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The Crime Against Cultural Heritage and Historical Memory: the Question of Abandoned Property I
DR. Dickran KOUymjian Haig & Isabel Berberian Chair Emeritus Professor of Armenian Studies, Emeritus and former Director of the Armenian Studies Program, California State University, Fresno THE CRIME AGAINST CUltUral HeritaGE AND Historical Memory: THE QUESTION OF AbanDONED Property I. IntroDUction of their Republic. If the genocide of Nearly a century after the inception of slaughter and ethnic annihilation was the Armenian genocide, the survivors accomplished as the prelude to the foun- and their progeny still wait for acknowl- dation of the Turkish Republic, the oth- edgement of the act by its perpetrators. er genocide, the crime against Armenian The Armenian homeland is now called culture and historic memory, continues. by another name and inhabited by peo- The Armenian Genocide is unac- ple who negate the historical existence knowledged, unpunished, little known, of Armenians on these territories. The and still denied by its instigators. It be- Turkish Republic deprived Armenians gan in April 1915, in Istanbul, after the of their past by obliterating the words Turks entered World War I on the side Armenia and Armenians from its school of the Axis Powers. It was preceded by manuals, history books, and geography. widespread massacres in 1894 -1896 With time, Armenians must try harder and again in 1909. During the first year and harder to associate changed names more than a million Armenians were of towns and villages with the birth- killed or died during forced marches places of their forbearers. New genera- toward the Syrian deserts.1 tions of Turks, purposely kept ignorant about the past of their country, remain Already by 1916, the British Parliament indifferent toward events that occurred published The Treatment of the less than a decade before the founding Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, a 1. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
Stoney Road out of Eden: the Struggle to Recover Insurance For
Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 2012 Stoney Road Out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights Jeffrey W. Stempel University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law Sarig Armenian David McClure University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub Part of the Contracts Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Insurance Law Commons, Law and Politics Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the President/Executive Department Commons Recommended Citation Stempel, Jeffrey W.; Armenian, Sarig; and McClure, David, "Stoney Road Out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights" (2012). Scholarly Works. 851. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/851 This Article is brought to you by the Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law, an institutional repository administered by the Wiener-Rogers Law Library at the William S. Boyd School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STONEY ROAD OUT OF EDEN: THE STRUGGLE TO RECOVER INSURANCE FOR ARMENIAN GENOCIDE DEATHS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF STATE AUTHORITY, CONTRACT RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Je:jrev' W. Stempel Saris' ArInenian Davi' McClure* Intro d uctio n .................................................... 3 I. The Long Road to the Genocide Insurance Litigation ...... 7 A. The Millet System of Non-Geographic Ethno-Religious Administrative Autonomy ........................... -
Genocide Studies and Prevention: an International Journal
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13 Issue 1 Revisiting the Life and Work of Raphaël Article 2 Lemkin 4-2019 Full Issue 13.1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2019) "Full Issue 13.1," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 1: 1-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.13.1 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss1/2 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISSN 1911-0359 eISSN 1911-9933 Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13.1 - 2019 ii ©2019 Genocide Studies and Prevention 13, no. 1 iii Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/ Volume 13.1 - 2019 Editorials Christian Gudehus, Susan Braden, Douglas Irvin-Erickson, JoAnn DiGeorgio-Lutz, and Lior Zylberman Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Benjamin Meiches and Jeff Benvenuto Guest Editorial: Between Hagiography and Wounded Attachment: Raphaël Lemkin and the Study of Genocide ...............................................................................................................2 Articles Jonathan -
Books on the Armenian Genocide Non- Fiction
Books on the Armenian Genocide Non- Fiction: Survivors: An Oral History of the Armenian Genocide by Laura Touryan Miller, Donald Eugene (1999) Grade 11+ Survivors is a compilation of interviews with survivors of the Armenian Genocide who recount their experiences during the tragic event. Teacher Resources: o https://www.armenian- genocide.org/Education.19/current_category.122/resourceguide_detail.html ____________________________________________________________________ To the Desert: Pages from my Diary by Vahram Dadrian (2003) Grade 11+ The diary of a child in the Armenian Genocide. An unusual narrative, it describes the fate of thousands of Armenians who were sent not to Der Zor in 1915, but to the wastelands south of Aleppo, as far as Maan and Es Salt in Jordan. Teacher Resources: o https://www.leeandlow.com/uploads/loaded_document/37/My_Diary_from_Here_to_Ther e_TG.pdf _____________________________________________________________________ Vergeen: A Survivor of the Armenian Genocide by Mae Derdanan (1997) Grade 11+ This is a true story of a girl’s undefeatable will to survive the Armenian genocide. Through her recollections, the brutalities endured by two million Armenians during World War I come to a reality. _______________________________________________________________________ A Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts by Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charney (1995) Grade 10+ This first-hand account details the causes and ramifications of the genocides perpetrated in the twentieth century -
