °Cincrease in water temperature over the course of two months, while in the high treatment no such change was observed. SOC rates increased ca. two-fold in the exclusion treatment within the first month, and were consistently higher than in the high treatment. These results suggest that the removal of sea cucumbers can reduce the capacity of sediments to buffer OM pulses, impeding the function and productivity of shallow coastal ecosystems.

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. To explore reward substitution in the context of voluntary exercise, female mice from four replicate high-runner (HR) lines (bred for wheel running) and four non-selected control (C) lines were given simultaneous access to wheels and palatable solutions as competing rewards (two doses of saccharin [0.1, 0.2% w/v]; two doses of common artificial sweetener blends containing saccharin [Sweet ‘N Low®: 0.1, 0.2% w/v], aspartame High-runner mice [Equal®: 0.04, 0.08% w/v], or sucralose [Splenda®: 0.08, 0.16% w/v]; or two doses of sucrose [3.5, 10.5% w/v]). Wheel running and fluid consumption were Thompson, have reduced measured daily, with each dose (including plain water) lasting two days and two “washout” days between solutions. In a separate set of mice, the Z., Kolb, Behavioural Processes incentive salience for experiment was repeated without wheel access. The artificial sweeteners had no statistical effect on wheel running. However, based on proportional 17 2018 Consumption Organic E.M., 146, pp. 46-53 a sweet-taste reward responses, both doses of sucrose significantly elevated wheel running in C but not HR mice. In contrast, the high dose of sucrose suppressed home-cage Garland, T. when housed with activity for both linetypes. Both sucrose and the artificial blends generally increased fluid consumption in a dose-dependent manner. When they had access wheel access to wheels, HR had a significantly smaller increase in consumption of artificial sweetener blends when compared with C mice, but not when housed without wheels. Overall, these results provide further evidence that the reward system of HR mice has evolved, and specifically suggest that HR mice have a reduced incentive salience for some artificial sweetener blends, likely attributable to the stronger competing reward of wheel running that has evolved in these lines.

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© SAGE Publications. Organic food consumption is associated with "citizen-consumer" practice, which is an act of promoting different aspects of social Citizen-consumer and ecological responsibility and the integration of ethical considerations in daily practices such as eating. This article analyzes aspects of organic food ournal of Consumer revisited: The cultural consumption in Israel and the symbolic meanings given to it by its consumers. The study shows how practices attributed to ethical eating culture are used Grosglik, 18 Culture 2017 meanings of organic Consumption Organic in identity construction, social status manifestation, and as a means to demonstrate openness to global cultural trends. Organic food consumption is carried R. 17(3), pp. 732-751 food consumption in out as part of a symbolic use of ethical values and its adaptation to the local Israeli cultural context. In addition, organic food consumption patterns are Israel revealed as fitting the cultural logic of globalization, which spread in the last decades in Israel. Analysis of the socio-cultural aspects related to organic food consumption points to the polysemy embodied in the term citizen-consumer and shows how the actual implementation of this term in Israel is based on the assimilation of cosmopolitan meanings.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Over the last two decades, a growing concern about ethical behaviour has been observed among consumers. Ethically minded consumers are more inclined towards the consumption of ethical goods, such as green products and fair trade (hereafter, ‘FT’) products, organic Values, socially products and local products. Establishing the motives that predict FT consumption behaviour provides ground for understanding how consumers make conscious behaviour purchase decisions. This research postulates that the intention of buying FT products is influenced by socially conscious behaviour, consumers’ values and Ladhari, R., International Journal of and consumption emotions. The study, conducted among 268 Canadian consumers, shows that the high intention of buying FT products is linked to high levels of pride, 19 Tchetgna, Consumer Studies 2017 emotions as Consumption Organic enthusiasm, satisfaction, happiness and joy related to FT product consumption. The FT consumption experience provides consumers with hedonic N.M. 41(6), pp. 696-705 predictors of gratification. It shows that the higher the levels of self-centred, equality and social justice values are, the higher the intention of buying FT products. An Canadians’ intent to increase in socially conscious behaviour generates an increase in intention of purchasing FT products. The research contributes to a preliminary analysis of buy fair trade products the role of emotions in this field and calls for the development of cognitive-affective models of purchase and consumption behaviour. Understanding the dimensions of hedonic values and the significance of pleasure experience is essential to the development of the theory and practices of FT consumption.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Information on the climate impact of a food product has practically not been communicated in Germany, even though it could provide important acknowledgement of producers’ actions in low-carbon production. So far, carbon labelling has predominantly been discussed without taking into account German consumers’ opinions (proven by empirical data) on this issue, even though involving the consumer in the considerations of a Carbon Label is essential for its success. Especially the question, if information on the product carbon footprint is a considerable factor within the search Lampert, process of a purchase decision, was of special interest in this work. To answer these questions, we analysed consumers’ information-seeking behaviour Carbon information on P., Menrad, International Journal of using an information display matrix (IDM) experiment with 232 participants. The IDM is a process tracing technique which allows to track the information vegetables: How does 20 K., Consumer Studies 2017 Consumption Organic search in a buying process. Our results show that basically the place of origin is the most important criterion for the purchase decision, followed by price it affect the buying Emberger- 41(6), pp. 618-626 and production method (conventional/organic). In contrast, the sustainability information (i.e., carbon footprint and water consumption) are at a low level of process? Klein, A. importance. Comparing two locally produced products with the help of a multinominal logistic regression-model, it seems that the group of consumers preferring organic products is influenced in the purchase decision by the carbon footprint information. In summary it can be stated that although some people may be basically interested in carbon labelling of fresh food, the purchase decision would probably be hardly influenced by a carbon label on vegetables at present. The majority of people are more concerned about factors like origin and price so that Carbon Labelling would only be a viable option for a small group of consumers.

The food consumption patterns observed in developed countries raise important concerns related to health and environmental issues. In this context, many studies have aimed to assess the potential benefits of organic consumption and to determine the extent to which the promotion of organic foods could be a Boizot- Organic consumption relevant strategy to address these issues. Crinnion (2010) and Lairon (2010) reviewed multiple studies and showed that organic varieties provide Szantai, and diet choice: An Appetite significantly greater levels of vitamin C, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and antioxidant phytochemicals than did non-organic varieties of the same foods. 21 C., Hamza, 2017 analysis based on Consumption Organic 117, pp. 17-28 Whereas Smith-Spangler et al. (2012) considered that the published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than O., Soler, food purchase data in conventional foods, Forman and Silverstein (2012) concluded that in terms of health advantages, organic diets have been convincingly demonstrated to L.-G. France expose consumers to fewer pesticides associated with human disease. Regarding environmental issues, organic farming has been demonstrated to have less of an environmental impact than conventional approaches (Heerwagen, Andersen, Christensen, & Sandøe, 2014).

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This essay explores and debates the status of organics as a marketplace icon. Organic products are somewhat unique in having a place in both mainstream and niche markets. The breadth of organic products and sales continue to rise, and certification processes have become more sophisticated, stringent and successful. Organics are loved and loathed by consumers, and loved and loathed Consumption Markets Prothero, Organics: (and often parodied) in popular culture. The market is both friend and enemy of organic products and organic consumers. What organics mean is 22 and Culture 2017 Consumption Organic A. marketplace icon complicated and confusing, and their benefits for both the natural environment and human health are contested. Scrutiny of organics allows us to explore pp. 1-8 how the relationship between regulations, the market and popular culture contribute to the development of an icon, firmly rooted in the marketplace, while also maintaining its status as ambivalent commodity. I conclude that organics are indeed marketplace icons – but decline to offer advice on whether or not I recommend becoming an organic consumer (despite my own avid purchase of all things organic).

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The “organic” claim explicitly informs consumers about the food production method. Yet, based on this claim, people often infer unrelated food attributes. The current research examined whether the perceived advantage of organic over conventional food generalizes across different organic food types. Compared to whole organic foods, processed organic foods are less available, familiar and prototypical of the organic food category. In two studies (combined N = 258) we investigated how both organic foods types were perceived in healthfulness, taste and caloric content when compared to Lost in processing? their conventional alternatives. Participants evaluated images of both whole (e.g., lettuce) and processed organic food exemplars (e.g., pizza), and reported Prada, M., Perceived general evaluations of these food types. The association of these evaluations with individual difference variables – self-reported knowledge and consumption Garrido, Appetite healthfulness, taste of organic food, and environmental concerns – was also examined. Results showed that organically produced whole foods were perceived as more 23 M.V., 2017 Consumption Organic 114, pp. 175-186 and caloric content of healthful, tastier and less caloric than those produced conventionally, thus replicating the well-established halo effect of the organic claim in food evaluation. Rodrigues, whole and processed The organic advantage was more pronounced among individuals who reported being more knowledgeable about organic food, consumed it more frequently, D. organic food and were more environmentally concerned. The advantage of the organic claim for processed foods was less clear. Overall, processed organic (vs. conventional) foods were perceived as tastier, more healthful (Study 1) or equally healthful (Study 2), but also as more caloric. We argue that the features of processed food may modulate the impact of the organic claim, and outline possible research directions to test this assumption. Uncovering the specific conditions in which food claims bias consumer's perceptions and behavior may have important implications for marketing, health and public-policy related fields.

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© 2017 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of short-term memory impairment and schizophrenia-like symptoms in heavy and systematic cannabis users and the association between the severity of abuse and the longevity of its persistent symptoms after refraining from such use. Methods: A complete psychiatric examination and a psychometric evaluation were performed in Nestoros, 48 solely cannabis users. Additionally, head hair samples were analyzed and the detected cannabinoids levels were correlated with the psychometric J.N., findings. Results: A total of 33.3% (n = 16) of the total examined cannabis users were currently imprisoned. The years of abuse ranged from 1 to 35 years Vakonaki, and the median daily dose was 5.84.4 gr and 4.84.0 gr for prisoners (n = 16) and non prisoners (n = 32), respectively. A total of 39.6% of the users E., experienced hallucinations (mostly auditory), 54.2% experienced delusions (mostly ideas of reference and persecution), 85.4% had organic brain Tzatzaraki American Journal on Long lasting effects of dysfunction in a test addressing visual-motor functioning and visual perception skills, and all users (100%) were found to have organic brain dysfunction in a 24 s, M.N., Addictions 2017 chronic heavy Consumption Organic test of visual memory immediate recall. The cannabinoid metabolite levels in the hair samples were consistent with the reported history of substance abuse (...), 26(4), pp. 335-342 cannabis abuse and total grams of consumption for the participants below 35 years old (p <.001). Statistically elevated cannabinoids levels were observed in users with Skondras, auditory hallucinations compared to users without any hallucinations (p =.019). Conclusions: The existence of hallucinations, delusions, and organic brain M.D., dysfunction in heavy cannabis users seems to be associated with cannabinoid levels in hair. The continuation of persistent symptoms 3 months after the Tsatsakis, discontinuation of cannabis abuse, was a remarkable finding. Scientific Significance: We provide evidence that chronic and heavy cannabis abuse results in A.M. long-lasting brain dysfunction in all users and in long-lasting schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms in more than half of all users. These findings suggest a reevaluation of the current classification of cannabis as a “soft narcotic” which erroneously, therefore, is typically considered harmless. (Am J Addict 2017;26:335–342).

Wiecko, © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. A large number of legal, semi-legal, synthetic, and organic drugs are sold online or through commercial vendors as A High By Any Other F.M., novelties, often labeled as “not for human consumption.” It is fairly common knowledge, however, that many, if not all, of the purchasers of such products Name: Exploring the Thompson, Deviant Behavior buy them for personal use. This study conducted ethnographic interviews with 26 synthetic and organic drug users over a five month period. Using a 25 2017 Motivations for Consumption Organic W.E., 38(5), pp. 549-560 grounded theory approach, the authors created a typology of users that fell into three general categories: Risk reducers (who saw these drugs as either Consumption of Parham, safer or less likely to be detected than illegal drugs), plan “B” users (those who preferred illegal drugs but used these drugs when their preferred drugs were “Legal Highs” B.P. unavailable), and novelty seekers (who used these drugs experimentally, or simply for fun and recreation).

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd During the last decade, the purchase of organic food within a sustainable consumption context has gained momentum. Consequently, the amount of research in the field has increased, leading in some cases to discrepancies regarding both methods and results. The present review Predicting organic examines those works that applied the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) as a theoretical framework in order to understand and predict Scalco, A., food consumption: A consumers’ motivation to buy organic food. A meta-analysis has been conducted to assess the strength of the relationships between attitude, subjective Noventa, meta-analytic Appetite norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention, as well as between intention and behavior. Results confirm the major role played by individual attitude in 26 S., Sartori, 2017 structural equation Consumption Organic 112, pp. 235-248 shaping buying intention, followed by subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Intention-behavior shows a large effect size, few studies however R., Ceschi, model based on the explicitly reported such an association. Furthermore, starting from a pooled correlation matrix, a meta-analytic structural equation model has been applied to A. theory of planned jointly evaluate the strength of the relationships among the factors of the original model. Results suggest the robustness of the TPB model. In addition, behavior mediation analysis indicates a potential direct effect from subjective norms to individual attitude in the present context. Finally, some issues regarding methodological aspects of the application of the TPB within the context of organic food are discussed for further research developments.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Previous work has demonstrated that unacquainted participants in an experimental, restaurant-like setting consume more when they know in advance that the bill will be split evenly rather than paid according to individual consumption. Real life, however, often differs from these experimental settings in two important ways. First, unlike random groups of participants, diners who eat together are frequently friends or When Sharing Is Not colleagues. Second, payment method (even vs. individual payment) is usually unknown (i.e. uncertain) at the time people place their orders, and is Caring: Does determined when the check arrives. The current research tests the ecological validity of the association between consumption amount and payment Journal of Behavioral (un)Certainty About method. Study 1 was conducted in a natural setting with organic groups of diners. Some were asked to state their desired payment method before ordering 27 Shani, Y. Decision Making 2017 Bill Payment Method Consumption Organic (Certain condition); others did so only after asking for the check (Uncertain condition). In both conditions, even payment (as opposed to individual payment) 30(2), pp. 453-461 Lead Diners to was associated with greater consumption amount. However, overall, consumption amount was lower among diners in the Uncertain condition than among Consume More and those in the Certain condition. Study 2 presents a controlled follow-up experiment showing that eliminating diners' prior expectations regarding the payment Spend More Money? method—by informing them that the payment method will be randomly determined after the consumption decision—eliminates the relationship between payment method and consumption amount. This study further indicates that when diners are uncertain what the payment method will be, even bill-splitting has negative implications for their subsequent social interactions, expressed in retribution tendencies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

© 2015 IBRO Volatile organic solvent abuse continues to be a worldwide health problem, including the neurobehavioral teratogenic sequelae of toluene abuse during pregnancy. Although abuse levels of prenatal toluene exposure can lead to a Fetal Solvent Syndrome, there is little research examining these Callan, Prenatal toluene effects on memory. Consumption of toluene can have detrimental effects on the developing hippocampus which could lead to specific spatial learning and S.P., exposure impairs memory deficits. This study used a rat model to determine how prenatal exposure to abuse levels of toluene would affect performance in a spatial learning Hannigan, Neuroscience 28 2017 performance in the Consumption Organic and memory task, the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 8000 or 12,000 ppm (ppm) of toluene for 15 min J.H., 342, pp. 180-187 Morris Water Maze in twice daily from gestation day 8 (GD8) through GD20. Male and female offspring (N = 104) were observed in the MWM for 5 days beginning on postnatal day Bowen, adolescent rats (PN) 28 and again on PN44. While prenatal toluene-exposed animals did not differ in initial acquisition in the MWM, rats prenatally exposed to 12,000 ppm S.E. toluene displayed performance deficits during a probe trial and in reversal learning on PN44. Overall, this study indicates that prenatal exposure to repeated inhaled abuse patterns of high concentrations of toluene can impair spatial memory function that persists into adolescence.

© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This exploratory pilot study analyzes the influence of organic labeling on the sensory perception of wine, assessing not only overall hedonic rating but specific experiences of different sensory qualities, and addresses the question whether the organic halo effect on hedonic evaluation and purchase intention can be explained by variations in sensory ratings. A sample of 90 consumers took part in a one-way (organic label vs. control), between-groups experimental design comprising a wine tasting task and subsequent evaluation of the wine's sensory properties. All individual Apaolaza, tasted the same organic wine. In addition to showing that organic labeling increases hedonic evaluation and purchase intention, results provide evidence V., that sensory perception changes significantly when a wine carries an organic label, compared with the same wine lacking the organic claim. When labeled Hartmann, Organic label's halo organic, the same wine was perceived as having a finer, more intense, more fruity and floral aroma, a more intense, pleasurable and fruity flavor, as well as Journal of Sensory P., effect on sensory and a smoother texture, and better body. Results further showed that the organic halo effect on hedonic evaluation and purchase intention was totally mediated 29 Studies 2017 Consumption Organic Echebarria, hedonic experience of by increases in sensory ratings and perceived healthiness, providing a process explanation for this effect. Additional evidence points to health concerned 32(1),e12243 C., wine: A pilot study individuals being less prone to the organic halo effect. Practical applications: The finding that consumers not only associate health benefits with organic Barrutia, wine, but that there are expectancy beliefs involved that in addition to increasing hedonic ratings induce a more intense experience of sensory properties, J.M. has significant implications for marketers of organic wine and consumer policy aimed at promoting consumption of organic produce. Our findings suggest appealing to these expectations with the use of communicational claims that highlight the sensory experience derived from consuming organic wines. Sensory qualities are particularly relevant for wine, a food product where sensory experiences strongly determine consumer preferences. As our study shows, the positive halo effect that organic labeling has on hedonic evaluation of the wine and purchase intention can be explained by an enhanced sensory experience, particularly taste.

Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) is a proxy for organic matter processing and thus provides a useful proxy of benthic ecosystem function. Oxygen uptake in deep-sea sediments is mainly driven by bacteria, and the direct contribution of benthic macro- and mega-infauna respiration is thought to be relatively modest. However, the main contribution of infaunal organisms to benthic respiration, particularly large burrowing organisms, is likely Estimating the effect to be indirect and mainly driven by processes such as feeding and bioturbation that stimulate bacterial metabolism and promote the chemical oxidation of Leduc, D., of burrowing shrimp reduced solutes. Here, we estimate the direct and indirect contributions of burrowing shrimp (Eucalastacus cf. torbeni) to sediment community oxygen PeerJ 30 Pilditch, 2017 on deep-sea sediment Consumption Organic consumption based on incubations of sediment cores from 490 m depth on the continental slope of New Zealand. Results indicate that the presence of one 2017(5),e3309 C.A. community oxygen shrimp in the sediment is responsible for an oxygen uptake rate of about 40 μmol d-1, only 1% of which is estimated to be due to shrimp respiration. We consumption estimate that the presence of ten burrowing shrimp m-2of seabed would lead to an oxygen uptake comparable to current estimates of macro-infaunal community respiration on Chatham Rise based on allometric equations, and would increase total sediment community oxygen uptake by 14% compared to sediment without shrimp. Our findings suggest that oxygen consumption mediated by burrowing shrimp may be substantial in continental slope ecosystems. 2017 Leduc and Pilditch.

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© 2017 Gilman et al. The bacteria that grow on methane aerobically (methanotrophs) support populations of non-methanotrophs in the natural environment by excreting methane-derived carbon. One group of excreted compounds are short-chain organic acids, generated in highest abundance when cultures are Gilman, A., grown under O2-starvation. We examined this O2- starvation condition in the methanotroph Methylomicrobium buryatense 5GB1. The M. buryatense 5GB1 Fu, Y., Oxygen-limited genome contains homologs for all enzymes necessary for a fermentative metabolism, and we hypothesize that a metabolic switch to fermentation can be Hendershot metabolism in the induced by low-O2conditions. Under prolonged O2-starvation in a closed vial, this methanotroph increases the amount of acetate excreted about 10-fold, t, M., (...), PeerJ 31 2017 methanotroph Consumption Organic but the formate, lactate, and succinate excreted do not respond to this culture condition. In bioreactor cultures, the amount of each excreted product is Beck, 2017(10) Methylomicrobium similar across a range of growth rates and limiting substrates, including O2-limitation. A set of mutants were generated in genes predicted to be involved in D.A.C., buryatense 5GB1C generating or regulating excretion of these compounds and tested for growth defects, and changes in excretion products. The phenotypes and associated Lidstrom, metabolic flux modeling suggested that in M. buryatense 5GB1, formate and acetate are excreted in response to redox imbalance. Our results indicate that M.E. even under O2-starvation conditions, M. buryatense 5GB1 maintains a metabolic state representing a combination of fermentation and respiration metabolism.

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Metformin is the most frequently used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans. However, only little is known about effects of metformin on brain metabolism. To investigate potential metabolic consequences of an exposure of brain cells to metformin, we incubated rat astrocyte-rich primary cultures with this compound. Metformin in concentrations of up to 30 mM did not acutely compromise The Antidiabetic Drug Westhaus, the viability of astrocytes, but caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in cellular glucose consumption and lactate production. For acute Metformin Stimulates A., incubations in the hour range, the presence of 10 mM metformin doubled the glycolytic flux, while already 1 mM metformin doubled glycolytic flux during Neurochemical Research Glycolytic Lactate 32 Blumrich, 2017 Consumption Organic incubation for 24 h. In addition to metformin, also other guanidino compounds increased astrocytic lactate production. After 4 h of incubation, half-maximal 42(1), pp. 294-305 Production in Cultured E.M., stimulation of glycolysis was observed for metformin, guanidine and phenformin at concentrations of around 3 mM, 3 mM and 30 µM, respectively. The Primary Rat Dringen, R. acute stimulation of glycolytic lactate production by metformin was persistent after removal of extracellular metformin and was also observed, if glucose Astrocytes was absent from the incubation medium or replaced by other hexoses. The metformin-induced stimulation of glycolytic flux was not prevented by compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-dependent protein kinase, nor was it additive to the stimulation of glycolytic flux caused by respiratory chain inhibitors. These data demonstrate that the antidiabetic drug metformin has the potential to strongly activate glycolytic lactate production in brain astrocytes.

© 2017, Bentham Science Publishers. Background: New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) belong to several chemical classes, including phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of NPS both in Kyriakou, traditional and alternative matrices is of crucial importance to study drug metabolism and to associate consumption to clinical outcomes and eventual C., intoxication symptoms. Among different biological matrices, hair is the one with the widest time window to investigate drug-related history and demonstrate Recent trends in Pellegrini, past intake. Method: The aim of this paper was to overview the trends of the rapidly evolving analytical methods for the determination of NPS in hair and the Current analytical methods to M., Garcia- usefulness of these methods when applied to real cases. A number of rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of NPS in hair matrix has been 33 Neuropharmacology 2017 determine new Consumption Organic Algar, O., recently published, most of them using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hair digestion and subsequent solid phase extraction or liquid- 15(5), pp. 663-681 psychoactive Marinelli, liquid extraction were described as well as extraction in organic solvents. For most of the methods limits of quantification at picogram per milligram hair substances in hair E., Zaami, were obtained. Results: The measured concentrations for most of the NPS in real samples were in the range of picograms of drug per milligram of hair. S. Interpretation of the results and lack of cut-off values for the discrimination between chronic consumption and occasional use or external contamination are still challenging. Conclusions: Methods for the determination of NPS in hair are continually emerging to include as many NPS as possible due to the great demand for their detection.

© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. Genetic predisposition to multiple sclerosis (MS) only explains a fraction of the disease risk; lifestyle and environmental factors are key contributors to the risk of MS. Importantly, these nongenetic factors can influence pathogenetic pathways, and some of them can be modified. Besides established MS-associated risk factors-high latitude, female sex, smoking, low vitamin D levels Olsson, T., Interactions between caused by insufficient sun exposure and/or dietary intake, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection-strong evidence now supports obesity during adolescence Barcellos, Nature Reviews genetic, lifestyle and as a factor increasing MS risk. Organic solvents and shift work have also been reported to confer increased risk of the disease, whereas factors such as 34 L.F., Neurology 2016 environmental risk Consumption Organic use of nicotine or alcohol, cytomegalovirus infection and a high coffee consumption are associated with a reduced risk. Certain factors-smoking, EBV Alfredsson, 13(1), pp. 26-36 factors for multiple infection and obesity-interact with HLA risk genes, pointing at a pathogenetic pathway involving adaptive immunity. All of the described risk factors for MS L. sclerosis can influence adaptive and/or innate immunity, which is thought to be the main pathway modulated by MS risk alleles. Unlike genetic risk factors, many environmental and lifestyle factors can be modified, with potential for prevention, particularly for people at the greatest risk, such as relatives of individuals with MS. Here, we review recent data on environmental and lifestyle factors, with a focus on gene-environment interactions.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd In this qualitative study, the process of developing a politicized identity around diet was explored through a social psychological lens. Applying one of the most influencial models of group identity development proposed by Cross (1978) in which an “encounter” experience spurs an awakening into a politicized identity, we asked 36 participants who followed alternative diets due to political reasons to describe their unique encounter Chuck, C., Awakening to the experiences that brought them to their politicized awakening. Their self-identified diets included pescetarian, vegetarian, vegan, raw, non-GMO/organic, and Fernandes, Appetite politics of food: 35 2016 Consumption Organic reduced meat consumption. Participants described the rationale for their diets, their “encounter” or awakening to their politicized diets, and whether they S.A., 107, pp. 425-436 Politicized diet as viewed their diet as a part of their identity. Using thematic analysis, we identified four key types of encounters that sparked their politicization: a series of Hyers, L.L. social identity integrated events, exposure to educational materials, a direct visceral emotional experience, and guidance from a role model. We discuss the results with regard to the politics of food, the nature of the politicized dieter's identity as part of a minority food culture, and the difficulties of engaging in political action through one's diet. The underexplored benefits of applying social psychological theories of identity to research on dietary subcultures is also discussed.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Lifestyle is a construct that makes it easier to understand consumers' behaviour, since it involves ways of life and results da Silva, from past experiences, as well as from personal features based on current situations. It influences the consumption habits of individuals and their families. I.S., International Journal of Empty Nest Couples: Accordingly, the aim of the current article is to analyze the lifestyle of individuals who belong to the empty nest couple group. The participants were Brazilian Slongo, 36 Consumer Studies 2016 Lifestyles and Consumption Organic and chosen according to their activities, interests and opinions. Thus, we adopted the exploratory and descriptive design, and followed qualitative and L.A., 40(6), pp. 695-700 Typology quantitative aspects. According to the results, there are many lifestyles and they can be divided in three groups: the elitist, the politicized and the popular Antunes one. Elitists prioritize education and the consumption of cultural and organic products. The politicized group is aware of its political rights and duties. The Rohde, L. popular group practices common habits such as playing soccer, watching TV shows and eating industrialized food.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Studies of sustainable consumer profiles are mainly label-specific and focus on Organic or Fair Trade labels. As a result, Who is behind the when the sustainable consumer is defined, there is a sense that only one profile exists. If each label has a different positioning strategy and has different Carrero, I., sustainable International Journal of requirements, the buyers of these products may also be different. Through the use of consumer panel data, this paper aims to deepen the understanding of Redondo, purchase? The 37 Consumer Studies 2016 Consumption Organic the household demographic profiles of consumers of sustainable brands in order to discover if there is a single sustainable consumer profile or whether R., Fabra, sustainable consumer 40(6), pp. 643-651 there is diversity associated with different labels. This study reveals profile differences and these provide better understanding of the complexities of M.E. profile in grocery sustainable consumption. It reveals that the profiles of sustainable buyers are not the same across all labels and this should be taken into account by shopping in Spain awarding institutions when designing and evaluating their positioning strategies.

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© 2016 Elsevier Ltd This paper aims to investigate selected aspects of organic food consumption in Poland. We conducted a survey in a representative sample of 1000 consumers. Polish consumers are convinced that organic food is more expensive, healthier, more environmentally friendly, more tasty and more authentic than conventional food. They believe its arouses more trust, has a better quality, is subject to more strict controls, and is produced in a more Organic food traditional way. According to Polish consumers, the most important characteristics of organic food are healthiness and high quality. The perceived Appetite consumption in 38 Bryła, P. 2016 Consumption Organic authenticity of organic food depends on its natural taste, product quality, labelling, in particular having a European quality sign, as well as the retailer type and 105, pp. 737-746 Poland: Motives and a separate exposition place in the points of purchase (merchandising). The critical barrier to the development of the organic food market in Poland is the barriers high price, followed by an insufficient consumer awareness, low availability of organic products, short expiry dates and low visibility in the shop. The principal motives of organic food selection in Poland include: healthiness, ecological character of the product, food safety considerations, superior taste, and quality assurance. We identified the motives for and barriers to organic food consumption in Poland.

© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Despite the progressive development of the organic food sector in Taiwan, little is known about how consumers' Organic food consumption motives will influence organic food decision through various degrees of involvement and whether or not consumers with various degrees of consumption in uncertainty will vary in their intention to buy organic foods. The current study aims to examine the effect of consumption motives on behavioral intention Teng, C.- Taiwan: Motives, related to organic food consumption under the mediating role of involvement as well as the moderating role of uncertainty. Research data were collected Appetite 39 C., Lu, C.- 2016 involvement, and Consumption Organic from organic food consumers in Taiwan via a questionnaire survey, eventually obtaining 457 valid questionnaires for analysis. This study tested the overall 105, pp. 95-105 H. purchase intention model fit and hypotheses through structural equation modeling method (SEM). The results show that consumer involvement significantly mediates the under the moderating effects of health consciousness and ecological motives on organic food purchase intention, but not applied to food safety concern. Moreover, the role of uncertainty moderating effect of uncertainty is statistical significance, indicating that the relationship between involvement and purchase intention becomes weaker in the condition of consumers with higher degree of uncertainty. Several implications and suggestions are also discussed for organic food providers and marketers.

Mamouni © 2016 Elsevier Inc. The problem of environmental degradation is large and widespread, with consumption of food being a major contributor to a Limnios, Willingness to pay for households' ecological impact. The Product Ecological Footprint (PEF) is a new information management process of “self-improving” accuracy that E., Technological product ecological enables producers to quantify product environmental impact. This study addresses two key questions; consumer willingness to pay and application Schilizzi, Forecasting and Social 40 2016 footprint: Organic vs Consumption Organic readiness for PEF. We use choice experiments to identify the value consumers place on PEF as a label. We then examine data availability, information S.G.M., Change non-organic processing systems and accreditation protocols that would be required to support a market-wide application of PEF. Findings highlight an opportunity to Burton, M., 111, pp. 338-348 consumers influence the behaviour of the larger market segment of conventional (non-organic) consumers. Further research is required into the interaction between Ong, A., PEF and organics, PEF and origin, marketing and branding of the label, for market wide applications to be considered. A key question emerges as to Hynes, N. whether PEF requires a different application platform than a voluntary eco-label scheme to instigate behavioural change.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Although the globalised food system delivers unparalleled food variety and quantity to most in the developed world it also disconnects consumers from where, how and by whom food is grown. This change in the food system has resulted in an acceptance of an anonymous and homogeneous food supply, which has contributed to over-consumption and the rise in diet-related diseases. 'Nutritionism' responds to this issue by A moveable feast: maintaining that a 'healthy diet' can be achieved by consuming the correct balance of energy and nutrients, but with limited success. Yet, some food Contemporary cultures can moderate the effects of the environmental drivers of increasing global obesity rates. This paper draws on this premise and presents an O'Kane, Appetite relational food alternative eco-dietetic response, exploring people's meaning-making of food and food culture through local food networks.This research used narrative 41 2016 Consumption Organic G. 105, pp. 218-231 cultures emerging inquiry methodology and purposive sampling to gather stories through focus group conversations. Twenty people attended focus groups comprised of food from local food procurers from one of three local food networks in the Canberra region: community gardens, a modified Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) and networks farmers' markets.The findings showed that those using local food networks enjoyed a 'contemporary relational food culture' that highlighted the importance of people, place and time, in their visceral experiences of food. The community gardeners made meaning of food through their connections to the earth and to others. The farmers' market and CSA food procurers valued the seasonal, local and ethical food produced by their beloved farmer(s). This paper provides qualitative evidence that local food networks enable people to enjoy multi-dimensional relationships to food. Further research is required to examine whether experiencing a contemporary relational food culture can lead to improved health outcomes for people and the planet.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd Food production and consumption have major impacts on the environment. At the same time, changes in human diets worldwide are increasingly leading to health problems. Both issues are highly influenced by consumers’ everyday food choices and could be addressed by reducing consumption of meat and other animal products. To promote sustainable food consumption, we need to know how consumers perceive the environmental Lazzarini, friendliness and healthiness of food products, on which criteria they base their evaluations of environmental friendliness and healthiness, and how their Does environmental G.A., estimations relate to life cycle assessments and nutrient profiling. We presented 30 protein products, which varied in provenance, production methods, and friendliness equal Zimmerma processing, to 85 participants from Switzerland. They were asked to sort the products once according to their perceived environmental friendliness and Appetite healthiness? Swiss 42 nn, J., 2016 Consumption Organic once according to their perceived healthiness. The mean distances between the products were compared to the products’ life cycle assessments and 105, pp. 663-673 consumers’ Visschers, nutrient profiles. The results showed that perceived environmental friendliness and healthiness are highly correlated. The main predictors of the products’ perception of protein V.H.M., perceived environmental friendliness were product category, presence of an organic label, and provenance; and for perceived healthiness, these predictors products Siegrist, M. were product category, fat content, processing, and presence of an organic label. Environmental friendliness and healthiness estimations were significantly correlated to the life cycle assessments and the nutrient profiles of the products, respectively. Hence, to promote healthy and environmentally friendly food choices, motivators related to environmental friendliness and healthiness could be used in synergy. Awareness about meat's environmental impact should be increased and better information is needed for consumers to make an accurate environmental impact and healthiness assessments of protein products.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd The alternative food network (AFN) refers to connections between consumers, producers, and sellers of organic, local/regional, “sustainably grown,” and other artisanal and niche food not produced by the conventional system (Goodman & Goodman, 2007). Alternative foods are often viewed as the “right” consumption choice while conventional counterparts are positioned as ethically “wrong.” A moral positioning of food, avoidance of Organivore or certain food groups, and anxiety elicited by food consumption choices bears similarities to disordered eating behaviors (Hesse-Biber, Leavy, Quinn, & Zoino, Barnett, organorexic? 2006), including a newly proposed eating syndrome, orthorexia nervosa (ON; Vandereycken, 2011; Zamora, Bonaechea, Sánchez, & Rial, 2005). This study M.J., Examining the examines the relationship among engagement in the AFN, disordered eating behaviors, and special diets. We hypothesized that individuals with higher AFN Dripps, Appetite relationship between 43 2016 Consumption Organic engagement would be more likely report disordered eating behaviors as well as to follow a special diet. Adult men and women (N = 284) completed a series W.R., 105, pp. 713-720 alternative food of measures assessing engagement in the AFN and eating behaviors. We found that individuals with higher AFN engagement were more likely to report ON Blomquist, network engagement, tendencies but not significantly likely to engage in other disordered eating behaviors. Individuals following a special diet were significantly more engaged in K.K. disordered eating, and the AFN, more likely to report ON tendencies, and more likely to self-report an eating disorder. Our findings suggest that the most engaged consumers special diets participate in the AFN for the purported benefits reaped by society and the environment and not to moderate their consumption or mask disordered eating behaviors. Future research should prospectively explore associations between AFN engagement, ON and disordered eating behaviors, and special diets as well as consider the utility of incorporating AFN engagement into existing disordered eating prevention programs.

