Proposed 132kV Overhead Line Connection from Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to Glenglass Substation May 2017
Routeing and Consultation Document
Routeing and Consultation Document
May 2017
PREFACE
This Routeing and Consultation Document has been prepared on behalf of SP Transmission plc and relates to the proposal for a 132kV overhead line connection from Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to a connection point close to Glenglass substation. This proposal is referred as the “Proposed Development”.
This Routeing and Consultation Document presents the methodology and findings of the routeing study which has been undertaken to inform consultation on the Proposed Development.
This Routeing and Consultation Document is available to download for free from the Sandy Knowe Wind Farm Connection Project page on the SP Energy Networks website at the link below... https://www.spenergynetworks.co.uk/pages/community_consultation.aspx
(this is the generic link to the Community Consultation page and the project will appear in a drop down box.)
Hard copies of the Routeing Consultation Document are available to purchase upon request from:
Land and Planning, ScottishPower Energy Networks, Ochil House, 10 Technology Avenue, Hamilton International Technology Park, Blantyre, G72 0HT
This Routeing Consultation Document is also available for viewing at:
Sanquhar Library, 106 High Street, Sanquhar, DG4 6DZ
Kirkconnel Library, Greystone Avenue, Sanquhar, DG4 6RA
Dumfries &Galloway Planning Dept, English Street, Dumfries, DG1 2DD
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Organisations contacted formally by SP Energy Networks (see Appendix 2) and local communities have been asked to respond by the 28th of July 2017.
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1. Purpose ...... 7 1.2. The Need for the Project ...... 7 1.3. National Planning Framework ...... 7 1.4. Scottish Power Transmission’s Statutory Duties ...... 8 1.5. Stakeholder Engagement ...... 9 1.6. The Proposed Development and Consenting Process ...... 9 1.7. Structure of the report...... 10 1.8. Project Team ...... 11
2. APPROACH TO OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTEING ...... 12 2.1. Introduction ...... 12 2.2. Routeing Objective for the Project ...... 12 2.3. Routeing Principles ...... 12 2.4. Routeing Methodology...... 17
3. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ...... 19 3.1. Proposed Grid Connection ...... 19 3.2. Design and Construction of a 132V Wood Pole Line ...... 19
4. IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNICAL ROUTEING CONSTRAINTS ...... 22 4.1. Identification of the Study Area ...... 22 4.2. Description of the Study Area ...... 22 4.3. Planning Policy Context...... 23 4.4. Identification and Mapping of Areas of Environmental Designation and Sensitive Areas ...... 23 4.5 . Environmental Baseline Review ...... 26 4.6. Technical Constraints ...... 44
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5. ROUTE OPTIONS ...... 46 5.1. Identification of Route Options ...... 46 5.2. Description of Route Options ...... 46
6. APPRAISAL OF ROUTE OPTIONS ...... 48 6.1. Environmental Designations and Sensitive Areas ...... 48 6.2. Length of the Route Options ...... 48 6.3. Landscape Character and Visual Amenity ...... 49 6.4. Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Conservation ...... 53 6.5. Ornithology ...... 55 6.6. Agriculture and Land Use ...... 56 6.7. Forestry ...... 62 6.8. Geology and Soils ...... 63 6.9. Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 64 6.10. Archaeology and Cultural Heritage ...... 66 6.11. Traffic and Transportation ...... 67 6.12. Social and Economic ...... 67 6.13. Technical Review ...... 68 7. IDENTIFICATION OF PREFERRED ROUTE OPTION ...... 70 7.1. ZTV of Route Option 2A ...... 70
8. NEXT STEPS ...... 72
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Figures Figure 1-1: Location Plan
Figure 2-1 Routeing Methodology
Figure 4-1: Study Area and Buffer Area
Figure 4-2: Environmental Designations and Sensitive Areas
Figure 4-3: Landscape Character Types
Figure 4-4: Other Routeing Constraints
Figure 5-1: Route Options
Figure 5-2: Route Options (Detail)
Figure 5-3: Route Options and Areas of Highest Environmental Value
Figure 5-4: Route Options and Environmental Designations and Sensitive Areas Environmental Value
Figure 5-5: Route Options. Technical Constrains
Figure 6-1: Route Options and Landscape Character Types
Figure 7-1: Preferred Route Option
Figure 7-2: ZTV of Preferred Route Option
Tables Table 4-1 Areas of Highest Environmental Value
Table 4-2 Soil Associations
Table 4-3 Water Framework Directive, summary of surface waterbodies in the Study Area
Table 4-4 Groundwater vulnerability classifications and their interpretation
Table 4-5 Water Framework Directory, summary of ground waterbodies in the Study Area
Table 4-6 Private Water Supplies and Discharges within the Study Area
Table 6-1 Approximate Length of Route Options
Table 6-2 Route option 2A – Route option 1 – agriculture/land use issues
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Table 6-3 Route option 2A – agriculture/land use issues
Table 6-4 Route option 2B – agriculture/land use issues
Table 6-5 Route option 3A – agriculture/land use issues
Table 6-6 Route option 3B – agriculture/land use issues
Table 6-7 Route Options Summary - Hydrology and Water Resources Conditions
Appendices APPENDIX 1: The Holford Rules and NGC and SHETL clarification notes
APPENDIX 2: List of Consultees
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose
This document has been prepared by IBERDROLA Engineering and Construction (IEC) on behalf of Scottish Power Transmission plc (SPT) to inform consultation on the routeing process and identification of the preferred route for the ‘Proposed 132kV Overhead Line Connection from Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to a connection point close to Glenglass Substation’, hereafter referred to as the “Proposed Development”.
This document explains the background to the Proposed Development, provides a description of the proposed grid connection and outlines the methodology adopted for the routeing. The purpose of this document is also to present the findings of the environmental baseline and evaluation of the route options, culminating in a description of the ‘preferred route’ for the connection.
This document provides an opportunity for interested parties to comment on the preferred route and any other related issues which can inform the next stages of the Proposed Development.
1.2. The Need for the Project
The Scottish Government’s target for renewable electricity generation is for renewables to generate the equivalent of 100% of gross annual consumption by 2020.
Onshore wind power generation is one means to assist the Scottish Government achieve its 2020 target, and has assisted in achieving the renewable energy targets that Scotland has realised to date. The recently consented Sandy Knowe Wind Farm is located in the north of Dumfries and Galloway, close to the boundary with East Ayrshire Council. The location of the wind farm is shown in Figure 1-1 below. This wind farm will require connection to the existing transmission network (“the grid”) to enable this renewable energy to be transmitted to electricity customers.
SPT is proposing to construct a new 132 kV single circuit wood pole line from Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to a connection point close to the consented and under construction Glenglass substation southwest of Kirkconnel in Dumfries and Galloway. The connection will take the form of a terminal sealing end pole teeing into the existing overhead line at Glenglass substation. The connection will fulfil the need to connect the Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to the existing transmission network.
1.3. National Planning Framework
Scotland's third National Planning Framework (NPF3), which was laid before the Scottish Parliament in June 2014, sets out a long term vision for the development of Scotland. NPF3 is
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the spatial expression of the Scottish Government's Economic Strategy - with a focus on supporting sustainable economic growth and the transition to a low carbon economy.
NPF3 sets out plans for infrastructure investment for the next 20 to 30 years and identifies 14 national developments as priorities. The fourth development priority of NPF3 defines the need for high voltage electricity transmission developments “to support the delivery of an enhanced high voltage electricity transmission grid which is vital in meeting national targets for electricity generation, statutory climate change targets, and security of energy supplies.” The classes of development considered to be national development and that fulfil this need are defined in NPF3: paragraph (2) (a) of Annex A’s fourth development priority statement:
“2 – Description of Classes of Development: Development consisting of: a. new and/or upgraded onshore electricity transmission cabling of or in excess of 132 kilovolts, and supporting pylons.”
It is not clear from the definition above if wind farm connections are excluded from the development considered as ‘National Development’. Therefore, the Proposed Development could be considered as ‘National Development’ for the NPF3.
Nevertheless, the aim of the Proposed Development is assisting in achieving Scotland’s renewable energy targets by connecting the Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to the existing transmission network. This will be undertaken via onshore electricity transmission cabling of 132 kilovolts, as defined above, which could be considered a ‘National Development’ in NPF3.
1.4. Scottish Power Transmission’s Statutory Duties
The Electricity Act 1989 provided for the privatisation of the electricity supply industry in the UK and established a licensing regime and a regulator for the industry.
SPT has a statutory obligation to carry out the duties outlined within the Electricity Act. As the licence holder, SPT is required under Section 9(2) of the Electricity Act 1989 “to develop and maintain an efficient, co-ordinated and economical system of electricity transmission” and “to facilitate competition in the supply and generation of electricity”. In carrying out this proposed development, SPT is complying with its statutory requirements.
In addition, all transmission licence holders are required under Paragraph 3 to Schedule 9 and Section 38 of the 1989 Electricity Act to take account of the following factors in formulating proposals for the installation of overhead transmission lines:
“(a) to have regard to the desirability of preserving natural beauty, of conserving flora, fauna and geological or physiographical features of special interest and of protecting sites, buildings and objects of architectural, historic or archaeological interest; and,
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(b) to do what he reasonably can to mitigate any effects which the proposals would have on the natural beauty of the countryside or any such flora, fauna, features, sites, buildings or objects.”
1.5. Stakeholder Engagement
SPT is committed to ongoing consultation with interested stakeholders, including statutory and non-statutory consultees and the local community. Whilst there is no statutory requirement to consult during the routeing process, SPT considers it good practice to introduce formal consultation at this stage.
1.6. The Proposed Development and Consenting Process
In 2015, ScottishPower Energy Networks (SPEN), agents for SPT, commissioned IEC to provide environmental services in relation to the Proposed Development. The project comprises three main stages: . Stage One: Routeing and Consultation Document
. Stage Two: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
. Stage Three: The application for consent.
1.6.1. Stage One: Routeing and Consultation Document
Stage One comprises a strategic review of environmental, technical and economic considerations and the application of established routeing principles to identify the ‘preferred route’ for the grid connection.
Responses to the consultation on the ‘preferred route’ will be evaluated and the ‘proposed route’ confirmed for progression to the next stage of Environmental Impact Assessment.
1.6.2. Stage Two: Environmental Impact Assessment
In Stage Two an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the ‘proposed route’ and any associated infrastructure will be undertaken.
The Proposed Development is classed as Schedule 2 development in accordance with the Regulation 2(l) specifically 2(d) of the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (herein after referred as EIA Regulations): “an electric line installed above ground with a voltage of 132 kilovolts or more, the installation of which (or the keeping installed of which) will require a Section 37 consent but which is not Schedule 1 development”. For Schedule 2 developments, a judgement is required as to the likelihood of significant environmental impacts, depending on the nature, size and location of the proposal.
Due to the nature and scale of the Proposed Development, and given that at this stage it cannot be confirmed whether the development will have significant effects on the environment, SPT has
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elected to submit an Environmental Statement (ES) with the application for consent. In accordance with Regulation 3(2) EIA Regulations, this intention to submit an Environmental Statement confirms the development as an EIA development.
The EIA process will seek to prevent, reduce and, where possible, offset likely significant impacts on the environment through an iterative design process. This will culminate in the production of an ES which will present the likely impacts of the Proposed Development and identify any mitigation required to address any potential significant impacts.
To ensure that the ES covers all the relevant issues and that the concerns of the external stakeholders are taken into account in the design process and assessment, a Scoping Report will be prepared to identify and review potential significant effects of the ‘Proposed Route’ on the environment. The Scoping Report will be submitted to Scottish Ministers to seek an opinion under Schedule 7 of the Electricity Works (EIA) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 as to the proposed scope of information to be provided in the ES.
1.6.3. Stage Three: The Application for Consent
Following completion of the ES, an application for consent to install, and keep installed, a 132kV line will be sought from Scottish Ministers under Section 37 of the Electricity Act 1989. In conjunction with the Section 37 application, an application for deemed planning permission for the line will also be submitted under Section 57 (2) of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, as amended. The ES will accompany these applications.
1.7. Structure of the report
This Routeing and Consultation Document is structured as follows: . Chapter 1: Introduction
. Chapter 2: Approach to Overhead Transmission Line Routeing
. Chapter 3: Proposed Development
. Chapter 4: Identification of Study Area And Environmental And Technical Routeing Constraints
. Chapter 5: Route Options
. Chapter 6: Appraisal of Route Options
. Chapter 7: Identification of Preferred Route Option
. Chapter 8: Next Steps
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This report is supported by a number of figures which are included within the text.
1.8. Project Team
This report has been prepared for SPT by IEC and with specialist input from: . Wardell Armstrong on Landscape Character and Visual Amenity, Geology, Soils, Hydrology and Water Resources.
. IEC on Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Conservation and Ornithology
. SAC Consulting on Land Use and Agriculture.
. MBEC on Habitats.
. Eamonn Wall & Co. on Forestry.
. Headland Archaeology on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage.
. Transport Planning Ltd on Traffic, transportation and access.
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2. APPROACH TO OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTEING
2.1. Introduction
SPEN continually reviews its position on overhead lines and remains of the view that economic, technical and environmental factors, which require to be balanced as a result of statutory duties and license obligations, continue to support an overhead line approach in most cases.
It is therefore SPEN’s view that, an overhead line approach is taken when planning and designing new or reinforced transmission lines. However, SPEN accepts that there are specific circumstances in which undergrounding may be considered.
SPEN has published a summary document outlining the approach taken to routeing transmission infrastructure (Approach to Routeing and Environmental Impact Assessment, SPEN 2015). This document is available at www.spendgsr.co.uk.
The approach to routeing is informed by the following:
SPEN and IEC experience of routeing overhead lines.
Relevant national and local planning policy and guidance.