Secret Armies and Revolutionary Federations: the Rise and Fall of Armenian Political Violence, 1973-1993 Christopher Gunn
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Secret Armies and Revolutionary Federations: The Rise and Fall of Armenian Political Violence, 1973-1993 Christopher Gunn Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES SECRET ARMIES AND REVOLUTIONARY FEDERATIONS: THE RISE AND FALL OF ARMENIAN POLITICAL VIOLENCE, 1973-1993 By CHRISTOPHER GUNN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2014 Christopher Gunn defended this dissertation on July 8, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Dissertation Mark Souva University Representative Michael Creswell Committee Member Will Hanley Committee Member Edward Wynot Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To Felix and Maxim iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the last eight years, I have become indebted to a number of individuals and organizations that helped, assisted, and encouraged me as I pursued my doctorate in history and this research project in particular. Without them, I would never have completed this journey. I owe a special thanks to the late Daniel Walbolt, and his spouse, Sylvia, who have generously supported the Department of History at Florida State University, and who provided the means for my fellowship at the University. I am extremely grateful for the patience and guidance of my advisor, Dr. -
Full Issue 1.2
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 1 September 2006 Full Issue 1.2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2006) "Full Issue 1.2," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 1. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Significance of the Armenian Genocide after Ninety Years Roger W. Smith Each genocide provides a foundation for subsequent horrors. Each historical misrepresentation of efforts to exterminate a particular ethnic group increases the likelihood that such efforts will be undertaken again in another time and place. That over one million Armenian men, women, and children could have been subjected to genocide by the Young Turk government in 1915 and that the world for many years would not remember is profoundly disturbing. Not to remember the suffering of the victims is, above all, a failure of humanity and compassion on our part—a lack of respect and care for fellow humans who have fallen victim to the ultimate outrage against justice, the death of a people. We do not ordinarily think of the dead as having rights, but there is at least one they possess: the right to have the world ‘‘hear and learn the truth about the circumstances of their death.’’1 This is the one right that, ninety years later, can still be restored to them, and surely we can do no less. -
1 the Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Policy Toward the Ottoman Empire and the Armenian Question 1
Notes 1 The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Policy toward the Ottoman Empire and the Armenian Question 1. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, gen. eds. R.H. Campbel and A.S. Skinner, textual ed. W.B. Todd, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 578, 598–99. 2. Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, 2nd edn. (New York: F.S. Crofts, 1944), pp. 1–90 passim; Nicholas J. Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942); William Appleman Williams, “The Age of Mercantilism: An Interpretation of the American Political Economy, 1763–1828,” William and Mary Quarterly 15 (October 1958): 419–37. 3. See Circular Letter, Congressman Abram Trigg of Virginia to James Preston, Philadelphia, February 25, 1799, Preston Papers, Virginia Historical Society; Congressman Robert Goodloe Harper of South Carolina to Jonathan Dayton, Philadelphia, March 20, 1799, Harper Papers, Maryland Historical Society, in Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents, 1789–1829, vol. 1: First Congress-Ninth Congress, 1789–1807, ed. Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. (Chapel Hill: University of Carolina Press, 1978), pp. 156, 172. 4. Leland James Gordon, American Relations with Turkey, 1830–1930: An Economic Interpretation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), pp. 43, 83–98; Howard A. Reed, “Yankees at the Sultan’s Port: The First Americans in Turkey and Early Trade with Smyrna and Mocha,” in Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont and Paul Dumont, eds., Contributions à l’histoire économique et sociale de l’Empire ottoman (Leuven: Édition Peeters, 1983), pp. -
May 2002 Vol
V::> 'ONSffiltl Z9Z 'ON liUllgd 1008-0PL£6 V;) ' OOS ~Jd P S:d S/W ·~ AV J~)p~g 'N ~PZ ~ illVd um~Old S~!P illS ~ru~OUV g1i~lS0d 'S"fl '](jJ uop~zru~~bo Slo~pm s ~!U~OUV l!JOld-UON OUS~Jd 'fiS;) ~tp JO Jg{f~dSM~N ~lll rd Ar zan• n Year May 2002 Vol. 23, No. 4 (78) Supplement to The Collegian 87th Anniversary of Armenian Genocide Commemorated on _.Campus CARINA I<ARAKASHIAN through college were all showing their respect to their culture. Par STAFF WRITER ents and family members were also present. The AGBU Youth Orga "It was not war. It was most nization provided lemonade on this certainly massacre and genocide, hot spring day. something the world must remem The master of ceremonies was ber ... " (Israeli Foreign Minister Michael Harutinian, President of Yossi Beilin), and remember is what the Armenian Student Organiza the Fresno State Armenian Students tion. The ceremony commenced did on Wednesday, April24, 2002 with the remarks of former Fresno at their 12 noon remembrance of County Sheriff RaJ McKinney. His the 87th anniversary of the Arme inspiripg and truthful words dem nian Genocide. Students, guests, onstrated that Armenians and non and community members gathered Armenians alike share in the honor at the Fresno State Free Speech of our people . .§ Area in remembrance of the 1.5 ~ Then the honorable Judge million Armenians massacred by {! . De_bra Kazanjian spoke to the ~- the Ottoman Empire beginning in crowd, telling them what an impact ~ 1915. the Armenian Community has had The Armenian Students Orga o on Fresno, and how the genocide nization, with the help of the com- ~._ had inspired Airnenians to be the-. -