© 2016 International Association for the Study of Pain. The organic cation transporter OCT1 (SLC22A1) mediates uptake and metabolism of the active tramadol metabolite (1)Odesmethyltramadol in the liver. In this study, the influence of OCT1 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics and analgesic Stamer, efficacy of tramadol in patients recovering from surgery was analyzed in addition to the CYP2D6 genotype. Postoperative patients who received tramadol U.M., Loss-of-function through patient-controlled analgesia were enrolled. Genotypes resulting in 0, 1, or 2 active OCT1 alleles were determined as well as CYP2D6 genotypes. Musshoff, polymorphisms in the The primary endpoint was the 24-hour postoperative tramadol consumption in patients with 0 vs at least 1 active OCT1 allele. Secondary endpoint was the F., Stüber, organic cation OCT1-dependent plasma concentration (areas under the concentration-time curves) of the active tramadol metabolite (1)O-desmethyltramadol. Of 205 Pain 44 F., (...), 2016 transporter OCT1 are Consumption Organic patients, 19, 82, and 104 carried 0, 1, and 2 active OCT1 alleles, respectively. Cumulative tramadol consumption through patient-controlled analgesia was 157(11), pp. 2467-2475 Steffens, associated with lowest in patients with 0 active OCT1 allele compared with the group of patients with 1 or 2 active alleles (343 ± 235 vs 484 ± 276 mg; P = 0.03). Multiple M., reduced postoperative regression revealed that the number of active OCT1 alleles (P=0.014), CYP2D6 (P=0.001), pain scores (P<0.001), and the extent of surgery (0.034) had a Tzvetkov, tramadol consumption significant influence on tramadol consumption. Plasma areas under the concentration-time curves of (1)O-desmethyltramadol were 111.8 (95% confidence M.V. interval: 63.4-160.1), 80.2 (65.1-95.3), and 64.5 (51.9-77.2) h ng mL-1in carriers of 0, 1, or 2 active OCT1 alleles (P 5 0.03). Loss of OCT1 function resulted in reduced tramadol consumption and increased plasma concentrations of (1)O-desmethyltramadol in patients recovering from surgery. Therefore, analyzing OCT1 next to CYP2D6 genotype might further improve future genotype-dependent dose recommendations for tramadol.

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© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Italy, one of the most involved countries in organic farming, represents a European case in the Mediterranean area concerning the sustainable food market, mainly based on organic food. The aim of this study is to investigate the theory of planned behaviour extended to past behaviour with particular attention to social pressure, in the context of sustainable food products across Italy. Data were collected on a regional basis and across different age classes and analyzed using structural equation modelling for a representative sample of approximately 3000 self-reporting Investigating Vassallo, respondents who account for a remarkable percentage (69%) of sustainable food products purchasing. The strongest intention to buy these products was psychosocial M., International Journal of found in Northern and Central Italy while the South and the Insular macro-regions exhibited the highest perceived purchasing barriers. The complexity of determinants in 45 Scalvedi, Consumer Studies 2016 Consumption Organic social pressure in predicting the intention to buy highlighted a clear and significant role of the Italian family in making sustainable food choices. However, the influencing M.L., Saba, 40(4), pp. 422-434 other social referent others, such as important people, friends, society, differentiated their contribution to these choices at territorial level. An exception to sustainable food A. this latter trend was found for the society concept that completely failed its support as subjective norm predictor of intention. This may possibly be due to the consumption in Italy fact that no sustainable food market policy is univocally identified in Italy, not even with legal certification unless it regards the organic sector. Nevertheless, past rewarding purchasing experience seemed to be the most effective motivation for buying sustainable food products in Italy. In conclusion, efforts both from the supply chain and political side should be made mainly in terms of rewarding purchasing experience and legal certification on sustainable food products.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Global environmental challenges require changes in both the production and the consumption of goods. In this paper we analyse how consumers perceive the high environmental burden of meat. We analysed consumer environmental consciousness, including problem awareness and a support to action dimensions, latter including perceived self-efficacy as well as solutions to problems. The solutions were positioned on a continuum from Pohjolainen Consumer increasing the efficiency of production to discussing sufficiency levels in consumption practices (techno-optimism, local meat, organic meat and meat , P., Tapio, consciousness on reduction, respectively). We used a statistically representative survey sample (n = 1890) from the population of Finland and cluster analysis to explore P., Vinnari, Appetite 46 2016 meat and the Consumption Organic differences among consumers. The analysis revealed that most Finns seem to be rather unsure of the study topic. At the same time they tend to have a M., 101, pp. 37-45 environment - comparably high level of self-efficacy (55 per cent of respondents) and endorsement of particularly local meat solution type (55%), followed by organic meat Jokinen, P., Exploring differences (35%), meat reduction (25%) and techno-optimism (15%), though the neutral stand was the most common one across the data. We also identified six Räsänen, consumer groups that reveal not only a high number of Highly unsure consumers (40%), but also some Rather conscious (20%) and a relatively small P. number of Highly conscious (8%). In addition, there were also easily observable groups of Careless conscious (14%), Rather unsure (9%) and Resistant (8%). The results highlight the need for a multitude of political actions to guide meat consumption, as there are groups that may benefit from practical tools for making dietary changes as well as groups in need for more comprehensive selection of measures, including environmental information.

© 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Purpose of review The area of multiple sclerosis (MS) epidemiology has expanded during the last few years. Established lifestyle and environmental factors influencing MS risk are Epstein-Barr virus infection, sun exposure/vitamin D, and smoking. We review these factors and a series of other potential candidates implicated in the pathogenesis of MS and how environmental factors interact with genetic Hedström, Environmental susceptibility with regard to disease risk. Recent findings On top of established MS-associated factors, there is now strong evidence for influence of A.K., Current Opinion in factors and their adolescent obesity, exposure to organic solvents and shift work, all demonstrating increased risk of disease. Other factors, such as nicotine, alcohol, and 47 Alfredsson, Neurology 2016 interactions with risk Consumption Organic high coffee consumption are associated with decreased MS risk. A number of lifestyle/environmental factors, including smoking and obesity, seem to L., Olsson, 29(3), pp. 293-298 genotypes in MS interact with MS risk human leukocyte antigen genes, conferring much stronger effects on disease risk among those exposed to both factors. Furthermore, T. susceptibility an interaction between two environmental factors, obesity and infectious mononucleosis, with regard to MS risk, has been demonstrated in two independent studies. Summary MS is a complex disease for which both genetic susceptibility and lifestyle/environmental factors are important, and where the latter may be of great importance. Lifestyle and environmental factors can often be modified and may denote pathogenic pathways.

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Nature sounds are increasingly used by some food retailers to enhance in-store ambiance and potentially even influence sustainable Exploring the food choices. An in-store, 2 × 3 between-subject full factorial experiment conducted on 627 customers over 12 days tested whether nature sound directly relationship between and indirectly influenced willingness to buy (WTB) sustainable foods. The results show that nature sounds positively and directly influence WTB organic Spendrup, nature sounds, foods in groups of customers (men) that have relatively low initial intentions to buy. Indirectly, we did not find support for the effect of nature sound on S., Hunter, Appetite connectedness to 48 2016 Consumption Organic influencing mood or connectedness to nature (CtN). However, we show that information on the product's sustainability characteristics moderates the E., Isgren, 100, pp. 133-141 nature, mood and relationship between CtN and WTB in certain groups. Namely, when CtN is high, sustainability information positively moderated WTB both organic and E. willingness to buy climate friendly foods in men. Conversely, when CtN was low, men expressed lower WTB organic and climate friendly foods than identical, albeit sustainable food: A conventionally labelled products. Consequently, our study concludes that nature sounds might be an effective, yet subtle in-store tool to use on groups of retail field experiment consumers who might otherwise respond negatively to more overt forms of sustainable food information.

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. The current research introduces the negative footprint illusion: Although adding a green to a non-green food product necessarily increases total environmental impact (footprint), consumers will sometimes erroneously estimate the total environmental impact of the combination of the Gorissen, The negative footprint Journal of Environmental green and non-green product lower than the same non-green product alone. The negative footprint effect is demonstrated in two between-subjects survey K., illusion: Perceptual 49 Psychology 2016 Consumption Organic experiments among consumers responsible for purchases in their household (N = 536, N = 580), is partially supported in a student sample (N = 219), but Weijters, bias in sustainable 45, pp. 50-65 does not show up in a within-subject experiment (N = 477). Our findings contribute to the understanding of how consumers deal with environmental impact B. food consumption information and how such information can be subject to biased processing. We relate our findings to the broader literature on heuristic processing, as well as to the concepts of green-washing and compensatory green beliefs, and draw implications for research and policy making.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Information provision is often considered to have an important role to play in changing consumers' choices. However, there is still no consensus on the mechanisms by which information might influence specific consumer expenditures, especially in relation to environmentally friendly food products. This paper explores whether the public debate on sustainable consumption in UK broadsheets and tabloids relates to observed Media effects on consumers' expenditures. It does so by relating the number of published articles on selected sustainability topics to consumers' food expenditure in a sustainable food leading UK supermarket from May 2009 to May 2011, using regression analysis. We selected only regular supermarket's shoppers who frequently buy the Bellotti, E., International Journal of consumption: How Sunday editions of the analyzed newspapers. Results indicate very sparse and inconsistent correlations suggesting that the impact of information is only 50 Panzone, Consumer Studies 2016 newspaper coverage Consumption Organic minimally effective. The number of newspaper articles relates mainly to expenditures on organic, wholegrain and low salt products, possibly indicating a L. 40(2), pp. 186-200 relates to preference for healthy food. No consistent effects are observed when media target a change in more general food categories (e.g. a reduction in food of supermarket animal origin), although we observed some influence on purchases of fish. Finally, results indicate some correlations with purchases of meat for the expenditures readers of the Telegraph. In order to contextualize some of the results, we applied content analysis to a subsample of published articles on organic food. The qualitative approach shows that the framing of the news is important: change is positively related to information proposed uncritically; and negatively to information contextualized as a highly structured debate.

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© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Based on a focus group study conducted in New York City (NYC), this paper examines the traditional staples (i.e., nostalgic foods) that Latinas regularly consume in the U.S., along with their beliefs regarding the impact of such foods on weight gain and related body image. Our research findings highlight the "double-bind" of nostalgic foods, defined by Latinas' retention of highly caloric familiar items along with their progressive abandonment Picking fruit from our of fresh produce and fruits. Despite participants' efforts to eat healthy staples from their homelands, they mostly kept foods perceived as unhealthy (e.g., Viladrich, backyard's trees: The fatty meats, fried foods). This phenomenon was informed by the "same-food paradox," represented by Latinas' beliefs that the same traditional foods that A., Appetite meaning of nostalgia 51 2016 Consumption Organic would make them lose weight in their native countries would lead them to gain weight in the U.S. Our qualitative data show that participants' concerns about Tagliaferro, 97, pp. 101-110 in shaping Latinas' their weight gain in the U.S. is in tune with their general body dissatisfaction, as indicated by our quantitative results. Finally, our findings reveal the role of B. eating practices in the stress in promoting Latinas' deleterious daily habits, including their consumption of fat-saturated snacks. Overall, these results speak to the cultural and United States structural barriers to healthy eating that financially strapped study participants experienced in NYC. In order to design successful public health interventions targeting Latinas, the nostalgic aspects of food preferences should be considered in conjunction with the barriers that keep them from engaging with healthier lifestyles in the U.S.

© 2016 Taylor & Francis. Background: Acute cocaine withdrawal syndrome (ACWS) is characterized as a set of organic alterations triggered by abrupt Relationship between discontinuation of chronic cocaine consumption, usually occurring at 24-40 hours after withdrawal. However, little is known about the relationship between Bomfim, central behavioral central and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission during ACWS. Objective and Methods: We investigated the mechanisms involved in central and G.H.S., effects and peripheral peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission and how ACWS affects the sympathetic functionality. Cocaine was administered twice daily for 5 days in Wistar García, American Journal of Drug sympathetic rats (at least 5 in each group): on the first and second day, 15 mg/kg/i.p.; third day, 20 mg/kg/i.p.; and finally in the last two days, 30 mg/kg/i.p. Subsequently, A.G., 52 and Alcohol Abuse 2016 neurotransmission Consumption Organic at 1, 24, 48 and 120 h after cocaine administration the following experiments were done: (i) at the central level, behavioral tests of open-field and elevated Jurkiewicz, 42(1), pp. 63-76 functionality during plus maze; and (ii) at the peripheral level, tests of catecholamine release, function of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs), imidazoline receptors (I1,2-Rs), L- A., acute cocaine type voltage-gated (Cav1.2) Ca2+channels and α1-ARs. Results: During ACWS, rats showed hypolocomotion and exacerbation of anxiogenic-effects 24 h Jurkiewicz, withdrawal syndrome after cocaine withdrawal. Likewise, a decrease in the catecholamine release and activity of α2-ARs/I1,2-Rs at 24-48 h after cocaine withdrawal was N.H. in adult rats observed. A decrease in Cav1.2channels and α1-ARs function at 48 h after cocaine withdrawal was observed. Conclusions: The relationship of central and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission during ACWS possibly due to a failure in activation and/or inactivation of presynaptic α2-ARs/I1,2-Rs, may offer a potential target for attenuating ACWS.

Thorsøe, Organics are good, M.H., but we don’t know © Association for the Study of Food and Society 2016. This article explores consumer trust in organics and investigates the relationship between credibility, Christense Food, Culture and Society exactly what the term trust, and knowledge in a mixed-method study incorporating a survey, a focus group, and individual interviews. Danish consumers show a high level of 53 2016 Consumption Organic n, T., 19(4), pp. 681-704 means!” trust and systemic trust in the organic label, which can be trumped by personal trust. Consumers wanting to know more about organics are mainly those who already Povlsen, knowledge in organic know a lot, while others show a deliberate lack of knowledge. Furthermore, it is argued that knowledge does not lead to trust—trust replaces knowledge, and K.K. consumption consumers largely seek confirmation of their views when they have already made up their minds about organics.

© 2016 Rosendale et al. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that consuming manuka honey, which contains antimicrobial methylglyoxal, may Rosendale, Consumption of affect the gut microbiota. We undertook a mouse feeding study to investigate whether dietary manuka honey supplementation altered microbial numbers D., Butts, antimicrobial manuka and their production of organic acid products from carbohydrate fermentation, which are markers of gut microbiota function. The caecum of C57BL/6 mice C.A., de PeerJ honey does not fed a diet supplemented with antimicrobial UMF ® 20+ manuka honey at 2.2 g/kg animal did not show any significantly changed concentrations of microbial 54 Guzman, 2016 Consumption Organic 2016(12),e2787 significantly perturb short chain fatty acids as measured by gas chromatography, except for increased formate and lowered succinate organic acid concentrations, compared to C.E., (...), the microbiota in the mice fed a control diet. There was no change in succinate-producing Bacteroidetes numbers, or honey-utilising Bifidobacteria, nor any other microbes Dinnan, H., hind gut of mice measured by real time quantitative PCR. These results suggest that, despite the antimicrobial activity of the original honey, consumption of manuka honey Ansell, J. only mildly affects substrate metabolism by the gut microbiota.

© 2016. Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with complex pathogenesis implicating both environmental and genetic factors. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have been studied for potential association with Parkinson's disease, assess the presence of Bellou, V., diverse biases, and identify the risk factors with the strongest support. Methods: We searched PubMed from inception to September 18, 2015, to identify Belbasis, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between environmental factors and Parkinson's disease. For Environmental risk L., each meta-analysis we estimated the summary effect size by random-effects and fixed-effects models, the 95% confidence interval and the 95% prediction Parkinsonism and factors and Tzoulaki, I., interval. We estimated the between-study heterogeneity expressed by I2, evidence of small-study effects and evidence of excess significance bias. Results: 55 Related Disorders 2016 Parkinson's disease: Consumption Organic Evangelou, Overall, 75 unique meta-analyses on different risk factors for Parkinson's disease were examined, covering diverse biomarkers, dietary factors, drugs, 23, pp. 1-9 An umbrella review of E., medical history or comorbid diseases, exposure to toxic environmental agents and habits. 21 of 75 meta-analyses had results that were significant at p < meta-analyses Ioannidis, 0.001 by random-effects. Evidence for an association was convincing (more than 1000 cases, p < 10-6by random-effects, not large heterogeneity, 95% J.P.A. prediction interval excluding the null value and absence of hints for small-study effects and excess significance bias) for constipation, and physical activity. Conclusion: Many environmental factors have substantial evidence of association with Parkinson's disease, but several, perhaps most, of them may reflect reverse causation, residual confounding, information bias, sponsor conflicts or other caveats.

© 2016 Letizia Polito et al. The discovery of causative mutations for Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as their functional characterization in cellular and animal models has provided crucial insight into the pathogenesis of this disorder. Today, we know that PD pathogenesis involves multiple related processes including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and nitrative stress, microglial activation and inflammation, and aggregation of α-synuclein and impaired Genetic Profile, autophagy. However, with the exception of a few families with Mendelian inheritance, the cause of PD in most individuals is yet unknown and the identified Polito, L., Environmental Parkinson's Disease genetic susceptibility factors have only small effect size. Epidemiologic studies have found increased risk of PD associated with exposure to environmental 56 Greco, A., 2016 Exposure, and Their Consumption Organic 2016,6465793 toxicants such as pesticides, organic solvents, metals, and air pollutants, while reduced risk of PD associated with smoking cigarettes and coffee Seripa, D. Interaction in consumption. The role of environmental exposure, as well as the contribution of single genetic risk factors, is still controversial. In most of PD cases, Parkinson's Disease disease onset is probably triggered by a complex interplay of many genetic and nongenetic factors, each of which conveys a minor increase in the risk of disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge on causal mutation for PD, susceptibility factors increasing disease risk, and the genetic factors that modify the impact of environmental exposure.

© 2016 Yaacob et al. Background. Not all yeast alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) are repressed by glucose, as reported in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pichia stipitis ADH2 is regulated by oxygen instead of glucose, whereas Kluyveromyces marxianus ADH2 is regulated by neither glucose nor ethanol. For this reason, ADH2 regulation of yeasts may be species dependent, leading to a different type of expression and fermentation efficiency. Lachancea fermentati is a highly efficient ethanol producer, fast-growing cells and adapted to fermentation-related stresses such as ethanol and organic acid, but the metabolic information regarding the regulation of glucose and ethanol production is still lacking. Methods. Our investigation started with the stimulation of ADH2 activity from S. cerevisiae and L. fermentati by glucose and ethanol induction in a glucose-repressed medium. The study also embarked on the retrospective analysis of ADH2 genomic and protein level through direct sequencing and sites identification. Based on the sequence generated, we Yaacob, N., demonstrated ADH2 gene expression highlighting the conserved NAD(P)-binding domain in the context of glucose fermentation and ethanol production. Mohamad Effects of glucose, Results. An increase of ADH2 activity was observed in starved L. fermentati (LfeADH2) and S. cerevisiae (SceADH2) in response to 2% (w/v) glucose Ali, M.S., ethanol and acetic PeerJ induction. These suggest that in the presence of glucose, ADH2 activity was activated instead of being repressed. An induction of 0.5% (v/v) ethanol also 57 Salleh, 2016 acid on regulation of Consumption Organic 2016(3),1751 increased LfeADH2 activity, promoting ethanol resistance, whereas accumulating acetic acid at a later stage of fermentation stimulated ADH2 activity and A.B., Abdul ADH2 gene from enhanced glucose consumption rates. The lack in upper stream activating sequence (UAS) and TATA elements hindered the possibility of Adr1 binding to Rahman, Lachancea fermentati LfeADH2. Transcription factors such as SP1 and RAP1 observed in LfeADH2 sequence have been implicated in the regulation of many genes including N.A. ADH2. In glucose fermentation, L. fermentati exhibited a bell-shapedADH2expression, showing the highest expression when glucose was depleted and ethanol-acetic acid was increased. Meanwhile, S. cerevisiae showed a constitutive ADH2 expression throughout the fermentation process. Discussion. ADH2 expression in L. fermentati may be subjected to changes in the presence of non-fermentative carbon source. The nucleotide sequence showed that ADH2 transcription could be influenced by other transcription genes of glycolysis oriented due to the lack of specific activation sites for Adr1. Our study suggests that if Adr1 is not capable of promoting LfeADH2 activation, the transcription can be controlled by Rap1 and Sp1 due to their inherent roles. Therefore in future, it is interesting to observe ADH2 gene being highly regulated by these potential transcription factors and functioned as a promoter for yeast under high volume of ethanol and organic acids.

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López- © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Activation of aryl(Ar)-halides for C–C coupling catalytic reactions using visible light has become one of the most challenging tasks in Calixto, organic synthesis since it offers effective and safer alternatives to traditional dehalogenation protocols. The insufficient energy provided by visible light to Synchronized C.G., Liras, cleave such strong C–H alogen bonds certainly makes necessary the development of new protocols to overcome this limitation. We report here the Applied Catalysis B: biphotonic process M., de la application of photon upconversion (UC) technology based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) to a C–C coupling catalytic reaction, a possibility that has not 1 Environmental 2018 triggering C–C Organic Product Peña been investigated to date. This synchronized biphotonic process (TTA-UC) activates successfully Ar-halides with visible light. Based on product analysis 237, pp. 18-23 coupling catalytic O'Shea, and spectroscopic experiments, a cascade process combining photophysical and photochemical steps is proposed for the mechanism rationalization. reactions V.A., Pérez- Visible light, ambient temperature and pressure, low-loading metal-free photocatalysts and no additives make this protocol very attractive for applications to Ruiz, R. the synthesis of fine chemical building blocks, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals or new materials.

© 2018 The Authors Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are a class of largely used compounds in the chemical industry, serving as starting molecules for bioenergy Strazzera, production and for the synthesis of a variety of products, such as biopolymers, reduced chemicals and derivatives. Because of the huge amounts of food G., waste generated from household and processing industry, 47 and 17 million tons per year respectively only in the EU-28 Countries, food wastes can be the Battista, F., Volatile fatty acids Journal of Environmental right candidate for volatile fatty acids production. This review investigates all the major topics involved in the optimization of VFAs production from food Garcia, production from food 2 Management 2018 Organic Product wastes. Regarding the best operative conditions for the anaerobic fermenter controlled pH in the neutral range (6.0–7.0), short HRT (lower than 10 days), N.H., wastes for biorefinery 226, pp. 278-288 thermophilic temperatures and an organic loading rate of about 10 kgVS/m3d, allowed for an increase in the VFAs concentration between 10 and 25%. It Frison, N., platforms: A review was also found that additions of mineral acids, from 0.5 to 3.0%, and thermal pretreatment in the range 140–170 °C increase the organic matter Bolzonella, solubilisation. Applications of VFAs considered in this study were biofuels and bioplastics production as well as nutrients removal in biological wastewater D. treatment processes.

© 2018 The Authors High-silica zeolites have been found to be effective adsorbents for the removal of organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) from impaired Jiang, N., water, including various pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, etc. In this review, the properties and fundamentals of high-silica High-silica zeolites Shang, R., zeolites are summarised. Recent research on mechanisms and efficiencies of OMP adsorption by high-silica zeolites are reviewed to assess the potential for adsorption of Heijman, Water Research opportunities and challenges for the application of high-silica zeolites for OMP adsorption in water treatment. It is concluded that the adsorption capacities 3 2018 organic micro- Organic Product S.G.J., 144, pp. 145-161 are well-related to surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and structural features, e.g. micropore volume and pore size of high-silica zeolites, as well as the pollutants in water Rietveld, properties of OMPs. By using high-silica zeolites, the undesired competitive adsorption of background organic matter (BOM) in natural water could treatment: A review L.C. potentially be prevented. In addition, oxidative regeneration could be applied on-site to restore the adsorption capacity of zeolites for OMPs and prevent the toxic residues from re-entering the environment.

© 2018, The Author(s). Purpose: In a novel approach, certain organic wastes byproducts of agro industries were assessed for their ability to support maize growth and Zn bioavailability in maize grain. Methods: In a field experiment, maize (Zea mays) was supplemented with farm yard manure (FYM), press mud Open (PM), fisheries manure (FM), and slaughter house waste (SHW) in combination with Zn soil application (ZnS) and Zn foliar spray (ZnF) with recommended Access doses of N:P:K (140:100:60 kg ha−1), respectively. Besides assessing the maize growth, grain, and straw yield, Zn bioavailability in maize grain was also International Journal of Organic manures: an Naveed, S., studied. Results: Organic materials combined with ZnS and ZnF significantly increased the maize yield and Zn bioavailability. PM + ZnS increased the grain Recycling of Organic efficient move 4 Rehim, A., 20018 Organic Product yield by 69.71%, while FM + ZnF and FYM + ZnF increased the grain Zn concentration by 86.37 and 86.16%, respectively. Moreover, grain Zn content was Waste in Agriculture towards maize grain Imran, M., greatly influenced by PM + ZnS and PM + ZnF resulted an average increase by 160%. Phytate concentration and phytae:Zn molar ratio in grain were 7(3), pp. 189-197 biofortification (...), Anwar, decreased by 30.34 and 66.92%, respectively by FYM + ZnF. Estimated Zn bioavailability ranged from 0.92 to 2.04 mg Zn/300 g in maize grain, and was M.F., maximum by PM and FYM combined with ZnF. Conclusion: Organic manures influence the nutrient uptake from soil, increase the product quality, and act Ahmad, F. as a good organic fertilizer. The current study revealed that organic manures can enhance crop growth and Zn uptake in grain in sustainable manner. It would be an eco-friendly approach by utilizing organic wastes annually generated by agro industries.

© 2018 The Authors With the introduction of novel and potentially less polluting nicotine containing products to the market, the impacts of their usage to indoor air quality as opposed to conventional pollution sources must be reviewed and considered. This review study aimed to comparatively analyse changes in indoor air quality as the consequence of tobacco heating system (THS) generated pollution against general indoor air quality in various micro- Kaunelienė A review of the environments, especially with combustion-based pollution sources present. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, , V., impacts of tobacco nicotine and PM2.5were reviewed and compared; concentrations of other harmful and potentially harmful substances (HPHCs) were discussed. Generally, Meišutovič- Chemosphere heating system on the usage of THS has been associated with lower or comparable indoor air pollutant concentrations compared against other conventional indoor sources or 5 Akhtarieva, 2018 Organic Product 206, pp. 568-578 indoor air quality environments, in most cases distinguishable above background, thus potentially being associated with health effects at prolonged exposures as any other M., versus conventional artificial air pollution source. In the controlled environment the use of THS (as well as an electronic cigarette) resulted in the lowest concentrations of Martuzeviči pollution sources formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, PM2.5among majority researched pollution sources (conventional cigarettes, waterpipe, incense, mosquito coils). The us, D. exposure to significantly higher pollution levels of benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde occurred in public environments, especially transport microenvironments. Such low levels of conventionally-assessed indoor pollutants resulting from the use of new nicotine containing products raise challenges for epidemiological studies of second-hand exposure to THS aerosol in real-life environments.

© 2018 The Authors In view of the increasing demand of organic agriculture, utilization of waste and environmental protection, sericulture focuses not only on the cocoon production, but also on other ways that can benefit the farm's economy. It is necessary to find new sources of income for small-scale Łochyńska, The biogas production farmers not only through cocoon selling, but also by the multiple uses of by-products. Insect farming technology provides a cheap source of biomass, which M., Waste Management 6 2018 potential from Organic Product may be a good material in biogas production. Studies showed that the examined substrates, both silkworm breeding waste and caterpillar excreta, generate Frankowski 79, pp. 564-570 silkworm waste a biogas yield comparable to other substrates of agricultural origin, such as cattle, pig and chicken manures. Fermentation of silkworm excreta under , J. mesophilic conditions produces 167.32 m3/Mg TS of methane and 331.97 m3/Mg TS of biogas, while fermentation of silkworm breeding waste yields 256.59 m3/Mg TS of methane and 489.24 m3/Mg TS of biogas. Moreover, the chemical composition of these raw materials was analyzed.

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© 2018, The Author(s). Purpose: The quantity of Olive by-products does not stop increasing and a water shortage that threatens the olive tree culture; require a serious valuation of these by-products. A comparative and valorization study of two kinds of OMW; Fresh OMW (FOMW), directly issue from three- phase continuous extraction factory and Disposal Evaporation Ponds OMW (DOMW) were done. Methods: Physico-chemical and biological parameters of Rajhi, H., Assessment and OMWs and soil irrigated with OMWs, respectively, were determined. An antibacterial activity test of FOMW against Clinic Standard Bacteria was Mnif, I., International Journal of valorization of treated determined. A statistical analysis was performed for all defined parameters. Results: A significant increase of pH value of 6 and a lower failure of the EC in Abichou, Recycling of Organic and non-treated olive 8.94 (mS/cm−1) were registered after OMW disposal in evaporation ponds. We registered a fall of BOD5and COD from 61.05–116.37 (g/L) to 7 2018 Organic Product M., Waste in Agriculture mill wastewater 55.67–103.82 (g/L), respectively. A significant increment of phenol compound removal was observed after OMW disposal. However, a switch of fatty acids Rhouma, 7(3), pp. 199-210 (OMW) in the dry distribution and content was observed, which several fermentation pathways could explain took place. This result suggested by a clear shift in biomass A. region composition. An important soil fertility after DOMW soil irrigated was traduced by an important value of the germination index (170.55%) and efficient organic matter increment of 2.3%. A CMI rate of 32.76 (μg mL−1) was determined by FOMW against different clinic standard bacteria. Conclusion: A spectacular soil fertility effect was obtained from DOMW soil spreading, that efficiently evaluate the OMW biological treatment. In addition, the FOMW was valorized as its powerful antibacterial.

© 2018, The Author(s). Environmental pollution with petroleum toxic products has afflicted various ecosystems, causing devastating damage to natural habitats with serious economic implications. Some crude oil components may serve as growth substrates for microorganisms. A number of bacterial strains reveal metabolic capacities to biotransform various organic compounds. Some of the hydrocarbon degraders are highly biochemically specialized, while the others display a versatile metabolism and can utilize both saturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The extended catabolic profiles of the Aerobic bacteria latter group have been subjected to systematic and complex studies relatively rarely thus far. Growing evidence shows that numerous bacteria produce degrading both n- Brzeszcz, broad biochemical activities towards different hydrocarbon types and such an enhanced metabolic potential can be found in many more species than the alkanes and aromatic J., Biodegradation already well-known oil-degraders. These strains may play an important role in the removal of heterogeneous contamination. They are thus considered to be 8 2018 hydrocarbons: an Organic Product Kaszycki, 29(4), pp. 359-407 a promising solution in bioremediation applications. The main purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on aerobic bacteria undervalued strategy P. involved in the mineralization or transformation of both n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Variant scientific approaches enabling to evaluate these for metabolic diversity features on biochemical as well as genetic levels are presented. The distribution of multidegradative capabilities between bacterial taxa is systematically and flexibility shown and the possibility of simultaneous transformation of complex hydrocarbon mixtures is discussed. Bioinformatic analysis of the currently available genetic data is employed to enable generation of phylogenetic relationships between environmental strain isolates belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. The study proves that the co-occurrence of genes responsible for concomitant metabolic bioconversion reactions of structurally-diverse hydrocarbons is not unique among various systematic groups.

© 2017, The Author(s). Agro-industrial wastewaters are known by high strength of organic pollutants that cause an adverse effect on the water bodies. Advanced Wastewater management becomes a major task, leads environmental regulations to be stricter worldwide. Increased disposal of untreated/partially treated technologies for the industrial wastewaters are major environmental problems in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, industries most commonly dispose their untreated wastewater straight treatment of into the nearby rivers. Somewhat, constructed wetlands are used by some industries for treatment of wastewaters. The objective of this review paper was wastewaters from International Journal of to summarize the characteristics and recent research efforts done on anaerobic treatment of some selected agro-industrial wastewaters and innovative agro-processing Alayu, E., Environmental Science technologies used for cogeneration of byproducts. Many developed countries designed cost effective approaches for agro-industrial wastewater 9 2018 industries and Organic Product Yirgu, Z. and Technology management. The full-scale anaerobic treatment system in China generates 40,000 m3biogas daily for 20,000 households from agro-industrial wastes. cogeneration of by- 15(7), pp. 1581-1596 Likewise, the Brewery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia used full-scale anaerobic treatment technology and produce average methane yield of 487 Nm3/day. The products: a case of estimated maximum methane production potential of Kera, Luna slaughterhouses, and Ada milk factory were 4.5599LCH4, 0.1878LCH4, and 0.9952LCH4, slaughterhouse, dairy respectively. These indicate that they can be potential sources of biogas production. Limitations of the brewery are burning of the produced energy and and beverage some quantified parameters being become above national standards while meat processing and diary industries are discharging their wastewater without industries treatment into the rivers. We devised the brewery to use the produced energy properly and extend its treatment to achieve the national standards using integrated sequencing batch reactor. Similarly, slaughterhouse and diary industries should install anaerobic–aerobic integrated treatment techniques.

© 2017 The Authors Bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles supported on TiO2show excellent catalytic activity and selectivity to benzaldehyde in the solvent-free Galvanin, transformation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, where toluene is the main observed by-product, together with smaller amounts of benzoic acid, benzyl F., Sankar, On the development benzoate and dibenzyl ether. However, despite the industrial relevance of this reaction and importance of tuning the selectivity to the desired benzaldehyde, M., of kinetic models for only a few attempts have been made in the literature on modeling the reaction kinetics for a quantitative description of this reaction system. A kinetic model Cattaneo, Chemical Engineering solvent-free benzyl for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol over Au-Pd is proposed in this paper. The model assumes that hydrogenolysis, disproportionation and dehydrogenation 10 S., (...), Journal 2018 Organic Product alcohol oxidation over reactions may occur in parallel, and it has been found satisfactory after a model discrimination procedure was applied to a number of simplified candidate Hutchings, 342, pp. 196-210 a gold-palladium models developed from microkinetic studies. Despite its relative simplicity, the proposed model is capable of representing the reactant conversion and G.J., catalyst distribution of products observed in experiments carried out at different temperature, pressure and catalyst mass in a stirred batch reactor. Major findings Gavriilidis, include the quantitative evaluation of the impact of hydrogenolysis and disproportionation pathways on benzaldehyde production. At low temperature the A. disproportionation reaction is the dominant route to toluene formation, while hydrogenolysis dominates at high temperature.

© 2018 The Author(s) Phosphorus (P) removal and recovery from sewage as calcium phosphate (CaP) by chemical precipitation is a widely used method. To avoid the addition of chemicals to increase the pH of the bulk solution and the need for a further separation step in conventional chemical precipitation Lei, Y., Effects of current process, we developed an electrochemical method, which can locally increase the pH near a Ti cathode. The separation of product and liquid then happens Saakes, density, bicarbonate simultaneously by accumulating CaP at the electrode surface. The current density plays a crucial role in this system. A current density of 19 A/m2results in M., van der Chemical Engineering and humic acid on the formation of crystalline CaP rather than amorphous CaP, but it does not enhance the removal of P in 24 h. Moreover, the current efficiency decreases 11 Weijden, Journal 2018 electrochemical Organic Product with increasing current density. Furthermore, the increased H2production at high current density may push the precipitated CaP back to the bulk solution, R.D., 342, pp. 350-356 induced calcium resulting in its dissolution. In the presence of bicarbonate (1–5 mM) or humic acid (1–20 mg/L), the removal of P was higher. This is probably due to the Buisman, phosphate inhibited CaP precipitation in the bulk solution which in turn leaves more Ca and P ions available for the local precipitation on the cathode. However, C.J.N. precipitation bicarbonate at high concentration (10 mM) dropped P removal from 52 to 25%. This is caused by competition of carbonate and phosphate with the free Ca2+ions and also by buffering the producted hydroxide ions at the cathode. The study shows that P can be removed as CaP by electrochemical precipitation at low current densities at common concentrations of bicarbonate and humic acid.

© 2018, The Author(s). The organic UV filters, commonly used in personal protection products, are of concern because of their potential risk to aquatic ecosystems and living organisms. One of UV filters is ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) acid. Studies have shown that, in the presence of oxidizing Estimation of Gackowsk and chlorinating factors, EHMC forms a series of products with different properties than the substrate. In this study, the toxicities of EHMC and its physicochemical a, A., transformation/degradation products formed under the influence of NaOCl/UV and H2O2/UV systems in the water medium were tested using Microtox® properties of 2- Studziński, bioassay and by observation of mortality of juvenile crustaceans Daphnia magna and Artemia Salina. We have observed that oxidation and chlorination Environmental Science ethylhexyl-4- W., Kudlek, products of EHMC show significantly higher toxicity than EHMC alone. The toxicity of chemicals is related to their physicochemical characteristic such as 12 and Pollution Research 2018 methoxycinnamate Organic Product E., lipophilicity and substituent groups. With the increase in lipophilicity of products, expressed as log KOW, the toxicity (EC50) increases. On the basis of 25(16), pp. 16037-16049 (EHMC) degradation Dudziak, physicochemical properties such as vapour pressure (VP), solubility (S), octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and half- products and their M., Gaca, lives, the overall persistence (POV) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of all the products and EHMC were calculated. It was shown that the most toxicological J. persistent and traveling on the long distances in environment are methoxyphenol chloroderivatives, then methoxybenzene chloroderivatives, EHMC evaluation chloroderivatives, methoxybenzaldehyde chloroderivatives and methoxycinnamate acid chloroderivatives. These compounds are also characterised by high toxicity.