Consultation with relevant stakeholders
2.2. Routeing Objective for the Project
In order to fully comply with SPT’s statutory duties and commitment to the environment, the objective of the project is:
“To identify a technically feasible and economically viable route for a 132kV single circuit wood pole overhead line connection from Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to Glenglass substation that meets the technical requirements of the electricity network and causes, on balance, the least disturbance to the environment and the people who live, work and recreate within it”.
2.3. Routeing Principles
The approach for identifying the preferred route for the Sandy Knowe connection is informed by the following principles: . Established practice and guidelines
. Environmental, Technical and Economic considerations.
These principles are discussed below.
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2.3.1. Established practice and guidelines
The Holford Rules
It is generally accepted across the electricity industry that the guidelines developed by the late Lord Holford in 1959 for routeing overhead transmission lines, ‘The Holford Rules’, and the later revisions by NGC (National Grid Company) in 1992 and SHETL (Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission Limited) in 2003 should continue to be employed as the basis for routeing high voltage overhead transmission lines.
The Holford Rules were initially put in place to serve as guidelines for the design and installation of high voltage steel tower lines (i.e. 275kV and 400kV), however there are many similarities in the case of a 132kV wood pole line. Therefore the Holford Rules have been used to guide the routeing of the proposed Sandy Knowe connection.
The Holford Rules together with NGC and SHETL clarification notes are presented in full within Appendix 1. The Holford Rules are outlined below.
Rule 1:
Avoid altogether, if possible, the major areas of high amenity value (often interpreted now as ‘environmental’ value) to reflect wider intrinsic value, by so planning the general route of the line in the first place, even if the total mileage is somewhat increased in consequence.
In Scotland relevant national or international designations for major areas of highest amenity value include the following, identified from Scottish Planning Policies and National Policy Guidelines1: . Special Areas of Conservation (NPPG 14)
. Special Protection Areas (NPPG 14)
. Ramsar Sites (NPPG 14)
. National Scenic Areas (NPPG 14)
. National Parks (NPPG 14)
. National Nature Reserves (NPPG 14)
. Protected Coastal Zone Designations (NPPG 13)
. Sites of Special Scientific Interest (NPPG 14)
. Scheduled Monuments (NPPG 5)
1 Appendix B of Approach to Routeing and Environmental Impact Assessment, SPEN 2015
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. Listed Buildings (Category A and B) (NPPG 18)
. Conservation Areas (NPPG 18)
. World Heritage Sites (NPPG 18)
. Historic Gardens and Designated Landscapes (NPPG 18).
Rule 2:
Avoid smaller areas of high amenity value, or scientific interest by deviation: provided that this can be done without using too many angle towers, i.e. the structures that are used when lines change direction.
According to this Rule 2, small areas of highest amenity value not included in Rule 1 as a result of their spatial extent should be identified, along with other areas of regional or local high amenity value identified from development plans2.
Examples of the other designations identified in development plans of local planning authorities which include areas of high amenity value3 are: . Areas of Great Landscape Value / Special Landscape Areas
. Regional Scenic Areas
. Regional Parks
. Country Parks
. Local Natural Reserves
. Listed Buildings (Category C onwards)
The nature of the landscape in these areas is such that some parts may also be sensitive to intrusion by high voltage overhead transmission lines but it is likely that less weight would be given to these areas than, for instance, to National Scenic Areas and National Parks.
Rules 1 and 2 provide the main guidance for the initial routeing of overhead lines, after which Rules 3-7 (below) are taken into account when finding a route for an overhead line.
Rule 3
Other things being equal, choose the most direct line, with no sharp changes of direction and thus with few angle towers.
2 Note on Rule 2, of Approach to Routeing and Environmental Impact Assessment, SPEN 2015 3 Appendix B of Approach to Routeing and Environmental Impact Assessment, SPEN 2015
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Rule 4
Choose tree and hill backgrounds in preference to sky backgrounds, wherever possible; and when the line has to cross a ridge, secure this opaque background as long as possible and cross obliquely when a dip in the ridge provides an opportunity. Where it does not, cross directly, preferably between belts of trees.
Rule 5
Prefer moderately open valleys with woods where the apparent height of towers will be reduced, and views of the line will be broken by trees.
Rule 6
In country which is flat and sparsely planted, keep the high voltage lines as far as possible independent of smaller lines, converging routes, distribution poles and other masts, wires and cables, so as to avoid a concatenation or ‘wirescape’.
Rule 7
Approach urban areas through industrial zones, where they exist; and when pleasant residential and recreational land intervenes between the approach line and the substation, go carefully into the comparative costs of undergrounding, for lines other than those of the highest voltage.
The performance of the Route Options will be assessed these Rules and will follow the hierarchical approach that is applied to the routeing of overhead lines.
Forestry Commission Guidelines
Guidelines have also been produced by the Forestry Commission for the routeing of overhead lines through forest areas. In summary, these guidelines state that overhead lines should be routed to follow open space and to run alongside, not through, woodland. Where there is no alternative route; an overhead line through a forested area should: . avoid areas of landscape sensitivity;
. avoid the line of sight of important views;
. be kept in valleys and depressions;
. not divide a hill into two similar parts where it crosses over a summit;
. cross skyline or ridges where they drop to a low point;
. follow alignments diagonal to tile contour as far as possible; and
. be inflected upwards in hollows and downwards on ridges.
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These guidelines set out very similar requirements to those of the Holford Rules.
2.3.2. Environmental, Technical and Economic Considerations
Environmental Considerations
Statutory duties imposed by Section 9 of the Electricity Act 1989 require licence holders to seek to preserve features of natural and cultural heritage interest and to mitigate, where possible, any effects which their development may have on such features. The construction and operation of an overhead transmission line will have potential effects on people and the environment, including: . Landscape character;
. Ecology;
. Hydrology, hydrogeology and water resources;
. Geology and soil;
. Cultural heritage including archaeology;
. Land uses including mineral operations, agriculture and forestry;
. Residential amenity; and
. Recreation.
Some effects can be avoided or limited through careful routeing. Other effects are best mitigated through local deviations of the route, the refining of pole locations and/or specific construction practices. These will be reviewed as part of the EIA process.
Technical Considerations
The technical considerations which also influence routeing include:
. Minimising the length of the power line.
. Avoidance of sharp angles of deviation.
. Minimising the position of the poles on steep slopes (avoidance of slopes >15° which can impact on the actual construction of the wood pole line)
. Avoidance of areas higher than 350m AOD. Experience of the difficulties of maintaining lines in exposed areas of Wales has led SPT to define two altitude4 limits for wood pole lines. This guidance indicates that routes for wood pole 132kV overhead lines should preferably be no higher than 350m AOD.
4 Altitude being effectively an index of climate severity and exposure
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. Avoidance of unfavourable areas from a geotechnical point of view (i.e. areas of deep peat should be avoided).
. Maintain safety clearances and consider maintenance requirements. These safety clearances are legally binding and access is required for the maintenance of the lines.
Economic Considerations
In compliance with Section 9 of the Electricity Act 1989, the Routeing Objective requires the proposed solution to be ‘economically viable’. This is interpreted by SPT as meaning that as far as is reasonably possible, and other things being equal, the line should be as direct as possible and the route should avoid areas where technical difficulty or compensatory requirements would render the scheme unviable on economic grounds.
2.4. Routeing Methodology
The routeing methodology for the Proposed Development comprises a number of sequential steps, with the findings of each step informing the next step, building up an ever increasing level of understanding to inform the routeing process.
The routeing methodology stems from the Routeing Objective. The steps in the methodology then follow a linear process consisting of:
1. Identification of Study Area and Environmental and Technical Routeing Constraints.
2. Identification of alternative route options based on applying clear routeing principles.
3. The appraisal of route options.
4. The selection of a preferred route.
The methodology also incorporates consultation feedback loops, again fed back into the routeing strategy, to ensure the views of stakeholders are incorporated. For simplicity the steps of the routeing methodology are presented in Figure 2-1 below.
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Figure 2-1 Routeing Methodology
The approach to routeing is also informed by the following:
SPEN and IEC experience of routeing overhead lines
Relevant national and local planning policy and guidance
Consultation with relevant stakeholders.
More detailed information in relation to each of the steps within the methodology is provided in Chapters 4 to 7.
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3. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
3.1. Proposed Grid Connection
To enable connection of the consented Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to the electricity network, a new 132kV overhead line is required.
This line will run from the substation of the consented Sandy Knowe Wind Farm to a connection point close to the consented and under construction Glenglass substation southwest of Kirkconnel in Dumfries and Galloway. The connection will take the form of a terminal sealing end pole teeing into the existing overhead line at Glenglass substation. Glenglass substation is part of the South West Scotland (SWS) Renewables Connection Project.
3.2. Design and Construction of a 132V Wood Pole Line
The required grid connection comprises a wood pole transmission line of Energy Networks Association TS 43-50 specification which will carry a single, 3-phase circuit operating at a voltage of 132kV. A wooden pole design has been chosen as it is considered to be the best design for the technical engineering constraints of the area, primarily associated with altitude and ground conditions.
The usual span length of single wood pole structures is 120m, although provision can be made for an increased distance of 150m. At higher altitude where more extreme weather is prevalent (above 350m AOD) the span length can be reduced to between 90m and 100m to take account of greater ice and wind loading factors. In this case double ‘H’ poles would be used.
Wood poles will have nominal lengths ranging from 8.5m to 24m. These will be installed at a minimum excavation depth of 2m. Taking this excavation depth into account, together with topography and span lengths, it is anticipated that the wood poles would be between 14m and 16m above ground.
There may occasionally be a need to use steel towers on wood pole lines, for example when crossing a water course with steep banks that would make the construction process for wood poles difficult. As a result details of the construction of steel towers are also provided below.
Construction of the overhead line route typically follows a standard sequence of events:
Wood Pole Construction . Prepare Access
Typically this will be via vehicular access to the pole sites for foundation excavation and installation, although feasibility of access can vary dependent on ground conditions. Access can be improved by installation of wooden matting or even crushed stone roads during construction. A tracked excavator and low ground pressure vehicles such as tractors,
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argocats or quad bikes will be used to deliver, assemble and erect each of the wood pole structures . Foundations and Pole Erection
Foundations are to be excavated into the ground to dimensions of approximately 2-3m deep and 3m wide using a mechanical excavator. The pole will be hoisted and held into place by the excavator. Once in position, the previously excavated material will have been sorted into its various layers and then utilised as backfill to close the excavation and secure the pole. Where appropriate, concrete may also be used within the foundations. . Conductor Stringing
Conductors can be fitted once a number of sections of poles are erected in place along the route. If roads and railways are to be crossed by the route, then a scaffold tunnel will be built through which vehicles and trains can pass whilst conductor stringing takes place. Similarly, any other live power lines in the path of the route are to be either switched off, deviated or protected using ‘live line scaffolds”. . Reinstatement of Pole Sites and Removal of Temporary Accesses
Following construction, all materials, equipment, waste and temporary accesses will be removed from site. Arrangements will be made to reinstate the construction areas to their original form as far as is reasonably practicable. In some instances, it is anticipated that areas may even be improved, post construction, following any implementation and replanting recommendations arising from the ecology, landscape character and visual amenity assessments.
Steel Tower Construction
. Excavation and Construction of Steel Tower Foundations
The foundation type and design for each tower will be determined following detailed soil investigations at each tower location. The majority of foundations for the towers are likely to be of the concrete pyramid type. However, depending on particular geological conditions, there may be a requirement to use mini-piled auger or rock foundations. These generally require less ground disturbance but require a greater volume of concrete in the ground. Excavations will be undertaken for each individual leg of the tower. The dimensions of the excavation will vary dependent on the type of tower to be constructed. A typical excavation for line towers will be 16m2 by 4m deep for suspension towers and 25m2 by 5m deep for tension towers. The excavated material will be stocked in appropriate layers and used for back-filling purposes.
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Once the excavations are formed, the tower legs will be fixed in accordance with foundation design before fixing the pyramid formwork around the ‘stub’ (the point where the steelwork connects to the foundation). The concrete will then be poured into the foundation. A minimum of 24 hours will be allowed for the concrete to partially set, the formwork will be removed and the excavation back-filled using the original excavated material.
. Assembly and Erection of Towers
Steelwork will be delivered to the site. The tower assembly will either be undertaken by setting up a derrick crane and building the tower in steel sections or by assembling the tower in part at ground level and lifting the sections up by crane to complete the assembly.
. Stringing of Conductors and Commissioning of the Line
Stringing of the towers will only commence after a sufficient number of towers have been completely erected. Temporary pulling points will be established at angle towers. These may coincide with temporary tower working areas and will generally be 30m x 20m in area.
At each pulling area, a winch will be set up at one end of the stringing area. A ‘tensioner’ will be set up at the other end of the section. Pilot wires will be placed in blocks hanging from the insulators and connected to both the winch and the tensioner. Using the winch, the conductor will then be drawn through the section, with the tensioner providing a constant tension. This allows the conductor to be pulled above the ground minimising damage to the conductor and the ground below.
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4. IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND TECHNICAL ROUTEING CONSTRAINTS
4.1. Identification of the Study Area
The aim of the identification of the Study Area is to create an area within which it would be feasible to construct the proposed overhead line between the Sandy Knowe substation to the north and Glenglass substation to the south. The Study Area is constrained to the north of the Sandy Knowe substation and to the south of Glenglass substation. The Study Area is also constrained by upland terrain to the west, and proximity to the town of Sanquhar to the east.
The identification of the Study Area was developed taking into account the above constraints and was informed by topography, residential settlements, existing infrastructure and a preliminary check of the key environmental constraints (presence of international, European or nationally designated areas). The Study Area is presented in Figure 4-1 and described within the text below.
In addition, a wider 5 km buffer area from the Study Area has been defined for the purpose of the identification of potential indirect effects on designated areas and designated landscapes. This wider buffer area is presented in Figure 4-1 below.
