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Gatley, David Alan (1984) 16-19 Year Olds in Three Northern New Towns: Their Political, Economic and Social Outlooks and Aspirations

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Gatley, David Alan (1984) 16-19 Year Olds in Three Northern New Towns: Their Political, Economic and Social Outlooks and Aspirations Gatley, David Alan (1984) 16-19 Year Olds in Three Northern New Towns: Their Political, Economic and Social Outlooks and Aspirations. Masters thesis, Sunderland Polytechnic. Downloaded from: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/6362/ Usage guidelines Please refer to the usage guidelines at http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected]. 16-19 YEAR OLDS IN THREE NORTHERN NEW THEIR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OUTLOOKS AND ASPIRATIONS A thesis submitted to the Council for National Academic Awards in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy. by David Alan Gatley Sunderland Polytechnic August 1984 DEDICATION To my nieces and nephews. ii DECLARATION While registered for the degree of Master of Philosophy, for which the present submission is made, the author has not been a registered candidate for any other award, either of the C.N.A.A. or any University. The work was carried out in the Department of Teaching Studies at Sunderland Polytechnic between September 1982 and August 1984, and is believed to be wholly original1 except where due reference is made. Ah advanced course of study on the principles of educational and sociological research was also undertaken in partial fulfilment of the requirements of this degree. iii CONTENTS Chapters 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 32 3. The Main Characteristics of the Sample 62 4. Education in the Three New Towns 80 5. Young People Employment, Unemployment and 116 Youth Training 6. Young People in their Local Communities 145 7. The Political Attitudes of Young People 185 8. Conclusions 247 Bibliography 257 Appendices A. Methodology 1 B. Supplementary Tables 13 c. The Questionnaire 24 iv TABLES Chapter 1.1 The Proportion of those Aged Under Twenty 16 in the Three New Towns 1.2 The Occupational Structures of the Three 20 New Towns 1.3 The Class Structures of the Three New Towns 23 2.1 References to Young People in New Town 33 Master Plans 2.2 Class and Voting (1963) 41 2.3 Unemployed School Leavers 1978-82 47 (Monthly Averages) 2.4 Percent of the Popular Vote Obtained by 56 the Three Major Parties 2.5 Class-related Voting in the 1983 General 57 Election 3.1 Numbers of Brothers and Sisters by 63 New Town 3.2 The Employment Status of Young People 63 3.3 Origins of Respondents' Families in 65 Kilometres from the New Town 3.4 Lengths of Time Resident in the New Towns 66 in Years 3.5 Reasons Cited for Moving to the New Towns 67 3.6 Occupations of Respondents' Fathers by New Town 68 3.7 Differences in the Occupations of Respondents' 70 Fathers and Males in the 1981 Census 3.8 Occupational Classification of Respondents' 71 Mothers by New Town 4.1 Peterlee Secondary Schools (January 1984) 83 4.2 Secondary Schools in 'i'Tashington (1983-4) 86 4.3 Threefold Classification of Examination Results 89 of 1983 Fifth Formers v Chapter 4.4 Languages TaugfLt in Ne:w Town Schools 90 4.5 Subj ect.s Undertaken by Sex 92 4.6 Numbers of CSEs and GCE 'O' Levels by 94 New Town 4.7 Numbers of GCE 'O' Levels by Sex 96 4.8 Numbers of GCE 'O' Levels by Social Class 97 4.9 Numbers of GCE '0' Levels by Family Size 98 4.10 Academic Success in Each New Town 99 4.11 A.P.R. in the Three Education Authorities 101 (1980-81) 4.12 A.P.R. of 16-17 Year Olds by New Town 102 (April 1984) 4.13 Characteristics of Young People who have Participated in Further Education 103 4.14 Sizes of Upper Sixth Forms in New Town Schools 106 4.15 GCE 'A' Level Courses in Schools and Colleges 107 4.16 'A' Level Classification of New Town Schools 108 and Colleges 4.17 Characteristics of Young People who have llO Undertaken 'A' Levels 4.18 Vocational Subjects Available to New Town ll2 Students 4.19 Vocational Courses Undertaken by Respondents 114 5.1 Unemployment in the Three New Towns (1983) 121 5.2 Age Structure of the Unemployed (1984-85) 121 5.3 Economically Active School Leavers 123 (April 1984) 5.4 New Town Commu":2::-s (1981) 125 5.5 Attitudes Towards Vocational Guidance 127 5.6 Attitudes Towards ffelp in Finding Jobs 128 vi Chapter 5.7 Economic Status of Respondents 130 5.8 Occupational Analysis of Respondents 131 5.9 Work Place of Young Employers 133 5.10 Numbers of GCE 'O' Levels by Economic Status 134 5.11 Intention to Remain in Present Job by Job 136 Satisfaction 5.12 Attitudes