© 2018, The Author(s). Consumers of combustible cigarettes are exposed to many different toxicologically relevant substances associated with negative health effects. Newly developed “heat not burn” (HNB) devices are able to contain lower levels of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) in Levels of selected Mallock, N., their emissions compared to tobacco cigarettes. However, to develop toxicological risk assessment strategies, further independent and standardized analytes in the Böss, L., investigations addressing HPHC reduction need to be done. Therefore, we generated emissions of a commercially available HNB product following the emissions of “heat not Burk, R., Archives of Toxicology Health Canada Intense smoking regimen and analyzed total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, water, aldehydes, and other volatile organic compounds 13 2018 burn” tobacco Organic Product (...), 92(6), pp. 2145-2149 (VOCs) that are major contributors to health risk. We show that nicotine yield is comparable to typical combustible cigarettes, and observe substantially products that are Hutzler, C., reduced levels of aldehydes (approximately 80–95%) and VOCs (approximately 97–99%). Emissions of TPM and nicotine were found to be inconsistent relevant to assess Luch, A. during the smoking procedure. Our study confirms that levels of major carcinogens are markedly reduced in the emissions of the analyzed HNB product in human health risks relation to the conventional tobacco cigarettes and that monitoring these emissions using standardized machine smoking procedures generates reliable and reproducible data which provide a useful basis to assess exposure and human health risks.

32 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Canha, N., Impact of biomass © 2018 by the authors. This study evaluated the emissions of specific indoor sources usually present in Portuguese dwellings in order to understand their Lage, J., home heating, impact on the indoor air quality. With this aim, three typical activities were studied including home heating using two types of fireplaces (open and closed) Galinha, cooking styles, and and biofuels (pinewood and briquettes), cooking styles (frying and boiling) in different types of kitchen appliances, and several levels of bread toasting. The Atmosphere 14 C., (...), 2018 bread toasting on the Organic Product levels of specific pollutants were found to be above the established Portuguese limit values including the VOCs, formaldehyde, and particulate matter 9(6),214 Alves, C., indoor air quality at (PM2.5and PM10). Although these emissions are transient and short in duration, the resulting concentrations are high and can severely impact the Almeida, Portuguese dwellings: occupants' daily exposure. Besides promoting good ventilation, the choice of residential appliances with low emissions should be taken into account. In S.M. A case study addition, it is important that occupants perform specific activities using best practices so that their exposure to pollutants is minimized.

© 2017, The Author(s). Amine post-combustion carbon capture technology is based on washing the flue gas with a solvent that captures CO2. Thus, a Spietz, T., small fraction of this solvent can be released together with the cleaned flue gas. This release may cause environmental concerns, both directly and Chwoła, T., Ammonia emission indirectly through subsequent solvent degradation into other substances in the atmosphere. The paper presents the ammonia emission from CO2capture International Journal of Krótki, A., from CO2 capture pilot plant (1 tonne CO2per day) using 40 wt% aminoethylethanolamine solvent, along with the efficiency of the water wash unit. In addition, the temperature Environmental Science 15 (...), 2018 pilot plant using Organic Product effect of lean amine entering the absorber on ammonia emission was studied. Furthermore, the concentrations of other compounds such as SO2, SO3, and Technology Więcław- aminoethylethanolami NO2, CS2and formaldehyde were monitored. The literature review on the NH3emission from a pilot plant using aminoethylethanolamine solvent has not 15(5), pp. 1085-1092 Solny, L., ne been published. The results show that the main source of ammonia emission is the absorber and that emission (in the range 27–50 ppm) corresponds to Wilk, A. typical NH3release from CO2capture pilot plant using an amine solvent. The emission of amines and amine degradation products is a complex phenomenon which is difficult to predict in novel solvents, and for this reason the significance of new solvents testing in a pilot scale has been highlighted.

© 2017, The Author(s). Market shares for organic products remain modest despite broad professed consumer interest in purchasing organic products. We Market stealing and use counterfactual product introductions in an estimated demand model to systematically explore the links between product assortment and the market Environmental market expansion: an share for organic products. The demand estimates on which we base the counterfactuals use 3 years of household panel data on retail coffee purchases in Friberg, R., Economics and Policy examination of Sweden, combining household’s stated and revealed behavior in a discrete choice model. The predicted market shares of new organic products are highly 16 Sanctuary, 2018 Organic Product Studies product introductions dependent on which brand that the organic label partners with. Introduction of a new organic product is predicted to increase in-sample organic market M. 20(2), pp. 287-303 in the organic coffee share from around 5% up to a maximum of around 8%. The market expansion effect dominates the market stealing effect for almost all entrants. The market largest market share gains for organic products are not to be had amongst the keenest organic households, but rather amongst the moderately keen organic households.

© 2018, The Author(s). Phosphorus (P) in lake water is commonly partitioned into particulate P and dissolved P by membrane filtration, and dissolved P is Observations on the then fractionated into soluble reactive P (SRP, reactive with molybdate) and dissolved unreactive or organic P (DOP). Much of what is known about DOP is dynamics and fate of derived from radiotracer studies using gel chromatography, and summarized by a kinetic model (Lean, Science 179:678–680, 1973a; Lean, J Fish Res Taylor, dissolved organic Board Can 30:1525–1536, 1973b). Since this work, several relevant discoveries have been made on the role of enzymes, viruses and zooplankton in W.D., Aquatic Sciences Taylor, W.D., Lean, 17 phosphorus in lake Organic Product regenerating dissolved P, and the role of filtration damage in generating dissolved P in filtrates. Herein we present the results of new radiotracer experiments Lean, 80(2),13 D.R.S. water and a new on the fate of DOP in lake water filtrates, consistent with the hypothesis that some of the high molecular weight organic P breaks down spontaneously to D.R.S. model of eplimnetic P smaller molecules, which in turn break down to PO43−. We use inhibitors, including competitive inhibitors of phosphatases and a commercial product (RNA- cycling later®) to support the hypothesis that the larger molecules include nucleic acids, and that the smaller molecules are substrates for alkaline phosphatase. We also find that colloidal P (i.e., P > 5000 MW according to gel filtration) includes some virus-sized material that can be collected on 0.02 or 0.03 µm filters. Finally, we provide a new model of the cycling of epilimnetic P that is consistent with these and earlier observations.

© 2018 Siemowit Muszyński, published by Sciendo 2018. This work presents a study on the surface tension, density and wetting behaviour of distilled Muszyński, glycerol, technical grade glycerol and the matter organic non-glycerin fraction. The research was conducted to expand the knowledge about the physical S., Sujak, properties of wastes from the rapeseed oil biofuel production. The results show that the densities of technical grade glycerol (1.300 g cm-3) and distilled A., Surface tension and glycerol (1.267 g cm-3) did not differ and were significantly lower than the density of the matter organic non-glycerin fraction (1.579 g cm-3). Furthermore, Stȩpniewsk wetting properties of International Agrophysics the surface tension of distilled glycerol (49.6 mN m-1) was significantly higher than the matter organic non-glycerin fraction (32.7 mN m-1) and technical 18 i, A., (...), 218 rapeseed oil to biofuel Organic Product 32(2), pp. 247-252 grade glycerol (29.5 mN m-1). As a result, both technical grade glycerol and the matter organic non-glycerin fraction had lower contact angles than distilled Tomczyńs conversion by- glycerol. The examined physical properties of distilled glycerol were found to be very close to that of the commercially available pure glycerol. The results ka-Mleko, products suggest that technical grade glycerol may have potential application in the production of glycerol/fuel blends or biosurfactants. The presented results M., Mleko, indicate that surface tension measurements are more useful when examining the quality of biofuel wastes than is density determination, as they allow for a S. more accurate analysis of the effects of impurities on the physical properties of the biofuel by-products.

© 2018 The Authors The quantification of carbon stocks is vital for decision making in forest management, carbon stock change assessment and scientific applications. We applied the land degradation surveillance framework (LDSF) method with a sentinel site of (10 km × 10 km) to assess carbon stock levels and tree diversity in the Marsabit Forest Reserve (MFR). The above ground (ABG) carbon stock was estimated at 12.42 t/ha, while soil organic carbon (SOC) was 12.51 t/ha, with SOC densities increasing with increasing depth. The mean ABG carbon and SOC densities were higher in the least disturbed Quantification of strata than the disturbed strata. The estimated ABG carbon and SOC stocks were significantly lower than the range observed in a typical dry tropical forest. carbon stocks in Twenty-one tree species were recorded belonging to twelve families with the disturbed areas recording nine tree species while the least disturbed recording Muhati, Mount Marsabit Forest Global Ecology and twelve species. Rubiaceae and Rutaceae were the richest families with four species each while Boraginaceae, Capparaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Tiliaceae, G.L., Reserve, a sub-humid 19 Conservation 2018 Organic Product Violaceae, and Ochnaceae the least frequent with one species each. The most common tree species were, Croton megalocarpus, Drypetes gerrardii, Olago, D., montane forest in 14,e00383 Ochna insculpta, Strychnos henningsii and Vangueria madagascariensis. The forest recorded a basal diameter of 14.09 ± 12.15 cm, basal area of 0.016 m Olaka, L. northern Kenya under 2/ha with a mean height of 8.69 m. The basal size class distribution declined monotonically indicative of a stable population. Livestock grazing, selective anthropogenic logging, and firewood collection were the primary forms of anthropogenic activities recorded in the MFR despite the moratorium imposed on consumptive disturbance utilisation of forest products by the Marsabit County security committee. The Pearson correlation coefficient returned an inverse relationship between forest disturbance with SOC and ABG carbon in the disturbed strata suggesting that anthropogenic activities reduced carbon stocks in the MFR. Concerted efforts to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on the MFR could significantly increase its terrestrial carbon sequestration potential and the provision of critical ecosystem goods and services.

© 2018, The Author(s). Energy efficiency in biomass production is a major challenge for a future transition to sustainable food and energy provision. This study uses methodologically consistent data on agroecosystem energy flows and different metrics of energetic efficiency from seven regional case studies in North America (USA and Canada) and Europe (Spain and Austria) to investigate energy transitions in Western agroecosystems from the late nineteenth Gingrich, Agroecosystem to the late twentieth centuries. We quantify indicators such as external final energy return on investment (EFEROI, i.e., final produce per unit of external S., Marco, energy transitions in energy input), internal final EROI (IFEROI, final produce per unit of biomass reused locally), and final EROI (FEROI, final produce per unit of total inputs I., Aguilera, Regional Environmental the old and new consumed). The transition is characterized by increasing final produce accompanied by increasing external energy inputs and stable local biomass reused. 20 E., (...), Change 2018 Organic Product worlds: trajectories External inputs did not replace internal biomass reinvestments, but added to them. The results were declining EFEROI, stable or increasing IFEROI, and MacFadyen 18(4), pp. 1089-1101 and determinants at diverging trends in FEROI. The factors shaping agroecosystem energy profiles changed in the course of the transition: Under advanced organic and frontier , J., the regional scale agriculture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, population density and biogeographic conditions explained both agroecosystem productivity Watson, A. and energy inputs. In industrialized agroecosystems, biogeographic conditions and specific socio-economic factors influenced trends towards increased agroecosystem specialization. The share of livestock products in a region’s final produce was the most important factor determining energy returns on investment.

33 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2018 The Author(s) During the cokemaking process, a significant amount of mercury occurring in a coal blend is released to the atmosphere. One of the ways of reducing this emission is to reduce mercury content in a coal blend. This could be obtained through the coal washing process. The optimization of this process requires the knowledge of mercury occurrence in coal, especially in its inorganic constituents. A qualitative analysis of mercury occurrence in the inorganic constituents of Polish coking coals was performed using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). For that purpose, selected samples of Dziok, T., Studies on mercury rejects and middling products derived from the washing process in dense media separators and jig concentrators were examined. The obtained results Environmental Science Strugała, occurrence in have confirmed a strong connection between mercury occurrence and the presence of sulfides (pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite) in Polish coking coals. 21 and Pollution Research 2018 Organic Product A., Włodek, inorganic constituents Significant amounts of mercury were also noticed for barite, siderite, and aluminosilicates. The highest value of mercury content, at the level of 0.100%, was pp. 1-12 A. of Polish coking coals obtained for marcasite. For the analyzed coals, the effectiveness of mercury removal in the washing process was determined by the forms of pyrite occurring in coal. The highest values of effectiveness of mercury removal were obtained in the case of coals for which the large framboidal pyrite aggregates with chalcopyrite overgrowths were noticed. It was also found that middling products were characterized by the occurrence of the Hg-rich overgrowths of pyrite on organic matter. To achieve a significant reduction in mercury content in clean coal, it is necessary to develop an effective method of removing this form of pyrite from hard coal.

© 2018 by the authors. Residual sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and contribute approximately 40% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with its operation. Traditionally, wastewater sludges are processed for: (a) reduction of total weight and volume to facilitate their transfer and subsequent treatments; (b) stabilization of Properties and contained organic material and destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, elimination of noxious odors, and reduction of putrefaction potential and, at an beneficial uses of increasing degree; (c) value addition by developing economically viable recovery of energy and residual constituents. Among several other processes, Callegari, (bio)chars, with pyrolysis of sludge biomass is being experimented with by some researchers. From the process, oil with composition not dissimilar to that of biodiesels, A., Resources 22 2018 special attention to Organic Product syngas, and a solid residue can be obtained. While the advantage of obtaining sludge-derived liquid and gaseous fuels is obvious to most, the solid residue Capodaglio 7(1),20 products from from the process, or char (also indicated as biochar by many), may also have several useful, initially unexpected applications. Recently, the char fraction is , A.G. sewage sludge getting attention from the scientific community due to its potential to improve agricultural soils' productivity, remediate contaminated soils, and supposed, pyrolysis possible mitigation effects on climate change. This paper first discusses sludge-pyrolysis-derived char production fundamentals (including relationships between char, bio-oil, and syngas fractions in different process operating conditions, general char properties, and possible beneficial uses). Then, based on current authors' experiments with microwave-assisted sludge pyrolysis aimed at maximization of liquid fuel extraction, evaluate specific produced char characteristics and production to define its properties and most appropriate beneficial use applications in this type of setting.

© 2018 The Author(s) Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants and organic fines from mechanical sorting of municipal solid waste (MSW) are two common widespread waste streams that are becoming increasingly difficult to utilise. Changing perceptions of risk in food production has limited the Pyrolysis of appeal of sludge use on agricultural land, and outlets via landfilling are diminishing rapidly. These factors have led to interest in thermal conversion wastewater sludge technologies whose aim is to recover energy and nutrients from waste while reducing health and environmental risks associated with material re-use. Agar, D.A., and composted Pyrolysis yields three output products: solid char, liquid oils and gas. Their relative distribution depends on process parameters which can be somewhat Environmental Science Kwapinska, organic fines from optimised depending on the end use of product. The potential of pyrolysis for the conversion of wastewater sludge (SS) and organic fines of MSW (OF) to a 23 and Pollution Research 2018 Organic Product M., Leahy, municipal solid waste: combustion gas and a carbon-rich char has been investigated. Pyrolysis of SS and OF was done using a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Herein, the physical pp. 1-9 J.J. laboratory reactor characterisation of the reactor is described, and results on pyrolysis yields are presented. Feedstock and chars have been characterised using standard characterisation and laboratory methods, and the composition of pyrolysis gases was analysed using micro gas chromatography. Product distribution (char/liquid/gas) from the product distribution pyrolysis of sewage sludge and composted MSW fines at 700°C for 10 min were 45/26/29 and 53/14/33%, respectively. The combustible fractions of pyrolysis gases range from 36 to 54% for SS feedstock and 62 to 72% from OF. The corresponding lower heating value range of sampled gases were 11.8–19.1 and 18.2–21.0 MJ m−3, respectively.

© 2018 Vidal, Hirte, Bender, Mayer, Gattinger, Höschen, Schädler, Iqbal and Mueller. Plant roots are major transmitters of atmospheric carbon into soil. The rhizosphere, the soil volume around living roots influenced by root activities, represents hotspots for organic carbon (OC) inputs, microbial activity, and Vidal, A., carbon turnover. Rhizosphere processes remain poorly understood and the observation of key mechanisms for carbon transfer and protection in intact Hirte, J., Linking 3D soil rhizosphere microenvironments are challenging. We deciphered the fate of photosynthesis-derived OC in intact wheat rhizosphere, combining stable Franz Frontiers in structure and plant- isotope labeling at field scale with high-resolution 3D-imaging. We used nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry and focus ion beam-scanning Bender, S., 24 Environmental Science 2018 microbe-soil carbon Organic Product electron microscopy to generate insights into rhizosphere processes at nanometer scale. In immature wheat roots, the carbon circulated through the (...), Iqbal, 6(FEB),9 transfer in the apoplastic pathway, via cell walls, from the stele to the cortex. The carbon was transferred to substantial microbial communuties, mainly represented by T.M., rhizosphere bacteria surrounding peripheral root cells. Iron oxides formed bridges between roots and bigger mineral particles, such as quartz, and surrounded bacteria Mueller, in microaggregates close to the root surface. Some microaggregates were also intimately associated with the fungal hyphae surface. Based on these C.W. results, we propose a conceptual model depicting the fate of carbon at biogeochemical interfaces in the rhizosphere, at the forefront of growing roots. We observed complex interplays between vectors (roots, fungi, bacteria), transferring plant-derived OC into root-free soil and stabilizing agents (iron oxides, root and microorganism products), potentially protecting plant-derived OC within microaggregates in the rhizosphere.

Rosi, E.J., © 2018 Rosi et al. Residues of pharmaceuticals are increasingly detected in surface waters throughout the world. In four streams in Baltimore, Maryland, Bechtold, Urban stream USA, we detected analgesics, stimulants, antihistamines, and antibiotics using passive organic samplers. We exposed biofilm communities in these H.A., microbial streams to the common drugs caffeine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and diphenhydramine. Respiration rates in the least urban stream were suppressed when Snow, D., Ecosphere communities show 25 2018 Organic Product exposed to these drugs, but biofilm functioning in the most urban stream was resistant to drug exposure. Exposure to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin altered (...), 9(1),e02041 resistance to bacterial community composition at all sites, with the greatest change occurring in the most urban stream. These results indicated that continuous Reisinger, pharmaceutical exposure to drugs in urban streams may select for sub-populations of highly resistant bacteria that maintain community function in response to urban A.J., Kelly, exposure contaminants. J.J.

© 2018 The Authors A major class of chlorine disinfection by-products in water treatment and distribution systems is the trihalomethanes. When they occur Impact of at high concentration in drinking water they may cause serious problems to human health. Little is known about the capacity of bacterial species that are Methylobacterium in endemic to drinking water to affect the fate of those chlorination by-products. Methylobacterium species have been previously found to play an important role Tsagkari, International the drinking water in the degradation of another major group of chlorine disinfection by-products: the haloacetic acids. Thus, the role that Methylobacterium might play in the 26 E., Sloan, Biodeterioration and 2018 Organic Product microbiome on concentration of trihalomethanes in drinking water was explored in this study. Concentrations of trihalomethanes were measured in drinking water for W.T. Biodegradation removal of different concentrations of Methylobacterium and under different organic matter and chlorine concentrations. The results revealed that when the trihalomethanes Methylobacterium DSM 18358 is present in drinking water, even at a low relative abundance of 1%, it plays a key role in decreasing the concentration of trihalomethanes up to 48% from the initial one after 24 h.

© 2017 The Author(s) The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) as immobilized catalyst and UV-LED as light source (UV-LED/TNAs) for photocatalytic degradation of the β-blocker metoprolol (MTP) from aqueous solution. Firstly we employed electrochemical anodization to synthesize self-organized TNAs, and the effect of anodization potential and annealing temperature was examined. Characterization by SEM demonstrated a linear relation between the diameter of TiO2 nanotubes produced and the anodization potential, while Raman measurement revealed the Photocatalytic vital role of annealing on crystallographic composition of the anodic produced TiO2 nanotubes. Regarding their performance in photocatalytic MTP degradation of degradation, surface morphology and crystallographic composition of the TNAs were found to impose crucial influence: only TNAs with diameter not smaller Ye, Y., metoprolol by TiO2 than 53 nm enabled rapid MTP degradation, and highest MTP degradation was obtained when a mixture of anatase and rutile were present in the TNAs. Feng, Y., nanotube arrays and Secondly, the effect of operational parameters, i.e initial MTP concentration, pH, was investigated. Initial MTP concentration at low level had no detrimental Bruning, UV-LED: Effects of Applied Catalysis B: effect on the process performance. Rapid MTP degradation and high total removal were achieved in a wide pH range (3–11). To evaluate the applicability of H., catalyst properties, 27 Environmental 2018 Organic Product TNAs for water treatment, experiments were first carried out in the presence of three different commonly present water constituents, i.e bicarbonate ions, Yntema, operational 220, pp. 171-181 phosphate ions, and natural organic matters (NOMs). The results show that bicarbonate and phosphate ions have no inhibitory effect at concentration levels D., parameters, up to 200 mg/L, and NOMs exhibit detrimental effect when their concentration exceeds 5 mg/L. The total removal MTP degradation reduced from 87.09 ± Rijnaarts, commonly present 0.09% to 62.05 ± 0.08% when tap water samples were applied, demonstrating reasonable efficacy for practical applications. Regarding the degradation H.H.M. water constituents, mechanism, formic acid and tert-butanol were added as scavenger for photo-generated holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), respectively. The obtained and photo-induced results demonstrate that primary degradation process occurred in liquid phase with participation of hydroxyl radicals in the liquid phase (·OH liquid), while reactive species smaller portion of MTP were degraded on the catalysis surface via reaction with h+ and hydroxyl radicals adsorbed on the catalyst surface (·OH surface). Other reactive species, e.g photo generated electrons and superoxide radical anions, did also play a minor role in MTP degradation. The mechanistic aspect was further confirmed by identification of degradation products by LC–MS/MS. The TNAs exhibited good stability after repeated use under varied operation conditions.

34 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2017, The Author(s). There is ongoing debate among stakeholders about the future development of agricultural and food systems to meet the global challenges of food supply, biological and cultural diversity, climate change, and social justice. Among other options, agroecology and organic agriculture are discussed. Both have similar goals and use a systems approach; however, they are recognised and received differently by stakeholders. Here we review and compare principles and practices defined and described in EU organic agriculture regulations, International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM) norms, and agroecology scientific literature. The main finding are as follows: (1) Regarding principles, EU organic regulations mainly focus on appropriate design and management of biological processes based on ecological systems, restriction of external inputs, and strict limitation of Converging and chemical inputs. IFOAM principles are very broad and more complete, and include a holistic and systemic vision of sustainability. Agroecology has a defined diverging principles Migliorini, Agronomy for Sustainable set of principles for the ecological management of agri-food systems, which also includes some socio-economic principles. (2) Many proposed cropping and practices of 28 P., Wezel, Development 2017 Organic Product practices are similar for EU organic, IFOAM, and agroecology, e.g. soil tillage, soil fertility and fertilisation, crop and cultivar choice, crop rotation, as well as organic agriculture A. 37(6),63 pest, disease and weed management. In contrast, the origin and quantity of products potentially used for soil fertilisation and pest, disease, and weed regulations and management are different. Additionally, some practices are only mentioned for one of the three sources. (3) In animal production, only a few proposed agroecology. A review practices are similar for EU organic, IFOAM, and agroecology. These include integration of cropping and animal systems and breed choice. In contrast, practices for animal management, prevention methods in animal health, animal housing, animal welfare, animal nutrition, and veterinary management are defined or described differently. (4) Related to food systems, organic agriculture focusses on technical aspects, such as food processing, while in agroecology there is a prominent debate between a transformative and conformative agenda. Both agroecology and organic agriculture offer promising contributions for the future development of sustainable agricultural production and food systems, especially if their principles and practices converge to a transformative approach and that impedes the conventionalisation of agro-food systems.

Shushan Yuana, © 2018 In this study, novel thin film composite membranes with nano/macrostructure decorated surface were fabricated by deposition of poly (arylene Junyong Nano/microstructure sulfide sulfone) (PASS) polymer chains on oxidized poly (arylene sulfide sulfone) (O-PASS) support membrane during organic solvent ultrafiltration. Zhua, Jian decorated thin film Interestingly, the obtained membranes exhibited a rough surface structure composed of ordered arranged polymeric nodules with size ranging from Li, composite poly nanoscale (100 nm) to macroscale (5 μm). Additionally, these membranes showed an improved, ultrahigh rejection of direct red 23, reactive blue 2, Alexander Chemical Engineering (arylene sulfide demonstrating their potential application for the reuse of dyes in wastewater. Furthermore, this novel synthesis approach of thin film composite membranes 29 Volodined, Journal 2018 sulfone) membrane Organic product has great advantages in incorporating nanoparticles because of the facile process, the low consumption of nanoparticles and the high content of Jie Yang, 348, pp. 180-190 constructed by nanoparticles in the thin layer. During the whole thin layer synthesis process, only 2 mg of nanoparticles were used and thin layers with nanoparticles PeterVan induced fouling in content of 20% were obtained. After the incorporation of candle soot, SiO 2 and ZIF-8 in the separation layer, both the water permeation and rejection of Puyveldea, organic solvent direct red 23, reactive blue 2 and reactive orange 16 were greatly improved. Therefore, this study provides a novel and simple fabrication method for thin film BartVan ultrafiltration composite membranes, which has advantages in incorporating nanoparticles in the thin separation layer to endow the membrane with an improved der performance. Bruggen

© 2018 The Author(s). Climate change models predict more frequent and severe droughts in the humid tropics. How drought will impact tropical forest Drought drives rapid carbon and greenhouse gas dynamics is poorly understood. Here we report the effects of the severe 2015 Caribbean drought on soil moisture, oxygen, O'Connell, shifts in tropical phosphorus (P), and greenhouse gas emissions in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico. Drought significantly decreases inorganic P concentrations, an C.S., Ruan Nature Communications rainforest soil element commonly limiting to net primary productivity in tropical forests, and significantly increases organic P. High-frequency greenhouse gas 30 2018 Organic product , L., Silver, 9(1),03352 // USA biogeochemistry and measurements show varied impacts across topography. Soil carbon dioxide emissions increase by 60% on slopes and 163% in valleys. Methane (CH 4 W.L. greenhouse gas ) consumption increases significantly during drought, but high CH 4 fluxes post-drought offset this sink after 7 weeks. The rapid response and slow recovery emissions to drought suggest tropical forest biogeochemistry is more sensitive to climate change than previously believed, with potentially large direct and indirect consequences for regional and global carbon cycles.

Miao, M.a, Qiu, Y.a, Preparation of N,N,N- Yao, © 2018 Elsevier B.V. N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium hydroxide (TMAdaOH) is an organic alkali compound with important applications in the trimethyl-1- L.a,Wu, catalyst industry. In this study, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) was employed for the preparation of TMAdaOH from its halide with a BP-C1-A1-C2- Separation and adamantylammonium Q.a,Ruan, BP four-compartment configuration. The effects of operating conditions (feed concentration and current density) on the performance of BMED were 31 Purification Technology 2018 hydroxide with high Organic product H.a,Van investigated. The results indicated that at optimum operational conditions (feed concentration of 0.3 mol/L and current density of 8 mA·cm −2 ), a 205, pp. 241-250// China purity via bipolar der conversion rate of 76.8% can be obtained, with an energy consumption of only 3.22 kWh/kg. The purity of product is extremely high and Cl − content in the membrane Bruggen, TMAdaOH solution can reach as low as 68 ppm. Due to the importance of cation-exchange membrane to the process, different types of cation membrane electrodialysis B.bc, were compared. In addition, repeated experiments were conducted to prove the stability of BMED process. Shen, J.a.

Caumo, Organic compounds São Paulo, a megacity in South America, is the largest consumer of fossil fuels in Brazil. The petrochemical products play an important role in the Brazilian S., Vicente, in particulate and economy and in the energy matrix. The compounds emitted when oil is used or processed can affect air quality and endanger human health. Particulate A., Custódi Air Quality, Atmosphere gaseous phase matter and gaseous samples were collected simultaneously in 2015 at an urban site highly impacted by anthropogenic activities, in the city of Santo André, 32 o, and Health 2018 collected in the Organic product São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Samples were analysed for elemental and organic carbon, hopanes, n-alkanes, alkenes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and D., Alves, 11(3), pp. 271-283 neighbourhood of an their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives. Among the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene presented the highest concentration in PUF and C., Vascon industrial complex in benzo(b)fluoranthene was dominant in PM. The carcinogenic equivalents for benzo(a)pyrene were 2.1 for PAH and 1.2 for nitro-PAH. The results showed cellos, P. São Paulo (Brazil) that local activities as vehicular and industrial activities affected the air quality. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2017.

The emission of volatiles in response to salt stress in rice cultivars has not been studied much to date. Studies addressing the regulation of stress induced volatile emission by halotolerant plant growth promoting bacteria containing ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase are also limited. The objective of the present study was to investigate the salt alleviation potential of bacteria by regulating photosynthetic characteristics and volatile emissions in Chatterjee, Inoculation of rice cultivars, and to compare the effects of the bacteria inoculation and salt responses between two rice genotypes. The interactive effects of soil salinity P., Brevibacterium linens (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) and inoculation with Brevibacterium linens RS16 on ACC accumulation, ACC oxidase activity, carbon assimilation and stress Kanagendr RS16 in Oryza sativa volatile emissions after stress application were studied in the moderately salt resistant (FL478) and the salt-sensitive (IR29) rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. an, A., Science of the Total genotypes enhanced It was observed that salt stress reduced foliage photosynthetic rate, but induced foliage ACC accumulation, foliage ACC oxidase activity, and the emissions 33 Samaddar, Environment 2018 salinity resistance: Organic product of all the major classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including the lipoxygenase pathway volatiles, light-weight oxygenated volatiles, long-chained S., (...), Sa, 645, pp. 721-732 Impacts on saturated aldehydes, benzenoids, geranylgeranyl diphosphate pathway products, and mono- and sesquiterpenes. All these characteristics scaled up T.-M., photosynthetic traits quantitatively with increasing salt stress. The effects of salt stress were more pronounced in the salt-sensitive genotype IR29 compared to the moderately Niinemets, and foliar volatile salt resistant FL478 genotype. However, the bacterial inoculation significantly enhanced photosynthesis, and decreased ACC accumulation and the ACC Ü. emissions oxidase activity, and VOC emissions both in control and salt-treated plants. Taken together, these results suggested that the ACC deaminase-containing Brevibacterium linens RS16 reduces the temporal regulation of VOC emissions and increases the plant physiological activity by reducing the availability of ethylene precursor ACC and the ACC oxidase activity under salt stress. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Hydraulic fracturing wastewaters (HFWWs) contain synthetic organic components and metal ions derived from the formation waters. Oetjen, K., The risk of spills of HFWW that could impact soil quality and water resources is of great concern. The ability of synthetic components, such as surfactants, Blotevogel, in HFWW to be transported through soil and to mobilize metals in soil was examined using column experiments. A spill of HFWW was simulated in bench Simulation of a J., Borch, scale soil column experiments that used an agricultural soil and simulated seven 10-year rain events representing a total of one year's worth of precipitation Science of the Total hydraulic fracturing T., for Weld County, Colorado. Although no surfactants or their transformation products were found in leachate samples, copper, lead, and iron were mobilized 34 Environment 2018 wastewater surface Organic product Ranville, at environmentally relevant concentrations. In general, after the initial spill event, metal concentrations increased until the fourth rain event before 645, pp. 229-234 spill on agricultural J.F., decreasing. Results from this study suggest that transport of metals was caused by the high concentrations of salts present in HFWW. This is the first soil Higgins, study utilizing authentic HFWWs to investigate the transport of surfactants and their effect on metal mobilization. Importantly, a significant decrease in the C.P. water infiltration rate of the soil was observed, leading to the point where water was unable to percolate through due to increasing salinity, potentially having a severe impact on crop production.

35 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Z-scheme mesoporous photocatalyst © 2018 Antibiotic drugs have become the important organic pollutants in the water resources, the high-efficient removal of which is one of the foremost constructed by Li, C., Yu, works for protecting water environment. The new Z-scheme mes-Sn3O4/g-C3N4heterostructure was obtained in present work, compared with single g- modification of S., Dong, Applied Catalysis B: C3N4, which exhibits more superior photocatalytic performance for degrading and mineralizing tetracycline hydrochloride in water. The investigations of Sn3O4nanoclusters 35 H., (...), Environmental 2018 Organic product microstructure, physical properities and photoelectrochemical behaviors indicate that the modification effect mesoporous Sn3O4on the surface of g- on g- Che, H., 238, pp. 284-293 C3N4nanosheets fabricates close heterostructure, which enlarges distinctly the specific surface area and improves dramatically the separation efficiency of C3N4nanosheets with Chen, G. charge carriers. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic reaction mechanisms including transfer behaviors of charge carriers, generation of reactive improved species, degradation intermediate products of TC-HCl are also revealed in depth. photocatalytic performance and mechanism insight

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Bisphenol A (BPA)-free epoxy resins, synthesized from low molecular weight cycloaliphatic compounds, may represents promising materials for stone conservation due to their very appealing and tunable physico-chemical properties, such as viscosity, curing rate and penetration ability, Gómez- being also easy to apply and handle. Furthermore, alkoxysilanes have been widely employed as inorganic strengtheners since they are easily hydrolysed Laserna, inside lithic substrates affording Si–O linkages with the stone matrix. Taking into account the advantages of these two classes of materials, this work has Analytical O., been focused on the development of innovative conservation materials, based on hybrid epoxy-silica BPA-free resins obtained by reaction of 1,4- assessment to Lanzafame cycloexanedimethanol diglycidylether (CHDM-DGE) with various siloxane precursors, i.e. glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane (GPTMS), tetraethyl develop innovative , P., orthosilicate (TEOS) and isobutyltrimethoxysilane (iBuTMS), using the 1,8-diaminooctane (DAO) as epoxy hardener. Thanks to Raman spectroscopy the Science of the Total nanostructured BPA- Papanikola synthesis processes have been successfully monitored, allowing the identification of oxirane rings opening as well as the formation of the cross-linked 36 Environment 2018 free epoxy-silica Organic product ou, G., (...), organic-inorganic networks. In accordance with the spectroscopic data, the thermal studies carried out by TGA and DSC techniques have pointed that 645, pp. 817-826 resins as Lo GPTMS is a suitable siloxane precursor to synthesize the most stable samples against temperature degradation. GPTMS-containing resins have also multifunctional stone Schiavo, shown good performances in the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and in contact angle investigations, with values indicating considerable hydrophobic conservation S., properties. SEM analyses have highlighted a great homogeneity over the entire observed areas, without formations of clusters and/or aggregates bigger materials Cardiano, than 45 μm, for the cited materials, confirming the efficiency of GPTMS as coupling agent to enhance the organic/inorganic interphase bonding. The P. variations provided by the incorporation of nanostructured titania, specifically synthesized, inside the epoxy-silica hybrids have been also evaluated. According to all the collected results, the hybrid materials here reported have proven to be promising multifunctional products for potential application in the field of stone conservation.