4.2. Description of the Study Area
The Study Area is located within Dumfries and Galloway, within a relatively rural upland location, characterised by hilly, changeable terrain and altitude of between 300m and 550m AOD. A number of hills are located between Sandy Knowe substation and Glenglass substation including Mynwhirr Hill, Corserig Hill, Mid Hill, Bank Hill, Black Hill and Well Hill.
Two main watercourses are present within the Study Area: Kello Water which dissects the route between Sandy Knowe substation and Glenglass substation, and Euchan Water which flows parallel to the southern end of the minor road, immediately south of Glenglass substation. There are a large number of burns and ditches within the Study Area, flowing as tributaries into these two watercourses. They originate from the various hill summits throughout the area and flow down towards the lower ground prior to their confluences with Kello or Euchan Water.
The Study Area comprises a number of coniferous forestry plantations, which occupy a large footprint within the Study Area boundary. A small percentage of these areas in between Sandy Knowe substation and Glenglass substation have already been felled as part of the separate South West Scotland Renewables Connection Project.
Human activity has also influenced the northern extents of the Study Area, with evidence of historical coal mining activities concentrated around the valley of the River Nith.
The Study Area is located within an upland, rural setting with few residential properties in the vicinity. The closest settlements to the Study Area include Kirkconnel and Kelloholm (cumulative
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population 2,172) located 4.6km to the north east of the proposed Sandy Knowe substation, Sanquhar (population 2,021) located 6.3km to the north east of Glenglass substation and New Cumnock (population 2,860) located 6.7km to the north west of the proposed Sandy Knowe substation. The distribution of settlements in the area reflects the presence of the River Nith, with towns located on the shallower slopes closer to the river.
4.3. Planning Policy Context
The Study Area of the Proposed Development will be located in Dumfries and Galloway. The Development Plans set out the vision of the regions for the upcoming years. The Dumfries and Galloway Local Development Plan (LDP) was adopted in September 2014. The Dumfries and Galloway Local Development Plan 2 is at consultation stage and is expected to be in place by September 2019.
The Dumfries and Galloway LDP is intended to reflect the Scottish Government’s vision of ‘sustainable economic growth’. It also notes the Scottish Government’s ambitious renewable energy targets and recognises that new renewable technologies are now coming to the fore in Dumfries and Galloway. This will place further pressure on existing electricity infrastructure.
4.4. Identification and Mapping of Areas of Environmental Designation and Sensitive Areas
In accordance with the methodology and following the routeing principles, the next phase of the process, following identification of a Study Area, is the identification of areas of the highest environmental value, in order that the route options can seek to avoid these. This approach is integral to the guidance contained within the Holford Rules.
The hierarchical structure of the Holford Rules places levels of importance on how areas of the highest environmental value are to be considered when routeing an overhead line. Rule 1 states avoidance where possible of ‘Major areas of highest amenity value’; Rule 2 recommends avoiding small areas of highest amenity value not included in Rule 1.
All areas considered to be of ‘highest environmental value’ regardless of their spatial extent were identified and mapped within the Study Area and the surrounding 5km buffer area to take into account potential for both direct and indirect effects. This is presented in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-2 below, reflecting both Rule 1 and Rule 2 of the The Holford Rules.
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Designated / Name of Within Proximity /Location Sensitive Area the Site Study area Special Area of Upper Nithsdale No Approx. 8.8km to the north-east of the Conservation Woods Glenglass substation. (SAC) Special Muirkirk and No Approx. 6.6km to the north east of the Protection Area North Lowther Sandy Knowe substation (SPA) Uplands Site of Specific Polhote and No Approx. 500m north of the Sandy Knowe Scientific Polneul Burns substation. Interest (SSSI) and Geology Conservation Review (GCR) Site SSSI Fountainhead No Approx. 2.6km west of the Sandy Knowe substation. SSSI Muirkirk Uplands No Approx. 6.5km north west of Sandy Knowe substation. SSSI and GCR Lagrae Burn No Approx. 4.6km north-east of the Sandy Knowe substation. SSSI North Lowther No Approx. 6.3km north-east of Sandy Uplands Knowe substation. GRC Hare Hill (The No Approx. 3km to the east of the Sandy Knipe) Knowe substation. Scheduled Kemps Castle, No The SM “Kemps Castle, fort 320m SW of Monument (SM) fort Euchan Bridge” is located approx. 5.6km to the west of Glenglass substation.
Listed Buildings No A group of various Listed Buildings (Category A and B) to the east of the buffer area. The closest are located at approx. 4.km from the Sandy Knowe and Glenglass substations. Conservation No The closest is located in Sanquhar at Areas approx. 6.7km to the north-west of Glenglass substation.
Table 4-1 Areas of Highest Environmental Value
In addition to the areas of Highest Environmental Value, the following designations and sensitive areas have been mapped to further inform the routeing: . Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) are the sites of a comprehensive global network of important sites for the conservation of bird populations. IBAs are determined by an internationally agreed set of criteria. Some are wholly or partially recognised under international or national designations. The North Lowther Hills IBA is located 4.5km to the north of Sandy Knowe substation.
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. Core Paths. Core Paths have also been mapped to inform the landscape amenity assessment and the visual effect perceived by core path users in accordance with the guidance within the Holford Rules on Line Routeing and People. There are several core paths in the Study Area and there is a core path crossing through the area in-between the two substations (Kirkconnel to Mynwhirr).
. The Ancient Woodland Inventory (AWI) is a provisional guide to the location of Ancient and Long-established Woodland in Scotland. This type of woodland has important biodiversity and cultural values by virtue of its antiquity. Although there is no legislation specifically protecting ancient woodland, Scottish Planning Policy identifies it as an important and irreplaceable national resource that should be protected and enhanced, as should other native and long established woodlands with high nature conservation value. AWI areas are located approximately 2.5km to the north east and 3.1km north west of Sandy Knowe substation and approximately 2km east of Glenglass substation.
. Inventory of Woodland in Scotland. There are large areas of planted conifers between the two substations. These areas have been mapped to aid compliance with the Forestry Commission Guidelines.
. Listed Buildings Category C. The closest ‘C’ listed building is located approximately 4km to the north west of Sandy Knowe substation.
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4.5. Environmental Baseline Review
4.5.1. Landscape Character and Visual Amenity
4.5.1.1. Landform
The landform of the Study Area and its buffer consists of a mix of upland and lowland landscapes enclosing the upper dale of the River Nith, which runs from west to east through the northern part of the 5km buffer area. The Nith valley descends from c. 200m in the west to c. 130m in the east, at Sanquhar.
Upland areas stretch across the southern half of the buffer area, reaching a high point of 700m AOD at Blackcraig Hill, to the east of Glen Afton. The hills to the south of the Nith valley rise to between 550m and 575m within the Study Area, forming a series of rounded summits cut through by numerous smaller watercourses and their tributaries, generally flowing from south to north, towards the River Nith.
The Kello Water is the main watercourse flowing within these hills, running from the south-west and separating Blackcraig Hill from Greystone Hill, heading north-north-east before turning to the east, south of Mynwhirr Hill (south of the Sandy Knowe site) and Corserig Hill, and then running north-east through Kelloholm to join the River Nith. The Euchan Water also runs from south-west to north-east through the southern half of the Study Area; the Glenglass substation lies on the northern valley side of this watercourse.
The Kello Water runs within a steeply sloping valley as it passes to the south of Mynwhirr Hill and Corserig Hill, before the river reaches the shallower sloping ground above the Nith valley floor, and selection of a suitable crossing point for the Proposed Development will be an important part of the routeing process.
4.5.1.2. Landcover and Land Use
The landcover within the Study Area and its buffer is directly related to the topography and elevation of the landform, with the more upland areas containing areas of commercial forestry and moorland grassland vegetation, and the lowland areas, closer to the Nith valley, providing better opportunities for agriculture (grazing and occasional arable/cropping).
In the north-west of the buffer area is an area of former opencast coal mining, which is a feature of this general area.
Wind energy is also a feature of the buffer area, with existing wind farms at Hare Hill in East Ayrshire (where an extension has also been approved and is under construction) and High Cairn (straddling the boundary between East Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway), in the west of the area, and consented schemes at Whiteside Hill, south of Glenglass substation and Blackhill (Sanquhar) located to the north-west of Glenglass substation. The Sandy Knowe wind farm itself
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has also recently (March 2016) been consented. Figure 4-4 shows the locations of the existing operational, consented and ‘in planning’ wind farms within the Study Area and its immediate surroundings.
Settlements and the main communications routes are centred within the Nith Valley, with the towns of Kirkconnel and the adjacent Kelloholm located in the north of the buffer area and Sanquhar on the eastern edge of the 5km buffer area, close to the village of Crawick. Individual dwellings and groups of properties lie adjacent to the A76, which runs to the north of the River Nith in the east of the buffer area, crossing to the south of the river west of Kirkconnel, continuing westwards to New Cumnock. Various minor roads, many of which are single lane with passing places, provide connections to the outlying farms and properties. The railway line linking Carlisle, Dumfries and Kilmarnock also runs within the Nith valley, with a station at Kirkconnel.
There are various forest tracks and other paths that are also designated as core paths by the relevant local authorities; these are shown on Figure 4-2. One long distance route, the Southern Upland Way, runs from south-west to north-east through the south-eastern part of the 5km buffer area.
The access track for the Sanquhar wind farm has been installed across the north-eastern slopes of Black Hill and extends onto Hog Hill, before crossing onto Mid Hill and connecting with the forest track in the area north of the Poltallan Burn.
As noted above, commercial forestry plantations are a feature of the upland area, but there are also some linear strips of broadleaved woodland, mainly located alongside watercourses within the more lowland parts of the study and buffer areas. There are also occasional areas of mixed woodland, such as at Glenmaddie Wood, adjacent to Blackaddie Road (the access to the Glenglass substation).
An electricity wood pole overhead line runs from north to south to connect to the property at Hillend, passing to the west of Mynwhirr Hill. The steel lattice tower overhead line forming part of the SWS Connection project will run west and south-west from Glenglass substation, mainly routed through areas of forestry within the Study Area.
4.5.1.3. Landscape designations
There are no national landscape designations (National Scenic Area, National Park) applicable to either the Study Area, or its buffer.
Within East Ayrshire, an assessment of ‘sensitive landscape areas’5 was carried out in 2015, in line with the requirements of SPP in relation to the designation of areas for their local landscape value. The assessment reviewed the previously designated Sensitive Landscape Area, which includes land on the boundary between East Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway, within the
5 East Ayrshire Local Development Plan Background Paper: Sensitive Landscape Areas (March 2015)
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buffer area for the Proposed Development (See Figure 4-2). These areas have remained within the Sensitive Landscape Area following the most recent review. It is relevant to note the comment within the review that the designation “does not preclude development … it requires development proposals to fully consider the qualities that make the landscape valuable and to seek sites and design solutions that respect these qualities and minimise adverse impacts.”
Regardless of any absence of formal designations, the European Landscape Convention recognises that all landscapes are valued, including those at the local level and this is reinforced within GLVIA36 which notes (para. 2.3) that this includes the landscapes where people live, work and spend their leisure time, and that may (for instance) form the backdrop to, or outlook from settlements. Therefore, the hills enclosing the Nith valley will have landscape value, at the local level, in accordance with the European Landscape Convention.
4.5.1.4. Landscape Character
Published regional studies
The regional characterisation of the landscape within Dumfries and Galloway was carried out as part of a national review by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and was completed by Land Use Consultants in 1998. The landscape character assessment for Ayrshire, which forms the western part of the wider buffer area, was also undertaken in 1998 by Land Use Consultants.
The 5km buffer area is separated into different landscape character types (LCTs), as shown on Figure 4-3. Within Dumfries and Galloway, these are: Southern Uplands with Forest and Southern Uplands, enclosing the Upper River Valleys (Dales) and Upland Glens to the south. Within East Ayrshire, the LCTs are (from south to north): Upland Glen, Southern Uplands, Upland River Valley and Plateau Moorland with forestry. These lie within the regional area of the Southern Uplands.
The majority of the area between Sandy Knowe and Glenglass lies within the Upland Hills, Southern Uplands and Southern Uplands with Forest LCTs. A small area to the east of the Sandy Knowe wind farm site lies within the Upper Dale (Valley) LCT. The key characteristics, key landscape issues and strategies and guidelines of these LCTs are:
Southern Uplands (Dumfries and Galloway LCA)
Key characteristics of this LCT are quoted as: . “large, smooth dome/conical shaped hills, predominantly grass covered;
. open and exposed character except within incised valleys;
. distinctive dark brown/purple colour of heather on some of the higher areas;
6 Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Third Edition – the Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment, 2013
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. pockets of woodland in incised valleys;
. stone dykes occasionally define the lower limit;
. the legacy of lead and other mining activity”.
Key landscape issues are noted as: . “loss or deterioration of heather moorland;
. large scale forestry expansion;
. demands for wind farms and radio-mast developments”.
Strategies and guidelines for this LCT can be summarised as: . overall – conservation of the character of this landscape including its dramatically sculpted landforms and sense of scale; and
. wind farms – areas of blander landforms remote from settlements and popular recreation areas are the most appropriate for wind farm development.
Southern Uplands with Forest (Dumfries and Galloway LCA)
Key characteristics of this LCT are stated as: . “large, smooth dome shaped hills, with large scale dark green plantations on slopes and over lower summits;
. Sitka Spruce dominated, interspersed with Larch;
. changing landscapes with large scale felling, ploughing and replanting”.
Key landscape issues are identified as: . “the further expansion of forestry, loss of open ground and obscuring of topographic interest;
. the potential for considerable enhancement to landscape character through forest design;
. the threat of forest and wind farm developments to areas of scenic and wild land values;
. potential wind farm development”.
Strategies and guidelines for this LCT can be summarised as: . overall – enhancement of the character of this landscape, which is currently dominated by the monotony of large mature forests which pre-date forest landscape design applications; and
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. wind farms – the large scale topography of this landscape type should be able to accommodate wind farm development, provided it is sited below ridge and summit lines in positions which provide backclothing from main viewpoints.