Mamigonian-Armenian Studies in the U.S. in the 1930S—Draft
From Idea to Reality: The Development of Armenian Studies in the U.S. from the 1890s to 19691 Marc A. Mamigonian Armenian Studies has existed in the United States on a permanent basis since the 1950s and on a more ephemeral basis for at least a half century before that. But, to date, the history of the development of the field has not been written in any detail, and finding details about the field in the U.S. prior to the advent of the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) in the 1950s and the subsequent establishment of permanent programs has been especially challenging. For many years, Nina Garsoian’s “Armenology in the USA” (“Armenovedeniye v SCHA,” Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutiunneri 10 (346) 1971, pp. 23-34, in Russian with Armenian abstract) and Dickran Kouymjian’s “The Status of Armenian Studies in the Diaspora” (Hayagitutean nerkan artasahmani mej,” Shirak 15:10 [1972], pp. 29-58, in Armenian) were among the few serious attempts to document the history of Armenian Studies in the U.S. More recently, the publication of Vartan Matiossian’s “The Beginnings of Armenian Studies in the United States: The Armenian Quarterly”2 provided valuable information on Kostan Zarian’s involvement in the late 1940s efforts which Matiossian calls “the first phase in the history of Armenian Studies in this country.” However, I believe it is necessary to revise that date backwards. What we would call Armenian Studies has been established in Europe since the time of Napoleon. But it came much later to the U.S. -
Lawsuit Seeks Return of Seized Lands
OCTOBER 1, 2011 MirTHE rARoMENr IAN -Spe ctator Volume LXXXII, NO. 12, Issue 4206 $ 2.00 NEWS IN BRIEF The First English Language Armenian Weekly in the United States Russian President to Lawsuit Seeks President Sargisian Celebrates 20th Anniversary Visit Azerbaijan BAKU (PanARMENIAN.Net) — Russian President Of Independence with NYC Gala and UN Address Dmitry Medvedev is planning a visit here in October, Return of according to the Azerbaijani ambassador to Russia. Coverage on pages 8-11 “Mr. Medvedev is expected to take part in the Seized Lands Russia-Azerbaijan Humanitarian Forum to be held on October 10 and 11,” Anspress quoted Polad Bulbuloglu as saying. Incirlik Airbase Sits on Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev is also expect - Disputed Territory ed to attend the event. Exhibition Dedicated to By Aram Arkun AUA 20th Anniversary Mirror-Spectator Staff YEREVAN (Armenpress) — An exhibition of paint - LOS ANGELES — The struggle for jus - ings called “Fences” opened September 28 at the tice concerning the Armenian Genocide has Paramaz Avetisyan sub-building. Gumri artists taken many forms. Armenians have tried to Hrach Vardanyan and Karen Alekyan dedicated the use academia, the media, legislation and exhibition to the 20th anniversary of the founda - diplomacy, protests and even, briefly, vio - tion of the American University of Armenia (AUA). lence in this struggle. Until recently inter - The exhibit included 15 paintings, which were national political and scholarly recognition arranged to look like a fence. of the Armenian Genocide’s very existence Alekyan presented the series of “Fences” as a was the primary goal, but with this seem - documentation of the post-Soviet situation. -
Mykil Bachoian1 I. the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
THE COST OF DENIAL: “MEDS YEGHERN” AND THE QUEST FOR RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR DESCENDANTS OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE VICTIMS Mykil Bachoian1 I. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE “I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose history is ended, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, whose literature is unread, whose music is unheard, whose prayers are no longer uttered. Go ahead, destroy this race. Let us say that it is again 1915 . Destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them from their homes into the desert. Let them have neither bread nor water. Burn their houses and their churches. See if the race will not live again . for when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a new Armenia!” – William Saroyan.2 “The opposite of love is not hate, it’s indifference. The opposite of art is not ugliness, it’s indifference. The opposite of faith is not heresy, it’s indifference. And the opposite of life is not death, it’s indifference. Because of indifference, one dies before one actually dies.” – Elie Wiesel.3 A. Background Proving to his generals that he would be able to destroy Europe’s Jewish population without any international intervention, Adolph Hitler asked rhetorically, “Who still talks nowadays of the extermination of the Armenians?”4 Hitler was alluding to the ruthless, systematic murder of approximately 1.5 million Armenians orchestrated by the Ottoman government during World War I with the goal of establishing a unified Turkish Anatolia5 rid of Christian minorities,6 the 1 J.D., 2011, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University.