© 2018 Adipocyte differentiation is closely associated with obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the The brominated flame association of obesity with environmental pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), common flame retardants in various consumer Yang, C., retardant BDE 47 products. However, their obesogenic effects and mechanism are underexplored. We employed non-targeted metabolomics studies based on liquid Wong, C.- upregulates purine chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to determine how 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-brominated biphenyl ether (BDE 47), one of the main congeners of Science of the Total M., Wei, J., metabolism and PBDEs detected in human tissue, promotes adipocyte differentiation of mouse preadipocyte 3 T3-L1 cells. The promoting effects of BDE 47 exposure (5 or 37 Environment 2018 Organic product Chung, mitochondrial 10 μM) on adipocyte differentiation were confirmed by enhancing lipid accumulation and expression levels of biomarkers of adipogenesis. For the first time, 644, pp. 1312-1322 A.C.K., respiration to promote we demonstrated that BDE 47 upregulated purine metabolism and altered glutathione metabolism to promote oxidative stress and uric acid production in Cai, Z. adipocyte adipocytes. BDE 47 also elevated mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in adipocytes to induce more ATP to combat oxidative stress. Antioxidant differentiation treatments, including the suppression of xanthine oxidase, inhibited the effects of BDE 47 on inducing oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. BDE 47 may be a potential environmental obesogen by providing a permissive oxidative environment to induce adipocyte differentiation.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. In this work the photochemistry of imazethapyr, an imidazolinone herbicide used in rice crops, was modelled in rice paddy water. The photochemical half-life time of the herbicide was assessed by means of the APEX software (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally occurring Xenobiotics) taking into account the direct photolysis, the reactions with hydroxyl radicals (HO[rad]) and, in some cases, the reactions with the excited triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*). We found that direct photolysis and HO[rad] reaction can account for a half-life time ranging Modelling the between 8 and 11 days in May, which is in quite good agreement with the half-life times measured in the field and reported in the literature. These findings Science of the Total Carena, L., photochemistry of suggest that direct photolysis and reaction with HO[rad] are important degradation pathways for imazethapyr in paddy water. Dissolved organic matter 38 Environment 2018 Organic product Vione, D. imazethapyr in rice (DOM) has been reported in the literature to decrease the imazethapyr photodegradation rate. Our model computations confirm this finding but, upon 644, pp. 1391-1398 paddy water comparison of model predictions with experimental data from the literature, we provide evidence of a non-negligible role of DOM-photosensitised processes in imazethapyr degradation, particularly in DOM-rich waters. We also assess an upper limit (108L mol−1s−1) for the second-order rate constant of the reaction between imazethapyr and3CDOM*. Furthermore, on the basis of literature-reported photodegradation pathways and by using both APEX and the US-EPA ECOSAR V2.0 software, we assess that the direct photolysis by-products of imazethapyr could pose a potential ecotoxicological threat to aquatic systems.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. To adhere to the Paris Agreement of 2015, we need to store several Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon annually. In the last years, a variety of Carbon emission technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and usage (CCU) have been demonstrated. While conventional CCS and CCU are Pikaar, I., avoidance and techno-economically feasible, their climate change mitigation potentials are limited, due to limited amount of CO2that can be captured. Hence, there is an de Vrieze, capture by producing urgent need to explore other CCS and CCU routes. Here we discuss an interesting alternative route for capture of carbon dioxide from industrial point J., Rabaey, Science of the Total in-reactor microbial sources, using CO2-binding, so-called autotrophic aerobic bacteria to produce microbial biomass as a C-storage product. The produced microbial biomass 39 K., (...), Environment 2018 Organic product biomass based food, is often referred to as microbial protein (MP) because it has a crude protein content of ~70–75%. Depending on the industrial production process and final Smith, P., 644, pp. 1525-1530 feed and slow release quality of the produced MP, it can be used for human consumption as meat replacement, protein supplement in animal diets, or slow-release organic Verstraete, fertilizer: Potentials fertilizer thus providing both organic nitrogen and carbon to agricultural soils. Here, we discuss the potentials and limitations of this so far unexplored CCU W. and limitations approach. A preliminary assessment of the economic feasibility of the different routes for CO2carbon avoidance, capture and utilization indicates that the value chain to food is becoming attractive and that the other end-points warrant close monitoring over the coming years.

Hierarchical © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Exploration of appropriate photocatalysts for visible-light-driven organic synthesis is of great importance. Here we design and construct photocatalyst of a two-dimensional hierarchical In2S3/MoS2composite as an excellent and reusable photocatalyst for Aza-Henry reaction. The dahlia-flower-like Li, Z., Zhou, Applied Catalysis B: In2S3on exfoliated In2S3nanostructures are homogeneously grown on both sides of the two-dimensional MoS2nanosheets via a hydrothermal reaction. The as-prepared two- Z., Ma, J., 40 Environmental 2018 MoS2nanosheets for Organic product dimensional hierarchical In2S3/MoS2composite exhibits higher photocatalytic performance than pure In2S3. The hierarchical heterostructure can enhance (...), Zhang, 237, pp. 288-294 enhanced visible-light- the light absorption in the visible region, facilitate the separation of the photo-induced electron–hole pairs, offer rich active sites for photoredox reactions and F., Fan, X. driven Aza-Henry promote the generation and migration of the [rad]O2‐and h+. Profiting from these compositional and structural features, the two-dimensional hierarchical reaction In2S3/MoS2composite shows remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance and good stability.

Pt supported and © 2018 Elsevier B.V. This study aims to reveal the visible–light photocatalytic performance of Pt supported and carbon coated Bi2MoO6(Pt/C@Bi2MoO6) carbon coated composite on the degradation of aquatic 2,4–dibromophenol (DBP) pollutant. The surface structure analysis shows that Pt and carbon layer can tightly bind Bi2MoO6composite to the surface of Bi2MoO6with the chemical bonds, and hybrid the original band gap to generate new impurity levels to enhance the visible–light utilization Wu, J., for enhanced efficiency. The carbon layer has excellent conductivity to transformation electrons from valence band (VB) site, and the supported Pt atoms on carbon layer Sun, Y., Applied Catalysis B: 2,4–dibromophenol generate a plasma electron field to enhance the reductive activity on conduction band (CB) site. The Pt/C@Bi2MoO6composite shows more efficient and 41 Gu, C., Environmental 2018 degradation under Organic product reliable abilities in DBP photocatalytic degradation, and the debromination and oxidization processes are performed separately on CB and VB site, (...), Cui, 237, pp. 622-632 visible–light irradiation: respectively. The DBP debromination proceeds by electrons in the CB site in priority to generate non–brominated intermediate products, and then the C., Ma, D. Insight into band gap oxidization and mineralization procedures start by hydroxide radicals in the VB site to finish the complete degradation of DBP. This research reveals the structure and important roles of Pt and carbon layer in band gap structure modification and photocatalytic activity improvement, exhibiting a new insight to design an photocatalytic efficient and stable photocatalyst for persistent organic pollutant degradation under visible–light irradiation. mechanism

36 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Unveiling the interplay © 2018 Elsevier B.V. One critical issue to which special attention should be paid during the activity evaluation of photocatalytic CO2reduction is the possible between light-driven carbonaceous residues on the photocatalyst, which may decompose into CO/CH4, causing overestimation of the activity. In this regard, a contrast test CO2photocatalytic under N2atmosphere instead of CO2has been widely employed as one cost-effective approach to confirm whether carbonaceous residues contribute to the Yuan, L., reduction and carbon-containing products formation. However, this method might otherwise result in underestimation of the activity, according to the case study of as- Lu, K.-Q., Applied Catalysis B: carbonaceous fabricated Bi2WO6-TiO2binanosheets (B-T) in this work. Based on integrative studies of B-T sample under N2and CO2atmosphere, we for the first time 42 Zhang, F., Environmental 2018 Organic product residues unveil the co-existence of a competition and an interaction relationship between light-driven carbonaceous residues decomposition and photocatalytic Fu, X., Xu, 237, pp. 424-431 decomposition: A CO2reduction, which further emphasizes the necessity of removing organic residues from photocatalysts and carefully analysing the origin of carbon- Y.-J. case study of containing products to estimate the photocatalytic performance towards CO2reduction in a more accurate way. Moreover, this work could provide some Bi2WO6- enlightenment on designing and/or synthesising more efficient photocatalysts for CO2reduction with high selectivity for CH4formation, where rational TiO2binanosheets construction of Z-scheme heterostructures is highlighted.

López- © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Activation of aryl(Ar)-halides for C–C coupling catalytic reactions using visible light has become one of the most challenging tasks in Calixto, organic synthesis since it offers effective and safer alternatives to traditional dehalogenation protocols. The insufficient energy provided by visible light to Synchronized C.G., Liras, cleave such strong C–H alogen bonds certainly makes necessary the development of new protocols to overcome this limitation. We report here the Applied Catalysis B: biphotonic process M., de la application of photon upconversion (UC) technology based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) to a C–C coupling catalytic reaction, a possibility that has not 43 Environmental 2018 triggering C–C Organic product Peña been investigated to date. This synchronized biphotonic process (TTA-UC) activates successfully Ar-halides with visible light. Based on product analysis 237, pp. 18-23 coupling catalytic O'Shea, and spectroscopic experiments, a cascade process combining photophysical and photochemical steps is proposed for the mechanism rationalization. reactions V.A., Pérez- Visible light, ambient temperature and pressure, low-loading metal-free photocatalysts and no additives make this protocol very attractive for applications to Ruiz, R. the synthesis of fine chemical building blocks, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals or new materials.

© 2018, National Ground Water Association We compare two methods for estimating the natural source zone depletion (NSZD) rate at fuel release sites that occurs by groundwater flow through the source zone due to dissolution and transport of biodegradation products. Dissolution is addressed identically in Mackay, both methods. The “mass budget method”, previously proposed and applied by others, estimates the petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation rate based on D., dissolved electron acceptor delivery and dissolved biodegradation product removal by groundwater flow. The mass budget method relies on assumed Paradis, Methods to Estimate stoichiometry for the degradation reactions and differences in concentrations of dissolved species (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, reduced iron, reduced C., Groundwater Monitoring Source Zone manganese, nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon, methane) at monitoring locations upgradient and downgradient of the source zone. We illustrate a 44 Buscheck, and Remediation 2018 Depletion of Fuel Organic product refinement to account for degradation reactions associated with loss of reduced iron from solution. The “carbon budget method,” a simplification of T., (...), 38(1), pp. 26-41 Releases by approaches applied by others, addresses carbon-containing species in solution or lost from solution (precipitated) and does not require assumptions about Schmidt, Groundwater Flow stoichiometry or information about electron acceptors. We apply both methods to a fuel release site with unusually detailed monitoring data and discuss R., Peng, applicability to more typical and less thoroughly monitored sites. The methods, as would typically be applied, yield similar results but have different J. constraints and uncertainties. Overall, we conclude that the carbon budget method has greater practical utility as it is simpler, requires fewer assumptions, accounts for most iron-reducing reactions, and does not include CO2that escapes from the saturated to the unsaturated zone.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. One of the five tallest tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii has enormous economic and ecological importance, but rainforests dominated by this species are not as well understood as their drier montane counterparts. We climbed and measured 30 trees up to 97 m tall growing in Sillett, coastal forests of the Olympic Peninsula and northern California to quantify structural attributes—leaves, bark, cambium, sapwood, heartwood, deadwood, S.C., Van biomass, growth increments, and age—and combined these with an equal number of trees up to 85 m tall growing in forests of the Cascade Mountains to Pelt, R., develop allometric equations based on ground-level predictors. After comparing new equations to those previously published, we applied the best available Development and Freund, Forest Ecology and equations for tall forests to predict aboveground quantities of all vascular plant species in 12 ha of Olympic and Cascade forests. The largest (117 Mg) and dominance of 45 J.A., (...), Management 2018 Organic product one of the oldest (615 years) trees we studied had the highest biomass increment (305 kg yr−1), but age had a negative effect on current and long-term Douglas-fir in North Carroll, 429, pp. 93-114 growth increments. After accounting for variation in tree size and aboveground vigor, older trees produced less wood annually and grew less efficiently than American rainforests A.L., younger trees. Size of P. menziesii trees increased more rapidly, and the proportion of biomass and leaf area in P. menziesii decreased more slowly, in Kramer, Olympic than Cascade forests over six centuries following stand-replacing fire. Maximum aboveground biomass (1999 Mg ha−1) and carbon density (994 R.D. Mg ha−1) occurred in a Cascade forest with high abundance of three conifer species (P. menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata), but maximum P. menziesii biomass (1289 Mg ha−1) occurred in an Olympic forest with 50 trees ha−1up to 90 m tall. Vulnerability to wood decay fungi and dependence on fire for stand dominance limit P. menziesii biomass accumulation in rainforests.

© 2018, Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), China is required not only to reduce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) but also unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz). A baseline of the sources in China Liu, X., Potential sources of Frontiers of that generate these unintentional POPs is needed for both research and regulation purposes. In this paper, we have compiled production data of potential Fiedler, H., unintentionally Environmental Science sources in China and assessed them in five-year intervals from 2000 to 2015. Most of these activities experienced changes from rapid growth to slow 46 Gong, W., 2018 produced PCB, HCB, Organic product and Engineering growth. Measured data for PCB, HCB and PeCBz in samples collected from potential sources in China were reviewed. Most information was associated to Wang, B., and PeCBz in China: 12(6),1 thermal processes with high potential of emission, including waste incineration and ferrous and non-ferrous metal production. In addition, high levels of Yu, G. A preliminary overview PCB, HCB and PeCBz were found as impurities in a few chlorinated products or as by-products in solvent production, which suggested organochlorine industry might be important sources. Finally, based on the studies reviewed, recommendations for future actions in research and policy as well as a few regulatory issues in China are discussed.

Removal of anti- © 2018 Elsevier B.V. In this study, the removal rates of eight anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic pharmaceuticals, AIAPs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, Gallardo- inflammatory/analgesi naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, codeine, indomethacin and propyphenazone) were assessed in a pilot-scale A2O system (including Altamirano, c pharmaceuticals anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones), long term operated during two experimental phases using different sets of environmental conditions and operating M.J., Maza- from urban parameters. qPCR was used to quantify the absolute abundances of total Bacteria, total Archaea, mycolic-acid containing filamentous Actinobacteria Márquez, Science of the Total wastewater in a pilot- (Mycolata) and Fungi within the activated sludge microbial community developed in the system. Multivariate analyses and Spearman correlation coefficients 47 P., Peña- Environment 2018 Organic product scale A2O system: were used in search of significant links among the removal rates of the AIAPs, the abundances of the targeted microbial groups in the activated sludge, and Herrera, 643, pp. 1481-1492 Linking performance the changes of environmental/operating variables in the A2O system. Improved removal efficiencies of several of the AIAPs analyzed (acetaminophen, J.M., (...), and microbial ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen) were correlated to higher organic load in the influent water, higher concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), Osorio, F., population dynamics lower temperature and lower food-to-microorganisms ratio (F/M). Removal efficiencies of several pharmaceuticals correlated with increased abundances of Pozo, C. to operating variables Mycolata in the A2O system, pointing at this group of bacteria as candidate key players for AIAPs removal in activated sludge.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. In this research, nitrogen doped TiO2(N-TiO2) and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared and immobilized on a titan grid sheet by Sheydaei, Preparation of nano N- electrophoretic deposition method. SEM, DRS, FT-IR, and N2adsorption-desorption were used for the characterization of the immobilized N-TiO2/GO M., TiO2/graphene nanocomposite. Ability of prepared nanocomposite was studied for degradation of cefixime in water through visible light photocatalytic ozonation process. Shiadeh, Chemical Engineering oxide/titan grid sheets The effect of operational variables including dosage of catalyst and ozone concentration, pH, initial concentration of the cefixime, light intensity, contact time, 48 H.R.K., Journal 2018 for visible light Organic product inorganic and organic scavengers on the cefixime degradation were evaluated. The results showed that all of the variables have positive effect on the Ayoubi- 353, pp. 138-146 assisted degradation efficiency except initial concentration of cefixime, organic and inorganic scavengers. The GC-MS analysis was employed to identify the Feiz, B., photocatalytic intermediate products. The performance of immobilized N-TiO2/GO nanocomposite in photocatalytic ozonation process leading to 80% removal of cefixime Ezzati, R. ozonation of cefixime is much better than individual adsorption (17%), photocatalytic degradation (29%) and ozonation (51%) processes at the similar conditions. It is expected that N-TiO2/GO can act as an efficient catalyst in the photocatalytic ozonation under the visible light.

37 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in nature, qualifies itself by the polyphenolic structure as potential renewable feedstock for the production of bio-based aromatic fine chemicals. However, the natural complexity and degradation stability of lignin make the depolymerization a highly Electro-conversion challenging task. Several efforts have been pursued for the selective degradation of the biopolymer into suitable compounds. However, there are only a few Current Opinion in Green as sustainable Zirbes, M., technical approaches for the degradation of lignin to aromatic fine chemicals. Organic electrosynthesis is the synthetic method that enables the direct use and Sustainable method for the fine 49 Waldvogel, 2018 Organic product of electricity for the production of valuable compounds. Moreover, electro-organic synthesis represents a sustainable and modern technology. In addition, it Chemistry chemical production S.R. is a powerful and “green” tool for the depolymerization and utilization of the renewable feedstock lignin. In general, if electro-conversion is driven to 14, pp. 19-25 from the biopolymer significant extent then a plethora of products is obtained, whereas the selective electrochemical degradation results in a low yield. Because of the lignin inexpensive and abundant nature of lignin, the latter is of technical interest. This review surveys recent developments, and pioneering work in the field of electrochemical lignin degradation to bio-based fine chemicals.

© 2018 Contamination of water resources with organics such as personal care products (PCPs) is severe because of the increasing living standards, huge Record-high Yoo, D.K., production/consumption of PCPs, and increasing population. In this study, the removal of three typical PCPs, triclosan, oxybenzone, and p-chloro-m- adsorption capacities An, H.J., xylenol, from water was carried out via adsorption over highly porous carbon, prepared from the pyrolysis of polyaniline (pANI) under suitable conditions. The Chemical Engineering of polyaniline-derived Khan, N.A., carbons (named PDCs or pANI-derived carbons) showed record-high adsorption for the three PCPs, partly because of the large porosity of the PDC. 50 Journal 2018 porous carbons for Organic product Hwang, Moreover, the adsorption mechanism, excluding van der Waals interactions, could be explained by the adsorption over a wide range of pH conditions. H- 352, pp. 71-78 the removal of G.T., bonding (PCPs as H-donor), together with hydrophobic interaction (especially at high pH), might be the plausible mechanism for the remarkable adsorption. personal care Jhung, S.H. Additionally, the used PDC could be recycled by simple solvent washing. Therefore, the PDCs could be potential adsorbents to purify water contaminated products from water with PCPs.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Adsorbed organic modifiers can alter selectivity of metal catalysts by modifying reactant, intermediate, or product adsorption affinities Mechanistic roles of and configurations. Herein, we show how alkylamine self-assembled monolayers with varying surface densities can be used to tune selectivity to desired Applied Catalysis B: catalyst surface hydrogenation products of nitrobenzene (NB) reduction on a Pt (111) catalyst. Nitrobenzene is a toxic environmental pollutant with deleterious health effects, Gong, L., Environmental coating in and its selective conversion to valuable chemicals can both convert this pollutant and improve catalytic process efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) 51 Mu, Y., 2018 Organic product 236, pp. 509-517 nitrobenzene selective calculations demonstrate that the selectivity of NB reduction to phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) is achieved by controlling the surface crowding, with specific Janik, M.J. reduction: A first- sites exposed for the selective reduction of NB on the Pt (111) surface through the selection of alkylamine modifier surface density. Surface crowding forces principles study NB and subsequent reaction intermediates to bind with their long axis vertical to the Pt (111) surface, increasing the selectivity to the desired product, PHA. This surface crowding serves both to enhance selectivity and provide insight into the reaction mechanism of NB reduction.

Baeuerle, B., 2018 Optical Fiber Hoessbach Driver-less sub 1 Communications er, C., Vppoperation of a Conference and Communication and © 2018 OSA. We demonstrate driver-less 100 GBd operation of a plasmonic intensity modulator. Drive voltages below 1V lead to low power consumption of 1 Heni, W., 2018 plasmonic-organic Exposition, OFC 2018 - organic consumption 2.84 fJ/bit for 100 Gbit/s with a direct detected BER below the HD-FEC limit. (...), hybrid modulator at Proceedings Dalton, 100 GBd NRZ pp. 1-3 L.R., Leuthold, J. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Explanatory models of consumer behaviour can be used to steer decision-making in the Sustainable Torres- complex task of designing generic strategies to increase sustainable consumption. This paper proposes an operational model which assumes that the Consumption: Ruiz, F.J., purchase of an organic food is a complex process that can be broken down into phases. It is applied to a concrete case – organic olive oil in the Spanish Business Strategy and Proposal of a Vega- Communication and market – quantifying each phase to determine which ones should be acted on to increase demand. Results indicate that it is possible to adopt the model 2 the Environment 2018 Multistage Model to Zamora, organic consumption proposed, and that the problems hindering consumption are a lack of confidence in organic certification, not perceiving differences between organic and 27(4), pp. 588-602 Analyse Consumer M., Parras- conventional foods, and the perception of barriers in their purchase. Given the context, marketing communications strategies have a key role to play. This Behaviour for Organic Rosa, M. model can be used to analyse the specific situation of each market and propose development strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Foods ERP Environment. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and © 2017 IEEE. This paper investigates the simultaneous stabilization of a collection of battery-powered systems with limited bandwidth and power Intelligent Systems, CIS Control of battery- resources. Each time the channel can only accommodate one plant for communication and each sensor can transmit data to the remote controller using Wang, 2017 and IEEE powered NCSs with Communication and high power for limited times. Based on the average dwell time technique, sufficient conditions on the exponential mean square stability of a single plant are 3 L.Y., Yue, Conference on Robotics, 2018 channel assignment organic consumption given first. Then, a set of schedulable conditions is obtained for periodic scheduling policy based on the simultaneous stability analysis. Finally, a new W. Automation and and power allocation framework for channel scheduling, power allocation and stabilizing control is constructed, which can guarantee a desired decay rate for each plant and Mechatronics, RAM 2017 - minimal energy consumption for the group of plants. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated with numerical simulations. Proceedings 2018-January, pp. 128- 133

38 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd In contemporary society, sustainable food production and consumption are increasingly important to mitigate climate change. Food production and consumption result in large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus have a large environmental impact. To positively influence consumers in reducing their food related climate impact, it is important to understand their perception of the climate impacts related to food products. We conducted five online experiments to better understand how laypersons assess the climate impact of various foods. In each experiment, one or two Shi, J., characteristics of the food products were varied to find out whether and how these characteristics affected people's climate-impact estimations. We Visschers, Journal of Cleaner Consumers' climate- investigated the influence of different types of meat, protein-rich products, and vegetables with varying production practice, country of origin, transportation V.H.M., Communication and 4 Production 2018 impact estimations of mode and seasonality. The results showed that participants were able to correctly order foods' climate impact based on the type of food, its country of Bumann, organic consumption 172, pp. 1646-1653 different food products origin, its transportation mode and its season, whereas they were less knowledgeable of the extent to which the food products differed in their climate N., Siegrist, impact. Further, some misconceptions were found: people tended to underestimate the climate impact of organic and national produced meat products and M. of vegetarian protein-rich products; consumers seemed to rely on the country of origin to estimate the climate impact of vegetable products rather than on their transportation modes; and they did not seem to consider the interaction between seasonality and origin in the climate impact estimations of vegetables. We therefore suggest that better communication with consumers about the climate-impact of food products is needed to motivate them to make climate- friendly food choices.

Baeuerle, B., Hoessbach Driver-Less Sub 1 er, C., Optics InfoBase Vppoperation of a Communication and © OSA 2018. We demonstrate driver-less 100 GBd operation of a plasmonic intensity modulator. Drive voltages below 1V lead to low power consumption of 5 Heni, W., Conference Papers 2018 plasmonic-organic organic consumption 2.84 fJ/bit for 100 Gbit/s with a direct detected BER below the HD-FEC limit. (...), Part F84-OFC 2018 hybrid modulator at Dalton, 100 GBd NRZ L.R., Leuthold, J. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Consumer surveys revealed positive attitudes towards organic wine in large consumer segments. Health, environmental and quality benefits were stated most often as drivers for purchase decisions. However, sales data show that the market share for organic wine is still far below 10% compared to the total wine market in all countries. Obviously, there is a gap between consumers’ attitudes and real purchase behaviour in daily decisions. Organic wine So far, it is not clear whether there is congruence between consumers’ attitudes and their purchase behaviour and if the attitude-behaviour-gap differs purchase behaviour in Schäufele, Food Quality and among consumer segments. Consequently, the paper at hand explores the attitude-behaviour-gap with household panel data from the GfK Group by means Germany: Exploring Communication and 6 I., Hamm, Preference 2018 of a cluster analysis. The results show that even though expenditure shares for organic wine were at a low level, attitudes were in line with purchase the attitude-behaviour- organic consumption U. 63, pp. 1-11 behaviour for five out of six clusters. For example, consumers who had the highest expenditure share for organic wine showed strong pro-environmental gap with data from a attitudes and a preference for sustainable products. Therefore, comprehensive communication about sustainability issues, which also includes social household panel aspects, could help to further develop the organic wine market and lead to higher market shares. However, for the low-income consumer cluster, the price of organic wine seemed to be an effective barrier despite their positive attitudes towards environmentalism. Future studies need to consider that the extent of the attitude-behaviour-gap is segment specific.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Analysis of the attributes determining the formation of consumers’ preferences when buying lamb meat is a key aspect in increasing the Influence of quality demand for this product. To this end, by means of conjoint analysis, we determined lamb meat consumers’ preferences according to their frequency of Meat labels on the consumption, and we used logistic simulation to analyse market shares of the most valued attributes. After segmenting the market into habitual and Bernabéu, R., Rabadán, Science formation of Communication and occasional consumers of lamb meat, our results seem to suggest that while regular consumers base their preferences mostly on origin, occasional 7 A., El Orche, N.E., Díaz, 2018 135, pp. preferences of lamb organic consumption consumers take other attributes into account, such as Protected Geographical Origin (PGI) and organic production. An analysis of market shares shows M. 129-133 meat consumers. A that PGI significantly influences consumer preferences, while ecological production has a less marked impact. This finding confirms the usefulness of PGI Spanish case study in the lamb meat market and highlights the urgent need to improve the communication strategy of the organic production sector as a synergistic effect to increase its acceptance among consumers.

© 2018 The Authors. Living cells obtain energy either by oxidizing reduced compounds of organic or mineral origin or by absorbing light. Whichever energy source is used, some of the energy released is conserved by converting adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which are analogous to the chemicals in a rechargeable battery. The energy released by the conversion of ATP back to ADP is used to drive most energy-requiring processes, including cell growth, cell division, communication and movement. It is clearly essential to life that the production and consumption of ATP are always maintained in balance, and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is one of the key cellular regulatory systems that ensures this. In eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei and other internal membrane-bound structures, including human cells), most ATP is produced in mitochondria, which are thought to Keeping the home have been derived by the engulfment of oxidative bacteria by a host cell not previously able to use molecular oxygen. AMPK is activated by increasing AMP Journal of the Royal Hardie, fires burning†: AMP- Communication and or ADP (AMP being generated from ADP whenever ADP rises) coupled with falling ATP. Relatives of AMPK are found in essentially all eukaryotes, and it 8 Society Interface 2018 D.G. activated protein organic consumption may have evolved to allow the host cell to monitor the output of the newly acquired mitochondria and step their ATP production up or down according to the 15(138),20170774 kinase demand. Structural studies have illuminated how AMPK achieves the task of detecting small changes in AMP and ADP, despite the presence of much higher concentrations of ATP. Recently, it has been shown that AMPK can also sense the availability of glucose, the primary carbon source for most eukaryotic cells, via a mechanism independent of changes in AMP or ADP. Once activated by energy imbalance or glucose lack, AMPK modifies many target proteins by transferring phosphate groups to them from ATP. By this means, numerous ATP-producing processes are switched on (including the production of new mitochondria) and ATP-consuming processes are switched off, thus restoring energy homeostasis. Drugs that modulate AMPK have great potential in the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes, and even cancer. Indeed, some existing drugs such as metformin and aspirin, which were derived from traditional herbal remedies, appear to work, in part, by activating AMPK.

The proceedings contain 30 papers. The topics discussed include: photonics for electronic interference suppression; wideband distributed RF photonic frequency converters for satellite communications applications; ultra low phase noise, high power, hybrid lasers for RF mixing and optical sensing AVFOP 2017 - IEEE applications; RF photonics for simultaneous beam imaging RADAR; RF imaging receiver based on k-space tomography; electronic-photonic integration for AVFOP 2017 - IEEE [No author Avionics and Vehicle government applications; photonic integrated circuits for electronic warfare receiver applications; a reconfigurable silicon photonic 4th-order filter for Avionics and Vehicle Communication and 9 name Fiber-Optics and 2017 synthesizing Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic responses; 50 GHz InP on-chip colliding pulse mode-locked quantum-well laser; optimization of Fiber-Optics and organic consumption available] Photonics Conference plasmonic-organic hybrid electro-optics; improvements in speed, bandwidth, and phase noise of optically synthesized microwave oscillators; 2.2 micron Photonics Conference 2017-December extended InGaAs photodiodes and photoreceivers; low-power-consumption pulse position modulation laser transmitter; performance improvement for an SBS-based optoelectronic oscillator; low profile RF feed networks using RF photonics; design of polymer optical fiber data link for aircraft applications using systems engineering method; disambiguation of sub-sampled photonic links by acousto-optic delay modulation; and coupling ratios design and their impact on the performance of binary driven QAM transmitters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper investigates networked control of a collection of battery-powered systems with seriously limited Networked control of communication capacity and power resources. We aim to stabilize the systems by effectively assigning the communication channels and appropriately International Journal of battery-powered allocating the transmission powers so that the energy consumption is within an energy budget. The role of channel assignment is to guarantee network Wang, L., Robust and Nonlinear systems with Communication and access for all plants when needed; the mission of power allocation is to ensure a desired rate of successful packet transmission for each channel. These 10 Guo, G., 2017 Control communication organic consumption two aspects are achieved by a scheduling policy and a power allocation method, respectively, each of which is derived based on stability and schedulability Zhuang, Y. 27(17), pp. 3488-3507 scheduling and power requirements. An interesting co-design framework is derived for communication scheduling, transmission power allocation and stabilizing control. The allocation presented methodology can guarantee a desired decay rate and a given energy consumption for each plant. The effectiveness of the results is demonstrated by numerical simulations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. The Helmholtz-Kohlraush effect is a visual characteristic that humans perceive color having higher saturation as brighter. In the proposed method, the pixel value is reduced by increasing the saturation while Power reduction of IEICE Transactions on maintaining the hue and value of HSV color space, resulting in power saving of OLED displays since the power consumption of OLED displays directly Shiga, T., OLED displays by Electronics Communication and depends on the pixel value. Although the luminance decreases, brightness of image is maintained by the Helmholtz-Kohlraush effect. In order to suppress 11 Kitahara, 2017 tone mapping based E100C(11), pp. 1026- organic consumption excessive increase of saturation, the increase factor of saturation is reduced with an increase in brightness. As maximum increase factor of saturation, S. on Helmholtz- 1030 kMAX, increases, more power is reduced but unpleasant color change takes place. From the subjective evaluation experiment with the 23 test images Kohlrausch effect consisting of skin, natural and non-natural images, it is found that kMAXis less than 2.0 to suppress the unpleasant color change. When kMAXis 2.0, the power saving is 8.0%. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is confirmed by using a smart phone having 4.5 inches diagonal RGB AMOLED display.

39 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Despite growing consumer awareness of ethical consumption, market sales are not growing accordingly. Because the presentation of appropriate ethical product information may influence consumers to choose ethical products, this paper analyses the requirements necessary for the Osburg, V.- Unveiling ethical successful communication of ethical product features. Based on McGuire's (1976) information-processing model, and a review of current literature, the S., Strack, Journal of Cleaner product features: The information's comprehensibility, meaningfulness, and credibility are investigated in an online survey of US American citizens (n = 595) for two product M., Conroy, Communication and 12 Production 2017 importance of an categories representing Fast Moving Consumer Goods, and durable goods. A generalized mixed logit model revealed that all three communication factors D.M., organic consumption 162, pp. 1582-1591 elaborated information affect consumers' choices. The more concerns about, or expertise in, organic production and fair trade purchase the consumers expressed, the less Toporowski presentation important their price sensibility and the more they preferred a comprehensive addendum and credible sources (e.g., government certificate or traceability). , W. The results strongly suggest that advertisers and marketers can customize product communications in order to better engage both the mass market, and ethically oriented consumers.

© 2017 Optical Society of America. Silicon photonics has gained interest for its potential to provide higher efficiency, bandwidth and reduced power Namnabat, consumption compared to electrical interconnects in datacenters and high performance computing environments. However, it is well known that silicon S., Kim, K.- Athermal silicon photonic devices suffer from temperature fluctuations due to silicon's high thermo-optic coefficient and therefore, temperature control in many applications J., Jones, optical add-drop is required. Here we present an athermal optical add-drop multiplexer fabricated from ring resonators.We used a sol-gel inorganic-organic hybrid material A., (...), Optics Express multiplexers based on Communication and 13 2017 as an alternative to previously used materials such as polymers and titanium dioxide. In this work we studied the thermal curing parameters of the sol-gel Lentine, 25(18), pp. 21471-21482 thermo-optic organic consumption and their effect on thermal wavelength shift of the rings. With this method, we were able to demonstrate a thermal shift down to -6.8 pm/°C for transverse A.L., coefficient tuning of electric (TE) polarization in ring resonators with waveguide widths of 325 nm when the sol-gel was cured at 130°C for 10.5 hours. We also achieved Norwood, sol-gel material thermal shifts below 1 pm/°C for transverse magnetic (TM) polarization in the C band under different curing conditions. Curing time compared to curing R.A. temperature shows to be the most important factor to control sol-gel's thermo-optic value in order to obtain an athermal device in a wide temperature range.

Copyright © 2017 Acta Automatica Sinica. All rights reserved. This paper investigates the effects of sensor transmission power on system performance and Transmission Power communication energy cost of networked control system. First, by considering the packet dropout problem in wireless communication systems, a switching Wang, L.- Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Allocation for Communication and system control model is built based on the transmission power level, in which a larger transmission power leads to a smaller packet dropout rate, and 14 Y., Guo, G., Automatica Sinica 2017 Networked Control organic consumption hence a better system performance. Then by using average dwell time technique, sufficient conditions for the exponential mean square stability and Zhuang, Y. 43(8), pp. 1350-1357 Systems schedulability requirements are obtained. Finally, a co-design framework for transmission power allocation and system stabilization is derived, which can guarantee a desired decay rate of the system with minimal communication energy consumption. Burton, A., LED based lighting © 2017 A. Burton et al. The paper discusses on the effect that the growth in our energy consumption as a species is having upon the planet, and how the Le Minh, EAI Endorsed and communications: global lighting and telecommunications industries are major contributors. We demonstrate that through the adoption of LED based lighting combined with H., Aslam, Transactions on Energy An emerging Communication and 15 2017 visible light communications, substantial economical and power savings by orders of magnitude can be made over existing technologies, contributing N., Le, L., Web technology for a organic consumption towards a greener more sustainable future. The future of LED technology is also discussed with a focus on organic technology, promising increased Nguyen, 4(13),e4 greener more savings. T.D. sustainable future

IEEE As an emissive display, the active matrix organic light emitting diodes (AMOLED) endures lower power efficiency at the higher level of pixel intensities. Chondro, Advanced Multimedia In the existing techniques, the power consumption is lowered with significant loss of details and hue alterations. This paper proposes a hue-preserving pixel P., Chang, Power Saving Method IEEE Transactions on Communication and dimming technique using subtractive coefficients based on the decomposed hue-saturation-value (HSV) color map that reduces the power consumption on 16 C., Ruan, using Dynamic Pixel 2017 Circuits and Systems organic consumption AMOLED displays. An entropy-based scene detection is adopted to maintain the computational efficiency of the proposed method on video input. S., Shen, Dimmer on AMOLED for Video Technology Experimental results on a 5.5” 1080p AMOLED displays show that the proposed method conserves up to 73% of the displaying power with high perceptual C. Displays qualities as compared to the existing methods.

© 2018, IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved. India’s present population of 1.34 billion is increasing at the rate of 1.18% yr-1. India’s food grain production of 273.4 million tonnes (Mt) in 2017 has to be increased from lesser arable land area, lower fertilizer use and reduced consumption of water for supplementary irrigation. Furthermore, degraded soils, affecting land area of 114.2 million hectare (Mha), must be restored and risks of any new soil Restoring soil and degradation minimized. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon water resources and (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of C, plant Journal of the Indian mitigating climate nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials. Rather than in-field burning and used as traditional fuel, composting and using as mulch can reduce risks of Society of Soil Science change in India by Communication and erosion and improve soil health. Similarly, dung production in India, also a rich source of C and nutrients, must be recycled as manure and used in 17 Lal, R. 2017 65(2), pp. 105-117 judicious organic consumption bioreactors to produce methane. Wasted grains, fruits and vegetables must also be composted and used as a soil amendments. Judicious use of bio- management of wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and agricultural and urban improve the environment. Conservative estimates of additional soil C sequestration by judicious management of crop residues and animal dung are 24 Tg C wastes yr-1worth US 3.0 billion of revenue for farmers and land managers from payments for ecosystem services. There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education in primary and secondary schools, and communication by IT services. Recycling of bio-wastes is also critical to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals of the U.N. (Agenda 2030), promoting “4 per Thousand” program of COP21, and upholding the “Swatchh Bharat” ideals. It is a win-win-win option.