Upper Dale (Dumfries and Galloway LCA)
Key characteristics of this LCT are stated as: . “wide ‘V’-shaped valley, enclosed by high peaks and moorland;
. open with long views;
. improved valley pastures becoming rougher up the valley sides;
. medium to large scale enclosures with dry stone dykes;
. riparian woodlands along the main river and up tributary channels;
. medium to large scale forestry plantations on the valley sides and extending over horizons from higher ground;
. mining settlements and remnants of industrial activity e.g. mine ruins and bings”.
Key landscape issues are identified as: . “decline in drystone dykes;
. decline in heather cover;
. expansion of large scale coniferous forest;
. poor standard of new developments;
. interest in wind farm development”.
Strategies and guidelines for this LCT can be summarised as: . overall – enhance the landscape character;
. wind farms – avoid skylines; use intervening landform as screening; use potential for new valley woodlands and forests to determine views from key areas; relationship with previous coal mining industry gives a cultural background which may make certain proposals acceptable; existing road and access tracks should be used to minimise the impact of infrastructure works.
Within these broad LCTs there will be smaller areas that can be determined from more localised character studies; however, such assessments have not been carried out by or for the local
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authority, at a more detailed level. An outline assessment is therefore set out here. This will be supplemented by a more in depth assessment at the EIA stage.
At the more local level, the character of the landscape is defined by the topography and tree cover within the area. The steep-sided valley of the Kello Water is a dominating feature running through the Study Area. The western part of the Study Area and the area to the south of Glenglass substation consists of a series of interlocking, rounded hills. To the north of the Euchan Water, the landform consists of a more regularly sloping, plateau landform of moorland grassland, incised by smaller watercourses, descending in a north-easterly direction to the valley floor of the River Nith.
Forestry also provides a dominant element within the western part of the Study Area, with some extensive areas of conifer plantation occupying the upland slopes and hills. Parts of these forests have been felled in recent years and the felling and restocking provides a change in the character of the landscape, in these areas.
As noted above, wind energy is also becoming established within the landscape in this area and wind turbines will, in the coming years, become a defining feature of the higher ground. The character of the landscape in this area will alter substantially with the construction of the consented schemes, including from the installation of new or improved access tracks and borrow pits. Of relevance to the Sandy Knowe route options are the access tracks constructed as part of the Sanquhar community wind farm, which ascends the sloping ground between the Kello Water and the Euchan Water onto the lower slopes of Hog Hill, and the borrow pit established immediately to the east of the forestry enclosing the proposed Glenglass substation, occupying a large area of the hillside above the Blackaddie Road. Any route options approaching the Glenglass substation from the east will require to avoid this borrow pit.
The character of the landscape in the Study Area is subject to a considerable degree of change at present, not only from felling and restocking of areas of forestry, and the development of several wind farms, but also from the installation of the new South-West Scotland 132kV steel lattice tower overhead transmission line between Glenglass substation and Black Hill substation (SWS project), to the west. The provision of an overhead line connection between Sandy Knowe and Glenglass will add to these changes, but the degree of change being experienced within this area is such that the introduction of this wood pole line can be expected to have only a limited effect, by comparison. This will be considered in more detail as part of the EIA for the project.
The sensitivity of the landscape to the type of change proposed by the introduction of a new wood pole line will also be considered in detail as part of the EIA. From a preliminary assessment of the Study Area, the key aspects are identified as: the crossing point of the Kello Water, given the very steep sides of the valley enclosing this watercourse; the interaction of the overhead line with areas of forestry (both mature and recently planted); and the interaction of the overhead line with proposed wind turbines in the area between Sandy Knowe and Glenglass substations.
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Key visual qualities of the study and buffer areas
The key visual qualities of the study and buffer areas relate to the potential for long distance views of and from the summits and north-east facing slopes, extending across the lower-lying ground to the north, to the hills to the north of the Nith valley. The presence of areas of forestry and the undulating nature of the landform provides scope for containment of longer-distance views from less elevated areas of landform.
Some long distance views within the Nith valley are also possible from west to east, though tree cover, built development and the curved nature of the overall course of the river interrupt such views in places.
The varied gradient of the landform on the southern side of the Nith valley can result in some breaks in slope, concealing parts of these sideslopes from view, from areas of lower-lying ground. The consistent gradient across higher parts of these sideslopes enables these to provide backclothing to any structures located within the mid-point of these slopes.
Visual receptors
The majority of visual receptors within the study and buffer areas will be located within or in close proximity to the Nith valley, where the majority of the settlements and properties, and roads / railway lines are located. Within the more upland areas, visual receptors will be restricted to users of core paths and other routes that are present within these areas.
4.5.2. Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Conservation
In the past ten years ecological and ornithological information has been gathered within and surrounding the Study Area to inform Environmental Statements for wind farm developments and overhead line connections. Most notably Sanquhar (Black Hill) Community Wind Farm, Sandy Knowe Wind Farm, Hare Hill Wind Farm Extension and the South West Scotland Renewables Connection Project. The information presented in the Environmental Statements for these developments highlights potential important ecological features that are likely to occur within the Study Area.
4.5.2.1. Habitats
The upland habitats are considered to consist predominately of unimproved acid grassland, dry modified bog and blanket bog. There are also areas of commercial conifer plantation within the Study Area and a number of small watercourses that flow into the two larger watercourses: the Euchan Water and Kello Water.
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4.5.2.2. European Protected Species
Otter
Otters are protected by the EC Habitats Directive, which is transposed into domestic law through the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended). Under the Habitats Regulations, otters are classed as "European Protected Species" and therefore given the highest level of species protection.
The two largest watercourses within the Study Area – Euchan Water and Kello Water are known to have otter present on them from historical records and surveys to inform environmental statements in the area. The smaller watercourses that flow into the Euchan Water and Kello Water are likely to be used by commuting otters within their ranges and it is likely that the more secluded areas along these tributaries will be utilised by otters as resting sites. The resting sites/shelters of otters are protected under the habitats regulations.
Water crossings for the overhead line are considered to be a constraint due to the potential presence of otter resting sites. The tributaries of the Euchan Water that flow downhill from the north and south of Euchan Water are likely to be used by commuting otters.
It is likely that otters utilise all of the watercourses that the route options cross or pass by, in close proximity to between Sandy Knowe and Glenglass. The larger watercourses are considered to have the greatest amount of otter activity with the smaller burns that feed them being used to commute between foraging areas and resting sites. The more secluded upper reaches of the smaller tributaries are more likely to be used as resting site locations by otter.
Bats
Bats are protected by the EC Habitats Directive, which is transposed into domestic law through the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended). Under the Habitats Regulations, bats are classed as "European Protected Species" and therefore given the highest level of species protection.
The habitats present within the Study Area are likely to provide good foraging areas for bat species. The two main watercourses in the Study Area are likely to be used as commuting routes for bats as they prefer to follow linear features from roost sites to foraging areas. The conifer plantations in the area are less likely to provide roosting opportunities in comparison to broadleaved wooded areas, which are few within the Study Area. Bats may use cliff faces for roost sites and with the steep ravines present, which the watercourses in the area follow, these may be utilised.
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4.5.2.3. Nationally Protected Species
Water vole
Water vole shelters (burrows) are protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).
The small tributaries of the Euchan Water and Kello Water within the survey area may be suitable for upland water vole populations; however, this is less likely on the larger watercourses with fast moving water and rocky sides likely to offer little opportunity for burrow locations.
Red squirrel
Red squirrels and their shelters (dreys and dens) are protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).
Dumfries and Galloway is one of the main areas that red squirrels are found in Scotland. Under the Euchanhead forest to the south west of the Study Area is listed as a Red Squirrel Priority Woodland by SNH.
The commercial conifer plantations that are present within the Study Area are considered to be poor habitat for red squirrels and if present they would be in very low numbers.
Pine marten
Pine marten and their shelters (dens) are protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).
Pine marten are known to be present in forest areas within Dumfries and Galloway. An expansion zone survey of pine marten distribution in Scotland was commissioned by SNH and undertaken by The Vincent Wildlife Trust in 2013. This survey found that the distribution of pine martens in Dumfries and Galloway has spread.
Pine marten scats were recorded during surveys for Hare Hill Wind Farm Extension to the north west of the Study Area.
Reptiles
Adder, slow-worm and common lizard are partially protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended).
The habitats present within the Study Area are considered to be suitable for reptiles with open grassland and areas of conifer plantation. The habitats provide basking sites, hibernacula and foraging areas for reptiles.
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4.5.3. Ornithology
4.5.3.1. Designations
Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA qualifies by regularly supporting breeding populations of European importance of the Annex I species: . hen harrier Circus cyaneus (average of 29.2 breeding females between 1994 and 1998, 6% of GB), . short-eared owl Asio flammeus (average of 26 breeding pairs between 1997 and 1998, 3% of GB), . merlin Falco columbarius (average of 9 breeding pairs between 1989 and 1998, 0.7% of GB), . peregrine Falco peregrinus (average of 6 pairs between 1992 and 1996, 0.5% of GB), and . golden plover Pluvialis apricaria (an estimated minimum of 154 pairs in 1999, 0.7% of GB).
The hen harrier population on the Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA site is one of the largest in Britain. The short-eared owl is widely dispersed across its British distribution and the population in Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands is one of the largest in Britain.
Muirkirk and North Lowther Uplands SPA also qualifies by regularly supporting a wintering population of European importance of hen harrier (average of 12 individuals between 1991 and 1995, 2% of GB).
4.5.3.2. Raptors
The open upland areas and surrounding conifer plantations within the Study Area provide good foraging areas for raptors such as Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedule 1 species hen harrier, peregrine, merlin, goshawk and barn owl. Other raptors such as buzzard, kestrel and sparrow hawk also favour the habitats present within the Study Area.
The recent vantage point surveys undertaken for the various wind farm developments in the area all noted flight activity of the species listed above.
4.5.3.3. Woodland birds
The areas of plantation woodland within the survey area provide good habitat for species such as Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Schedule 1 species, common crossbill and red- listed species of conservation concern: cuckoo, starling, song thrush and lesser redpoll. These together with common woodland species such as finches, tits and thrushes are likely to be present.
The woodland areas also provide potential nesting habitat for raptors such as merlin and goshawk.
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4.5.3.4. Moorland birds
The large areas of open upland habitat present provide habitats for waders such as curlew, golden plover, snipe, oystercatcher and dunlin.
Meadow pipits and skylarks are considered to be an abundant breeding species due to the habitat types present. In wetland areas species such as reed bunting and stone chat may occur in low numbers.
4.5.3.5. Black grouse
The open upland areas within the Study Area are considered to be an ideal habitat for black grouse. A number of lekking males have been recorded during the course of the surveys to inform the Environmental Statements for the wind farms and grid connection schemes in the wider area.
Since the previous surveys that have been completed in the area, commercial forestry clear felling has taken place in the plantation areas. However, this may have a detrimental effect on the black grouse habitats. It is likely that there are a number of lek sites between Sandy Knowe and Glenglass.
Black grouse is a species which is in decline in the South West of Scotland due to loss of suitable habitat.
4.5.4. Agriculture and Land Use
The upland landscape is dominated by commercial forestry; however, large sections of the land are heathland, which has the potential to be used for agriculture (grazing). The majority of the land falls within land capability for agriculture (LCA) grades 5 (land capable of use as improved grassland) and 6 (land capable of use only as rough grazing). These have only limited potential for agricultural land use.
In the absence of information on land ownership, and access to parcels of land, the assessment of effects (section 6) is limited to an examination of the different extents to which route options affect either forestry or heathland. Access issues will be analysed at the preferred option stage of routeing. This will have regard for the requirement to minimise potential disruption to accessibility to the land in proximity to the proposed route of the wood pole line.
It is also relevant to note that the peaty nature of the soils and the presence of naturally poorly drained mineral soils could give rise to potential issues in relation to access for construction (and maintenance) and there will be a need to avoid any long term damage to the soils and any drainage systems that are in place. This would be achieved through the development of a drainage management plan, in advance of construction works commencing.
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4.5.5. Forestry
Forestry forms an important component of the local landscape, accounting for approximately 1000 ha of land use in the Study Area, according to the OS map data. The 2014 National Forest Inventory indicates this is predominantly composed of upland commercial forestry plantations at various stages of rotation, with large scale forestry operations including felling and restocking occurring over the past few years. There are further components of recently established and some mature, birch dominated, native broadleaves, with riparian woodlands and pockets of open scrub near watercourses and gorges and smaller policy woodlands around the settlements at the limits of the Study Area. The commercial conifer plantations are mainly pure Sitka spruce with pockets of European, Japanese and hybrid larch, and form the dominant forest type in the area.
The Native Woodlands Survey of Scotland indicates small areas of native woodland; these are mainly broadleaved components and lie predominantly on the fringes of the survey area. A Restoration of upland planted ancient woodland site (PAWS) is listed at the northern periphery close to Kirkconnel. Three areas of native woodland and a small linear strip of nearly native woodland lie close to the proposed route options. Where possible, native woodland should be preserved intact and routeing options should be chosen to mitigate potential impacts upon these.
Within the Study Area a large proportion is part of the National Forest Estate; this is managed by the Forestry Commission and is part of Dumfries and Borders Forest District. This includes 350 ha of open ground and 600ha of high forest of varying age, with large areas of recent felling and replanting of mature woodlands including recently established native broadleaved compartments and mature conifer plantations. In addition, large scale new planting is evident in some areas previously recorded as open ground.
Large areas of the private forestry holdings listed on the National Forestry Inventory lie within the immediate Study Area. Four of the potential identified route options pass through these. Most of this has been felled recently with ground preparation and new planting carried out. Policy woodlands exist in small areas bordering properties around Kirkconnel on the northern fringe of the Study Area.
Most forests in the area should have long term Forest Plans in place detailing management objectives over the next twenty years.