Towards the Cost of Travelling 138 to Work 5.13 Characteristics of those Undertaking Government 139 Schemes 5.14 Attitudes Towards Training Opportunities 140 5.15 Present Economic Status of Youth Trainees 143 6.1 Attitudes Towards New Town Housing 157 6.2 OVerall Attitudes Towards Shops by New Town 160 6.3 Attitudes Towards the Choice of Clothing in 161 Shops 6.4 Differences in Attitudes Towards Shopping 162 Facilities 6.5 Attitudes Towards Public Utilities 164 6.6 Entertainment Available in the Three New Towns 166 6.7 Membership of Clubs and Societies 167 6.8 Membership of Various Clubs and Societies 168 6.9 Dissatisfaction with Entertainment Facilities 169 6.10 Attitudes Towards Sporting Facilities 171 7.1 Seats Held by the Labour Party and Others in 194 District Elections (1973-83) 7.2 Factors Influencing the Labour Party Vote 7.3 Interest in Politics and Political Knowledge 205 7.4 'Voting is a Waste of Time' by Educational 209 Attainment 7.5 'Governments do More Harm than Good' by 210 Educational Attainment vii Chapter 7.6 Party by New Tow.n and S.ex 222 7.7 Reasons Given for Supporting the Parties 224 7.8 Parents' Party Preferences by Party Choice 7.9 Occupational Class by Party Choice 230 7.10 Self-assigned Social Class by Party Choice 231 7.11 Origin of Respondents' Families by 232 Party Choice 7.12 Most Important Issue by Party 234 7.13 Perceived Ideological Placing of the Main 236 Political Parties 7.14 First Choice Party by Second Choice Party 237 7.15 Numbers of Consistent Transfers by Party 238 7.16 Mean Scores Obtained by Party Supporters 240 on Ten Attitude Questions 7.17 'Trades Unions Have to Much Power' by Party 241 7.18 'Banning Nuclear Weapons from Britain' by 242 Party 7.19 Mean Scores on the Left-Right Continuum 242 by Party 7.20 Pearson Correlation Coefficients 243 Appendices A.l Sample Response Rates by New Town 9 A.2 Statistical Tests and Sub-programs Utilized 12 B.l Traditional Subjects Undertaken at CSE and 14 GCE 'O' Level by 1983 School Leavers B.2 Social Skills Subjects Undertaken at CSE and 15 GCE 'O' Level by 1983 School Leavers B. 3 Vocational Subjects Undertaken at CSE and 16 GCE 'O' Level by 1983 School Leavers B.4 'A' Level Subjects Undertaken by 1983 Sixth 17 Formers viii Appendices B.S 'A' Level Subjects Undertaken by Respondents 18 B.6 Numerical Values Assigned to CSE and GCE 'O' 19 Level Examination Passes B.7 Projected Numbers of 16-17 Year Olds in Each 20 New Town B.8 Projected Numbers of 16-17 Year Olds Participating 21 in Further Education in Each New Town B.9 The Percentage Labour Party Vote in County Durham and the United Kingdom at General Elections from 22 1918 to 1983 B.lo The Mean Labour Party Vote in the Parliamentary 23 Constituencies Containing the Three New Towns ix FIGURES 1.1 Peterlee New Town 29 1.2 Cramlington New Town 30 1.3 Washington New Town 31 4.1 Projected Numbers of 16-17 Year Olds 104 Entering Further Education 5.1 Projected Numbers of 16 Year Olds by 102 New Town 6.1 The Male and Female Life Cycles 153 7.1 Percentage Labour Party Vote in 187 County Durham and the United Kingdom 7.2 The Relationship between the Voter, Class 218 and Party 7.3 The Relationship between Attitudes and 219 Party Choice X PLATES l. Cott.ages 74 2. Modernized Cottage Interiors 75 3. Peter Lee 76 4-5 Old Towns 77 6-7 Cramlington 'Old' and 'New' 78 8-11 Washington New Town 79 12-13 Modern Housing in Peterlee 177 14-15 Green Fields 178 16-17 Substandard Housing in Peterlee 179 18-19 Old Properties 180 20-21 Shopping Facilities 181 22-23 The Miners 182 24-25 Peterlee Youth Centre 183 26-27 Graffiti 184 xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This. thesis would not have been poss:ible \vithout the help and co-operation of many people and institutions. First and foremos.t, of course, there are those young people from the three new towns who were willing to talk so freely about their families, education, work, attitudes, and aspirations. The Cramlington Sub-Committee, the Peterlee and Washington Development Corporations, the District Councils of Easington, Blyth Valley and Sunderland, and the Careers Advisory Service have all provided first-rate co-operation. I would like to thank in particular Mrs. Linda Watson, until recently the Social Development Officer with the Cramlington New Town Group, Mrs. Jean Newton of the Cramlington Youth Project, and those . town and district councillors who gave up their time to assist me in this project. Finance was provided by Sunderland Polytechnic, where I was supervised by Professor James Lynch of the Department of Teaching Studies, and received help from Miss Win Findlay, Mr.
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