Jurado, E.B., Moral, © 2017 by the authors. Spain looms large worldwide in organic olive oil production. However, this productive potential contrasts with the low internal Determining factors A.M., Sustainability consumption of the product. This situation makes Spain a world leader in its export. Companies in this sector have clear deficiencies, which must be for economic Communication and 18 Uclés, (Switzerland) 2017 corrected to ensure their survival over time. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyse the level of efficiency, in economic terms, of organic olive oil efficiency in the organic consumption D.F., 9(5),784 producers and to identify the factors explaining the best organizational practices. To do so, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Qualitative Comparative organic olive oil sector Viruel, Analysis (QCA) have been used. The results reveal low levels of economic efficiency and the variables determining said efficiency. M.J.M.

© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA. All rights reserved. Nanotechnology is already inherent in communication modules through the ubiquitous use Gramling, of low cost, highly functional silicon integrated circuits. Motion processing units, portable biomedical sensors, and imaging sensors are discussed along with H.M., Nanoelectronics: Nanotechnology for relevant nanotechnologies, both current and imminent. Nanotechnology-enhanced glucose sensors are expected in commercial glucose monitoring Kiziroglou, Materials, Devices, Consumer Communication and systems in the next few years. Nevertheless, advances in nanotechnology could soon play a significant role in the evolution of optical sensors for consumer 19 2017 M.E., Applications Electronics ( Book organic consumption electronics. Nanotechnology is expected to play a significant role in the technology evolution of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices. Yeatman, 1, pp. 501-526 Chapter) Nanotechnologies are of critical importance to the progress of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), electrophoretic, and electrochromic displays, all of whose E.M. operating principles fundamentally rely on nanoscaled structures. Nanotechnology is essential to the continuing advances in integrated electronics: increasing computational power, reducing device scale, and limiting energy consumption.

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The evolutionary purpose of a fleshy fruit is to attract seed dispersers and get the seeds dispersed by Koski, T.- frugivorous animals. For this reason, fruits should be highly rewarding to these mutualists. However, insect herbivory can alter plant reproductive success M., Kalpio, Effects of Insect e.g. by decreasing fruit yield or affecting the attractiveness of the fruits to mutualistic seed dispersers. Under natural conditions, we tested the effects of M., Journal of Chemical Herbivory on Bilberry experimental larval-defoliation on berry ripening and consumption of a non-cultivated dwarf shrub, the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), which produces Laaksonen, Communication and 20 Ecology 2017 Production and animal-dispersed berries with high sugar and anthocyanin concentration. Bilberry ramets with high fruit yield were most likely to have their berries foraged, T., (...), organic consumption 43(4), pp. 422-432 Removal of Berries by indicating that frugivores made foraging choices based on the abundance of berries. Moreover, the probability for berries being foraged was the lowest for Linderborg, Frugivores non-defoliated ramets that grew adjacent to larval-defoliated ramets, even though larval-defoliation did not affect the biochemical composition (total K.M., concentrations of anthocyanins, sugars and organic acids) or the probability of ripening of berries. We hypothesise that the lower probability for berries Klemola, T. being foraged in these ramets may be a consequence of rhizome- or volatile-mediated communication between ramets, resulting in a priming effect of the herbivore defence and lower attractiveness of the non-defoliated ramets.

40 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Explanatory models of consumer behaviour can be used to steer decision-making in the Sustainable Torres- complex task of designing generic strategies to increase sustainable consumption. This paper proposes an operational model which assumes that the Consumption: Ruiz, F.J., purchase of an organic food is a complex process that can be broken down into phases. It is applied to a concrete case – organic olive oil in the Spanish Business Strategy and Proposal of a Vega- Communication and market – quantifying each phase to determine which ones should be acted on to increase demand. Results indicate that it is possible to adopt the model 21 the Environment 2018 Multistage Model to Zamora, organic consumption proposed, and that the problems hindering consumption are a lack of confidence in organic certification, not perceiving differences between organic and 27(4), pp. 588-602 Analyse Consumer M., Parras- conventional foods, and the perception of barriers in their purchase. Given the context, marketing communications strategies have a key role to play. This Behaviour for Organic Rosa, M. model can be used to analyse the specific situation of each market and propose development strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Foods ERP Environment.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Consumer surveys revealed positive attitudes towards organic wine in large consumer segments. Health, environmental and quality benefits were stated most often as drivers for purchase decisions. However, sales data show that the market share for organic wine is still far below 10% compared to the total wine market in all countries. Obviously, there is a gap between consumers’ attitudes and real purchase behaviour in daily decisions. Organic wine So far, it is not clear whether there is congruence between consumers’ attitudes and their purchase behaviour and if the attitude-behaviour-gap differs purchase behaviour in Schäufele, Food Quality and among consumer segments. Consequently, the paper at hand explores the attitude-behaviour-gap with household panel data from the GfK Group by means Germany: Exploring Communication and 22 I., Hamm, Preference 2018 of a cluster analysis. The results show that even though expenditure shares for organic wine were at a low level, attitudes were in line with purchase the attitude-behaviour- organic consumption U. 63, pp. 1-11 behaviour for five out of six clusters. For example, consumers who had the highest expenditure share for organic wine showed strong pro-environmental gap with data from a attitudes and a preference for sustainable products. Therefore, comprehensive communication about sustainability issues, which also includes social household panel aspects, could help to further develop the organic wine market and lead to higher market shares. However, for the low-income consumer cluster, the price of organic wine seemed to be an effective barrier despite their positive attitudes towards environmentalism. Future studies need to consider that the extent of the attitude-behaviour-gap is segment specific.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Analysis of the attributes determining the formation of consumers’ preferences when buying lamb meat is a key aspect in increasing the Bernabéu, Influence of quality demand for this product. To this end, by means of conjoint analysis, we determined lamb meat consumers’ preferences according to their frequency of R., labels on the consumption, and we used logistic simulation to analyse market shares of the most valued attributes. After segmenting the market into habitual and Rabadán, Meat Science formation of Communication and occasional consumers of lamb meat, our results seem to suggest that while regular consumers base their preferences mostly on origin, occasional 23 A., El 2018 135, pp. 129-133 preferences of lamb organic consumption consumers take other attributes into account, such as Protected Geographical Origin (PGI) and organic production. An analysis of market shares shows Orche, meat consumers. A that PGI significantly influences consumer preferences, while ecological production has a less marked impact. This finding confirms the usefulness of PGI N.E., Díaz, Spanish case study in the lamb meat market and highlights the urgent need to improve the communication strategy of the organic production sector as a synergistic effect to M. increase its acceptance among consumers.

Burton, A., LED based lighting © 2017 A. Burton et al. The paper discusses on the effect that the growth in our energy consumption as a species is having upon the planet, and how the Le Minh, EAI Endorsed and communications: global lighting and telecommunications industries are major contributors. We demonstrate that through the adoption of LED based lighting combined with H., Aslam, Transactions on Energy An emerging Communication and 24 2017 visible light communications, substantial economical and power savings by orders of magnitude can be made over existing technologies, contributing N., Le, L., Web technology for a organic consumption towards a greener more sustainable future. The future of LED technology is also discussed with a focus on organic technology, promising increased Nguyen, 4(13),e4 greener more savings. T.D. sustainable future

© 2018, IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved. India’s present population of 1.34 billion is increasing at the rate of 1.18% yr-1. India’s food grain production of 273.4 million tonnes (Mt) in 2017 has to be increased from lesser arable land area, lower fertilizer use and reduced consumption of water for supplementary irrigation. Furthermore, degraded soils, affecting land area of 114.2 million hectare (Mha), must be restored and risks of any new soil Restoring soil and degradation minimized. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon water resources and (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of C, plant mitigating climate nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials. Rather than in-field burning and used as traditional fuel, composting and using as mulch can reduce risks of Journal of the Indian change in India by Communication and erosion and improve soil health. Similarly, dung production in India, also a rich source of C and nutrients, must be recycled as manure and used in 25 Lal, R. Society of Soil Science 2017 judicious organic consumption bioreactors to produce methane. Wasted grains, fruits and vegetables must also be composted and used as a soil amendments. Judicious use of bio- 65(2), pp. 105-117 management of wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and agricultural and urban improve the environment. Conservative estimates of additional soil C sequestration by judicious management of crop residues and animal dung are 24 Tg C wastes yr-1worth US 3.0 billion of revenue for farmers and land managers from payments for ecosystem services. There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education in primary and secondary schools, and communication by IT services. Recycling of bio-wastes is also critical to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals of the U.N. (Agenda 2030), promoting “4 per Thousand” program of COP21, and upholding the “Swatchh Bharat” ideals. It is a win-win-win option.

Jurado, E.B., Moral, © 2017 by the authors. Spain looms large worldwide in organic olive oil production. However, this productive potential contrasts with the low internal Determining factors A.M., Sustainability consumption of the product. This situation makes Spain a world leader in its export. Companies in this sector have clear deficiencies, which must be for economic Communication and 26 Uclés, (Switzerland) 2017 corrected to ensure their survival over time. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyse the level of efficiency, in economic terms, of organic olive oil efficiency in the organic consumption D.F., 9(5),784 producers and to identify the factors explaining the best organizational practices. To do so, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Qualitative Comparative organic olive oil sector Viruel, Analysis (QCA) have been used. The results reveal low levels of economic efficiency and the variables determining said efficiency. M.J.M.

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The evolutionary purpose of a fleshy fruit is to attract seed dispersers and get the seeds dispersed by Koski, T.- frugivorous animals. For this reason, fruits should be highly rewarding to these mutualists. However, insect herbivory can alter plant reproductive success M., Kalpio, e.g. by decreasing fruit yield or affecting the attractiveness of the fruits to mutualistic seed dispersers. Under natural conditions, we tested the effects of Effects of Insect M., experimental larval-defoliation on berry ripening and consumption of a non-cultivated dwarf shrub, the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), which produces Journal of Chemical Herbivory on Bilberry Laaksonen, Communication and animal-dispersed berries with high sugar and anthocyanin concentration. Bilberry ramets with high fruit yield were most likely to have their berries foraged, 27 Ecology 2017 Production and T., (...), organic consumption indicating that frugivores made foraging choices based on the abundance of berries. Moreover, the probability for berries being foraged was the lowest for 43(4), pp. 422-432 Removal of Berries by Linderborg, non-defoliated ramets that grew adjacent to larval-defoliated ramets, even though larval-defoliation did not affect the biochemical composition (total Frugivores K.M., concentrations of anthocyanins, sugars and organic acids) or the probability of ripening of berries. We hypothesise that the lower probability for berries Klemola, T. being foraged in these ramets may be a consequence of rhizome- or volatile-mediated communication between ramets, resulting in a priming effect of the herbivore defence and lower attractiveness of the non-defoliated ramets.

41 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2017, A M T R A - Association pour la Mise en Valeur des Travaux de la Recherche Agronomique. All rights reserved. Purchasing decisions have a Swiss organic decisive influence on the demand for organic food. In November 2015, the «Biobarometer Schweiz» study (organic barometer Switzerland) surveyed barometer: consumers’ purchasing behaviour, using a standardized questionnaire. The aim of the survey was to investigate the factors determining organic food buying Determinants of Stolz, H., behaviour and to determine which aspects are relevant in consumer communication. The study found that Swiss consumers of organic products are organic food buying Blattert, S., significantly more likely to be female, have a higher level of education and in the majority live in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Consumers who Agrarforschung Schweiz behaviour | Communication and 28 Rebholz, 2017 frequently purchase organic products self-identify as being environmentally-friendly and are conscientious about eating a healthy diet and consuming little 8(2), pp. 62-69 [Biobarometer organic consumption T., Stolze, meat. In addition to nutritional motives, their purchasing behaviour is primarily influenced by altruistic motives; they also value the organic products’ Schweiz: Wovon die M. naturalness and wish to avoid pesticide residues in food. In contrast, within each of the consumer groups, the importance of flavour and aroma for food Kaufentscheidung für purchasing decisions increases compared to other motives with decreasing levels of organic consumption. In addition to the sensory aspect of organic Biolebensmittel food, communication should primarily focus on aspects such as naturalness and environmental compatibility. The Biobarometer Schweiz survey will be abhängt] repeated at regular intervals in future and will serve to identify changes in consumer trends.

© 2016, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. The current aquaculture methods are criticized by the public for potentially causing ecological problems and health risks for consumers. An unfavorable public perception may lead to a decline in consumption. Also the production might be affected negatively since legislation and as such approval procedures are influenced by public perception. The aquaculture industry has to consider public reactions to their production practices in order to prosper further. One way to learn about and to understand public perception is the analysis of media coverage since media are an important source of information for the public. Thus, the media coverage of an issue reveals potential points of conflict between the aquaculture sector and the public. We aimed to identify which attitude the media adopted toward aquaculture as a news issue and to determine which Feucht, Y., Aquaculture International Aquaculture in the Communication and 29 2017 aspects of aquaculture were highlighted and how they were discussed. The study also focused on the presentation of recirculating systems and of organic Zander, K. 25(1), pp. 177-195 German print media organic consumption aquaculture. Using this approach, we analyzed the media coverage of aquaculture in the most widely read German newspapers in the time period from 2008 to 2013. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative content analysis was used to examine the coverage in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the BILD. Our results indicate that the analyzed media primarily reported on aquaculture in a positive to neutral tone. Economic benefits of aquaculture dominated the coverage, whereas potential negative aspects of aquaculture received less attention. Organic fish farming and closed recirculating systems were both presented as eco-friendly practices. The German aquaculture sector was described as being sustainable and practicing good management.

© 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Mediterranean diets are promising sustainable food models and the organic food system may provide health and environmental benefits. Combining the two models could therefore be a favourable approach for food sustainability. The aim of this study was to draw up a comparative description of four diets differing in the level of organic foods consumption and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet, using Assessment of the Seconda, multidisciplinary indicators to assess the sustainability of these diets. Four groups of participants were defined and compared, combining the proportion of sustainability of the L., Baudry, organic food in their diet (Org versus Conv) and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Med versus NoMed). Conv-NoMed: Conventional consumers and Mediterranean diet J., Allès, non-Mediterranean diet followers; Conv-Med: Conventional consumers and Mediterranean diet followers; Org-NoMed: Organic consumers and non- Nutrients combined with Communication and 30 B., (...), 2017 Mediterranean diet followers; Org-Med: Organic consumers and Mediterranean diet followers. The adherence to nutritional recommendations was higher 9(1),61 organic food organic consumption Lairon, D., among the Org-Med and Conv-Med groups compared to the Conv-NoMed group (using the mPNNS-GS (modified-Programme National nutrition santé consumption: An Kesse- guidelines score/13.5 points): 9.29 (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 9.23-9.36) and 9.30 (95% CI = 9.24-9.35) versus 8.19 (95% CI = 8.17-8.22)) individual behaviour Guyot, E. respectively. The mean plant/animal protein intake ratio was 1.38 (95% CI = 1.01-1.74) for the Org-Med group versus 0.44 (95% CI = 0.28-0.60) for the Conv- approach NoMed group. The average cost of the diet of Org-Med participants was the highest: 11.43 €/day (95% CI = 11.34-11.52). This study highlighted the importance of promoting the Mediterranean diet combined with organic food consumption for individual health and environmental aspects but challenges with regard to the cost remain.

Jurado, E.B., Moral, © 2017 by the authors. Spain looms large worldwide in organic olive oil production. However, this productive potential contrasts with the low internal Determining factors A.M., Sustainability consumption of the product. This situation makes Spain a world leader in its export. Companies in this sector have clear deficiencies, which must be for economic Communication and 31 Uclés, (Switzerland) 2017 corrected to ensure their survival over time. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyse the level of efficiency, in economic terms, of organic olive oil efficiency in the organic consumption D.F., 9(5),684 producers and to identify the factors explaining the best organizational practices. To do so, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Qualitative Comparative organic olive oil sector Viruel, Analysis (QCA) have been used. The results reveal low levels of economic efficiency and the variables determining said efficiency. M.J.M.

© 2017 by the authors. The first commercial aquaponics companies are starting up in Europe. The main focus has been on solving technology issues and optimizing production. However, increasing attention is now being paid to certification and regulations linked to aquaponics, as well as the marketing of products and services. The paper presents the results of a study whose main aim was to estimate consumers' knowledge about aquaponics and their acceptance of aquaponics products in different European regions. An on-line questionnaire was administered to the general public through the aquaponics Commercial Miličić, V., network of Food and Agriculture COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action FA1305 "The EU Aquaponics Hub-Realising Sustainable aquaponics Thorarinsd Integrated Fish and Vegetable Production for the EU" in 16 European countries. The methodology includes univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. approaching the ottir, R., The results show that, on average, attitudes towards aquaponics were positive, showing no significant differences between those who already knew about Water (Switzerland) European market: To Communication and 32 Dos 2017 aquaponics and those who only heard about it through the survey. More than 50% of respondents had never heard of aquaponics, whilst more than 70% had 9(2),80 consumers' organic consumption Santos, M., already heard of hydroponics. No more than 17% of respondents were willing to pay more for aquaponically produced products and no more than 40% more perceptions of Hančič, when compared to the price of products from conventional farming. The results confirm three different clusters of potential consumers of aquaponics aquaponics products M.T. products. They also suggest an urgent need for implementing integrated and holistic approaches involving all stakeholders in aquaponics, in order to define in Europe a marketing plan and efficient communication strategies. This COST action, other projects and public decision makers must invest in educating consumers about aquaponics through the organization of guided tours, thematic workshops and tastings of aquaponics products in order to raise their awareness about this new technology. It is absolutely urgent that public decision makers, in cooperation with aquaponics stakeholders, address the main institutional constraints, namely the introduction of aquaponics as an economic activity and the organic certification of aquaponics products.

© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Tanja Schneider, Karin Eli, Catherine Dolan and Stanley Ulijaszek. All rights reserved. Several anthropologists have Marketing critical recently documented the significance of local food movements across Italy, including Slow Food, Km0 markets, and alternative production models such as consumption: organic cooperative agriculture and ‘co-production’ (Black, 2012; Counihan, 2014a, 2014b; Grasseni, 2013, 2014a, 2014b; Leitch, 2003; Rakopoulos, 2014; Cultivating conscious Siniscalchi, 2012, 2014). Although the rise of political consumerism in Italy and elsewhere since the early 2000s has been attributed, at least in part, to the Digital Food Activism consumers or Communication and 33 Foley, R.A. 2017 use of new information and communications technologies (ICTs) (Forno and Graziano, 2014), research on specifically how these technologies have been pp. 110-129 nurturing an organic consumption used to promote food activism in Italy is limited. 2 This chapter adds to this discussion by examining the social media marketing practices of an alternative alternative food retailer, Luminare cooperative, to consider how such retailer-based activism aims to promote alternative food networks by cultivating conscious consumers network on facebook? on Facebook. This case study reveals some of the limitations of this retail approach, while also underlining the need to consider social media usage within ( the context of wider communication strategies and business practices.

© 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to answer the following research questions: which are the main drivers in the choice of a restaurant for Italian consumers? Are local, organic and GMO-free foods important attributes in the choice of a restaurant? Design/methodology/approach: In order to answer the research questions, a discrete choice experiment was applied. In particular, the authors opted for the application of a latent class model to identify any differences in the behavioural structures of the various consumers. This approach is, in fact, based on the assumption that the choices of the subjects depend on observable and unobservable heterogeneity that vary with factors not directly detectable. Findings: People show different preferences when they choose a restaurant. Regarding the choice experiment, the analysis of the importance of the attributes for the final choice highlights how price and service quality are always considered as the most important ones. The presence of menu with local foods, organic foods and OGM-free products is never decisive for the final choice but it is a very appreciated attribute for almost 30 per cent of consumers. This group of consumers (named local oriented) show a willingness to pay (WTP) of 11 euro for local foods, eight euro for organic products and 3.5 euro for OGM-free Scozzafav ingredients. For the locavores, the likelihood of choosing a restaurant offering local products is three times higher than that of a restaurant not possessing a, G., this type of certification, all other conditions being equal. Research limitations/implications: Restaurant owners can differentiate their offerings also British Food Journal Eating out: which Communication and 34 Contini, C., 2017 considering the local foods and organic products. On the other hand, the restaurants can become powerful marketing channels for local producers. The 119(8), pp. 1870-1883 restaurant to choose? organic consumption Romano, consumption of organic foods can be increased given the wide WTP displayed. This could positively impact in the promotion of healthier and sustainable C., Casini, diet. Practical implications: The conditions therefore exist for developing a restaurant offer consisting of a basic menu with local foods, capable of integrating L. in a virtuous manner with the organic farm productions, which keep an eye on sustainable development and the wholesomeness of foods. If this virtuous process takes root in the restaurant sector, it could certainly represent an important opportunity for the agricultural producers as well, especially in the tourist areas. In order for this opportunity to materially be implemented in a development process, it is, however, necessary to develop certifications and brands capable of constituting credible guarantees for the consumer, as well as strengthening the information and communication campaigns among the younger consumers. Social implications: The development of a segment of restaurants that support local foods and organic products would have positive impacts both from the social and territorial point of view. Originality/value: This is the first paper that considers and evaluate the impact of local foods, organic foods and GMO-free foods in the choice of a restaurant. Findings demonstrate how the probability of choosing restaurants that offer local products, compared to the other conditions, is always higher than those focussing on organic or GMO-free products. The choice probability of the restaurant with local products is three times greater than that of a restaurant without local products, all other variables being equal.

42 Tabla 3. (continuación)

© 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine intrinsic and extrinsic food quality characteristics and the relative importance placed on these characteristics by different consumer segments. Moreover, relationship between segments of consumers and consumption frequency of differentiated food products (traditional, functional and organic) was analysed. Design/methodology/approach: A three-stage stratified random sampling approach was employed and data were collected via 500 face-to-face interviews conducted in respondents’ homes. A version of the Food Choice mportance of intrinsic Questionnaire was used to examine the motives of consumers’ underlying food choices. The collected data were analysed by factor analysis followed by Brečić, R., and extrinsic quality cluster analysis. Findings: Four factors were identified: health and sensory characteristics, price and availability, body weight and digestion, and British Food Journal Communication and 35 Mesić, Ž., 2017 food characteristics convenience. Resulting clusters were named as: healthy and tasty food lovers, convenient, concerned, and indifferent consumers. Differences were 119(4), pp. 845-862 organic consumption Cerjak, M. by different consumer identified between the segments according to consumers’ frequency of consumption of the different types of food products. Practical implications: The segments findings have impact implications for food producers and distributors in developing communication strategies for consumer segments with different attitudes and motives. The findings of this study not only contribute to the organic, traditional, and food with health claim literature, but also help industry, government, and consumer associations fully understand consumer perceptions of intrinsic and extrinsic foods characteristics and enhance consumers’ responses to the different types of food products. Originality/value: The study represents one of the first assessments of the importance of food quality characteristics, segmentation, and consumption frequency of traditional, organic, and functional food products in Central and Eastern Europe.

© 2016 American Chemical Society. In the last 30 years, the use of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for advanced wastewater treatment and reuse have Fungal Quorum been expanded continuously, but they still suffer from excessive energy consumption resulting from the intrinsic problem of membrane biofouling. One of Lee, K., Quenching: A the major causes of biofouling in MBRs is bacterial quorum sensing (QS) via N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and/or autoinducer-2 (AI-2), enabling intra- Lee, S., Paradigm Shift for and interspecies communications, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that farnesol can substantially mitigate membrane biofouling in a MBR due to Environmental Science Lee, S.H., Energy Savings in Communication and its quorum quenching (QQ) activity. When Candida albicans (a farnesol producing fungus) entrapping polymer beads (AEBs) were placed in the MBR, the 36 and Technology 2016 (...), Lee, J.- Membrane Bioreactor organic consumption rate of transmembrane pressure (TMP) rise-up was substantially decreased, even for lower aeration intensities. This finding corresponds to a specific 50(20), pp. 10914-10922 K., Lee, C.- (MBR) for aeration energy savings of approximately 40% (25% through the physical washing effect and a further 15% through the biological QQ effect of AEBs) H. Wastewater compared to conventional MBRs without AEBs. A real-time RT-qPCR analysis revealed that farnesol secreted from C. albicans mitigated the biofilm Treatment formation in MBRs via the suppression of AI-2 QS. Successful control of biofouling and energy savings through fungal-to-bacterial QQ could be expanded to the plant scale for MBRs in wastewater treatment with economic feasibility.

© 2016 Taylor & Francis. This study aims at enhancing organic food product (OFP) purchase by identifying customer segments based on their knowledge and attitude related to organic food along with their demographic profile. Two scales for measuring Knowledge and Attitude related to organic food were Ghosh, S., Journal of Food Products Modeling and developed to measure their levels. The scales have covered six dimensions of organic food: Healthy, Eco-friendliness, Price, Availability, Certification, and Communication and 37 Datta, B., Marketing 2016 Promoting Organic Brand. After identifying the customer segments, each segment was further segmented based on their media consumption behavior. Hierarchical followed organic consumption Barai, P. 22(6), pp. 623-642 Food Purchase by K means cluster analysis resulted to six distinct segments with their corresponding subsegments. Cluster analysis was again performed for each customer segment, and a media selection method (MSM) was evolved to effectively communicate with OFP customers. These methods can guide marketers in devising an appropriate communication plan for enhancing OFP purchase.

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. In this work we have evaluated the potential carcinogenic and acutely toxic risks associated to the exposure to highly prevalent organic Rodríguez- and inorganic contaminants through the consumption of fishery products by the Spanish population. The concentrations of 8 organochlorine pesticides Hernández, Assessment of (OCPs), 18 polychlorinated biphenils (PCBs), 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (expressed as benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalents (B[a]Peq)), and three Á., human health hazards inorganic toxic elements [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] were determined in 93 samples of the most consumed species of white fish, blue Camacho, associated with the fish, cephalopods and seafood species, which were acquired directly in markets and supermarkets in the Canary Islands, Spain. The chemical M., Science of the Total dietary exposure to concentration data were combined with the pattern of consumption of these foodstuffs in order to calculate the daily intake of these contaminants, and on Henríquez- Environment Communication and 38 2016 organic and inorganic this basis the risk quotients for carcinogenicity and acute toxicity were determined for Spanish adults and children. Our results showed that the daily intake Hernández, 557-558, pp. 808-818 organic consumption contaminants through of OCPs, PCBs and B[a]Peq,which is associated to blue fish consumption was the highest within the fish group. The estimated intake of pollutants can be L.A., (...), the consumption of considered low or very low for the individual contaminants, when compared to reference values, except in the case of HCB and As. All the estimated intakes Zumbado, fishery products in were below the reported Tolerable Daily Intakes. Considering the additive effects of multiple contaminants, the risk of acute toxic effects can also be M., Spain considered as low or very low. However, our results reflect that the current consumption of white fish in adults and children, and also the blue fish in the Luzardo, case of adults, poses a moderate carcinogenic risk to Spanish consumers, mainly related to their concentrations of As. The conclusions of this research O.P. may be useful for the design of appropriate risk communication campaigns.

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Local food is a popular subject among consumers, as well as food producers, distributors, policymakers and researchers in many countries. Previous research has identified that the definition of local food varies by context, and from country to Consumer country. The literature also suggested that environmental sustainability is one of the goals for many of the local food movements. While there is a Hiroki, S., Perceptions About substantial body of literature on local food internationally, limited research has been undertaken in New Zealand. This paper aims to understand how Garnevska, Journal of Agricultural and Local Food in New Communication and consumers define local food, what attributes they associate with local food, and the extent to which life cycle-based environmental aspects are represented 39 E., Environmental Ethics 2016 Zealand, and the Role organic consumption in these attributes. Primary research employed quantitative methodology. This study identified that a majority of the respondents considered that local food McLaren, 29(3), pp. 479-505 of Life Cycle-Based may be defined as food that was produced in New Zealand and that support for community was the most important attribute associated with local food. S. Environmental Reduced GHG emission, conserving the landscape, and organic production were the life cycle-based environmental attributes that were associated with Sustainability local food. This study provides a basis for further research into understandings of local food in New Zealand and how to improve communication among different social actors with respect to demand and supply of local food.

Nearly a third of the climate change impacts attributed to human consumption are believed to be caused by food and drink. Climate communication and marketing efforts have been the focus of an interdisciplinary research exploring how food retailers, in their unique intermediary role between producers and consumers, could guide consumers' food choices in a more climate-friendly direction, with examples mainly from Sweden. Consumers are not aware of what actions are the most important from a climate point of view. A guide to more climate friendly protein choices (meat guide) was created within the Ekelund, Climate labelling and project, with the aim of developing a way of informing about the environmental impacts of meat and other sources of protein. While food waste was L., Acta Horticulturae the importance of Communication and 40 2016 considered an important issue, climate effects of transportation and packaging was of greater concern to the consumers in the study, who found it more Spendrup, 1132, pp. 191-197 increased vegetable organic consumption important to buy local and seasonal food, and organic products, than to choose vegetarian alternatives. Observational studies in European stores, as well S. consumption as interviews with representatives of Swedish supermarkets, revealed that direct climate messages were scarce. A recommendation to supermarkets is to promote vegetarian choices in store and develop the fruit and vegetable department. A novel suggestion is to encourage retailers to build on ambiguous categories and indirect messages, in particular local, seasonal and organic, in communicating climate mitigating behaviour and promote an increase in consumption of vegetables.

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The increasing consumption of electric and electronic equipment has led to a rise in toxic waste. To recover the metal fraction, a Recycling of waste separation of the organic components is necessary because harmful substances such as chlorine, fluorine and bromine cause ecological damage, for printed circuit boards example in the form of dioxins and furans at temperature above 400. °C. Hence, an alternative, environmentally friendly approach was investigated exploiting Stuhlpfarre with simultaneous that a mixture of caustic soda and potassium hydroxide in eutectic composition melts below 200. °C, enabling a fast cracking of the long hydrocarbon r, P., Journal of Hazardous enrichment of special Communication and chains. The trials demonstrate the removal of organic compounds without a loss of copper and precious metals, as well as a suppressed formation of 41 Luidold, S., Materials 2016 metals by using organic consumption hazardous off-gases. In order to avoid an input of alkaline elements into the furnace and ensuing problems with refractory materials, a washing step Antrekowits 307, pp. 17-25 alkaline melts: A generates a sodium and potassium hydroxide solution, in which special metals like indium, gallium and germanium are enriched. Their concentrations ch, H. green and facilitate the recovery of these elements, because otherwise they become lost in the typical recycling processes. The aim of this work was to find an strategically environmental solution for the separation of plastics and metals as well as a strategically important answer for the recycling of printed circuit boards and advantageous solution mobile phones.

43 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Del © 2016, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ABSTRACT: Food waste is an important topic in the general context of food consumption sustainability Giudice, T., and ethical consumption. Several studies have focused on environment-friendly labeling schemes based on different “ethical attributes,” such as organic, La Journal of International fair trade, and locally grown. However, the effect of a labeling scheme based on food waste prevention has never been studied. In the current work, Anti-Waste Labeling Barbera, Food and Agribusiness Communication and experimental auctions were used to investigate the effect of a certification about containing food waste within a certain threshold on participants’ willingness 42 2016 and Consumer F., Marketing organic consumption to pay. The product chosen for the auctions was the French baguette (500 g) packaged with a paper wrapper. Furthermore, we examined whether the effect Willingness to Pay Vecchio, 28(2), pp. 149-163 would be moderated by different communication strategies about the consequences of wasting. Specifically, two different frames of reference were used: R., the first is based on the carbon footprint, the other on the water footprint. Our results showed that waste prevention–based labeling positively affected Verneau, F. participants’ willingness to pay and that this effect was enhanced by the carbon footprint frame of reference.

© 2016, Hrvatska Mljekarska Udruga. All rights reserved. The consumption of organic milk is increasing rapidly. However, the behaviour of organic milk consumers is still not enough investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine variables which influence the attitude towards organic milk Determinants of consumption, as well as variables which influence the buying intention of organic milk. Thereat, factors such as positive opinion toward organic milk and attitude and buying food related lifestyle, as well as level of trust in home as in EU organic food label, objective knowledge and gender of respondents showed to have a Faletar, I., Mljekarstvo intention of organic Communication and significant influence on organic milk buying intention. More precisely, a significant and positive influence on buying intention of organic milk was observed 43 Cerjak, M., 2016 66(1), pp. 59-65 milk | [Odrednice organic consumption considering the belief in positive aspects of organic milk, subjective knowledge, objective knowledge, and attitude towards buying organic milk. According to Kovačić, D. stava i namjere kupnje the results of this study recommendations for marketing practice and especially for communication policy might be created. Communication directed to ekološkog mlijeka] female population should use classic advertising based on functional information, while the one directed to male population should use more emotional advertising. By using classic advertising education of consumers should be performed in order to promote benefits of organic milk in regards to conventional milk.

© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Consumer organic food choice motives and purchase preferences were studied in a structured quantitative survey (N¼201) in Bangalore, with the aim of identifying consumer segments based on these motives and preferences. Further, sociodemographic differences Consumer motives between the clusters were studied. Face-toface interviews were used to sample the data, which were analyzed with factor and k-means cluster analysis Nandi, R., and purchase (SPSS 16.0). Five latent factors were identified based on the motives, representing a set of consumer concerns labeled here as “food phobia” (health),” Bokelmann Journal of International preferences for “environment,” “humanity,” “healthy eaters,” and “control.” Further, three clusters emerged from these motives representing 38%, 37%, and 25% of the , W., Food and Agribusiness organic food products: Communication and sample size. The factors differ in terms of variance. Here, the records of perceived healthiness (food phobia) were the most important element, explaining 44 2016 Gowdru, Marketing Empirical evidence organic consumption 18.37% of the total variance. These clusters were differing in terms of the level and order of motivations. The health factor was a most important motive in N.V., Dias, 28(1), pp. 74-99 from a consumer two clusters, followed by environment. Further, humanity was the most important motive for the third cluster. This may reflect a heterogeneous nature of G. survey in Bangalore, consumers in study area. Additionally, five clusters were identified based on the preferences, and profiles of these clusters differed in terms of South India sociodemographic factors and consumption pattern. Segments were identified based on motivating factors and preferences, and linking them with food choice motives and products preference provides the input needed by marketing professionals and policy makers to calibrate more efficient marketing strategies to better focus and position their products and design their communication strategies for target segments.

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. There are many publications focusing on diverse aspects of marketing research for organic products. However, so far there have been very few attempts to provide an overall synthesis of current knowledge. The present study therefore gives an Consumption overview of marketing research for organic food consumption, enabling the identification of research strengths and deficits. The review analyses a total of Hemmerlin behaviour regarding 277 research studies published between January 2000 and December 2011. The structure of this review was derived from the concept of the consumer- g, S., Organic Agriculture organic food from a Communication and 45 2015 oriented marketing mix (4Cs), taking into account consumer value and benefits, cost to the consumer, communication and information needs and Hamm, U., 5(4), pp. 277-313 marketing organic consumption convenience and distribution. The results of this qualitative analysis reveal a high density of publications, especially for the period from 2008 to 2011. The Spiller, A. perspective—a most investigated topics are cost to the consumer and consumer value and benefits. Nevertheless, there are still many aspects within these research literature review areas that have not yet been addressed, such as ecological packaging, price knowledge and price processing. The research areas communication and information needs and convenience and distribution are also less intensively researched.

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Credibility is particularly important in organic food systems because there are only marginal visual and sensorial differences between organic and conventionally produced products, requiring consumers to trust in producers’ quality claims. In this article I explore what challenges the credibility of organic food systems and I explore how credibility of organic food systems can be maintained, using the Danish organic food system as a case study. The question is increasingly relevant as the sale of organic food is growing in Denmark as well as globally, and Maintaining Trust and Journal of Agricultural and consumers’ expectations of organics continuously evolve. The inquiry is threefold, first I outline a conceptual framework for understanding trust and Thorsøe, Credibility in a Communication and 46 Environmental Ethics 2015 credibility in the food system, secondly I explore the developments in Danish organic food systems and thirdly discuss the challenges and opportunities for M.H. Continuously Evolving organic consumption 28(4), pp. 767-787 maintaining trust in the Danish organic food system. In the analysis I indicate eight key challenges: (1) unrealistic expectations, (2) blind trust and little Organic Food System motivation for extending their knowledge, (3) consumers assess the overall credibility of organic products, (4) ambitious ethical principles, (5) new consumer groups introduce new expectations, (6) frozen requirements in a changing world, (7) growing imports and labelling and (8) multiple versions of organics and the diversity is growing, as well as four aspects which may maintain the credibility of organics if implemented: (1) coordinate expectations, (2) communicate requested information, (3) institutional reform and (4) open communication of pros and cons of organic production.