Forestry represents a constraint in relation to the routeing options as an appropriate way leave is required either side of the line to allow a suitable buffer allowing for wind and age felled trees to fall without interrupting the lines. This may require felling of areas of mature woodland and removal of previously forested areas that have been felled, where initial ground preparation has been carried out or the site restocked with new trees.
The impacts of the proposed development will therefore largely be confined to the immediate vicinity of the route options where land usage will change. Where felling of mature trees is
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required it may be necessary to extend the felled area further, up to existing ‘windfirm’ edges. This is carried out in order to mitigate the potential susceptibility to windthrow incurred from the felling of the wayleave corridor. These areas can then be replanted as woodland and provide the opportunity to mitigate any detrimental visual and landscape level issues incurred from the straight line impact of the overhead line.
Loss of forest cover should be minimised when deciding upon the preferred route option. Owing to the smaller scale of biodiversity in commercial conifer plantations, route options should follow these where forest removal is necessary, avoiding native woodlands where possible. Existing windfirm boundaries around compartment edges, access infrastructure, firebreaks and areas of open ground should be followed where possible. Recently felled and restocked areas with younger trees provide fewer issues in relation to felling and windthrow and should be given preference when routeing the wood pole line.
4.5.6. Geology and Soils
The area for the Proposed Development comprises three separate soil associations defined by the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, presented in Table 4-2. Soil Soil Soil Series Soil type Geology Drainage Association characteristics Weak to moderate structural Ordovician development Alemoor, Peaty gleyed and Silurian within subsoil. Ettrick Auchrae, Poor podzols greywackes Sandy silt loam Dod, Hardlee and shales topsoil, with clay loam found at depth. Fibrous semi- Soils with fibrous or >60% amorphous Organic Organic Soils Deep peat soils Poor organic peat according deposits matter to its degree of decomposition Poor. Compact Coarse textured subsoil Glacial till, (sandy silt loam, restricts Rowanhill Glaisnock Peaty gleys weathered sandy clay loam) water rock in situ slightly to movement moderately stony. and rooting depth.
Table 4-2 Soil Associations
All three soil associations present within the Study Area exhibit poor drainage.
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4.5.6.1. Superficial Geology
Superficial geology that underlies the Study Area consists of alluvium (clay, silt, sand and gravel) found by watercourses; compact, poorly stratified glacial till deposited by glaciers in the Quaternary Period and peat deposits that overlie the glacial till.
4.5.6.2. Bedrock Geology
The Study Area is predominantly underlain by sedimentary wacke bedrock of the Kirkcolm Formation. A volcaniclastic breccia is present to the south of the Study Area, which has a south- west to north-east alignment. Igneous felsite sills are present in the centre of the Study Area. To the north of the Study Area are sedimentary rock cycles of Scottish Lower Coal Measures Formation, which have igneous mafite intrusions and further north are sedimentary rock cycles of the Scottish Middle Coal Measures Formation formed from swamps, estuaries and deltas in the Carboniferous Period. To the west is sedimentary wacke of the Blackcraig Formation, which formed from deep seas during the Ordovician Period.
4.5.7. Hydrology and Water Resources
4.5.7.1. Hydrology
There are three watercourse catchments within the Study Area: the River Nith, the Kello Water and the Euchan Water catchments, as shown on Figure 4.2. The Kello Water and the Euchan Water are tributaries of the River Nith. The Kello Water discharges into the River Nith east of the settlement of Kirkconnel, while the Euchan Water joins the River Nith south of the settlement of Sanquhar. Figure 4-2 also shows the tributaries of Kello Water and the Euchan Water and their sub-catchments.
The Study Area is within SEPA’s Solway Tweed River Basin District; the River Nith, the Kello Water and the Euchan Water are monitored by SEPA under the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD). The results of SEPA’s 2012 assessment are shown in Table 4-3 below.
Waterbody SEPA ID Classification Overall Ecological Overall Year Status Status Chemical Status River Nith 10611 2012 Moderate Moderate Pass (Sanquhar - New Cumnock) River Nith 10610 2012 Good Good Pass (Dumfries - Sanquhar) Euchan Water 10617 2012 Good Good Pass Kello Water 10616 2012 Good Good Pass
Table 4-3 Water Framework Directive, summary of surface waterbodies in the Study Area
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4.5.7.2. Flood Risk
The fluvial, surface water and coastal flood risk of the Study Area was determined by analysis of SEPA’s flood maps7. The areas identified at risk of fluvial flooding within the Study Area are located adjacent to the Kello Water and the Euchan Water and some of their tributaries. Within the Study Area there are areas at risk of surface water flooding; these areas tend to be where the topography depresses and along mapped watercourses. The Study Area is not shown to be at risk of coastal flooding.
4.5.7.3. Hydrogeology
As discussed in section 4.3.6 the Study Area is predominantly alluvium, glacial till and peat deposits, which are underlain by sedimentary wacke bedrock of the Kirkcolm Formation and sedimentary rock cycles of Scottish Lower Coal Measures Formation, with (to the west) sedimentary wacke of the Blackcraig Formation.
The groundwater within the bedrock of Kirkcolm and the Blackcraig Formations has been classed by the BGS8 as being low productivity aquifers, with limited groundwater in the near surface weathered zones and secondary fractures.
The Scottish Coal Measures Group has been classed as a moderately productive aquifer, which is described as a regional, cyclic multi-layered aquifer with low yields from sandstones and higher yield where mined; but poor water quality, including high iron and fluoride.
The groundwater vulnerability of the Study Area comprises areas with 3, 4a, 4b and 5 vulnerability, see Table 4-4 below.
Vulnerability Frequency Travel Description Class of Activity Time Vulnerable Vulnerable to most pollutants, with rapid impact in to 5 Rapid many scenarios individual events Vulnerable to 4a: May have low permeability those pollutants soil; less likely to have clay 4 not present in superficial deposits readily adsorbed 4b: More likely to have clay or transformed present in superficial deposits Vulnerable to some pollutants; many others 3 significantly attenuated 2 Vulnerable to some pollutants, but only when they are
7 Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2016) Flood Maps [online]. Available at: http://map.sepa.org.uk/floodmap/map.htm 8 British Geological Survey (2016) Geoindex Onshore: Hydrogeology 1:625,000 scale map. Available at: http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/home.html
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Vulnerability Frequency Travel Description Class of Activity Time continuously discharged/leached Vulnerable Only vulnerable to conservative pollutants in the long only to 1 term when continuously and widely Very slow persistent discharged/leached activity Not sufficient data to classify vulnerability: e.g. below lochs; in urban areas where 0 geological and/or soils data are missing; where superficial deposits are mapped but not classified; or in mined (including opencast) and quarried areas
Table 4-4 Groundwater vulnerability classifications and their interpretation9
Under the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD), SEPA monitors the status of groundwater. SEPA refers to the groundwater in the sedimentary rocks of the Kirkcolm Formation as the Nithsdale bedrock aquifer and in the sedimentary rock cycles of Scottish Lower Coal Measures Formation as the Sanquhar bedrock aquifer. The results of SEPA’s 2011 assessment are shown in Table 4-5 below.
Waterbody SEPA ID Classification Overall Groundwater Groundwater Year Status Quality Quantity Nithsdale bedrock 150173 2011 Poor Good Poor and localised sand and gravel aquifers Sanquhar bedrock 150169 2011 Poor Poor Good and localised sand and gravel aquifers
Table 4-5 Water Framework Directory, summary of ground waterbodies in the Study Area
Private Water Supplies, Abstractions and Discharges
There are two Private Water Supplies (PWS) and one consented discharge within the Study Area, as shown on Figures 4-4 and detailed in Table 4-6 below.
Property Type User Easting User Northing Glenglass Cottage Groundwater Spring 270864 606372 Hillend Groundwater Spring 268201 608906 Well Hill Quarry Discharge 269157 606604 CAR/L/1140649
Table 4-6 Private Water Supplies and Discharges within the Study Area
9 British Geological Survey (2011) User Guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS Dataset, Version 2.
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4.5.8. Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
The cultural heritage baseline has been based on a review of heritage designations (Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes and Inventory Historic Battlefields), and archaeological records in the Dumfries and Galloway Council Historic Environment Record (HER) within a 5km buffer area. While the 5km buffer area includes part of Ayrshire, the Study Area is within Dumfries and Galloway so there is no potential for direct impacts on undesignated assets in Ayrshire. It was therefore considered that data from the Dumfries and Galloway HER was sufficient to inform the archaeological background for this initial appraisal.
Within the 5km buffer area in Dumfries and Galloway there are approximately 230 cultural heritage assets recorded in the Historic Environment Record. These assets are largely recorded along the river valleys of the River Nith and Scaur Water. These assets range in date from the Neolithic to modern, though are largely comprised of post medieval to modern agricultural remains. This reflects the continued occupation and exploitation of the area from early prehistory.
Within the 5km buffer area there are four scheduled monuments. Kemps Castle fort (SM656) is a possible Iron Age fort or medieval motte located on a long narrow-topped promontory between the Euchan Water and Barr Burn, to the south-west of the River Nith. The ruins of Chrichton Peel & Sanquhar Castle (SM687) are located on the southern edge of Sanquhar. Ryehill, motte (SM708) lies on the east side of the River Nith to the south-east of Sanquhar, protected by a line of mature deciduous trees, and Orchard, cross socket (SM679) is a font stone located to the east of the B740, north of Crawick. None of these monuments are located close to the area of the route options.
Also within the 5km buffer area are 59 listed buildings, 58 of which are in Dumfries & Galloway. Of these, one, Sanquhar Tollbooth (LB40540) is category A listed; there are a further 31 category B listed buildings and 27 category C listed buildings. The listed buildings are largely concentrated in the Nith Valley, in or surrounding the settlements of Kirkconnel and Sanquhar.
There is one conservation area within the 5km buffer area: Sanquhar Conservation Area, which contains a high percentage of the listed buildings including the category A listed Sanquhar Tollbooth (LB40540) referenced above.
The assessment of route options will consider the potential for any impacts (direct and indirect) on the cultural heritage assets present in the area.
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4.5.9. Traffic and Transportation
The main road within the Study Area is the A76 which runs through the northern part of the Study Area, from east-south-east to west-north-west, linking Dumfries with Kilmarnock. This is a relatively lightly-trafficked road, the majority of which is single carriageway, with some sections of dual carriageway road / overtaking lanes, in places.
Minor roads lead from the A76 to connect with outlying areas of hillside; to the south of the A76 these are largely ‘C’ class roads, many of which are single track roads with passing places. A series of forest tracks provide access within the large areas of commercial forestry that occupy the centre and south of the Study Area.
4.5.10. Social and Economics
The Study Area is located within a rural setting, intermittently interspersed with solitary holdings and properties (e.g. Bank Cottage to the west of the Glenglass substation location). The closest settlements to the Study Area include Kirkconnel and Kelloholm (cumulative population 2,172) located 4.6km to the north east of the proposed Sandy Knowe substation, Sanquhar (population 2,021) is located 6.3km to the north east of Glenglass substation and New Cumnock (population 2,860) is located 6.7km to the north west of the proposed Sandy Knowe substation.
Whilst a relatively remote location with no retail or tourist opportunities presented outwith those settlements detailed above, the Study Area hosts opportunities for walking, cycling, riding or other outdoor activities particularly attributable to the presence of several Core Paths throughout the Study Area.
The predominant commercial land use throughout the Study Area is of Forestry, with numerous forests of varying maturity being present particularly to the west of the Study Area (refer to section 4.3.5).
Further commercial opportunity in the form of wind power generation is noted throughout the Study Area. The already built Hare Hill Wind Farm and the under construction Hare Hill Extension are located to the west of Sandy Knowe substation. In between the Sandy Knowe and Glenglass substation sites are the sites for Euchanhead wind farm (at the scoping stage), Sanquhar wind farm (under construction) and Sanquhar Six wind farm (application submitted April 2015). There are also two consented wind farms (Whiteside Hill and Ulzieside) to the south of Glenglass substation.
The upland nature of the Study Area supports several grazing opportunities for livestock farming (refer to section 4.3.4). In addition, the geology of the area lends itself to provision of borrow pits to assist with additional elements of construction (e.g. access tracks through land earmarked for development).
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4.5.11. Cumulative Effects
A formal assessment of cumulative effects will be made during the EIA process. However, it is important to note there are a number of wind energy and transmission projects within and around the Study Area and these will be taken into account throughout the design of the Proposed Development. At this stage, the following consented wind farms and overhead line developments placed in the Study Area and its immediate surroundings have been considered10: . Sandy Knowe Wind Farm
. Sanquhar Wind Farm
. Sanquhar ‘Six’ Wind Farm
. Whiteside Hill Wind Farm
. Hare Hill Extension Wind Farm
. South West Scotland Renewables Connection Project (SWS Project)
4.6. Technical Constraints
The first technical constraint for the routeing is the location of the connection points. The primary connection point for the proposed overhead line route is the consented Sandy Knowe wind farm substation at approximately NS 686100. The end point is Glenglass substation at location NS 721063. The connection points are located approximately 5km apart as the crow flies.
At this early stage in the project there are a number of general technical constraints that are to be taken into account in the Routeing Study:
. Proposed/Existing Wind Turbines – The proposed locations of the Sandy Knowe Wind Farm turbines and existing/proposed turbines in the Study Area (e.g. Sanquhar Wind Farm) present a technical constraint as turbines produce ‘wake’ (air turbulence) which may damage conductors on the overhead line. The security of the electricity supply may also be compromised due to potential ‘toppling’ of the turbine. Separation distance recommended by the Energy Network Association guidelines should be applied11 between the wind turbines and the Proposed Development.
. Physical Constraints – technical constraints to routeing can be in the form of physical obstacles which may restrict the feasibility of certain routes. This can be in the form of
10 Since this information is subject to constant potential change, a “freezing date” of 31st March 2016 has been applied for the purpose of identifying route corridors.