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Traditionally farmers in China have relied on organic manures to build the organic matter content in soil and to fertilise crops for both human and livestock consumption. However, with requirements to increase food production, the use of relatively cheap inorganic fertilisers has increased, and manure nutrients are not always used to their potential. In addition, farms of all sizes and even biogas plants, often lack the basic infrastructure to manage manures; poor containment facilities often result in untreated manures being discharged directly into watercourses, whilst transportation of Chadwick, Improving manure manures to the field and land spreading is often not mechanised and relies on availability of suitable labour. There is already clear evidence of overuse of D., Wei, J., Agriculture, Ecosystems nutrient management nutrients in some parts of China and this is causing undesirable impacts on the environment. With the increasing demand for livestock products from a Yan'an, T., Communication and 47 and Environment 2015 towards sustainable burgeoning population and changes in dietary preferences towards animal protein, greater quantities of manure nutrients will be generated in the next twenty (...), organic consumption 209, pp. 34-46 agricultural years, especially in peri-urban concentrated animal feeding operations and intensive farms. It is essential that China addresses the infrastructural, research Qirong, S., intensification in China and communication challenges to ensure that manures are integrated into nutrient planning at the field, farm and regional level to safeguard the Qing, C. environment, reduce the requirement for inorganic fertiliser production and use, and improve farmer incomes. This paper reviews the current manure management practices, both nationally and, where appropriate, at a regional scale, and assesses what barriers currently prevent efficient manure nutrient utilisation in China. We then address the future challenges for manure nutrient management in China, before summarising key gaps in knowledge and communication with implications for research and policy.

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Karst marine lakes are unique marine systems, also recognized as in situ "laboratories" in which geochemical processes on a different scale compared to the open sea, can be observed. In this study, organic matter cycle and its impact on distribution of trace metals in the marine lake Mir, Marine lake as in situ located on Dugi Otok Island, in the central part of the eastern Adriatic Sea, was investigated for the first time. Studied marine lake is small, isolated, shallow Mlakar, M., laboratory for studies basin, with limited communication with the open sea. Intense spatial and seasonal variations of organic matter, dissolved and particulate (DOC, POC), and Fiket, Z., Continental Shelf of organic matter dissolved trace metals concentrations in the water column of the Lake are governed predominantly by natural processes. Enhanced oxygen consumption in Communication and 48 Geček, S., Research 2015 influence on the Lake during summer season, high DOC and POC concentrations and low redox potential result in occasional occurrence of anoxic conditions in the organic consumption Cukrov, N., 103, pp. 1-11 speciation and bottom layers with appearance of sulfur species. Speciation modeling showed that dissolved trace metals Cu, Pb and Zn, are mostly bound to organic Cuculić, V. distribution of trace matter, while Cd, Co and Ni are present predominantly as free ions and inorganic complexes. Trace metals removal from the water column and their metals retention in the sediment was found to depend on the nature of the relationship between specific metal and organic or inorganic phases, sulfides, Fe- oxyhydroxydes or biogenic calcite. The above is reflected in the composition of the sediments, which are, in addition to influence of karstic background and bathymetry of the basin, significantly affected by accumulation of detritus at the bottom of the Lake.

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© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Although aquaculture can have various positive effects, it is also criticized for its potentially negative impacts on the environment and for its consequences on fish welfare. One solution to these problems and a promising development track for the German aquaculture sector is the promotion of sustainable production methods. The establishment of a new market segment for domestic, sustainable fish from aquaculture would suit the Of earth ponds, flow- trend towards ethical consumerism. Thus far, only little is known about the consumers' knowledge and perception of different production methods used in through and closed aquaculture especially in comparison to each other. Against this background, the present contribution aims to explore perceptions and knowledge of recirculation systems - German consumers with regard to sustainable aquaculture, its production systems, related labels, and communication messages. Focus groups were Feucht, Y., Aquaculture German consumers' Communication and 49 2015 used to obtain insight into the multitude of consumers' perceptions. One result is that consumers, even though they had little knowledge of aquaculture, Zander, K. 438, pp. 151-158 understanding of organic consumption often had a limited need for information about aquaculture. For the most part, they were unaware of potential problems resulting from aquaculture. However, sustainable they had some clear expectations on sustainable aquaculture. The use of drugs (e.g. antibiotics) should be minimized; production systems should be near- aquaculture and its natural and should respect fish welfare. Earth ponds were the most desirable of the presented production systems. Participants were mostly unfamiliar with communication existing labeling schemes and found the presented communication messages too vague and/or too complex. They wanted to rely on the aquaculture industry to comply with sustainable standards. Our results leave the aquaculture sector with the task of communicating sustainable aquaculture in a reliable and comprehensible manner to consumers. Thus far, consumers who are generally interested in sustainability issues seem to prefer organic aquaculture products to products from other forms of sustainable aquaculture.

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Being persistent, toxic, and bio-accumulative, Mercury (Hg) seriously affects the environment and human health. Due to Hg's attribute of long-range environmental transport across national borders, especially through atmospheric transport, no country can fully protect its environment and human health with its own efforts, without global cooperation. The Minamata Convention on Mercury, which was formally adopted and opened for signature in October 2013, is the only global environmental regime on the control of Hg pollution. Its main substantive control measures are source-specific: its phasing-out, phasing-down, and other main substantive requirements all direct to specific categories of pollution sources through the regulation of specific sectors of the economy and social life. This Convention does not take a national quota approach to quantify the Parties' nationwide total allowable consumption or discharge of Hg or Hg compounds, nor does it quantify their nationwide total reduction requirements. This paper attempts to find the underlying reasons for this source-specific approach and offers two interpretations. One possible interpretation is that Hg might be a non-threshold pollutant, i.e., a pollutant without a risk-free value of concentration. The existence of a reference dose (RfD), reference concentration (RfC), provisional tolerable Interpretation of the weekly intake (PTWI), minimal risk level (MRL) or other similar reference values of Hg does not necessarily mean that Hg cannot be regarded as non- source-specific threshold because such reference values have scientific uncertainties and may also involve policy considerations. Another interpretation is that Hg lacks a Environment International substantive control Communication and 50 You, M. 2015 feasibly determinable total allowable quantity. There is evidence that negotiators might have treated Hg as non-threshold, or at least accepted that Hg lacks 75, pp. 1-10 measures of the organic consumption a feasibly determinable total allowable quantity: (1) The negotiators were informed about the serious situations of the current emissions, releases, and Minamata Convention legacy deposition; (2) the UNEP Secretariat took the position that Hg is non-threshold and should be eliminated to the maximum; (3) European countries, on Mercury the USA and other western countries were in a better position to regard Hg as non-threshold and push forward a global reduction of Hg emissions and releases to the minimum; (4) the negotiators took the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) as a model; and (5) a fairly large number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were organized under umbrella NGO networks such as the Zero Mercury Working Group (ZMWG) and the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) and made a significant contribution to the negotiation process. The interpretations for the Minamata Convention might similarly be used to interpret the source-specific approach of the Stockholm Convention on POPs and the national quota approach of global environmental regimes on stratospheric ozone and climate mitigation. These two interpretations focus on the features of the pollutants and for this reason may be useful for future negotiators of other international environmental treaties to select appropriate models. They also suggest that the source- specific approach may be adopted in the future for pollutants with similar features of being possibly non-threshold and without a feasibly determinable total allowable quantity.

The world we are living is dominated by advanced technology in Information Technology and Communication (IT & C) that brings new benefits to simplify the various actions that for individuals could mean waste of time. Time is a precious resource and consumers needs must be satisfied in high conditions. How Consumer can we find out what lies in the consumer 'black box'? In our century, organisations can appeal to modern tools and methods to investigate factors which Stoica, I., preferences for influence consumer buying decisions. Very important is the correlation of the results obtained after applying neuromarketing methods and tools with Journal of Environmental Popescu, organic food. A case Communication and demographic information of individuals. The brain is an amazing organ with great complexity, which can by receive and/or transmit signals and influence the 51 Protection and Ecology 2015 M., Orzan, study of organic consumption buying behaviour process. Companies should exploit this 'fertile ground' that provides incredible opportunities and could influence the profit obtained by 16(3), pp. 1142-1148 M. neuromarketing offering products intentionally created on consumers desires and needs. This paper is a presentation of most modern methods and tools for investigating methods and tools consumer behaviour using neuromarketing field. Also, the paper presents a quantitative study on consumer preferences for organic products. In the conducted survey, were performed both univariate and bivariate analysis and the hypothesis were tested using Chi-square. Data collected were interpreted using SPSS.

© 2015, © 2015 Mudra Institute of Communications. Consumers are increasingly using their purchasing power to enact their politics and activism. I examine how consumption at farmers’ markets fits into this trend. The consumption of local and organic food and the number of farmers’ markets have drastically Communication at increased in recent years. This research examines the ways interpersonal relationships, community ties and morality (ethical consumption) relate to Farmers’ Markets: Journal of Creative commodification at local farmers’ markets. Specifically, this research is framed through Marx’s understanding and critique of capitalism, including his Commodifying Communication and 52 Garner, B. Communications 2015 concept of commodity fetishism. Using Radin’s (1996) indicia of commodification, I explore the degree to which relationships, community and morality either Relationships, organic consumption 10(2), pp. 186-198 are commodifiable or resist commodification. Using a combination of extant literature as well as interview and observational data from a 2011–2012 market Community and study, I discovered that relationships and community ties resist commodification but morality is commodifiable in this space. Specifically, I argue that the Morality contingent and voluntary nature of human communication as a two-way process is one of the key reasons that interpersonal relationships and community ties resist commodification.

© Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of different label-message formats (positively vs negatively framed messages) on consumers’ purchase intentions in an organic seafood shopping setting, along with the moderating effects of two individual characteristics (purchase-decision involvement and perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE)) on the message-framing performance. Design/methodology/approach-Data were gathered from 1,698 consumers of a supermarket chain in the northeast region of the USA using a web-based Message framing and experiment. Findings-Results of this study support the superiority of a positively framed message over a negatively framed message in persuading Cucchiara, British Food Journal consumer responses Communication and consumers to buy organic food. In addition, this effect of framing on persuasion is contingent upon different levels of consumer purchase-decision 53 C., Kwon, 2015 117(5), pp. 1547-1563 to organic seafood organic consumption involvement as well as PCE concerning organic products. Practical implications-This study offers managerial implications for marketers and retailers, S., Ha, S. labeling messages appealing the environmental and health benefits of organic seafood consumption (positively framed arguments) would be more persuasive to increase consumer purchase intention than negatively framed ones. In addition, individual characteristics of their target market should be taken into account in communication design and implementation. Originality/value-This survey research offers insights into the organic food consumption literature by validating the applicability of message framing in the organic seafood labelling setting and identifying consumers’ individual characteristics (purchase-decision involvement regarding organic seafood and PCE) moderating the message framing effectiveness.

© 2015, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different levels Effect of different (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 g/kg) of organic acid mixture (OAM) (60% formic acid, 20% propionic acid, and 20% soft acid) supplementation in the diets of laying hens on Kaya, A., levels of organic acids egg production, egg quality parameters, and intestinal histomorphology. Seventy-two Lohman strains of layers (26-week-old) were divided into four Kaya, H., in the diets of hens on treatment groups. The hens were fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3 or 4.5 kg/t level of OAM from 26 to 38 weeks of age. Indian Journal of Animal Gül, M., laying performance, Communication and The OAM supplementation did not affect feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio and body weight. Except for yolk index none of 54 Research 2015 Yildirim, A., egg quality criteria, organic consumption egg quality parameters and metabolic profile were affected by the dietary treatments. Inclusion of OAM into the basal diet increased villus height 49(5), pp. 645-651 Timurkaan, blood parameters, (quadraticaly), villus weight (quadraticaly), and tunica mucosal width (linearly) eexcept for crypt depth. Based on the results, dietary supplementation with S. and intestinal OAM containing 60% formic acid, 20% propionic acid, and 20% soft acid appears to exert neither positive nor negative effects on laying performance, egg histomorphology quality parameters, or serum blood parameters. But the OAM supplementation into basal diet had a positive effect on the intestinal histomorphology except for crypt depth.

© Common Ground, Alireza Ghaffari, Martin J Bunch, Roderick J. MacRae, Shuilin Joseph Zhao, All Rights Reserved. Over many decades, conventional farming has increased agricultural production, but in ways that have increased energy usage and environmental pollution as well. An alternative approach is to convert to organic systems, which can be more efficient in both natural resource use and energy consumption. However, this conversion will change the Socio-economic Ghaffari, pattern of economic and social activity on farmed landscapes. This research examines this transformation as a complex system in a Multi-agent Model (or support optimization A., Bunch, International Journal of Agent-based Model (ABM)). The complexity of the system is due to the interactions between human and natural elements over time and space. We for transition from M.J., Interdisciplinary Communication and designed an ABM, coupled with a Geographical Information System (GIS), to create a powerful model in which agents are able to evaluate and make 55 2015 conventional to MacRae, Environmental Studies organic consumption decisions about conversion over a period of 32 years. The focus was on economic factors, farmer characteristics, and community relationships, to organic farming using R.J., Zhao, 8(3-4), pp. 13-25 increase not only economic and social sustainability, but also to reduce environmental pollution. An Ontario sub-watershed with predominantly agricultural a spatiotemporal S.J. land use was selected for this research. The GIS-ABM was applied to scenarios looking at governmental support, social communications, economic agent-based model factors, and GHG emissions over space and time. Agents (small farm enterprises) are activated and adapt themselves by interacting with other agents. They process input data using knowledge-based rules, including whether to convert from conventional to organic farming or vice versa. Some of the scenarios to optimize economic/social subsidies and their simulation results are discussed in this paper.

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© 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. This book brings together a selection of studies written by specialists from universities and/or research institutions from every continent. The processes of change in systems of production, commercialization, and consumption of food, as well as the problems and nutritional habits analyzed here, develop within the framework of the technological and socio-productive transformations experienced in many parts of the world as a consequence of the transition from traditional rural societies to the predominantly urban and industrial societies of our time. Many of Food Production and Food production and these societies are affected by the fluctuations, questions, or socioeconomic uncertainties caused principally by what is named globalization. The authors Eating Habits From eating habits from involved in this volume are from a variety of backgrounds and their theoretical-analytical focuses regarding eating habits are quite diverse. However, Entrena- Communication and 56 Around the World: A 2015 around the world: A independent of their different perspectives and scientific disciplines (Anthropology, Communication, Economy, Marketing, Medicine, Nursing, Psychology Duran, F. organic consumption Multidisciplinary Approach multidisciplinary and Sociology), all of these authors are united in their concerns regarding similar food processes and problems, such as the industrialization of food pp. 1-188 approach ( production, junk food, fast food, eating disorders, overeating, obesity, the impacts of ideal body images on eating behaviors, lifestyles and feeding, anorexia, bulimia, organic foods, healthy foods, functional foods, and so on. Moreover, in a time shaped by a worldwide standardization of eating habits, the search for identity, specificity, or distinction through the acquisition and consumption of foods is commonplace in many chapters of the book. Likewise, these chapters show a generalized interest on the negative effects of the advertising and communications media that often drive patterns of food consumption and provoke desires for ideals of beauty and body forms prejudicial to health.

Oxidative stress has been a major predicament of present day living. It has been the product of imbalance between the processes involved in free radical generation and their neutralization by enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence mechanisms. The oxidative stress has been contributed by numerous factors including heavy metals, organic compound-rich industrial effluents, air pollutants and changing lifestyle pattern focussing mainly on alcohol consumption, Kaur, R., dietary habits, sun exposure, nuclear emissions, etc. The most common outcome of oxidative stress is the increased damage of lipid, DNA and proteins Kaur, J., Environmental Science Oxidative stress- that resulted in the development of different pathologies. Among these pathologies, cancer is the most devastating and linked to multiple mutations arising Mahajan, Communication and 57 and Pollution Research 2014 implications, source due to oxidative DNA and protein damage that ultimately affect the integrity of the genome. The chemopreventive agents particularly nutraceuticals are found J., Kumar, organic consumption 21(3), pp. 1599-1613 and its prevention to be effective in reducing cancer incidences as these components have immense antioxidative, antimutagenic and antiproliferative potentials and are an R., Arora, important part of our dietary components. These secondary metabolites, due to their unique chemical structure, facilitate cell-to-cell communication, repair S. DNA damage by the downregulation of transcription factors and inhibit the activity of protein kinases and cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases. These phytochemicals, therefore, are most appropriate in combating oxidative stress-related disorders due to their tendency to exert better protective effect without having any distinct side effect. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Læssøe, © 2014 by the author(s). Organic food systems are based on a complex of value criteria that often are not explicitly considered when agents think, J., communicate, and make decisions concerning organic food. Multicriteria assessment (MCA) refers to a group of tools that help the user to tackle such Ljungdalh, Three perspectives on highly complex issues. The question is how an MCA tool should be designed to facilitate reflections, communication, and decision making in relation to A.K., Alrøe, motivation and organic food systems. A key issue is motivation. There are several divergent theories of motivation, and the question cannot be adequately answered by Ecology and Society Communication and 58 H.F., (...), 2014 multicriteria using any single theory. We discuss an economic, a psychosocial, and a relational perspective on motivation and MCA. Using the example of a consumer 19(3),7 organic consumption Kærgård, assessment of assessing and choosing products in the supermarket, the economic conception of motivation offers a focus on decision-making processes. The N., organic food systems psychosocial approach to motivation draws attention to the influence of cognitive structures and experience-based emotional drivers. Finally, the relational Kastberg, approach stresses that motivation is situated in the relations between agents. We discuss how the three perspectives converge and diverge regarding the P. purpose of using an MCA tool, the scope of the MCA, the strategic focus, and challenges and potentials associated with an MCA tool. Through this multiple- perspective approach, the general idea of MCA is expanded and elaborated to refine the design of an MCA tool for organic food systems./abstract>

Purpose: The desire for health and well-being is a strong driver in the food market. Scientific publications show that health is an important motive for both functional and organic food consumption. The aim of this study is to investigate whether functional and organic food consumers have the same understanding of health, and which health and well-being improving lifestyles are characteristic for them. Based on this, the authors identify dimensions for a wellness-orientated lifestyle model. Design/methodology/approach: In order to measure the different well-being and health lifestyles, AIO dimensions were adapted to theoretical wellness concepts. The results of the conducted factor and multiple OLS regression analyses are based on the data of an online Health-improving Goetzke, survey of 500 German consumers. Findings: Consumers of functional food have a similar concept of health and well-being to organic consumers, but differ British Food Journal lifestyles of organic Communication and 59 B.I., Spiller, 2014 in certain aspects in their way of achieving this. The purchase of organic and functional food is driven by different lifestyles. Overall, the results confirm the 116(3), pp. 510-526 and functional food organic consumption A. link between organic food and an active lifestyle, as well as functional food and a passive lifestyle. Practical implications: The paper contributes to the consumers discussion of health in marketing and especially in the food industry. The results reveal which kinds of lifestyle food marketing should be considered in a target group specific product communication and positioning. Originality/value: This study contributes to the understanding of consumer behaviour, especially in the organic and functional food segment. It highlights the importance of health for both food types and also important differences in the understanding of wellness. Moreover, the results reveal first dimensions for a wellness-orientated lifestyle approach-especially for the food market. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

One of the strategies employed by companies to differentiate themselves from others, in the food market, has been to market organic products according to Vega- the assumption that environmental values are an important influence on people's behavior. However, studies of the behavior of organic food consumers Zamora, show that there is some debate on this subject. Although some studies associate organic food consumption with motives and attitudes in which the M., Torres- environment plays a predominant role, a greater number conclude that the motives for consuming this type of food are basically egoistic (related to health, Organic as a heuristic Ruiz, F.J., Psychology and food safety, or the quality or flavor of the food). This can lead to problems in deciding the central thrust of the marketing strategy. The purpose of this paper cue: What Spanish Communication and 60 Murgado- Marketing 2014 is to analyze the meaning and interpretations placed on the term "organic," and how they are integrated, as a way to explain consumption behavior. consumers mean by organic consumption Armentero 31(5), pp. 349-359 Qualitative research methods were adopted for this purpose. Four focus group sessions with different sociodemographic profiles, held in the cities of Madrid organic foods s, E.M., and Seville, in Spain, displayed two evident paradoxes, which could indicate that environmental motives are not important for consumers in this market. It is Parras- concluded that the term "organic" plays an important role as a heuristic cue to superiority, irrespective of the consumer's knowledge about the real features Rosa, M. of organic food. Three alternative models are presented to explain consumer behavior. These results could be useful to food companies, largely in connection with positioning this type of product and with their communications policy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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© 2018 by American Association of Geographers. Rising levels of urban food insecurity and diet-related disease have led to many inquiries into the urban food environment and its relation to health. Community-based food activism and urban agriculture (UA) provide alternatives to conventional food systems and promote food justice. Forms of food activism include community gardens, farmers' markets, antihunger initiatives, legislative advocacy, food literacy campaigns, and organic food consumption. Although many benefits are noted, scholars also contend that food activism often serves to bolster neoliberal From “Rust Belt” to structures by encouraging neoliberal citizen subjectivities or engaging in localized activities that do not directly challenge broader structural injustices. To the Annals of the American Pettygrove, “Fresh Coast”: extent that neoliberalization is a racist (and racialized) process, the reproduction of neoliberal structures contributes to reproducing racial difference. This Association of Subjectivities and 1 M., Ghose, 2018 Remaking the City article examines the complexities of food activism within the context of neoliberal governance, with particular attention to the role of the local entrepreneurial Geographers organic consumption R. through Food Justice state and its interactions with nonstate actors. City government and private development agencies promote UA as a means of neoliberal economic 108(2), pp. 591-603 and Urban Agriculture development that operates via public–private partnership to revitalize and generate value from central city neighborhoods. In so doing, these actors appropriate discourses from community-based UA organizations to legitimize their political–economic interests. Community-based organizations in turn recognize these interests and engage strategically with the city and private agencies to survive in the context of heightened resource competition and performance pressures within the nonprofit sector. Our research is based on seven years of fieldwork in Milwaukee, collecting data through intensive semistructured interviews, participant observations, and documents analysis.

Classification of Hoi- © 2018 North Carolina State University. Agarwood can be divided into resinous heartwood from the Hoi-An zone and Sin-Chew zone. Traditionally, an An and Sin-Chew experienced human grader classifies agarwood by odor. However, sensory errors can follow from subjectivity, poor reproducibility, and time consumption Agarwood by during manual work. In this study, agarwood samples were heat-treated to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were analyzed using the components analysis thermal desorption - gas chromatograph mass spectrograph (TD-GCMS) method and chemometrics analysis. The classification of agarwood was then Jia, D., Yi, BioResources of VOCs released in Subjectivities and identified. Sesquiterpenes and other aromatic compounds were the main compounds of heat-treated VOCs. Twenty-six characteristic compounds were 2 2018 S. 13(2), pp. 2916-2931 heat-treated organic consumption screened via stepwise regression. Fisher discriminant analysis and Bayes discriminant analysis were conducted, based on the 26 compounds, to classify agarwood using TD- the agarwood samples. Discriminant functions of the two analysis methods were obtained.The results showed that it is feasible to use the TD-GCMS GCMS and method combined with chemometrics analysis to analyze VOCs from heat-treated agarwood instead of experienced graders to classify the agarwood chemometric samples as being from either the Hoi-An zone and Sin-Chew zone. This study also provides a way to classify unknown samples by odor through 26 methods characteristic compound'srelative peak area and the discriminant equations, offering the possibility of testing an unknown sample's cultivation region.

© 2017, Institute for Education Policy Studies. All rights reserved. Swedish higher education policy is currently moving toward consumption ideals that focus on promoting the efficiency and economic viability of student choices. This paper scrutinizes students’ practical considerations when making decisions regarding their education and future occupations and the choice rationalities and motives that these reflect. This issue is empirically investigated via a semi- Puaca, G., Resisting Journal for Critical structured questionnaire (n=322) distributed to students from seven vocational Swedish human resource management (HRM) university programs. Theanders consumerist Subjectivities and 3 Education Policy Studies 2017 Vocational university programs like HRM are a significant growth sector in higher education. What is unclear, however, is whether these forms of education son, C., rationalities in higher organic consumption 15(1), pp. 205-227 reinforce a desired policy ambition toward consumerist subjectivity among choice agents. The results of the study do not exclusively or even primarily Carlén, M. vocational education express consumerist subjectivity. By vitalizing Pierre Bourdieu’s term “reasonable”, an organic form of reasoning becomes apparent that does not separate intrinsic dimensions of learning, knowledge, or personal and social concerns from merit and economic compensation. Moreover, the results indicate that security and interpersonal distinctions relating to professional alignment are situated in the forefront of the expressed motives for these educational choices. Data handling of complex GC-MS Pietrogrand A description is given of a chemometric approach used to extract information on the characteristics of n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid homologous series as WIT Transactions on signals to e, M.C., useful markers for PM source identification and differentiation. The key parameters of the homologous series - number of terms and Carbon Preference Ecology and the characterize Subjectivities and 4 Mercuriali, 2008 Index - are directly estimated by the Autocovariance Function (EACVF) computed on the acquired chromatogram. The homologous series properties - Environment homologous series as organic consumption M., Bacco, relevant as the chemical signature of specific input sources - can be efficiently extracted from the complex GC-MS signal thus reducing the labour, time 116, pp. 335-343 organic source D. consumption and the subjectivity introduced by human intervention. tracers in atmospheric aerosols © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The hegemonic framing of the ‘Greek crisis’, launched by leading liberal and conservative politicians in the European Union (EU) and elsewhere and followed by mass media, reflected deep Western racial prejudices towards the The ‘Greek crisis’ as a periphery, and stressed typical bourgeois values affirming hard work, while publicly asserting regimes of entitlement to citizenship, welfare and middle-class morality consumption. The article presents a class-oriented analysis of the ‘Greek crisis’ discursive construction in North-Western European media, by studying tale: frames of Subjectivities and articles published between 2010 and 2015 in four newspapers from Germany and Denmark. The analysis shows that, along with cultural ones, 5 Mylonas, Y. Continuum 2018 ridicule, pity and organic consumption upper/middle-class biases are publicly expressed through articulations of ridicule, contempt and resentment, three interrelated ‘affective modalities’ resentment in the connected to essentialist binary constructions of the (Western/European) self and the (non-Western/European) Other. Thus, the bourgeois ideology is German and the crucial in reproducing depoliticized frames of economic crisis, to pursue neoliberal crisis-reforms (such as various regimes of austerity and labour Danish press deregulation). The production and affirmation of middle-class subjectivities, is crucial for the organic advance of neoliberal reforms in society, while denying the advancing of working–class identifications and solidarities in the highly uncertain times of today.

© 2012, by IWMI. Purpose This paper has been prepared for the Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation (ILSSI). ILSSI is a cooperative research project implemented through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in support of the Feed the Future (FtF) program. The project aims to increase food production, improve nutrition, accelerate economic development and contribute to the protection of the environment. A research partnership comprising the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the International Food and Policy Review paper on Research Institute (IFPRI), and North Carolina A & T State University, led by the Texas A & M University System is collaborating with national partners to 'garden kits' in Africa: Merrey, achieve the goals of ILSSI. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize available knowledge and lessons learned from past experiences in promoting kitchen IWMI Working Papers Lessons learned and Cultural practices and 1 D.J., 2014 or home gardens, with a special emphasis on water management. The paper has been prepared based on an extensive desk study. It focuses on gardens 162,162 the potential of organic consumption Langan, S. whose primary purpose is production of food and, at times, growing herbs and spices for home consumption. Home gardens defined in this manner are improved water distinguished from market gardens. However, there is no firm differentiation: some home garden produce may be sold, while some market garden produce management may be consumed by the household. Home gardens are an ancient and ubiquitous practice; most rural people have some kind of home garden. Home gardens tend to be characterized by the diversity of crops grown, recycling of nutrients including organic household wastes and grey water, and minimal use of purchased inputs. They are usually managed by women, often assisted by children. Home gardens do not exist in isolation: they are an integral component of larger agro-ecological, social, economic and cultural systems.

© 2018 by the authors. The purpose of this research was to examine consumers from distinct cultural groups and identify similarities and differences in their green purchase behaviors. The sample consisted of consumers from the U.S.A. and South Korea and the theory of planned behavior was used as a theoretical framework to test the influence of diverse constructs on consumers' purchase intentions toward organic cotton apparel. For both countries, Determinants of perceived behavioral control (PBC) and descriptive norms were strong predictors of purchase intentions and injunctive norms strongly influenced attitude organic cotton apparel formation. However, the study also found different results between the two groups. For example, while attitude was the strongest predictor of purchase Sustainability purchase: A intentions in the U.S.A. group (strength of influence on intentions: attitude > descriptive norms > PBC > injunctive norms), it had an insignificant effect in the Cultural practices and 2 Han, T.-I. (Switzerland) 2018 comparison of young South Korea group. For the South Korea group descriptive norms and PBC had strongest effects on consumers purchase intentions (strength of influence organic consumption 10(6),2025 consumers in the on intentions: descriptive norms = PBC > injunctive norms > attitude). South Koreans were more affected by the social pressure: their purchase intentions U.S.A. and South were strongly influenced by both injunctive norms and descriptive norms in contrast to the findings from American consumers. Injunctive norms were an Korea insignificant predictor of purchase intentions in the U.S.A. group. This result is consistent with previous research that suggest conformity is a crucial factor for people belonging to a collectivistic culture. Exposure of others' purchasing behavior is particularly important in motivating consumers' buying in collectivistic culture. Marketers of organic cotton apparel may consider using diverse formats of media to display consumers' ethical buying behaviors or creating product design or packaging that can directly reveal the ethical features of the product to display greater exposure in the market.

© 2018 The Author(s) Organic residue analyses of archaeological ceramics can provide important insights into ancient foodways. To date, however, there has been little critical reflection on how lipid residues might (or might not) reflect dietary practices or subsistence strategies more generally. A combination of ethnoarchaeological research and chemical and isotopic analyses of lipid residues from pottery made and used by modern Samburu pastoralists in northern Kenya was undertaken to supplement the interpretive framework used in archaeological investigations. A total of 63 potsherds were collected from Dunne, J., various contexts, including settlement sites and rockshelters, and analysed using gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- Grillo, K.M., Pastoralist Foodways MS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The results showed that the free fatty acids, palmitic (C16:0) and Casanova, Recorded in Organic Journal of Archaeological stearic (C18:0), dominated the lipid profiles, with extremely broad ranges of δ13C values. The majority of the Δ13C values from Samburu pots suggest that E., Residues from Cultural practices and 3 Method and Theory 2018 vessels were intensively used to process ruminant carcass products, yet the Samburu economy is not, in fact, meat-based at all. Despite an overall Whelton, Pottery Vessels of organic consumption pp. 1-24 reliance on dairy products, milk is rarely processed in ceramic vessels, largely due to cultural prohibitions. Surprisingly, a number of vessels from one site, H.L., Modern Communities Naiborkeju Hill, were used to process dairy products. Compound-specific radiocarbon dating of lipids from these sherds suggests that this pottery originated Evershed, in Samburu, Kenya from an earlier period, demonstrating a possible shift in ceramic use by pastoralist communities in this region over time. The overall conclusion is that lipid R.P. residues may not necessarily reflect, in a simple way, the day-to-day consumption or the perceived relative importance of different foodstuffs. In the Samburu case, lipid residues reflect the functional and ideological suitability of ceramics for processing only certain types of food (meat/fat/bones), despite an overall reliance on milk. These conclusions are important when considering the origins and development of African pastoralism, for example, as interpreted from the archaeological record.

© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Scholars have found that assumed connections between meat eating and performances of masculinity are perpetuated across the American public sphere. However, food expectations and choices are constantly shifting and evolving over time. Recent cultural Meatless meals and shifts in the middle and upper-middle class American foodscape that moralize “good” eating as choosing local, organic, and eco-conscious foods, prompts Mycek, Food and Foodways masculinity: How Cultural practices and the questioning of their social effects for vegetarian and vegan men, who hold a previously-stigmatized consumption identity. This article analyzes qualitative 4 2018 M.K. pp. 1-23 veg*men explain their organic consumption interviews conducted with twenty vegan and vegetarian men in a semi-urban area of the southeastern United States to better understand how they plant-based diets conceptualize and explain their food consumption identities in relation to their broader identity practices. I find their performances of masculinity often defy the conventional feminization of meatless diets, while also upholding gendered binaries of emotion/rationality and current tropes of white, middle-class masculinity.

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© 2018 Elsevier Ltd While ancient Near Eastern cuneiform texts and iconography unambiguously demonstrate the social, economic, and ritual significance of beer, direct archaeological evidence for beer production or consumption remains surprisingly rare. This scarcity of material evidence renders it difficult to extrapolate information about the ingredients and production processes of beer, on the one hand, and the paraphernalia and social contexts of its Perruchini, Revealing invisible consumption, on the other. In recent decades, organic residue analysis has become an essential tool in the identification of ancient alcoholic beverages, but E., Glatz, brews: A new research on Near Eastern beer has focused largely on production and storage vessels, whose form, archaeological context, and associated macroscopic C., Hald, Journal of Archaeological Cultural practices and 5 2018 approach to the residues already indicated their use in beer production. In this paper, we present a novel field sampling protocol that prevents contamination along with a M.M., Science organic consumption chemical identification refined organic residue analysis methodology that relies on a series of co-occurring compounds to identify confidently beer in ceramic vessels. The same Casana, J., of ancient beer compounds were identified in several modern beer samples and, thus, support our identification of a similar fermented barley-based beverage in Toney, J.L. archaeological samples from the late second millennium BCE site of Khani Masi in northeastern Iraq. The results presented in this paper allow us, for the first time, to unambiguously link a diverse range of vessel types to the consumption and production of beer, identify a fundamental change in Mesopotamian consumption practices, and shed light on the cultural dimensions of Babylonia's encounter with the Zagros-Mesopotamian borderlands.

© SAGE Publications. Organic food consumption is associated with "citizen-consumer" practice, which is an act of promoting different aspects of social and ecological responsibility and the integration of ethical considerations in daily practices such as eating. This article analyzes aspects of organic food Citizen-consumer consumption in Israel and the symbolic meanings given to it by its consumers. The study shows how practices attributed to ethical eating culture are used Journal of Consumer revisited: The cultural Grosglik, Cultural practices and in identity construction, social status manifestation, and as a means to demonstrate openness to global cultural trends. Organic food consumption is carried 6 Culture 2017 meanings of organic R. organic consumption out as part of a symbolic use of ethical values and its adaptation to the local Israeli cultural context. In addition, organic food consumption patterns are 17(3), pp. 732-751 food consumption in revealed as fitting the cultural logic of globalization, which spread in the last decades in Israel. Analysis of the socio-cultural aspects related to organic food Israel consumption points to the polysemy embodied in the term citizen-consumer and shows how the actual implementation of this term in Israel is based on the assimilation of cosmopolitan meanings.

1H-1H NMR 2D- © 2017 Insights into the diets of early societies can be gained, indirectly, from the cultural evidence of artefacts related to food procurement, preparation and Tanasi, D., TOCSY, ATR FT-IR consumption and human skeletal remains. However, more direct evidence for dietary constituents derives from the identification of intact plant and animal Greco, E., and SEM-EDX for the remains collected during the excavations but also from the exam of the amorphous remains of foodstuff associated with artefacts. Organic residues Di Tullio, Microchemical Journal Cultural practices and 7 2017 identification of adhering to the surface or absorbed into the porous fabric of an unglazed cooking vessel should provide important information both about the usage of the V., (...), 135, pp. 140-147 organic consumption organic residues on vessel and dietary practices. This contribute deals with the results of a combined analytical research via1H-1H NMR 2D-TOCSY, ATR FT-IR and SEM-EDX Gullì, D., Sicilian prehistoric on organic residues on pottery from two Sicilian prehistoric sites of Monte Kronio and Sant'Ippolito. The goal was that to shed new light on the use of certain Ciliberto, E. pottery ceramic shapes and infer some hypothesis about ancient dietary habits.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Lifestyle is a construct that makes it easier to understand consumers' behaviour, since it involves ways of life and results da Silva, from past experiences, as well as from personal features based on current situations. It influences the consumption habits of individuals and their families. I.S., International Journal of Empty Nest Couples: Accordingly, the aim of the current article is to analyze the lifestyle of individuals who belong to the empty nest couple group. The participants were Brazilian Slongo, Cultural practices and 8 Consumer Studies 2016 Lifestyles and and chosen according to their activities, interests and opinions. Thus, we adopted the exploratory and descriptive design, and followed qualitative and L.A., organic consumption 40(6), pp. 695-700 Typology quantitative aspects. According to the results, there are many lifestyles and they can be divided in three groups: the elitist, the politicized and the popular Antunes one. Elitists prioritize education and the consumption of cultural and organic products. The politicized group is aware of its political rights and duties. The Rohde, L. popular group practices common habits such as playing soccer, watching TV shows and eating industrialized food.