11 Energy Networks Association: L44 Separation between Wind Turbines and Overhead Lines. Principles of Good Practice (2012)
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ground conditions (e.g. steep slopes (>15°) which can impact on the actual construction of the wood pole line, or altitude (>350m AOD) which can affect the operation of the wood pole line. One example of this is the steep sided valley of the Kello Water which will need to be crossed by the overhead line.
. Maintain safety clearances and access for maintenance. These safety clearances are legally binding and access is required for the maintenance of the overhead line. The statutory safety clearances must be maintained between conductors and the ground, trees, buildings, existing power lines, any other structure (i.e. proposed/existing wind turbines), objects on which a person may stand, new roads, new ground levels (where these will be altered by civil engineering operations) and where planting takes place.
The main aspects of these technical constraints are shown in Figure 4-4 Other Routeing Constraints.
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5. ROUTE OPTIONS
5.1. Identification of Route Options
The next stage is the Identification of Route Options.
The route options were informed by the areas of highest environmental value followed by other designations and sensitive areas (see section 4.2 above and Figures 5-3 and 5-4 below). After a desk review of the environmental baseline data (section 4.3) and a site visit, broad route options were initially identified between Sandy Knowe Wind Farm substation and Glenglass.
This process was reiterated and refined with the review of the technical constraints of the Study Area for the construction of the Proposed Development (see section 4.4 above and Figure 5-5 below).
Thus, the route options were identified which are discussed below and presented within Figures 5-1 to 5-5. A description of each option and the likely environmental considerations associated with each is provided below in Chapter 6.
5.2. Description of Route Options
5.2.1. Route Option 1
Route Option 1 extends south from the proposed Sandy Knowe substation, to the west of Mynwhirr Hill, following the alignment of the Mynwhirr Burn and the route of an existing wood pole distribution line, to cross the Kello Water within the valley bottom.
A forest access track runs along the top of the northern valley side before descending to cross the Mynwhirr Burn and Polstacher Burn, running to the north-west of the Kello Water. A subsidiary forest access track connects to this and crosses the Kello Water a short distance to the south- west of the Polstacher Burn, running east on the south side of the watercourse and ascending the southern valley side, into the area of forestry (some recently felled) on the northern slopes of Well Hill.
The route option initially follows the access track before continuing in a south-easterly direction, passing through some recently felled areas of conifer plantation, south of the Kello Water and crosses the confluence of Big Burn and Rushygair Burn. Before it reaches Carcarse, the route changes direction to head south, re-joining the forest track to pass to the west of Mid Hill and east of Well Hill into the Sanquhar Wind Farm boundary. The route option then follows the Poltallan Burn in a south-east direction through to the north side of Euchan Water and the existing access track / road leading east past Bank Cottage, to Glenglass.
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5.2.2. Route Option 2A
Route Option 2A extends in a south-easterly direction from the proposed Sandy Knowe substation, around the northern and eastern sides of Mynwhirr Hill, crossing the Kello Water at a point to the west of Corserig Hill.
This route would then run east across the rising ground above the more steeply sloping southern valley side of Kello Water, passing to the north of the turbines of the Sanquhar wind farm, around the lower northern and eastern slopes of Hog Hill and Black Hill, crossing the Sanquhar wind farm access track in the area to the south of the March Burn before passing to the east of the coniferous plantation on the south-facing slopes of Black Hill, to access the Glenglass substation from the east.
5.2.3. Route Option 2B
Route Option 2B provides an opportunity for alternative combinations of the above route options, running eastwards along the southern side of the Kello Water and linking Route Option 1 with 2A.
5.2.4. Route Option 3A
Route Option 3A extends from the proposed Sandy Knowe substation, to the west of Mynwhirr Hill, following the alignment of the Mynwhirr Burn and the route of an existing wood pole distribution line, to cross the Kello Water within the valley bottom.
The route then travels sharp east, running parallel with Kello Water to the north and crosses Carcarse Burn, Glengap Burn, Polsalloch Burn, March Burn, Quintin’s Burn and Thwarter Burn before diverting south at Drumbuie Moorhead, ascending the lower slopes of Brunt Rig. The route would then run south-west to descend towards the Blackaddie Road, crossing the Sanquhar wind farm access track before approaching the Glenglass substation from the east.
5.2.5. Route Option 3B
Route Option 3B is the longest of the route options and runs east from the proposed Sandy Knowe substation across the northern slopes of Polshag Hill, crossing the Polbroc Burn and continuing east to skirt the existing conifer plantations before crossing the Kello Water to the west of Glengape. The route then turns to run south, ascending the lower slopes of Brunt Rig and crossing Drumbuie Moorhead to approach the Euchan Water from the north.
The route would then follow the same path as Route Option 3A to Glenglass, run south-west to descend towards the Blackaddie Road, crossing the Sanquhar wind farm access track before approaching the Glenglass substation from the east.
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6. APPRAISAL OF ROUTE OPTIONS
The evaluation of the Route Options is based on the routeing principles: following existing guidance and good practice e.g. the Holford Rules and appraising against the environmental and technical considerations described in section 4. 4.
6.1. Environmental Designations and Sensitive Areas
All of the Route Options presented in section 5.2 are located outside areas of highest amenity value or scientific interest (see Figure 5-3) and as a result are compliant with Holford Rules 1 and 2.
All the Route Options pass through areas of inventory woodland and areas with core paths (see Figure 5-4). The evaluation of the route options considering the potential impacts on woodland will be assessed with reference to Holford Rules 4 and 5 in the forestry section. Impact on core paths will be assessed in the Social and Economic section below.
6.2. Length of the Route Options
Holford Rule 3 states that “Other things being equal, choose the most direct line, with no sharp changes of direction and thus with few angle towers.” This rule focuses mainly on the visual impact of the angle towers; choosing the most direct route may result in fewer adverse effects than a longer and indirect route (taking into account other constraints).
Route Option 1 Route Option 2A Route Option 2B Route Option 3A Route Option 3B
Approximately Approximately Approximately Approximately Approximately 6km 5.5km 6.2km 8km 7.5km
Table 6-1 Approximate Length of Route Options12
Route Option 2A is the shortest, followed by Route Option 1 and 2B. The longest are Route Options 3A and 3B. As a result, Option 2A is the most direct line and thus the most compliant with Holford Rule 3.
12 The approximate length assumes a line route through the centre of each Route Option.
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6.3. Landscape Character and Visual Amenity
6.3.1. Landscape Character
All the route options cross both the Southern Uplands and Southern Uplands with Forest LCTs. Route option 3B additionally crosses the Upper Dale (Valley) LCT. Given its characteristics, (see 4.3.1.4 above) this Upper Dale (Valley) LCT can be considered as being more sensitive to the presence of an overhead line, than the other LCTs within the Study Area.
Route Option 1
The landscape character of this route option is an upland one, comprising moorland to the north of the Kello Water and areas of forestry, to the south. This is a large scale landscape and the recently-felled / replanted areas of forestry provide an opportunity for the overhead line to create a new wayleave corridor. There are two former borrow pits located on the northern side of the Kello Water valley, on the north side of the access track. There is one property in this area, the farm at Hillend.
The route option would generally be contained within valleys or located on lower slopes, with no potential for wood poles to be skylined on ridges, though there could be some scope for poles to be skylined when seen from lower ground (such as the view north from the track at the watercourse crossing north-east of Hillend) or where ascending valley sides, obliquely. As noted in the forestry section of this part of the report, there would be some tree felling required to accommodate this route option.
In relation to consideration of route option 1 against the Holford Rules (Rules 3 - 5) (Rules 6 and 7 are not considered relevant to these route options and are therefore disregarded):
Rule 3 – this route option does not comply well in that there are several sharp changes in direction required.
Rule 4 – the route makes use of the topography and tree cover over much of its length so as to avoid skylining from the majority of locations (as noted above). There are no ridgelines crossed by this route. It can therefore be considered as complying with this rule.
Rule 5 – there are no ‘moderately open valleys’ within this part of the Study Area and it is not therefore possible to comply with this aspect of this rule. Views of the line will however be broken by trees since the route runs within areas of forestry. This route can therefore be considered as complying with this rule.
Route Option 1 can therefore be considered as partly in compliance with Holford Rules 4 - 5 but not compliant with Rule 3.
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Route Option 2A
Whilst this option is also located in an upland landscape, the character is largely more of open grassland than forestry, other than at the northern and southern ends of the route. The wood pole line could be skylined (thus affecting the perception of the landscape) as it crosses the ridge line north of the Euchan Water on the approach to the substation.
The line would be backdropped by the rising ground to the south-west as it crosses the slopes of Hog Hill and Black Hill, though where the route crosses watercourses there would be increased scope for poles to be skylined, depending on their positions. The presence (once constructed) of wind turbines on these slopes would reduce the potential for wood poles to be a prominent feature of this area.
In considering this route option against the Holford Rules 3 - 5:
Rule 3 – the majority of this route option takes a relatively direct line between the substation end points and can be considered to be reasonably compliant with this rule.
Rule 4 – the majority of this route option has hills as the background and in places also makes use of forestry to provide a backdrop; ridgelines are crossed at low points and not at the summit. This route can therefore be considered to comply with this rule.
Rule 5 – the landscape crossed by this route is not one of ‘moderately open valleys with woods’ although the route does cross open moorland. Whilst there are no scale comparisons available within this open moorland landscape at the moment, once wind turbines are erected these will then provide scale comparators (albeit substantially larger than the heights of the proposed wood poles). This route can be considered as partially compliant with this rule.
In overall terms, Route Option 2A can be considered as reasonably compliant with Holford Rules 3 - 5.
Route Option 2B
Route option 2B provides an opportunity for alternative combinations of the above route options, running eastwards along the southern side of the Kello Water and linking route option 1 with 2A. The western end of this route option (between 1 and 2A) is within conifer plantation, whilst the eastern end crosses upland moorland following the contours to option 2A. This route option would be backdropped against the higher ground to the south.
In terms of the compliance of this route option with Holford Rules 3 - 5:
Rule 3 – this option takes a direct line between other route options, albeit that overall it creates a longer route than that of 2A and the section of route that follows route 1
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includes a sharp change in direction at the crossing of the Kello Water. It is reasonably compliant with this rule, therefore.
Rule 4 – this option follows the valley side to link options 1 and 2A; the overall route has both tree cover and higher ground as a backdrop and does not cross the high points of any ridgelines; as such the route complies with this rule.
Rule 5 – the valley side of the Kello Water (which this route follows) is within tree cover at the western end but is more open (but without tree cover) further to the east; the route is therefore partially compliant with this rule.
Route 2B can be considered to be reasonably compliant with Holford Rules 3 - 5 therefore.
Route Option 3A
Route Option 3A shares the route of option 2B until it reaches a point to the north of Hog Hill (where route option 2B merges with 2A). The route then heads east parallel to the Kello Water, crossing the lower slopes of Brunt Rig. It then heads south towards Euchan Water before turning back west to arrive at Glenglass substation. The landscape character of this route, like the others, has an upland character, influenced by forestry in its western half.
Where the route departs from the line of option 2A the character becomes open moorland and grassland and the wood pole line could be skylined (thus affecting the perception of the landscape) where it crosses the shoulder of land to the north of Euchan Water. However, the line would be back-dropped by the rising ground on either side of this.
In considering this route option against the Holford Rules 3 - 5:
Rule 3 – this route option is relatively circuitous and therefore does not comply well with this rule.
Rule 4 – the majority of this route option has hills as the background and in places also makes use of forestry to provide a backdrop in its western half; ridgelines are crossed at lower elevations although there will be some locations where the sky is a backdrop. However, this route can be considered to largely comply with this rule.
Rule 5 – the landscape crossed by this route is not one of ‘moderately open valleys with woods’ although the route does cross open moorland and views of the line will be broken by trees in its western part. This route can be considered as partially compliant with this rule.
In overall terms therefore, Route 3A is only partially compliant with Holford Rules 3 - 5.
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Route Option 3B
The landscape character of this route option remains an upland one, albeit encroaching more towards areas of lowland landscape character than the other route options described above. There could be some sky-lining of wood poles as the route commences its descent of the Euchan Water northern valley side, above Blackaddie Road, as well as at the crossing of the Kello Water. The character of this area will change in future years with the establishment of new areas of forestry planting on the upper slopes of Corserig Hill (as described in the forestry section of the environmental baseline chapter, above).
In considering this route option against the Holford Rules 3 - 5:
Rule 3 – this route option does not comply with Rule 3 in that it takes the least direct line between the substation end points and requires several changes in direction.
Rule 4 – the majority of this route does have some hill backgrounds and in following the northern edge of the forestry on White Knowe, will have this as a background to the overhead line. Any ridgelines are crossed at relatively low points. This route option can be considered to comply with this rule, therefore.
Rule 5 – in following a route that encroaches more towards areas of lowland landscape character, part of this route (between the Polbroc Burn and Glengape) has scope to run more within areas where the landform is shallower and there are trees (albeit conifer plantations) present. However, over the remainder of this route, these characteristics are absent. This route option has only limited scope for compliance with this rule, therefore.
Overall, Route 3B is only partially compliant with Holford Rules 3 - 5.
The preferred route option, in relation to landscape character, is option 2A (with route option 2B/2A as the second preference) as these are relatively direct routes with minimal effect on landscape character and landscape receptors, and can generally be considered to be in accordance with the Holford Rules (Rules 1 and 2 as well as Rules 3 - 5). The third preference would be route 3A as this is also a reasonable length and generally in accordance with the Holford Rules. The least preferred options are Route Options 1 (affecting forestry, multiple changes in direction) and 3B (increased length).
6.3.2. Visual Amenity
Route Option 1 would have relatively few visual receptors. These would be limited to the occupants of Hillend, with relatively distant views from the property of the wood pole line as it descends from Sandy Knowe; and transient views when using the access tracks south of Mynwhirr Hill. Other users of these tracks, which are also Dumfries and Galloway core paths,
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would similarly experience transient views of the proposed wood pole line, albeit over longer sections of these paths than would be the case for other route options.
Route Option 2A would similarly have few visual receptors, limited to transient views for users of the core paths and access tracks within the immediate area. There could be scope for more distant views from within, or on the north side of the Nith valley, though at distances of 3-4km perceptibility of the overhead line would be limited and not significant.
Route Option 2B would have limited scope for visual receptors, limited to transient views for users of the existing forestry access track / core path on the north side of the Kello Water, with potentially some distant views from more elevated areas to the north (though as noted above, these would not be significant).
Route Option 3A would also have relatively few visual receptors in its western half where potential effects would be identical to Route Option 2B. In its eastern half there is greater potential for distant views from the Nith Valley.
Route Option 3B has greater potential for increased numbers of visual receptors, given its greater proximity to the Nith valley, Kirkconnel and Kelloholm, as well as residential properties at Glengape (if occupied) and at the western end of Blackaddie Road (the former waterworks building). The route option also crosses the core path / access track from Kirkconnel, east of Sandy Knowe as well as running parallel to part of Blackaddie Road (transient views), though the affected sections of these paths would be less than for Route Options 1 and 2A.
The preferred route options, in relation to visual amenity, are Route Options 2A and 2B as these do not directly affect any properties. Route Option 1 would be the next preference, though this would require to have regard for potential wirescape and adverse visual effects on the occupants of Bank Cottage and Glenglass Farm. Route Options 3B / 3A would be the least preferred options given their increased length and greater proximity to the more settled area of the Nith valley.
6.4. Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Conservation
Route Option 1
Otter are likely to be present on the watercourses within the Study area. There are four otter resting sites in the vicinity of the watercourse crossings. There are eight watercourse crossings along Route Option 1. The Kello Water is considered to have the highest amount of otter activity. Water voles may be present on the smaller watercourses that flow into the Kello Water and Euchan Water.
Red squirrel may be present in the conifer plantation towards the Euchan Water.
Conifers generally have a reduced likelihood of bat roosts being present as there are poor flight lines to the conifers due to the density of plantations and there are usually limited roost
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opportunities in the conifers. However, there is always potential for bat roosts. There may be areas of exposed rock along the route that could, potentially, be used as roost sites.
Route Option 2A crosses eight watercourses and therefore there is potential that otter and water vole may be present in the vicinity of the watercourse crossings.
As Route Option 2A does not pass through many areas of forestry it is unlikely that red squirrels will be present. Bat roosts may be a possibility in the trees on the north slope of the Kello Water prior to the route crossing the watercourse.
Route Option 2B provides a combination of the above route options, running eastwards along the southern side of the Kello Water and linking Route Option 1 with 2A, and (from a continuation eastwards) with Route Option 3A. The area between Route Option 1 and 2A goes through felled conifer plantation and is likely to be utilised by woodland species. In total, Route Option 2B crosses ten watercourses and there is potential that otter and water vole may be present in the vicinity of the watercourse crossings.
The short section that links Route Option 1 and Route Option 2A has been felled and therefore bats and red squirrels are unlikely.
Route Option 3A follows Route Option 1, then Route Option 2B linking to Route Option 2A. Then the route continues east along the ridge of the south Kello valley over open moorland before turning south down to Euchan Water and following Euchan Water west to Glenglass substation.
There are 15 watercourse crossings along Route Option 3A and there is potential that otter and water vole may be present in the vicinity of the watercourse crossings.
Route Option 3B runs in an easterly direction from the proposed Sandy Knowe wind farm cutting across the edge of conifer plantation before following it along the north edge. The route then skirts the existing conifer plantations before crossing the Kello Water to the west of Glengape and then linking in with Route Option 3A. This route option crosses 13 watercourses that could, potentially, have otter and water vole present.
There is potential for bat roosts in the conifers which the route skirts past to the east of the proposed Sandy Knowe substation.
The preferred route option, in relation to terrestrial ecology and nature conservation, is Route Option 2A as this route has the least number of watercourse crossings and therefore is less likely to encroach on potential otter or water vole resting sites. Furthermore, there are limited areas of forestry along Route Option 2A, reducing the likelihood of bats and red squirrels.
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6.5. Ornithology
Route Option 1
The upland areas between the proposed Sandy Knowe wind farm and the Kello Water crossing are likely to contain ground nesting birds such as meadow pipit and possibly waders. There is potential for black grouse leks towards the proposed substation in this section between the end of March and mid-May. However, with the steep slope down to the Kello Water this area is less suitable for black grouse. The open areas provide a foraging habitat for raptors.
South of Kello Water as the route passes through felled conifer plantation to the edge of the plantation at Well Hill there are nesting opportunities for woodland species together with ground nesting birds. This area also offers foraging habitat for raptors.
From the edge of the Euchanhead conifer plantation at Well Hill the route moves south through dense plantation to Euchan Water, before turning east towards Glenglass substation. The conifer plantation may provide nest sites for Schedule 1 species such as common crossbill and raptors such as buzzard and sparrowhawk. Although it is considered to be less likely, there is the potential for goshawk and merlin to nest in the plantation areas.
Route Option 2A follows the edge of a conifer plantation in a south easterly direction towards Kello Water. The route passes through an area of trees on the slope down towards Kello Water. The open areas at the edge of the conifer plantation have the potential to be used by black grouse as lek locations. Waders are less likely to be nesting along the edge of the plantation. The trees on the slope to the north of Kello Water are likely to provide nest sites for common species.
South of the Kello Water the route moves in a more easterly direction across open ground before turning south down the slope to the Euchan Water and Glenglass substation. The open areas have potential for nesting waders and meadow pipits. This is also considered to be good foraging habitat for raptors.
Route Option 2B provides an opportunity for alternative combinations of the above route options, running eastwards along the southern side of the Kello Water and linking route option 1 with 2A, and (from a continuation eastwards) with 3A. The area between Route Option 1 and 2A goes through felled conifer plantation and is likely to be utilised by woodland species.
Route Option 3A follows Route Option 1, then Route Option 2B linking to Route Option 2A. Then the route continues east along the ridge of the south Kello valley over open moorland before turning south down to Euchan Water and following Euchan Water west to Glenglass substation.
The majority of this route passes over open moorland which is likely to have nesting waders and meadow pipits present, as well as providing good foraging habitat for raptors and potential lek sites for black grouse.
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Route Option 3B runs in an easterly direction from the proposed Sandy Knowe wind farm cutting across the edge of conifer plantation before following it along the north edge. The route then skirts the existing conifer plantations before crossing the Kello Water to the west of Glengape and then linking in with Route Option 3A. This route option passes over areas that are considered to be good potential black grouse lek sites.
The preferred route option, in relation to ornithology, is Route Option 1 as this route passes over the shortest area of open moorland which would be the preferred habitat for black grouse lek sites, breeding waders and foraging raptors. Route Option 1 is approximately 6km in length, which is the second shortest of the route options. The length of the route is significant in reducing the risk of bird collisions. The preferred route would be followed by Route Option 2A as this is the shortest route at 5.5km. However, Route Option 2A passes over a large area of open moorland which would be the favoured nesting habitat for waders and species such as meadow pipit. It is also ideal habitat for foraging raptors.
6.6. Agriculture and Land Use
A desk-based routeing study has been carried out, using Land Classification data (50,000 mapping), Soil Series mapping (250,000, due to incomplete 25,000 data for this region) and aerial imagery.
The route options have been analysed in 1km sections to provide a representation of the land use and presented in a table indicating: land use; LCA; soil series; sensitivity (access); issues (drainage), land quality, and any other notable features. This is set out in Tables 6-2 to 6-6 below, for each of the route options (described north-south).
Route Option 1 has three potential sections that could cause detrimental agricultural impact. The soil along the route contains peaty podzols and brown forest soils with gleying; these soils are naturally poorly drained and trafficking them at the wrong time of the year may lead to drainage issues during and after construction, which will need to be mitigated during the construction process. The LCA classification for this section of the route varies from 5.2-6.3. Though this is not prime agricultural land, mitigation may need to be implemented so that drainage and soil quality is not adversely affected, post-construction.
The section of route that runs parallel to Bank Cottage and Glenglass Farm appears to extend onto potential agricultural land; however, the area is very small and land ownership boundaries would require to be confirmed to enable the full impact to be assessed. As it stands there may be no impact here, though access may be of concern.
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Soil Series Predominant Land km LCA (250K Sensitivity Issues Other Land Use Quality mapping) Rankers with Potential for hill podzols with farming brown forest (heathland and 5.2- soils and Undulating 0-1 Peat rough grazing) 6.3 peaty gleys heathland for first 0.5 km with peat: then forestry peaty podzols Potential for access Predominantly issues during Majority commercial construction forestry, forestry with 6.2- 1-2 and drainage with Peat last 20 m, 6.3 Peaty Peaty gleys, non concerns undulating potentially podzols: calcareous gleys - heathland rough grazing peaty gleys poorly drained and may have existing Potential 0.5 with peat Majority drainage issues, km of rough (Ettrick) forestry, 6.2- which the installation 2-3 grazing then with Peat 6.3 of the OHL commercial undulating infrastructure and forestry heathland any permanent or Peaty gleys temporary access Majority Commercial with non- roads may forestry, forestry with calcareous exacerbate. Further with limited scope gleys, and 3-4 6.2 on-site investigation potential for rough rankers with and discussion with agriculture grazing within podzols with the land land to route brown forest owners/tenants will south soils Potential access be required to Majority Commercial issues, ensure no legacy of forestry, forestry with however, drainage issues, with limited scope extent of land post-construction. 4-5 6.2 Rankers with potential Peat for rough ownership podzols with agriculture grazing within boundary/ies brown forest land to route would need soils and south to be clarified peaty gleys Majority Commercial with peat: forestry, forestry with peaty with limited scope 5-6 6.2 podzols potential Peat for rough agriculture grazing within land to route south Table 6-2 Route Option 1 – agriculture/land use issues
Route Option 2A is routed more through heathland than commercial forestry. One section extends to around 2.3 km of land which may be used for hill farming. As discussed above, there could be detrimental impacts to the drainage systems of the area during and post-construction, which will need to be mitigated during the construction process.
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The land is primarily classified as 6.1-6.3 with humic iron and peaty podzols along with peaty gley and gleyed brown forest soils. It also passes near to an area of peat, which due to the scale of mapping of the soil types available extends into the route option. These soils and especially the gleyed soils have natural drainage issues and trafficking them at the wrong time of the year may lead to drainage issues during and after construction, which will need to be mitigated to avoid long term issues.
Soil Series Predominant km LCA (250K Sensitivity Issues Land Quality Other Land Use mapping) Peaty gleys Undulating with peat: Potential rough heathland 6.2- peaty 0-1 grazing and and Peat 6.3 podzols and forestry commercial humus-iron forestry podzols Rankers with Peaty gleys, non podzols with calcareous gleys - Predominantly brown forest Potential for poorly drained and Majority commercial 6.1- soils and access may have existing forestry, with 1-2 forestry with Peat 6.3 peaty gleys issues during drainage issues, undulating some rough with peat: construction which the installation heathland grazing peaty to field(s) of the OHL podzols infrastructure and Peaty gleys any permanent or with peat temporary access (Ettrick)and roads may Rough grazing/ 6.1- Undulating 2-3 Rankers with exacerbate. Further Peat heathland 6.3 heathland podzols with on-site investigation brown forest and discussion with soils the land Peaty gleys owners/tenants will Rough grazing/ with peat: Potential be required to Undulating 3-4 6.3 Peat heathland peaty access ensure no legacy of heathland podzols issues, drainage issues, Peaty gleys: however, post-construction. peat with extent of land Commercial rankers and ownership forestry with 6.2- Commercial 4-5 rankers with boundary/ies Peat some rough 6.3 forestry podzols with would need grazing brown forest to be clarified soils Table 6-3 Route Option 2A – agriculture/land use issues
Route Option 2B has similar attributes to Route Option 1 with regard to impact. The initial section from the north would need to be mitigated for drainage and access issues if there is a risk that farm steadings could be cut off during construction. The heathland section to the east of this
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option is used for hill farming and the impact of access and drainage would need to be further examined.
The land is primarily LCA classified as 5.2-6.3 with podzols but mainly consists of peaty gleys and gleyed brown forest soils and peaty gleys. These soils and especially the gleyed soils have natural drainage issues and trafficking them at the wrong time of the year may lead to drainage issues during and after construction, which will need to be mitigated during the construction process. Soil Series Predominant km LCA (250K Sensitivity Issues Land Quality Other Land Use mapping) Rough grazing Undulating / heathland Peaty gleys, non- heathland 5.2- 0-1 moving into calcareous gleys - and Peat 6.3 commercial poorly drained and commercial forestry may have existing forestry Commercial drainage issues, Commercial 1-2 6.3 Peat forestry which the installation forestry Rankers with of the OHL podzols with Potential for infrastructure and brown forest access any permanent or soils and issues during temporary access peaty gleys construction roads may Commercial with peat: Undulating to field(s) exacerbate. Further forestry moving peaty heathland 6.2- on-site investigation 2-3 into rough podzols and Peat 6.3 and discussion with grazing/ commercial the land heathland forestry owners/tenants will be required to ensure no legacy of drainage issues, post-construction. Table 6-4 Route Option 2B – agriculture/land use issues
Route Option 3A - this route option has the greatest scope for impact on agriculture. An estimated 4.5 km of heathland would be affected by this route. The full impact would only be ascertained by obtaining the land ownership boundaries; however, large sections of land have the potential to be cut off during construction and access could be of concern. Additionally, due to the nature of the soils, drainage issues may arise during and post construction, which would need to be mitigated against. The LCA classification for this area varies from 5.2-6.3 and the soil is predominantly peaty podzols and some gleyed brown forest soils, which would require careful handling during the construction phase to avoid long tern soil structural and drainage issues.