© 2016 The term geophagy is applied to the recurrent intentional eating of soil with multifactorial motivation. Geophagists are generally defined by gender (women), age (children), physical status (e.g. pregnancy, lactation, postpartum), social status (people exposed to significant nutritional deficiencies), and Frazzoli, culture, but lost awareness of traditional medical meaning of this practice is changing these consumption patterns and increasing health risks. Moreover, C., Health risks from lost although the holistic anthropological perspective recognizes soil consumption as mineral supplementation under certain circumstances, we should consider Pouokam, awareness of cultural Science of the Total how the living environment has changed and is changing, along with diet, nutrition requirements, and habits. Therefore, benefits-to-risks ratio of cultural G.B., behaviours rooted in Cultural practices and 9 Environment 2016 behaviours initiated centuries ago based on traditional medical practices requires deep revision and assessment. Knowledge on minerals metabolism, Mantovani, traditional medicine: organic consumption 566-567, pp. 1465-1471 bioavailability and interactions is required to properly assess the role of geophagy in a balanced and safe intake of micronutrients. Most important, the risk of A., An insight in geophagy unbalanced intake of minerals may be serious since the mineralogy and chemistry of geophagic clays are uncontrolled, variable, and difficult to standardize. Orisakwe, and mineral intake In addition, other factors (radioactive materials, organic chemicals and soil pathogens) complicate the risk assessment for population groups consuming O.E. soil. Since the geophagic practice is expected to persist despite economic development, the paper discusses the multifaceted spectrum of geophagy to highlight critical aspects for risk management.

© 2016 Kazeeroni and Al-Sadi. Oasis farming system is common in some parts of the world, especially in the Arabian Peninsula and several African countries. In Oman, the farming system in the majority of farms follows a semi-oasis farming (SOF) system, which is characterized by growing multiple crops mainly for home consumption, but also for local market. This study was conducted to investigate fungal diversity using pyrosequencing approach in 454-pyrosequencing soils from a farm utilizing a SOF system which is cultivated with date palms, acid limes and cucumbers. Fungal diversity from this farm was compared to Kazeeroni, Frontiers in Plant Science reveals variable fungal Cultural practices and that from an organic farm (OR) growing cucumbers and tomatoes. Fungal diversity was found to be variable among different crops in the same farm. The 10 E.A., Al- 7(MAR2016),314 2016 diversity across organic consumption observed OTUs, Chao1 richness estimates and Shannon diversity values indicated that soils from date palms and acid limes have higher fungal diversity Sadi, A.M. farming systems compared to soil from cucumbers (SOF). In addition, they also indicated that the level of fungal diversity is higher in the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in OR compared to SOF. Ascomycota was the most dominant phylum in most of the samples from the OR and SOF farms. Other dominant phyla are Microsporidia, Chytridiomycota, and Basidiomycota. The differential level of fungal diversity within the SOF could be related to the variation in the cultural practices employed for each crop.

© 2016 Geng et al. Background: The collection and consumption of wild edibles is an important part in livelihood strategies throughout the world. There is an urgent need to document and safeguard the wild food knowledge, especially in remote areas. The aims of this study are to accomplish detailed investigation of wild edibles used by the Naxi in Baidi village and evaluate them to identify innovative organic food products. Also, we aim to explore the characteristics of distribution and transmission of the traditional knowledge (TK) on wild edibles among the Naxi. Methods: Data was collected through a semi-structured interview of key informants above the age of 20 years, chosen carefully by a snowball sampling. The interviews were supplemented by free lists and Geng, Y., Traditional knowledge participatory observation methods. Informants below 20 years were interviewed to test their knowledge of traditional practices. A quantitative index like Zhang, Y., and its transmission Cultural Importance Index (CI) was used to evaluate the relative importance of the different wild edibles. Linear regression and t-test were performed to test Journal of Ethnobiology Ranjitkar, of wild edibles used Cultural practices and variation in the TK among the informants of different age groups and genders. Results: Altogether 173 wild edible plant species belonging to 76 families and 11 and Ethnomedicine 2016 S., Huai, by the Naxi in Baidi organic consumption 139 genera were recorded in the study. Cardamine macrophylla, C. tangutorum and Eutrema yunnanense, have traditionally been consumed as an 12(1),10 H., Wang, Village, northwest important supplement to the diet, particularly during food shortages as wild vegetables. The age was found to have a significant effect on TK, but there was Y. Yunnan province no significant difference between male and female informant in knowledge abundance. The traditional food knowledge was dynamic and affected by social factors. Also, it was descending partly among younger generations in Baidi. Conclusion: Baidi village is a prime example of a rapidly changing community where local traditions compete with modern ways of life. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the Naxi peoples' knowledge on wild edibles. Some wild edibles might have an interesting dietary constituent, which need in-depth studies. Such detail studies can help to promote the market in one hand and protect TK in the other. Protecting TK from disappearing in succeeding generations is necessary, and understanding the dynamics of TK is one important solution to this dilemma.

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© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Based on a focus group study conducted in New York City (NYC), this paper examines the traditional staples (i.e., nostalgic foods) that Latinas regularly consume in the U.S., along with their beliefs regarding the impact of such foods on weight gain and related body image. Our research findings highlight the "double-bind" of nostalgic foods, defined by Latinas' retention of highly caloric familiar items along with their progressive abandonment Picking fruit from our of fresh produce and fruits. Despite participants' efforts to eat healthy staples from their homelands, they mostly kept foods perceived as unhealthy (e.g., Viladrich, backyard's trees: The Appetite fatty meats, fried foods). This phenomenon was informed by the "same-food paradox," represented by Latinas' beliefs that the same traditional foods that A., meaning of nostalgia Cultural practices and 12 97, pp. 101-110 2016 would make them lose weight in their native countries would lead them to gain weight in the U.S. Our qualitative data show that participants' concerns about Tagliaferro, in shaping Latinas' organic consumption their weight gain in the U.S. is in tune with their general body dissatisfaction, as indicated by our quantitative results. Finally, our findings reveal the role of B. eating practices in the stress in promoting Latinas' deleterious daily habits, including their consumption of fat-saturated snacks. Overall, these results speak to the cultural and United States structural barriers to healthy eating that financially strapped study participants experienced in NYC. In order to design successful public health interventions targeting Latinas, the nostalgic aspects of food preferences should be considered in conjunction with the barriers that keep them from engaging with healthier lifestyles in the U.S.

Organic farm © 2015 Taylor & Francis. In recent years, Karl Polanyi's concept of the “double movement” has been resurrected to describe growing international volunteer tourism as resistance to neoliberal global capitalism. The double movement originally referred to counter-movements for social protection against the 19th and early social movement 20th century laissez-faire market. Today, it describes the growth of new social movements which often resist neoliberal economic practices and ideologies. participation: a Drawing on Polanyi's concept of the double movement and on recent work on neoliberalism and new social movements, this article examines farm hosts' Journal of Sustainable Mostafanez Polanyian political Cultural practices and motivations for participation in World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF). It argues that farm hosts tend to articulate their motivations as an 13 Tourism 2016 had, M. economy analysis of organic consumption attempt to proclaim solidarity with organic, spiritual, and educational new social movement agendas. It describes how a loosely articulated organic identity 24(1), pp. 114-131 World Wide converges around three corollary protective counter-movements: organic food production and consumption, spirituality, and alternative education, exploring Opportunities on the creative ways people are resisting neoliberal capitalism at the intersection of alternative tourism and organic agriculture. Yet, despite hosts' intentions, Organic Farms the article illustrates how new social movement participation through WWOOF is in constant tension with the neoliberal agrarian and tourism marketplace in (WWOOF) in Hawai‘i which it operates, as well as the perhaps unforeseen limits of its radical horizon.

© 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Purpose: Marketing products as guilt-free is not new, especially in the food industry, but what is new is the scope of ethical choice on offer and the variety and complexity of guilt-free narratives sold as part of the consumption package. The purpose of this paper is to present – and test – an innovative framework with which to analyse the key strategies in the creation of guilt-free narratives within the food industry and examine how consumer habits, motivations and attitudes are afforded by these narratives. The trend towards interpassivity, in which a consumer “outsources” moral responsibility to manufacturers, suppliers or retailers, is critically examined. Design/methodology/approach: Data collection consisted of a non-probability quota sample of UK residents, administered online. There were three main areas of this study: consumers’ attitudes towards guilt-free products and marketing, consumers’ consumption habits and conscious-motivating factors and insights in unconscious-motivating factors. The questionnaire was designed to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights. It consisted of a variety of open-ended questions, as well as sets of given choices regarding habits and motivations, where the options were designed to encompass as many potential responses as necessary. The survey was shaped using a mini-focus group. Findings: The paper demonstrates that consumers are in general willing to pay more for a guilt-free product but not for the reasons normally presented within the marketing literature. The paper shows that while self-accountability and anticipatory guilt are reasons for the effectiveness of guilt-free marketing, they are only minor factors. The paper shows that other motivating factors are more important as many participants Guilt-free food Haynes, P., Journal of Consumer buy products they do not entirely trust or have a particular preference for. One motive relates to interpassivity, that is, that guilt and guilt-alleviating actions consumption: one of Cultural practices and 14 Podobsky, Marketing 2016 can be transferred or delegated to the product itself. Research limitations/implications: The concept of interpassivity and the idea of transference of actions your five ideologies a organic consumption S. 33(3), pp. 202-212 or emotions to products has potential for new marketing frameworks. There are many different coping mechanisms for guilt or shame, and these could all day be packaged into products to arouse a preference with the consumer. The entire area of guilt-free marketing is under-researched but because of the continued growth in consumer guilt-mitigation strategies, it is likely to see a lot of research activity in the near future. The main limitation is the limited statistical analysis afforded by the non-probability nature of the sample. Practical Implications: The paper has developed a clearer definition of what constitutes a guilt-free product, that is, a guilt-free product is created when a regular product has any one or more of the three types of guilt (anticipatory, reactive and existential) packaged into it. Using this definition, the paper examined why guilt-free marketing has been effective, identifying that though consumers are willing to pay more for a guilt-free product, self-accountability and anticipatory guilt are only part of the explanation, with guilt and guilt- alleviating actions being transferred or delegated to the product itself a significant factor. Social Implications: The paper has impacts for producers and consumers wishing to highlight the social good of a product. The study shows that consumers are sophisticated enough to examine social impact but often express a desire to delegate action to firms. Firms can more clearly frame their activity and contrast their action to the misleading marketing claims of rivals. Originality/value: This paper is the first detailed analysis of guilt-free foods of its type. It seeks to create clearer definitions and frameworks with which to examine marketing practices and discourses of guilt in food consumption and marketing. The paper findings suggest that a relatively novel approach to consumption – interpassivity – is a useful explanation for otherwise puzzling consumer behaviour in a newly emerging area of guilt-free food marketing.

© Copyright 2016, Interior Design Educators Council In The Production of Space (1991), Henri Lefebvre acknowledges the impact of production, consumption, and multiplicity of authorship in the built environment. He asserts that cities, buildings, and interiors are hybrid productions mobilized not only by designers, but also through cultural traditions, social practices, and autonomous interventions. By reframing the design of the built environment with the inverse—the quotidian impact of people reshaping space—Lefebvre celebrates the commonplace and unschooled actions that cities, buildings, and interiors receive apart from the top–down hand of designers. He fixes his gaze on the lives of buildings and interiors well beyond the moment of their Internal completion. Working in a manner similar to geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and historic preservationists, how can interior designers, architects, Journal of Interior Design Appropriations: and planners cultivate a design culture that embraces and advocates for diverse modes of spatial occupancy? How might interior design practices promote, Cultural practices and 15 Marinic, G. 41(3), pp. 47-67 2016 Multiculturalism and rather than subvert, these influences to recast spatial obsolescence toward higher performance futures? How might interior design engage a more organic organic consumption the American mode of practice? For immigrants, refugees, and underrepresented persons, establishing a rooted narrative often begins within building interiors. Such Shopping Mall interventions are primarily introduced as spatial, temporal, and adaptive gestures that reveal enduring values, perceptions, practices, and methods of production. This paper posits that obsolete buildings of American suburbia offer clues to an alternative future. It examines how incrementally adapted shopping malls allow immigrant and underrepresented communities to seek socioeconomic freedom via cultural practices and mercantilism. These adapted commercial interior environments demonstrate how historically marginalized communities have found safe spaces to forge identities. Two sites—one in Houston and the other in Cleveland—speculate on the transcontinental extent of retail obsolescence and shopping mall adaptation. Case studies are used to demonstrate how commercial interiors often migrate toward futures that markedly contrast with their original design intentions.

© 2016 Wageningen Academic Publishers. This work is a brief outline of the consumption and use of several insect taxa and products taking into account historical sources of the 18thcentury for the Gran Chaco region and more recent ethnographic data. The Meridional and Central Chaco subregion of Loiácono, Argentina is a vast semi-arid plain in the north-east of the country between the Pilcomayo river and the Salado river basin. The subregion forms part of the Anthropo- Z.S., South American Gran Chaco area. During the 18thcentury, the linguistic families Guaycurú and Mataco-Mataguayan resided in the Central Chaco entomophagy in Margaría, Journal of Insects as subregion. The Guaycurú linguistic family includes the current languages Toba-Qom, Pilagá, Toba-Pilagá, Mocoví, as well as the Caduveo language from Guaycurú linguistic Cultural practices and 16 C., Food and Feed 2016 Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The report focuses on the Guaycurú groups to illustrate the diversity of insects significantly involved in their cultural practices, groups from organic consumption Giovannetti 2(1), pp. 15-26 which have been sustained over time up to the present, and are presumably oldest. Jesuit chroniclers have provided abundant evidence about Guaycurú Argentina: Past and , M.A., groups from the Argentine Chaco region. They fostered Catholic missions in the region and lived in reductions with the Guaycurú populations. The present Silva, S. relationship of Chaco indigenous groups with insects and other species is a reflection of their deep identification with the environment. The relationship with the territory goes beyond the idea of a land where to settle. Rather, it refers to feeding and using the land conceived as an organic structure full of energy, the same energy that forms part of the entities of nature and, naturally, of insects as well.

This article offers a literary review with the intention of analysing the studies conducted on the topic of used goods. The need for reviewing the existing considerations and research on the subject lies in the necessity to examine this topic in an organic manner, since so far it has only been examined by social The second-hand sciences and particularly by the sociology of consumption in a marginal fashion. The research presented thus far ranges from studies concerning the field Italian Sociological market: The practice of cultural geography to those about economics and marketing focusing on reasons for purchase and the geography of purchases. Used goods have also Cultural practices and 17 Marzella, F. Review 2015 of reusing goods in been the topic of cultural anthropology studies, which focus on the subject of consumption by contemporary societies in a variety of cultural contexts, and organic consumption 5(1), pp. 105-122 cultures dominated by which have examined the different contexts, systems and rituals associated with this specific exchange practice. One specific element that emerged from the new anthropology studies on fashion is the vintage phenomenon, which has elevated used goods in this realm. The analysis of this research suggests that the study on used goods should be carried out from a material culture perspective, so that the human relationships mediated by (used) goods can be taken into account.

Lombard, Poor access to nutritious foods, departure from traditional diets, and reduced physical activity are associated with a rise in type 2 diabetes and certain types K.A., Healthy of cancers among the Navajo. Diabetes in particular is of concern because of its increased prevalence among Navajo youth. Gardening can successfully Beresford, Gardens/Healthy address issues of poor availability of fruits and vegetables and offer many other social and health benefits. Our assessment aimed to determine Navajo S.A.A., Health Promotion Lives: Navajo attitudes about gardening and health in San Juan County, New Mexico. We conducted seven focus groups (including 31 people) to assess knowledge and Cultural practices and 18 Ornelas, Practice 2014 Perceptions of attitudes related to gardening and uncover barriers and facilitators to participation in a garden project. Each group session was moderated by two Navajo organic consumption I.J., (...), 15(2), pp. 223-231 Growing Food Locally students. Transcripts revealed that many Navajo are aware of adverse health issues that occur on the reservation, predominantly obesity and diabetes. Thomas, to Prevent Diabetes Participants expressed a preference for educational approaches that incorporated cultural traditions, respect for elders, use of visual aids, and experiential D., Vela, and Cancer learning. Several social and agronomic barriers to gardening were also mentioned. Results suggested a broad interest in promoting gardening especially to J.G. reduce the risk of diabetes with the added value of enhancing social capital in Navajo communities. © 2013 Society for Public Health Education.

49 Tabla 3. (continuación)

Melgarejo, P., Calín- BACKGROUND: Very-early apricot cultivars are interesting owing to the fact that they will be available in markets before any other cultivar. In order to Sánchez, achieve good fruit quality, very-early apricots require appropriate size, weight and color, good balance of sugars and organic acids, proper content of Antioxidant activity, A., bioactive compounds, relatively strong apricot aroma as well as acceptable sensory quality. RESULTS: Physical, chemical, antioxidant and sensory volatile composition Carbonell- Journal of the Science of properties showed important variations among apricot cultivars. These differences were basically attributed to genetic reasons. Four very-early apricot and sensory profile of Cultural practices and 19 Barrachina, Food and Agriculture 2014 cultivars were studied, namely 'Mirlo Blanco', 'Mirlo Anaranjado', 'Colorao' and 'Mogador'. All of them showed proper size and weight, but their contents of four new very-early organic consumption A.A., (...), 94(1), pp. 85-94 organic acids, sugars and bioactive compounds were low and the number of volatile compounds was also low. However, very-early apricots showed an apricots (Prunus Martínez, appropriate sensory profile for fresh consumption. CONCLUSION: Regarding physical, chemical and volatile composition and sensory properties, very-early armeniaca L.) R., apricot cultivars could be recommended for fresh consumption. However, future research must be focused on increasing their contents of sugars, organic Hernández, acids and bioactive and volatile compounds, perhaps via cultural practices such as deficit irrigation and/or mulching. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry. F. The main aims of this study were to analysis the production factor and energy consumption for SANGYOD rice production. Case study area was in Chaichana, Phatthalung provinces. The rice production process comprised soil preparation, plantation, cultural practice, harvest and milling. During these processes, T., Energy consumption several factors have been determined including labour, working time ,agricultural machine, fuel, seed, fertilizer, chemical substance and paddy yield. The Phethuaylu Energy Procedia analysis for Cultural practices and field data were changed to the energy consumption per production area (MJ/Rai) by using energy equivalent value. It was found that the average energy 20 k, S., 2014 52, pp. 126-130 SANGYOD rice organic consumption consumption for SANGYOD rice production was 3,152.03 MJ/Rai (1 Rai = 1,600 m2). The majority part of energy is from agriculture machinery of 1,959.28 Tepnual, production MJ/Rai and following by the energy from fuel, fertilizer, seed, chemical substance, labour and organic fertilizer with 620.45, 378.91, 150.46, 24.20, 13.05 and T., Yaibok, 5.68 MJ/Rai respectively. Soil preparation process is the highest energy consumption with 43% of total energy consumption. © 2014 Published bv Elsevier T. Ltd.

Los siguientes gráficos enseñan los porcentajes de participación de los tipos de documentos encontrados por cada palabra clave. Para conocer que tan extensos han sido los estudios sobre los documentos encontrados.

Resultados: 57 documentos entre el 2016 y 2018. En el área de psicología y neurociencia.

Figura 1. Consumption organic

50 Resultados: 9.633 documentos entre el 2014 y 2018. En el área de Ciencias Naturales.

Figura 2. Organic product

51 Resultados: 49 documentos entre el 2016 y 2018. En el área de Agricultura, Psicología, y Ciencias Biológicas.

Figura 3. Communication and organic consumption

Resultados: 4 documentos

Figura 5. Subjectivities and organic consumption

53 Resultados: 19 documentos entre el 2014 y 2018.

Figura 6. Cultural practices and organic consumption

5.2 REFORZAR EL MARCO TEORICO

 Consumption Organic / Consumo Organico:

El consumo orgánico consiste en alimentar la sociedad con productos que se realicen mediante procesos que no afecten al medio ambiente. Este concepto ha sido acogido por muchas empresas que aplican el Marketing Social, mediante la ejecución de marketing ecológico. Buscando que sus productos cumplan la misión de la empresa, satisfagan la necesidad del cliente, sin afectar los recursos naturales.

En la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente en 1992 fue cuando los gobiernos asumieron el concepto en donde las industrias debían lograr sus intereses económicos, sin afectar el medio ambiente. Esto sucedió gracias a que en esos años se inició a evidenciar los daños causados al medio ambiente, por la manera en que realizaban los procesos de producción.

Esto fue generando conciencia en los consumidores en que debían adquirir productos que fueran amigables con el medio ambiente, sin embargo no fue suficiente para que en el momento de compra la mayoría de personas accedan a productos orgánicos, esto se debe a diferentes factores, como: la baja oferta de productos orgánicos, los altos costos de estos productos y lo difícil que es conseguirlos.

De igual forma, una persona que tiene conciencia pero no compra productos orgánicos, no es una consumidora ecológica ya que la compra de estos productos orgánicos son obtenidos por personas que tienen la necesidad de alimentarse pero también deben satisfacer la necesidad de adquirir un producto que al ser hecho de forma orgánica, favorezca su alimentación y aporte positivamente al medio ambiente disminuyendo los residuos e incluso promoviendo actos amigables con el medio ambiente como el reciclaje.

 Organic product / Producto orgánico

Esto nos permite definir que el Producto Orgánico al producirse de tal manera que no afecte al medio ambiente, también aporta a nuestro cuerpo una sana alimentación, gracias a que en su proceso no participan químicos como preservativos o aceleradores de crecimiento. Para producir un grano como el Café de manera orgánica, se requiere conocimiento de procesos de agricultura artesanal, conocimiento el cual está en las manos de los indígenas y campesinos. Lo que nos

55 da a entender que este conocimiento yace de Prácticas Culturales que vienen de siglos atrás en donde los agricultores han ido heredando ese conocimiento de cultivo artesanal de generación en generación.

Algo curioso de los procesos de producción artesanal es que a pesar de que un producto orgánico como el café tiene un alto costo comercialmente, sus productores no se ven muy bien remunerados económicamente. Además la mayoría de marcas no aplican los procesos de producción orgánica por ende el conocimiento de estos indígenas y campesinos que practican la agricultura artesanal queda cada vez queda más en el olvido.

 Communication and organic consumption / Comunicación y consumo orgánico

Las pocas empresas que se han dispuesto a ofertar productos orgánicos, hacen una apuesta a un público que es pequeño pero que poco a poco va aumentando. Por lo tanto el interés de las empresas para realiza estudios de comportamiento a este nicho de consumidores de productos orgánicos son muy recientes y la Comunicación enfocada a ese nicho de consumidores ha aumentado en los últimos años.

Los comportamientos mencionados a continuación dentro de los 3 factores, fueron recolectados por una compañía de vinos en chile que se interesó en estudiar este nicho de consumidores con el fin de realizar una estrategia de comunicación para su nueva línea de vino orgánico. Con el fin de detallar el perfil de este nicho de consumidores. De esta manera se podrán concluir prácticas culturas y maneras de pensar (subjetividades) en común de personas que realicen estas prácticas orgánicas. Logrando desarrollar estrategias de comunicación que pueda incentivar el consumo orgánico en personas que aún no tienen el habito de comprar este tipo de productos o colaborar a los que actualmente tienen estas prácticas orgánicas, brindando información sobre en donde, como y cuando pueden encontrar estos productos.

Factor 1: Estilo de vida dinámico y natural. Este factor explica un 25,42% del total de varianza. Presenta una correlación positiva con las siguientes afirmaciones: "Procuro consumir alimentos bajos en grasa" (0,858), "Me preocupo por mi salud" (0,822), "Tengo con frecuencia comidas de trabajo" (0,568) y "Hago deporte regularmente" (0,526). Este factor presentó correlación negativa con la afirmación "Suelo consumir a menudo comida rápida" (-0,748). Este estilo de vida fue denominado "Dinámico y natural" pues agrupa afirmaciones que hacen referencia a un estilo de vida dedicado al trabajo complementado con actividades que mantienen

56 un ritmo dinámico y natural. Kavak y Gumusluoglu (2006), en una investigación de mercado realizada en Turquía sobre la relación que tienen el etnocentrismo y los estilos de vida en la disposición de compra de 2.000 encuestados, determinaron que existía un estilo de vida que denominaron "preocupados por la salud", los cuales presentaban rasgos muy similares, pues presentó correlación positiva con preferir alimentos bajos en calorías y usar alimentos dietéticos una vez al día. Además, y asociado al consumo de alimentos orgánicos, Kafka y Alvensleben (1998) señalan que en el mercado de Dinamarca los consumidores de productos orgánicos presentan un claro estilo de vida preocupado por la salud.

Factor 2: Estilo de vida sociable y lúdica. Este factor explica el 18,13% del total de varianza. Presenta una correlación positiva hacia las afirmaciones "Mi tiempo libre lo dedico a viajar" (0,808) y "Tengo con frecuencia reuniones con amigos" (0,785). El segundo factor fue denominado estilo de vida "Sociable y lúdica" pues los consumidores asocian en forma positiva al factor actividades relacionadas con el esparcimiento y las relaciones sociales con su entorno. Fraj et al. (2004) determinaron estilos de vida asociados a consumidores de productos ecológicos, dentro de los cuales uno de ellos, particularmente el denominado espíritu aventurero, presenta similitudes pues está correlacionado positivamente con afirmaciones como "me gusta hacer cosas nuevas y emocionantes". Además, al igual que el factor anterior, estos resultados confluyen con los resultados encontrados en el mercado turco, pues en esa oportunidad se detectó un estilo de vida denominado "extrovertido", el cual presentó correlación positiva con afirmaciones como gusto de las fiestas con amigos y me considero el alma de mi hogar (Kavak y Gumusluoglu 2006).

Factor 3: Estilo de vida de cultura y buena mesa. Este factor explica el 17,51% del total de la varianza. Presenta correlaciones positivas con las siguientes afirmaciones: "Me gusta disfrutar de la buena mesa" (0,832), "Consumo diariamente frutas y verduras" 0,659, "Desarrollo algunas actividades culturales frecuentemente" (0,575) y "salgo cenar fuera de casa todas las semanas" (0,309). Este factor fue nombrado estilo de vida "de Cultura y buena mesa", pues se asocia a actividades culturales y gastronómicas.

57  Subjetives and organic consumption / Subjetividades y consumo orgánico

Subjetividad se emplea para hacer referencia la parte interior de una persona, como, lo relativo a su manera de pensar, aquello que no se encuentra relacionado con el objeto o el mundo externo. Aquellos aspectos relacionados con el lenguaje, la percepción y argumento que se encuentra basado en la perspectiva de cada persona.

Otra definición es que la subjetividad es considerada, la propiedad de las percepciones, argumentos y lenguajes sujetas al punto de vista de una persona y se encuentran bajo la influencia de los intereses y deseos particulares de dicha persona, sin dejar de pensar que las cosas pueden ser observadas desde diferentes puntos de vista.

 Cultural practices and organic consumption / Prácticas Culturales y consumo orgánico

Las prácticas culturales son actividades y rituales son las tradiciones de una comunidad. Se trata de una forma de expresar la cultura de un pueblo.

Los antropólogos y los sociólogos debaten sobre las prácticas culturales. Por una parte, el proceso de globalización ha hecho que muchos grupos pierdan sus señales distintivas, ya que ciertas culturas terminan imponiéndose sobre otras. Al otro lado, hay prácticas culturales ancestrales que de acuerdo a criterios y parámetros de la actualidad, no se consideran aceptables.

La mutilación genital, el canibalismo y el matrimonio infantil son prácticas culturales que forman parte de la identidad de algunas etnias pero que en el mundo occidental, son rechazadas e incluso perseguidas. Hay un amplio debate sobre la existencia, o no, del derecho de esas comunidades a mantener dichas prácticas.

5.3 DESARROLLAR TRABAJO DE CAMPO EJECUTANDO LA ENTREVISTA CON BASE AL MARCO TEÓRICO ANTES MENCIONADO.

Modelo de entrevista en profundidad:

Objetivo general: Identificar las subjetividades emergentes los procesos de comunicación inmersos en las prácticas de consumo de alimentos orgánicos en residentes de la ciudad de Cali.

Guía de entrevista:

- Introducción

Objetivos de la entrevista.

Presentación de la investigadora.

Permiso para grabar y uso de la información.

Consentimiento informado.

- Presentación personal

Nombre, edad, profesión, estado civil.

Autodefinición (defectos, virtudes, valores que rigen su vida).

Descripción de un día de la vida.

- Percepción consumo responsable

Definición, características del consumo responsable.

Conocimiento consumo responsable.

59 Concepto de consumidor responsable (Como es y que hace).

- Prácticas de consumo responsable

Autopercepción como consumidor.

Motivaciones- Intención de construir o implementar practica de consumidor responsable.

Tipo de productos o tipo de consumos responsables que tiene o le interesaría tener.

Sentimientos -pensamientos – emociones asociadas al consumo responsable.

Barreras para ser consumidor responsable.

- Hábitos alimenticios

Horarios de comidas.

Modelo de consumo alimentario: tipos de alimentos consumidos en cada comida. (Desayuno, almuerzo, comida-cena).

Alimentos: procesados – naturales – congelados – enlatados.

Sitios de consumo de los alimentos.

Rituales para momentos de consumo de alimentos – tradiciones familiares respecto al consumo de alimentos.

Cultura alimentaria (comida saludable – comida rápida – comida).

Criterios que utiliza para la selección, compra y consumo de sus alimentos.

Prácticas de cocción – preparación de alimentos -Alimentos – producto orgánicos – agroecológicos.

Percepción – características de productos orgánicos – agroecológicos. (moda: diferenciación- pertenencia, salud – prevención – enfermedad, estética – peso – belleza, cuidado del medio ambiente – conciencia ecológica, ideología no capitalismo – recuperación de economías artesanales, locales), principios – solidaridad – reciprocidad – sostenibilidad ambiental.

Iniciación como consumidor de productos orgánicos – agroecológicos.

Medios a través de los cuales conoció de la existencia de este tipo de productos.

Estrategias de identificación de este tipo de productos.

Prácticas de consumo orgánico – agroecológicos compartidas con amigos – familia.

Tipo de relación – vinculo que tiene con los productores este tipo de producto.

Iniciativas de cultivar – producir este tipo de productores.

Criterios de selección de esos tipos de productos.

Tipos - categorías de productos orgánicos consumidos.

Autodefinición a partir del consumo orgánicos – agroecológicos: consumo orgánico: biolimitante – militante ecológico – militante social – consciente mixto), diferenciación respecto a otros consumidores: inteligente, de mayor estatus – superior – diferente.

Estrategias para invitar a otros a ser consumidor de alimentos orgánicos – agroecológico – “evangelización”.

Lugares de compra (reales – virtuales – domicilios), frecuencia de compra, cantidad comprada.

61 Ejecución de entrevistas:

Se hicieron 11 entrevistas a personas jóvenes que consumen estos productos de esta forma logramos realizar un cuadro con las subjetividades en común que presentaron los entrevistadores.

Tabla 4. Listado de Entrevistas

Agentes de la cadena Discursos sobre las Subjetividades productiva y ubicación prácticas y circulación de productos agroecológicos, orgánicas y sobre las prácticas de alimentación

Entrevista #1 - Inicio el cultivo de -Consumo de productos hongos con ayuda orgánicos y saludables. de Docentes en la Nombre: Juliana UAO y al avanzar tanto el proyecto -Bienestar físico. realizo su tesis Emprendimiento: Setas enfocada en este Vital -Preservar la naturaleza. emprendimiento. - Los proveedores, Estudiante de la UAO comerciantes y -Cooperación entre la clientes de estos sociedad. productos tienen ideales en común, como: Preservar el medio ambiente, mantener hábitos de consumo saludable, cooperación al prójimo y valora los productos elaborados artesanalmente. - Su emprendimiento inicio con el cultivo

62 Tabla 4. (continuación)

de hongos y debido a sus buenos resultados, incremento su variedad y amplio su línea de productos con batidos saludables y funcionales. - Los campesinos son clave para el desarrollo de estos productos ya que que tienen el conocimiento y el terreno para la producción de insumos de estos emprendedores orgánicos. - La mayoría de personas que consumen productos saludables es porque tienen algún problema de salud y deben comer bien por obligación. Entrevista #2 -Al ser mexicana conoce -Fomentar su cultura muy bien las recetas para Mexicana. tus productos, los cuales Nombre: Jazmín tienen el valor agregado de que no tienen -Mantener una receta conservantes y son familiar. Emprendimiento: productos orgánicos. -Consumir alimentos Mex Cali -Se ha dado a conocer saludables y orgánicos. gracias al voz a voz, Nacionalidad: Mexicana principalmente entre Mexicanos que buscan seguir comiendo tortillas,

63 Tabla 4. (continuación)

burritos y salsas de su -Cooperación entre la cultura. sociedad.

- Lo más complejo ha sido encontrar los insumos a buen precio y en óptimas condiciones. Esto es debido a que la diferencia de clima entre países no permite cosechar de la misma manera.

-La motivación principal de esta marca es fomentar su cultura mexicana con productos saludables. Manteniendo recetas que han pasado por generaciones entre sus familias.

-La preparación de estos platos representativos de su cultura, han sido con base a sus antepasados campesinos, los cuales sabían cultivar de manera amigable con la naturaleza y saludable para Ellos.

Entrevista # 3 - Su marca - Consumo de principalmente alimentos vende un saludables y Nombre: Camila cosmético 100% orgánicos. Natural para el - Cooperación entre cuidado de las la sociedad. Emprendimiento: pestañas y - Cuerpo saludable Espectañas también manejan gracias al una mantequilla ejercicio. de maní orgánica.

64 Tabla 4. (continuación)

Realizando Proyecto de - Este - Emprendimiento Grado como Bióloga. emprendimiento debido a su inicio, después de vocación. muchos ensayos para el consumo propio, al ver los buenos resultados de los productos, se motivaron a emprender este negocio en compañía de su novio. - Las ventas han sido positivas y la colaboración entre campesinos, productores y comercializadores de este gremio es muy favorable para darse a conocer ya que todos tienen una mentalidad de cooperación mutua. - Para Camila y su novio es muy importante tener hábitos saludables, como… alimentarse saludable y orgánicamente, ejercitarse y educarse constantemente. Entrevista # 4 - Monica es la - Consumo de comercializadora alimentos de esta marca, la saludables Nombre: Monica Ramos cual inicio con su orgánicos y de un esposo después cultivo limpio.

65 Tabla 4. (continuación)

Emprendimiento: Green de que quiso - Cooperación entre & Green dedicarse a algo la sociedad. más a fin con su - Preservar la profesión. Naturaleza. - En este proyecto su esposo se encarga de cultivar algunos vegetales en un cultivo limpio (no solo orgánico) es decir que al no tener ningún químico que ayude al proceso. Debió innovar los procesos de la cosecha. - Ellos ofrecen suficiente variedad de verduras y vegetales, de las cuales algunas las cosechan Ellos y otras las obtienen por medio de otros proveedores a los cuales su esposo los asesora en el proceso de cosecha y así se asegura de que cumplan con los requisito para ofrecerlos por Green & Green. - Los clientes finales de su emprendimiento, son personas que tienen hábitos alimenticios saludables y que además los

66 Tabla 4. (continuación)

valoran pagando el precio justo, ya que al manejar procesos diferentes el P.V.P es mucho más alto que otros productos orgánicos pero que no vienen de un cultivo limpio. - Además de tener hábitos de alimentación saludable y orgánica. En este emprendimiento también se nota la solidaridad con otros emprendedores, debido a que al momento de comprar cualquier otro artículo que no venda Ella, lo busca en negocios de otros emprendedores y no en grandes superficies. - Mónica también tiene habilidades de Chef, y se dio cuenta de ello cuando hizo un jugo de una fruta llamada Arazá, la cual es una fruta muy rica pero para hacer su jugo se deben saber ciertos tips, los cuales solo Ella

67 Tabla 4. (continuación)

los puede hacer de la mejor manera. Cuando sus conocidos la felicitaron tanto por ese jugo decidió venderlo y ahora es uno de sus productos estrella. Entrevista # 5 - Alexander es una - Consumo de persona que le da alimentos bastante orgánicos y Nombre: Alexander importancia a su saludables. Vera alimentación y - Hábitos y mantener hábitos costumbres saludables como sanas. 28 años de Edad el ejercicio y - Socializar con rodearse con personas de su Consumidor gente con su misma ideología. Responsable misma ideología. - Cooperación entre - En su experiencia la sociedad. ha debido educarse para ser consciente de que productos debe consumir y en donde los puede comprar. - Existen clubs o talleres en donde personas con esta ideología se reúnen para compartir sus experiencias. Así, se informan de cómo pueden sustituir cientos alimentos como las salsas, conocer los sellos que identifican los alimentos

68 Tabla 4. (continuación)

saludables para el cuerpo, lugares en donde pueden comprar o salir a comer sabiendo que es saludable. - Alexander no le gusta tomar licor, ni trasnocharse ya que nada de esto le beneficia a su bienestar corporal. - Además de estos hábitos saludables, su mentalidad o forma de ver las cosas es con el fin de dar energía positiva a la sociedad con valores como la honestidad, colaboración, respeto y amabilidad. Entrevista # 6 - Estas 2 mujeres - Consumo de iniciaron su alimentos transformación orgánicos y Lina y Camila alimenticia en el saludables. momento que la - Aprendizaje por vida fittnes y internet. Consumidoras saludable se hizo - Hábitos que Responsables popular. Gracias a aporten al medio esto en el internet ambiente. y las redes - Mantener un sociales, se veía cuerpo ejercitado. información de - Ser compradores interés para razonables. personas que quisieran cambiar sus hábitos de consumo.

69 Tabla 4. (continuación)

- El alimentarse bien no es lo único importante para Ellas, ya que así como el proceso de alimentos nos puede afectar directa e indirectamente. Cualquier otro proceso de lo que compremos, también los hace. Por eso al momento de comprar incluso una blusa, Ellas primero quieres saber cómo labora esa marca con sus empleados y la sociedad. - Sin importar sus creencias religiosas, también les gusta estar atentas a otros hábitos que no son de la religión pero que si les benéfica a su cuerpo y mente como el Yoga. - En medio de tanto conocimiento nuevo en cuanto a los procesos de alimentos, no han decidido ser vegetarianas a pesar de que saben el mal trato que le dan a estos animales, aunque

70 Tabla 4. (continuación)

si procuran conocer de empresas que tengan un cuidado más humano con estas criaturas. Entrevista # 7 - Conoce bastante - Hábitos que sobre como aporten al medio alimentarse ambiente. Nombre: Francisco saludablemente, - Mantener un gracias a su cuerpo ejercitado. profesión. - Ser compradores Edad 64 años - Desde su infancia razonables. no le gusta la - Vida vegetariana Profesión: Biólogo y carne a pesar de saludable. Farmaceuta. que sus padres se - Conocimiento lo imponían ya gracias a su que en ese tiempo profesión. era casi un deber comer carne. - Es vegetariano y consume pocos lácteos y huevo. Gracias a su profesión se alimenta saludablemente con cereales, frutas, vegetales, aceites naturales. Evitando consumir conservantes, reducir la emisión de gases que produce el ganado. Logrando obtener una vida más saludable. Entrevista # 8 - Al entrar en la - Consumo de universidad inicio productos hacer ejercicio y orgánicos y Nombre: NN gracias a esto saludables. cambio su - Mantener cuerpo alimentación. ejercitado.

71 Tabla 4. (continuación)

Edad: 19 años - Cuando en su - Comprar hogar vieron que razonablemente. Ella misma Profesión: estudiante compraba su universitaria comida para alimentarse bien, su familia también Vive con la mamá, el se motivó a papá y un hermano comprar cosas menor. más saludables en el mercado. - Ella no consume gaseosa, no consume comida chatarra, el único enlatado que come es el atún y maneja una dieta a base de carnes blancas, vegetales y frutas. Entrevista # 9 - Por medio de la - Consumo de hipnosis clínica productos recordó que en su orgánicos y Entrevista a Andrés pasado masticaba saludables. Felipe la carne y cuando - Comprar le sacaba el jugo razonablemente. la escupía. - Vida vegetariana Edad 31 Además su padre saludable. era pesador Profesión: aficionado, llevaba Comunicador Social los peces vivos a la casa para verlos morir. De Estado civil: soltero esta forma confirmo su decisión de continuar con sus hábitos veganos. - Analiza muy detenidamente las tablas de contenido en los alimentos, con el

72 Tabla 4. (continuación)

fin de obtener una alimentación saludable, esto lo obliga a ser muy selectivo con los lugares en donde compra su comida. - Acude a médicos vegetarianos y comunidades con su ideología que le ayudan mantener sus hábitos saludables y sustituir vitaminas que solo tiene la carne. Entrevista # 10 - Debido a una - Consumo de lesión en la rodilla productos jugando futbol, se orgánicos y Juan David engordo y para saludables. recuperar su - Mantener cuerpo cuerpo saludable ejercitado. Edad 21 años inicio hacer - Comprar crossfit y manejar razonablemente. Estudiante una dieta comunicación social saludable. - Se alimenta con batidos, evita las 4° semestre grasas, consume productos en su mayoría orgánicos y es muy cumplido con sus horarios de alimentación. - Su madre trabaja con una compañía orgánica pero Ella no impone ese consumo en su casa, de igual manera mantienen

73 Tabla 4. (continuación)

hábitos saludables. Entrevista # 11 - Debido a que su - Consumo de padre es diabético productos la alimentación en orgánicos y Nombre: Liceth su casa es acorde saludables. al cuidado que - Mantener cuerpo debe tener El, ejercitado. Edad: 19 años. aunque Ella al - Comprar practicar crossfit razonablemente. Estudiante de tiene una dieta comunicación social. acorde a como se ejercita. - Su madre compra huevos de granja y va a tiendas naturistas para evitar las semillas Monsanto. - En la universidad le gusta comprar productos saludables para mantener su dieta. - Evita las frutas debido a que tienen mucha azúcar.

 Hallazgos de las entrevistas:

Los productores, comerciantes y consumidores de productos orgánicos que fueron entrevistados, mencionaron argumentos en donde se encontraban algunas subjetividades en común las cuales caracterizaron sus puntos de vista ante los hábitos saludables que ejercen ante su alimentación, cuidado personal y círculo social.

El consumo de alimentos orgánicos y saludables, comprar razonablemente, mantener un cuerpo ejercitado y la cooperación entre la sociedad; son elementos claves para el diario vivir de estas personas. Los entrevistados al momento de mencionar estos elementos, usaron argumentos en donde informarse y disponerse

74 son el secreto para poder adquirir estos hábitos que no son fáciles de adoptar debido al costo adicional que estos productos conllevan, el tiempo que tarda elaborar comida saludable sin necesidad de elementos artificiales y disponerse a comprar exclusivamente en lugares que cumplan con sus requerimientos en las etiquetas de los productos.

Por los motivos anteriormente mencionados esta elección de estilo de vida no es fácil de adquirir y requiere sacrificios. Aún más cuando las grandes compañías que procesan nuestros alimentos se enfocan en producir mayores ganancias y no alimentos saludables. Sin embargo está a sido una oportunidad para que los PYMES puedan incursionar en este mercado orgánico y ganar clientes que están siendo desatendidos por las multinacionales.

El círculo social de los entrevistados gira en torno de personas que comparten estos mismos ideales, debido a que estas personas no suelen hacer planes como tomar cerveza o comer una hamburguesa. Aquellos que tienen bien adoptados estos hábitos, conocen los restaurantes que cumplen con un menú realizado con sus necesidades y solo acuden a estos lugares. Incluso al llegar a tomar una cerveza pueden obtener una jaqueca superior a personas que suelen tomar licor ya que su cuerpo no está acostumbrado y no asimilan el licor, grasas saturadas, conservantes, etc.

Para alimentarse sanamente, se debe comprar razonablemente y para esto es crucial desear un bien común al querer usar recursos naturales sin mal gastarlos, ni acabarlos. Esta es una cadena que no se puede romper. Al desear cuidar tu cuerpo comiendo saludablemente, debes consumir frutas, verduras que se han cosechado armoniosamente con la naturaleza; la res, pollo, pescado o cerdo deben ser carnes obtenidas de animales bien alimentados y cuidados razonablemente. De esta forma es imposible alimentarse sanamente, sin ser un comprador razonable que al comer sepa que todo lo que use sean insumos que no causen consecuencias negativas a la naturaleza o vida animal.

 Categorización:

Al terminar el análisis de las entrevistas se analizaron y clasificaron. Este proceso dio como resultado la agrupación en cuatro grandes categorías: Consumo y comportamiento del consumidor, Consumo e identidad, Consumo responsable y sostenible, y Consumo simbolico. Posteriormente se realizaron las definiciones de cada categoría para completar el análisis de las subjetividades del consumidor orgánico.

75 - Consumo y comportamiento del consumidor: se desarrollaron los temas conceptos y definiciones de consumo, historia del consumo, tipos de consumo, aproximaciones teóricas y disciplinares sobre el consumo (sociología, psicología, antropología, estudios culturales del consumo), sociedad de consumo.

- Consumo simbólico: El consumo simbólico se caracteriza por el “investimento” con significados a los productos, logrando que su consumo trascienda el intercambio material y adquiera valor como símbolo de identidad o de identificación. Bajo esta mirada los productos no son valorados únicamente por la comodidad que proporcionan, sino por la información que expresan, a los otros, de su propietario y de las relaciones que este mantiene con los demás. El significado simbólico que le otorga el consumidor a los productos va en dos direcciones: hacia el exterior construyendo un mundo social y hacia el interior construyendo su autoidentidad. Levy (1959) afirma que las personas compran productos no solo por lo que estos hacen, sino también por lo que significan.

- Consumo e identidad: se desarrollaron los temas de consumo y construcción de identidad personal y social. La identidad como construcción, tipos de identidad, individualidad e individualismo.

- Consumo responsable y sostenible: se desarrollaron los temas característicos del consumo responsable, soberanía y seguridad alimentaria, insostenibilidad de la producción y consumo actuales, relación entre producción y consumo, tendencias en la producción y comercialización a nivel mundial, tendencias de consumo a nivel mundial, factores asociados a la insostenibilidad del sistema alimentario actual, GAP entre actitudes y comportamiento de consumo responsable y consumo orgánico. Se desarrollaron los temas de cuidado del medioambiente, preocupación por la salud y estilo de vida, calidad de productos.

 Marco teórico de las categorizaciones:

El marco teórico a continuación fue elabora en conjunto con la Docente Ana Lucia Jiménez, contiene las definiciones concisas de las anteriores categorizaciones mencionadas con base a autores especialistas en los ámbitos tratados. Las definiciones a continuación se profundizan en el informe final de la investigación de la Docente Ana Lucia Jiménez el cual desarrollo teniendo en cuenta mis aportes brindados como pasante de investigación en este proyecto.

76 Tabla 5. Referentes para construcción del marco teórico

Ejes temáticos Autores 1- Consumo y comportamiento del consumidor. - Lipovetsky, G. - Concepto de consumo - Severiano, M S. - Historia del consumo - Baudrillard, J - Aproximaciones teóricas y disciplinares al - Querella F & Ruiz de estudio del consumo Amaya. - Veblen, T. - Simmel, G. - López de Ayala, - García Canclini, N. - Solomon, M. - Schiffman, L.G. y Lazard Kanuk, L, 2- Consumo y construcción de identidad social e - Isherrwood, B. individual - Douglas, M. - Identidad como construcción. - Giménez, G - Individualidad – Individualismo - Campuzano - Tipos de identidad. 3- Consumo responsable y sostenible - Alonso, A. Sevillla, E, - Soberanía y seguridad alimentaria. Carraco, H y Tejada, S. - Consumo orgánico Everle, U, Spillor, A, Becker, T, Haisenhuber, A, Jeohauser, I, Sundrum, A.

Fuente: Soberanía alimentaria y comunicación para la sostenibilidad. Santiago de Cali, Colombia: Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.

 El comportamiento del consumidor:

El comportamiento del consumidor abarca procesos psicológicos que van desde el reconocimiento de necesidades, el encuentro de maneras para resolver estas necesidades, la recolección e interpretación de información, la realización de planes (comparación y compra de productos), la interpretación de estos planes, la toma de decisiones de compra (realizar o no la compra, seleccionar el lugar de compra de productos y elegir marcas) y, finalmente, el comportamiento posterior a la compra. En otras palabras, el estudio del comportamiento del consumidor implica el análisis de cómo se comportan las personas y las organizaciones cuando obtienen, usan o disponen de productos o servicios.

77 Por lo tanto, estudiar de qué manera se comporta el consumidor involucra el conocimiento de las actividades, el pensamiento y los sentimientos asociados a la compra, uso y disposición final de productos, servicios, experiencias e ideas. Esto significa entender el proceso del comportamiento del consumidor desde el qué, dónde, cuándo, cómo, quién, y con qué frecuencia los productos y servicios son adquiridos. Pero, el estudio del comportamiento del consumidor va mucho más allá de conocer el acto de compra; comprender lo que significan los productos y las marcas es, incluso, más importante. Entonces, el estudio del comportamiento del consumidor implica comprender cómo tener o no tener bienes afecta nuestras vidas y cómo nuestras posesiones influyen en la forma como nosotros sentimos acerca de nosotros mismos y acerca de los demás (Solomon, 2013).

5.3.1 Sociedad de consumo

La cantidad y calidad de productos y servicios que se consumen se han convertido en indicadores de la “calidad de vida” y además son la brújula o el termómetro que configura la psiquis de los consumidores, definiendo la percepción social del sujeto y su autopercepción. Las sociedades se han estructurado a partir de las leyes del consumo y de la imagen; la renovación constante y obligada de productos, la caducidad determinada por los cambios de la moda, la imagen que los medios y la publicidad venden la institucionalización del consumo y la normalización y control de la vida privada.

La sociedad de consumo manipula la vida individual y social. Este estilo de vida basado en las condiciones materiales de la existencia tiene sus raíces en la expansión capitalista y el surgimiento de las sociedades urbano-industriales de los siglos XV y XVII y la modernización del siglo XIX. En él se sustituyen los vínculos sociales basados en tradiciones locales por la lógica del mercado, este lleva a los individuos a sentirse perdidos y anónimos en las grandes ciudades. Y, frente a esta inestabilidad psicológica, la publicidad se constituyó en el referente cultural de gran importancia en la acción normativa de la sociedad, en reemplazo de los antiguos códigos éticos, políticos y religiosos. Lasch (1987): “Se ha generado una confusión entre democracia y el ejercicio de las preferencias del consumidor”.

La publicidad, como instancia simbólica, además de activar intensamente el deseo del consumidor, ofrece al individuo cierta estabilidad, referentes de identidad y la legitimación a la estructura de producción capitalista, a través de la estimulación de consumo. Además, funciona como vehículo para los códigos morales y éticos de la cultura narcisista basada en el consumo. La subjetivad contemporánea está basada en la unión entre la publicidad como productora de símbolos y el narcisismo como rasgo predominante de la personalidad del consumidor, teniendo como mayor

78 preocupación la realización individual y privada cimentada en el consumo. Esta industria cultural reivindica la belleza, la juventud, la felicidad, el éxito personal como bienes que se pueden consumir. (Lipovetsky, 2005):

En la sociedad de consumo postmoderna el consumo ha perdido casi por completo su simple función de satisfacción de necesidades. En la actualidad desempeña funciones como la autorrealización, la construcción de identidad, el control de estatus, el manejo de impresiones o el hedonismo imaginativo entre otras. Además, ir de compras es una actividad de entretenimiento, ocio, compensación y evasión socialmente aceptada (Reish, 2001).

La sociedad de consumo se caracteriza por aspectos como: la elevación del nivel de vida, la abundancia de los productos y servicios, el culto a los objetos y las diversiones y la moral hedonista y materialista. Pero, realmente su definición está determinada por la moda que reordena la producción y el consumo de masas, gracias a sus leyes de la obsolescencia, seducción y diversificación. En esta industria del consumo el proceso de fabricación obedece a los rápidos cambios de forma, modelo, serie. Y, esta a su vez conduce al consumidor a la compra compulsiva para cambiar sus productos por nuevos y así seguir en la dinámica del consumismo, pues siempre lo nuevo se verá como superior.

5.3.2 Consumo simbólico

El consumo simbólico se caracteriza por el “investimento” con significados a los productos, logrando que su consumo trascienda el intercambio material y adquiera valor como símbolo de identidad o de identificación. Bajo esta mirada los productos no son valorados únicamente por la comodidad que proporcionan, sino por la información que expresan, a los otros, de su propietario y de las relaciones que este mantiene con los demás. El significado simbólico que le otorga el consumidor a los productos va en dos direcciones: hacia el exterior construyendo un mundo social y hacia el interior construyendo su autoidentidad. Levy (1959) afirma que las personas compran productos no solo por lo que estos hacen, sino también por lo que significan.

Esta expresión del consumo simbólico se observa en relatos como el siguiente: “Se debe cocinar con un buen aceite que puede ser de oliva, girasol, maíz, ajonjolí o sésamo. Los aceites tienen una configuración química que es una escala variable que van hacia la izquierda o hacia la derecha”, en el cual se produce una trascendencia de la reproducción o intercambio material, toda vez que lo que

79 subyace el consumo de un conjunto de productos habla también de las trayectorias vitales de los seres humanos. En este caso, por ejemplo, datos como la composición química y el tipo de uso constituyen criterios a través de los cuales se produce un intercambio simbólico que les permite a los sujetos diferenciar y asignar sentido a sus decisiones de compra.

5.3.3 La nueva identidad del consumidor

El consumo sostenible surge entonces en el marco del hiperconsumo, el cual, según Lipovetsky, (2007) es la sobre abundancia consumista en la que se desenvuelve la vida occidental. La publicidad y los medios de comunicación refuerzan la idea de la promoción amplia de una vida mejor, los placeres de la vida se potencian y con ello el poseer objetos superfluos; consumir o comprar por comprar, se empieza a ver socialmente como comportamiento legítimo. Lipovetsky (2007, p. 35) habla de dos lógicas heterogéneas: la carrera por la estima y la carrera del placer. La jerarquía consumista propuesta por Lipovetsky, consagra el hedonismo como objetivo propicio del consumo y ante la mirada del consumo sostenible se reorganiza, porque se toma en función de objetivos, gustos y criterios individuales.

La primacía de los criterios individuales sobre la comercialización moderna de las necesidades, se articula para cierto grupo social, como una lógica desinstitucionalizada, subjetiva, y emocional. La desinstitucionalización es la manera como Lipovetsky (2007) denomina a un elemento estructurante que se inscribe en el ideal del final de los grandes proyectos, que antes, propendían por la homogenización de prácticas y gustos. Así, puede decirse que un elemento unificador pudo ser el consumo como símbolo de estatus que se articuló con el consumo por el placer. Esto es lo que constituye la identidad del consumidor hedonista. Pero ésta no es la única identidad que persiste, junto a ella, se desarrollan identidades que se resisten al sistema dominante.

 Subjetividad y construcción de sentido

Como parte de las construcciones que los sujetos hacen de su realidad y la negociación de sentido que atraviesa sus interacciones cotidianas, se produce un ordenamiento simbólico que sirve de marco de actuación para las personas y el despliegue de sus prácticas. El consumo, por supuesto, es consustancial a esa asignación de significado en la vida cotidiana y, por tanto, ocupa un lugar fundamental en la comprensión del modo en que viven y edifican sus vidas los seres humanos hoy.

El consumo revela no solo tendencias en los estilos de vida de los sujetos, sino que subyace capas más profundas de un amplio espectro en el que convergen gustos, percepciones, deseos, proyecciones, condiciones materiales, posicionamientos discursivos, entre otros, y elementos esenciales que rebasan la visión meramente psíquica e individual con la que se suele definir la práctica del consumo. Se trata, por tanto, de aspectos que se ubican en un lugar más profundo del andamiaje social y cultural, y suponen una mirada que aborde la perspectiva tanto individual como colectiva del fenómeno.

 Consumo responsable y sostenible

El consumo responsable es un concepto que ha sido definido por diferentes organizaciones políticas, sociales y ecológicas, el cual se basa en la idea de ajustar los hábitos de consumo humano a las necesidades reales y en sustentar su decisión de compra en productos que favorezcan la conservación del medioambiente. No obstante, para una comprensión, en su totalidad, de este concepto y paralelo a ello su desarrollo y aplicación en la sociedad, es necesario comprender otros conceptos que permitan construir un contexto con las diferentes variables que afectan o permiten generar un consumo responsable.

La concepción de consumo responsable se ha asentado también a partir de los desafíos y las preguntas que la emergencia y el desarrollo de las sociedades contemporáneas ha traído consigo, en relación con asuntos que han ocupado las agendas públicas durante las últimas décadas, como el deterioro de los escosistemas, la sobreexplotación ambiental, las prácticas de consumo perniciosas, el estado crítico de los recursos ambientales, entre otros. En este contexto, han surgido también diversas maneras de asumir este momento histórico para la humanidad y de hacer frente a los retos antes enunciados, y, en consecuencia, se ha configurado un sujeto que agencia otro tipo de discursos y prácticas alrededor del consumo.

Este consumidor responsable ha hecho una reflexión más amplia sobre su alimentación y ha tomado acciones no solo en cuanto a aspectos relacionados con la cadena de producción y el origen de aquello que consume, sino con el impacto que dicho consumo tiene sobre temas como la salud, la huella medioambiental, el maltrato animal, etc. A partir de estas elaboraciones, se construyen repertorios de acción que se enfocan en incorporar a la vida cotidiana hábitos y prácticas coherentes con tales posturas.

81 6. RECURSOS

 Recursos institucionales:

 Biblioteca UAO

 Salas de sistemas

 Grupos de investigación

 Facultad de comunicación social

 Aulas de clase

 Equipo de multimedia

 Talento humano:

Docentes: Ana Lucia Jiménez y Carmen Elisa Lerma Cruz

Estudiante, asistente de investigación: José Luis García Ruíz

 Recursos financieros:

Los recursos financieros fueron invertidos en transporte para llegar a zonas comerciales en donde se abordó en frio a consumidores de alimentos orgánicos, con la finalidad de que nos permitieran entrevistarlos. Posteriormente las entrevistas se realizaron en instalaciones de la universidad y en centros comerciales. Además del transporte, el refrigerio que en algunas ocasiones se brindó a los entrevistados, fue asumido por los docentes y el estudiante con sus recursos propios.

82 7. CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES

FECHA DE ACTIVIDAD FECHA DE FINALIZACIÓN INICIO Búsqueda en Septiembre 3 Septiembre 25 del 2018 ESCOPUS del 2018 Análisis de datos Septiembre 29 Octubre 4 del 2018 obtenidos del 2018 Obtener datos de Octubre 8 del consumidores en Octubre 15 del 2018 2018 mercado orgánico Realizar entrevista a Octubre 18 del Octubre 28 del 2018 consumidores 2018 Transcribir audios de Noviembre 1 del Noviembre 25 del 2018 entrevistas en texto 2018 Tabular subjetividades en Abril 16 del Abril 29 del 2019 común de las 2019 entrevistas Analizar Mayo 2 del 2019 Mayo 17 del 2019 subjetividades

A manera de cierre:

Teniendo en cuenta que el papel del Pasante de Investigación era de apoyo al proceso de las profesoras Carmen Elisa Lerma y Ana Lucía Jiménez, y dado que la profesora Lerma se retiró en diciembre de 2018, el Consejo de Facultad asignó la continuidad del trabajo con la profesora Ana Lucía Jiménez. Con ella se aplicaron las entrevistas y luego se coordinó la elaboración de la categorización del contenido de las mismas para concluir el estudio de las subjetividades que construye el consumidor orgánico.

83 8. CONCLUSIONES

A continuación mencionare las conclusiones de mis objetivos realizados como pasante en este proyecto, los objetivos fueron: 1. La búsqueda del estado del arte, 2. Reforzar el marco teórico y 3. Desarrollo de las entrevistas en el trabajo de campo.

En la búsqueda del estado del arte en la base de datos de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente por medio de la plataforma Scopus en la Biblioteca Virtual de la Universidad, se analizaron un total de 192 documentos publicados entre el año 2014 y 2018 en las áreas de Psicología, Neurociencia, Ciencias Naturales, Agricultura y Ciencias Biológicas. Estos documentos encontrados estaban redactados en diferentes tipos de escritos, tales como: libros, artículos de revistas, conferencias, editoriales, etc. La digitalización de cada uno de estos documentos fue clasificándolos bajo las palabras clave buscadas y registrados con su respectivo título, autor, año de publicación, área de conocimiento, fuente y resumen de cada uno.

Esto me permitió reforzar el marco teórico en donde se redactaron las conclusiones de cada una de las palabras claves buscadas. Las definiciones aportaron información importante para que los docentes elaboraran la entrevista que se ejecutaría en el trabajo de campo a 11 personas que fueran consumidores orgánicos. Estas personas las aborde en frio para presentarles el proyecto de investigación, con el fin de que me permitieran entrevistarlas en los días siguientes. Los entrevistados fueron captados en mercados de productos orgánicos como FARMERS MARKET, el cual es un mercado compuesto por diferente emprendedores con marcas de productos orgánicos, este mercado que maneja un concepto de feria comercial es nómada y se ubica en zonas comerciales por uno o máximo tres días en lugares como el Centro Comercial Unicentro de Cali, El Parque del Triángulo en el Barrio San Fernando y en el Bario el Peñón.

Después de realizar las entrevistas grabándolas en audio, se transcribieron para posteriormente tabular las subjetividades encontradas en cada uno de los individuos para al final de la tabulación realizar un análisis de los hallazgos en las entrevistas. En donde se apreció el comportamiento, forma de pensar, estilo de vida, intereses y comunicación de los consumidores de productos orgánicos. Así evidencie la manera cooperativa en que estos consumidores orgánicos comparten su conocimiento con el fin de aprender nuevas recetas para preparar platos completamente orgánicos, socializar los lugares en donde logran encontrar ciertos alimentos que son difíciles de adquirir ya que deben de cumplir ciertos estándares para considerarse orgánico e incluso socializar restaurantes que manejen productos

84 orgánicos para poderlos visitar y saber que están siendo atendidos bajo sus ideales de consumo razonable.

Además fue gratificante concluir que los concepto estudiados en los documentos del estado del arte coincidieron con los hallazgos encontrados en los entrevistados en el trabajo de campo, como: La necesidad de aportar positivamente al medio ambiente, El gusto por tener hábitos saludables como ejercitarse físicamente, El interés por una alimentación saludable para su cuerpo, El constante aprendizaje en torno a sus ideales de buen vivir, entre otras.

Al finalizar mis 3 objetivos planteados por los docentes a cargo, se realizaron las debidas categorizaciones con su definición y estudio. Concluyendo de esta manera mi pasantía de investigación profesoral.

85 9. RECOMENDACIONES

Los estudiantes que deseen graduarse por medio de esta modalidad, deben indagar sobre el tema a investigar para saber si tienen un interés personal en él, con el fin de que disfruten el proceso de investigación, ya que es un proceso enriquecedor para la formación profesional. A la vez es un proceso dispendioso que requiere disciplina para culminarlo, por lo cual considero que es crucial tener aprecio por el tema a investigar.

Esta modalidad tiene la ventaja de que estas guiado por un docente que tiene un interés personal y profesional en el tema a investigar, teniendo en cuenta que uno como estudiante está entrando a ser parte a una investigación ya planteada por ellos mismos. Al ser un tema plateado por un grupo de profesionales, da a entender que es un tema realmente relevante para el área profesional que se trabajara.

En mi carrera universitaria llegue a poner en practica 3 modalidades de proyecto de grado, la primera, fue con un tema de investigación propio, aquí al llegar a la mitad del proceso de investigación, perdía el interés por el tema ya que lo empezaba a considerar banal para mis metas profesionales. Además, esta primera experiencia fue en compañía de otro estudiante, en donde entenderse con otra persona en un proyecto tan importante en tu vida es algo que para mí fue complicado.

La segunda modalidad fue por medio de un proyecto de emprendimiento, el cual avance un poco y a pesar de que soy un emprendedor de negocios, percibí que para que el proyecto fuera aprobado debía incurrir en una inversión económica con la que no contaba y por tal motivo no podría hacer realidad el proyecto.

Por esto concluí realizar mi proyecto de grado como pasante de una investigación profesoral, realice tareas que fueron de gran ayuda para cumplir con los objetivos de una investigación avalada, aprendí sobre un tema de interés personal y reforcé conceptos, metodologías y conocimientos que me permitirán ser un profesional integro.

REFERENCIAS

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Aparicio, A. (2011). “Bienestar subjetivo del consumidor”. Argumentos, 24(67),67- 91 Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/595/59521370004.pdf

Aparicio, A. (2019). “Felicidad y aspiraciones crecientes de consumo en la sociedad posmoderna”. Argumentos, 24(67) Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/595/59521370004.pdf

Bauman, Z. (2007). Vida de consumo. México: Fondo de cultura económica.

Concepto Definición (2018). Definición de subjetividad. Recuperado de: https://conceptodefinicion.de

Goffman, E (2009). La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana. 2ª ed. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.

Goffman, E (2010). Estigma e identidad social. 2ª ed. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.

González, J. e Ika, T. (2014) Factores personales que influencian el consumo hedonista. Chile: Universidad de Chile.

Jimenez A.L. (2019) Soberanía alimentaria y comunicación para la sostenibilidad. Santiago de Cali: Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.

Lerma, C.E. (2016). “Rituales de consumo y su relación con la construcción de identidad personal y social”. Recuperado de http://www.revistalatinacs.org/16SLCS/libro-colectivo.html

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87 Mora González, Marcos Germán, Magner Pulgar, Nicolás Santiago, & Marchant Silva, Ricardo. (2010). Segmentación de mercado de acuerdo a estilos de vida de consumidores de vino orgánico de la región metropolitana de Chile. Idesia (Arica), 28(3), 25-33 Recuperado de: https://scielo.conicyt.cl

Najera, Olivia (2002). El café orgánico en México. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, (48), Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org

Salgado Beltrán, L, Subirá Lobera, M E, y Beltrán Morales, L F (2009). Consumo orgánico y conciencia ambiental de los consumidores. Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía, 40(157),189-199 Disponible es: http://www.scielo.org.mx

ANEXOS

Anexo A. Cuadro

Este Plan de trabajo expresa la continuidad del Proyecto mencionado al cual aporte mis labores como pasante. El cual fue aprobado según Resolución No 6889 – 31 de Julio del 2014. Los resultados preliminares presentados en junio de 2017 corresponden al primer año de la primera fase proyectada para 18 meses cuyo objetivo es “visibilizar experiencias rurales y urbanas, que desarrollen prácticas de transformación social integradas a la lógica de esta cadena productiva”.

Por lo tanto, el cuadro que se presenta a continuación recoge las actividades de culminación de la primera fase y el inicio de la segunda que está contemplada igualmente para 18 meses y cuyo objetivo es: “Propiciar un encuentro intercultural de experiencias vinculadas a la cadena de producción, circulación y consumo de alimentos, que reconozcan, en este encadenamiento, prácticas relacionadas con la soberanía alimentaria y estudiar en él los procesos de comunicación propios de su constitución”.

El cuadro está diseñado con base en la estructura de los proyectos de investigación que se refiere al aporte de la investigación en docencia, producción intelectual, extensión y apropiación social del conocimiento.

Actividades de Descripción Cronograma Responsables investigación Ajustes a la - Ajustes Marco Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y primera etapa teórico y Estado del Enero 2018 Carmen c. de la arte. Rivera investigación. - Caracterización de Ana Lucia las poblaciones Jimenez y objeto de estudio de Carmen Elisa la cadena: Lerma Cruz producción – distribución – comercialización – consumo. - Construcción de instrumentos para recolección de datos.

- Propuesta plan de integración proyecto Buen vivir para consolidación del programa de investigación. Trabajo de - Continuaremos la Agosto de 2017 – Solón Calero y campo indagación entre enero 2018 Carmen c. productores e Rivera intermediarios e iniciaremos la exploración etnográfica con los “Guardianes de Febrero 2018 – Semillas” agosto 2019 - 2)Iniciaremos la segunda fase del proyecto correspondiente a las actividades de intervención en campo - Construcción de Febrero 2018 – Ana Lucia instrumentos para diciembre 2018 Jimenez y recolección de Carmen Elisa trabajo de campo Lerma Cruz con consumidores. Enero 2019 – - Realización del agosto 2019 campo con consumidores: etapa cualitativa y cuantitativa. Apropiación y Plataforma Digital: Octubre 2017 y Solón Calero y gestión social Red digital de continua hasta Carmen c. del estudios y prácticas terminar la tercera Rivera Conocimiento en Comunicación y fase de la Soberanía alimentaria investigación

Durante esta primera etapa, optaremos por dos modalidades comunicativas: a) Cursos masivos y abiertos en línea - Mooc

90 –. Cursos de acceso abierto a la comunidad global cuyos integrantes son los encargados de dinamizar las actividades diseñadas por los investigadores alrededor de problemas concretos de la investigación en curso.

b) Ambientes colaborativos de aprendizaje. Entre todas las modalidades posibles que se ofrecen, elegimos la modalidad de blog en el ámbito de las redes sociales. Consolidación Continuaremos con la Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y de las bases construcción de dicha enero 2018 Carmen c. de datos de la base de datos con el fin Rivera cadena de recopilar los insumos productiva de que retroalimentarán la alimentos plataforma digital y los orgánicos encuentros con los agentes involucrados

Producción Dos artículos de Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y intelectual divulgación científica. Agosto 2018 Carmen c. Autoría individual Rivera Un capítulo de libro. Autoría compartida. Dos artículos de Octubre 2017 – Ana Lucia divulgación científica. Agosto 2018 Jimenez y Autoría individual Carmen Elisa Un capítulo de libro. Lerma Cruz Autoría compartida. Producción 1) Continuaremos con Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y curricular la electiva de pregrado: Agosto 2018 Carmen c. Comunicación para el Rivera cambio social. Haremos los ajustes requeridos en el marco del

proyecto de investigación. 2) Ajustes a los programas de doctorado: Cambio Social, Sostenibilidad y Comunicación I y II. - Propuesta de curso Septiembre 2017 Ana Lucia electivo para – Marzo 2018 Jimenez y estudiantes de Carmen Elisa pregrado de la Lerma Cruz Facultad de Comunicación Social Eventos 1) Participación con Diciembre 2017 Solón Calero y ponencias en el Carmen c. Congreso de la Rivera Asociación Latinoamericana de Primer encuentro: Sociología ALAS Diciembre 2017 Ana Lucia 2) Participación en la Segundo Jimenez y organización de dos encuentro: Julio Carmen Elisa encuentros de 2018 Lerma Cruz experiencias adscritas a los temas del Programa de Investigación Mayo de 2019 3) Coloquio de Comunicación para la sostenibilidad: Además de ser anfitriones del evento en el ámbito del Programa de Investigación para una sociedad sostenible, participaremos como ponentes en el mismo. Extensión Plataforma de diálogo Las reuniones se Solón Calero y académica “Sistemas efectúan cada Carmen c. Alimentarios mes en la Escuela Rivera Sostenibles” de Salud Pública Está compuesta por de la Universidad diversos grupos de del Valle investigación de la ciudad adscritos a la U del Valle, CIAT, U

Nacional y UAO, interesados en apoyar e intervenir de manera transdisciplinaria proyectos de soberanía alimentaria y de seguridad alimentaria que toman lugar en la Región Sur Occidental. Es un espacio de discusión concebido para incidir en aquellas políticas públicas que mediante acciones gubernamentales regulan la alimentación desde los ámbitos de la producción, la circulación y el consumo de alimentos. Dirección de Tres proyectos de Diciembre 2017 Solón Calero y proyectos de pregrado y Tres Carmen c. grado - proyectos de posgrado Rivera en Comunicación, articulados al proyecto de Soberanía alimentaria y comunicación para la sostenibilidad

Dirección de - Participar en la Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y proyectos de convocatoria interna Agosto 2018 Carmen c. grado y de semilleros de Rivera Ana semilleros investigación. Lucia Jimenez - Dirección de 3 y Carmen Elisa proyectos por Lerma Cruz semestre de estudiantes de la Facultad vinculados al semilleros SIENCO Semilleros de Este semestre se Agosto 2017 – Solón Calero y Investigación integrarán tres agosto 2018 Carmen c. estudiantes que se Rivera

93 dedicarán al proceso de gestión de huertas urbanas