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Soil Series Predominant km LCA (250K Sensitivity Issues Land Quality Other Land Use mapping) Rough grazing/ Undulating heathland heathland 5.2- 0-1 moving into and Peat 6.3 commercial Rankers with commercial forestry podzols with forestry Commercial brown forest Commercial 1-2 6.3 Peat forestry soils and forestry Commercial peaty gleys forestry moving with peat: 6.2- Undulating 2-3 into Rough peaty Peaty gleys, non- Peat 6.3 heathland grazing/ podzols calcareous gleys - heathland poorly drained and may have existing 6.1, Undulating 3-4 Rough grazing drainage issues, Peat 6.3 heathland which the installation 6.1, Undulating 4-5 Rough grazing of the OHL Peat 6.3 Peaty heathland infrastructure and podzols with Potential for Rough grazing/ any permanent or heathland peaty gleys: access temporary access Undulating 5-6 moving into 6.3 peat with issues during Peat roads may heathland rankers construction commercial exacerbate. Further to field(s) forestry on-site investigation Rankers with and discussion with podzols with the land brown forest owners/tenants will Rough grazing/ 6.1- soils and Undulating 6-7 be required to Peat heathland 6.3 peaty gleys ensure no legacy of heathland with peat: drainage issues, peaty post-construction. podzols Rankers with podzols with brown forest Commercial soils and 7-8 6.2 Peat forestry peaty gleys with peat: peaty podzols Table 6-5 Route Option 3A – agriculture/land use issues
Route Option 3B - this route runs to the north of all other potential routes and has the potential to impact on agricultural land use, in particular, access issues. In the absence of information regarding the existing access to the land in the section from Polshag Hill to Glengape it is not possible to predict the level of effect in this regard. It may be necessary to put in place mitigation procedures to maintain accessibility during and/or post-construction.
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The LCA classification for this option is primarily 5.2-6.3 with humic iron and peaty podzols along with peaty gleys and gleyed brown forest soils, which make up the majority of the route. The route also passes close to an area of peat, which due to the available scale of mapping of the soil types is shown as extending into the proposed route. These soils and especially the gleyed soils have natural drainage issues and trafficking them at the wrong time of the year may lead to drainage issues during and after construction, which will need to be mitigated to avoid long term drainage and soil structural issues.
Soil Series Predominant Land km LCA (250k Sensitivity Issues Other Land Use Quality mapping) Peaty gleys: Peaty gleys, non- Rough peat with calcareous gleys - Undulating grazing/ non- poorly drained and heathland heathland 6.2- 0-1 calcareous may have existing and Peat moving into 6.3 gleys and drainage issues, which commercial commercial humus-iron the installation of the forestry forestry podzols OHL infrastructure and Potential Peaty gleys: any permanent or rough grazing, peat with temporary access however may non- roads may Undulating 1-2 6.3 Peat be some calcareous exacerbate. Further heathland commercial gleys and on-site investigation forestry peat Potential for and discussion with Commercial access the land Peaty gleys: forestry issues during owners/tenants will be peat with moving into 5.3,6. construction required to ensure no Undulating 2-3 non- Peat Rough 3 to field(s) legacy of drainage heathland calcareous grazing/ issues, post- gleys heathland construction. Commercial 5.2- forestry Peaty gleys Undulating 3-4 5.3,6. Peat moving into with peat: heathland 3 rough grazing peaty Rough 5.3, podzols and Undulating 4-5 grazing/ 6.1, Rankers Peat heathland heathland 6.3 with podzols Rough with brown Undulating 5-6 grazing/ 6.3 forest soils Peat heathland heathland Table 6-6 Route Option 3B – agriculture/land use issues
Preferred route: in terms of any preference for the route options, from an agricultural land use perspective, the preferred route is Route Option 1, followed by Route Option 2B, with Route Option 3B the least preferred route.
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6.7. Forestry
Holford Rules 4 and 5 require that, where possible, overhead lines follow areas of open space running alongside (but not through) existing wooded areas, including skirting edges of copses and small plantations.
Route Option 1 crosses a significant amount of forest and woodland, intersecting through 90ha according to the National Forest Inventory, including areas of bare land that are part of the National Forest Estate. The route cuts down south from Sandy Knowe substation, passing initially through smaller mature plantations and into recently felled compartments with ground preparation and new planting aged around 5 years. The route passes adjacent to a patch of native wet woodland and through a strip of nearly native woodland at this point. The route then crosses a patch of open ground before cutting south through mature, Sitka spruce dominated conifer forest and turning east, following the edge of the mature conifer plantation with some compartments of younger stems and areas of felling. This option passes close to or through native woodlands and may impact upon them. It is likely that extensive felling would be necessary within the mature compartments and removal of forest land in recently felled areas. This option is the least preferred.
Route Option 2A passes through around 40ha of forest land. The route runs south-east initially through recently felled and restocked areas on Polshag Hill. There are areas of new planting around Mynwhirr Hill that may be affected by the overhead line. The route then heads east, crossing the Kello Water and into planted areas of conifer around 10 years old. The route crosses open ground where there is a recently constructed access road and site of a proposed wind farm development (Sanquhar Wind Farm). It then cuts south through conifer plantations on Black Hill. At this point the proposed route bisects an area of woodland. Felling of mature stems would be required at this point and may increase susceptibility to windthrow. It may be preferable to skirt around the plantation edge at this point, if feasible. Although this route does impact upon forested land, with some felling necessary and loss of areas of younger trees, new planting and recent felling being affected, this route option has the least impact upon forestry.
Route Option 2B intersects around 60ha of forest land and is initially similar to Route Option 1, providing an alternative to Route Option 2A. The majority of forest in this area has been recently felled or comprises areas of young conifer, 5-15 years old. The route cuts south through felled areas with some pockets of mature conifers that may potentially be impacted upon, before turning east into areas of ground preparation and new planting and then following the southerly section of Route Option 2A. The impact of this option would potentially be greater than Route Option 2A as it crosses larger tracts of forest land.
Route Option 3A passes through circa 60ha of forested areas and is similar initially to Route Options 1 and 2B, crossing large felled areas with ground preparation, younger conifer plantations 5-15 years old, and open grassland. The route passes through small areas of native
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woodland and nearly native woodland. The route then crosses open ground before cutting south- west and approaching Glenglass substation from the east. At this point the route cuts through a mature Sitka spruce and larch plantation. As this route follows the existing forest boundary at this point, tree felling and clearance works may be more limited in scope and the risk of creating windthrow hazard lessened, given that it is provisionally sheltered from the prevailing south- westerly wind. As this option crosses areas of native and nearly native woodland the impacts are greater.
Route Option 3B passes through 50ha of Forestry Commission land before following Route Option 3A . The majority of this was previously open ground or used for agricultural purposes. New planting in the area is evident with ground preparation indicating large scale afforestation along the eastern shoulder of Corserig Hill. There are also some small strips of mature woodland and the route cuts along the edge of medium scale conifer plantation blocks. The impact of this route on forestry is potentially significant. A large area of new planting would be affected and areas of mature conifer forest impacted upon. However, the route could skirt along the boundaries of the mature woodland, providing a potentially viable routeing option.
Preferred Route: Route Option 2A presents the least impact upon forest and woodlands and is therefore considered to be the most compliant with Holford Rules 4 and 5. This passes through a lesser amount of mature woodland and a smaller area of newer planting, has the greatest potential to follow existing forest boundaries where possible, crosses large areas of non-forested land and provides less overall potential for removal of woodland areas and the necessity for felling and tree clearance. In addition, the route does not cross through native woodland, providing minimal impact upon more sensitive forested areas. It would be preferred if the route could follow the existing woodland boundary to the east of Black Hill (similar to Route Option 3A), to help preserve existing windfirm boundaries in this area.
6.8. Geology and Soils
Due to the steep topography and the nature of soils present within the site, once a preferred route has been selected, a detailed survey will be undertaken, including a peat slide risk assessment (PSRA). Each option has areas of dystrophic blanket peat present. Active, peat forming blanket bog is listed by European legislation, under Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive (Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora EC/92/43). A detailed vegetation survey would provide clarification of whether the peat found within the Study Area is ‘active’. However, a vegetation survey provides only limited information on which to assess whether blanket bog is actively peat forming or not. Where there is a deep continuous layer of bog-moss species and an abundance of hare’s-tail cottongrass, the blanket bog is likely to be active. However, it is recommended that a minimum of two preferred routes are identified so as to not minimise potential routes based upon detailed surveys. All route options run from within the Sandy Knowe development to the substation site at Glenglass, adjacent to the Euchan Water.
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Route Option 1 covers four different soil types: dystrophic blanket peat (34%), peaty gleyed podzols (32%), humus-iron podzols (28%) and peaty gleys (6%). Dystrophic blanket peat is a poorly drained, acidic upland blanket soil with no mineral layer within the 50cm of the surface. These soils support vegetation communities dominated by heathers and nutrient poor grasses. Peaty gleyed podzols are acidic, with a wet peaty surface layer. A typical characteristic is the presence of a thin iron-pan which restricts the flow of water, contributing to the poor drainage of the Study Area. Humus-iron podzols have a thin organic surface layer overlying a grey subsoil layer, with the majority of podzols having some degree of waterlogging. Peaty gleys are classified as wet with an organic (peaty) surface layer. This route covers large areas of coniferous plantation where it is likely that the peat that is present is shallow (<0.30m) and degraded.
Route Option 2A covers the same four soil types as Route Option 1 with dystrophic blanket peat (60%), peaty gleyed podzols (24%), humus-iron podzols (13%) and peaty gleys (3%). This option passes through a small area of coniferous trees south of Kello Water.
Route Option 2B covers three soil types with dystrophic blanket peat having the greatest coverage at 72%. The remaining area comprises peaty gleyed podzols (21%) and humus-iron podzols (7%). Part of the northern end of this route follows the same large area of coniferous plantation where the peat present is likely to be shallow and degraded, similar to Route Option 1.
Route Option 3A covers four different soil types: dystrophic blanket peat (61%), humus-iron podzols (19%), non-calcareous gleys (12%) and peaty gleyed podzols (8%). Non calcareous gleys are characterised by wet soils with a mineral topsoil and gleyed subsoil horizons affected by poor drainage. This option shares the same route as Options 1 and 2B at its northern end.
Route Option 3B covers five different soil types: dystrophic blanket peat (31%), peaty gleys (27%), humus-iron podzols (22%), non-calcerous gleys (11%) and peat gleyed podzols (9%).
Preferred Route: in terms of any preference for these route options, from the perspective of geology and soils, the preferred route is Route Option 1, followed by Route Option 2A, with Route option 2B the least preferred route.
6.9. Hydrology and Water Resources
As the Glenglass substation and the Sandy Knowe substation are within different catchments, all route options pass through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments.
Route Option 1 crosses over seven mapped watercourses including the Poltallan Burn, which is crossed twice; however, it is likely that there are other unmapped watercourses within the vicinity of this route. Given the route passes through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments the Water Framework Directive (WFD) status ranges from moderate to good. The WFD status of the identified aquifers in the Study Area that underlie this route is poor. As the route overlies the Kirkcolm Formation the British Geological Survey (BGS) aquifer productivity is
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classed as low. The BGS groundwater vulnerability classification for this route is predominantly 5 with small amounts of 4a. This route is within 250m of Glenglass Cottage Private Water Supply, which is a groundwater abstraction.
Route Option 2A crosses over eight mapped watercourses; however, it is likely that there are other unmapped watercourses within the vicinity of this route. As the route passes through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments the WFD status ranges from moderate to good. The WFD status of the identified aquifers in the Study Area that underlie this route is poor. As the route overlies the Kirkcolm Formation the BGS aquifer productivity is classed as low. The BGS groundwater vulnerability classification for this route is split approximately equally between 5 and 4a. This route is not within 250m of any Private Water Supply.
Route Option 2B crosses over ten mapped watercourses; however, it is likely that there are other unmapped watercourses within the vicinity of this route. As the route passes through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments the WFD status ranges from moderate to good. The WFD status of the identified aquifers in the Study Area that underlie this route is poor. As the route overlies the Kirkcolm Formation the BGS aquifer productivity is classed as low. The BGS groundwater vulnerability classification for this route is predominantly 5 with one large area of 4a. This route is not within 250m of any Private Water Supply.
Route Option 3A crosses over fifteen mapped watercourses; however, it is likely that there are other unmapped watercourses within the vicinity of this route. As the route passes through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments the WFD status ranges from moderate to good. The WFD status of the identified aquifers in the Study Area that underlie this route is poor. As the route overlies the Kirkcolm Formation the BGS aquifer productivity is classed as low. The BGS groundwater vulnerability classification for this route is predominantly 5 with one large area of 4a. This route is not within 250m of any Private Water Supply.
Route Option 3B crosses over thirteen mapped watercourses; however, it is likely that there are other unmapped watercourses within the vicinity of this route. As the route passes through the Euchan Water, Kello Water and River Nith catchments the WFD status ranges from moderate to good. The WFD status of the identified aquifers in the Study Area that underlie this route is poor. As the route overlies both the Kirkcolm Formation and the Scottish Coal Measures Group the BGS aquifer productivity is classed as low to moderate. The BGS groundwater vulnerability classification for this route is predominantly 4a with one large area of 5. This route is not within 250m of any Private Water Supply.
Table 6-7 summarises the hydrology and water resources conditions of the route options.
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Water Route Option 1 Route Option Route Option Route Option Route Option Resource 2A 2B 3A 3B Condition Number of 8 8 10 15 13 Watercourse Crossings Watercourse Moderate to Moderate to Moderate to Moderate to Moderate to WFD Status Good Good Good Good Good Aquifer WFD Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Status Aquifer Low Low Low Low Low and Productivity Moderate Aquifer Predominantly Equal amounts Predominantly Predominantly Predominantly Vulnerability 5 with small of areas of 4a 5 with one 5 with one 4a with one amounts of 4a and 5 large area of large area of large area of 5 4a 4a Private Water Yes No No No No Supply within 250m
Table 6-7 Route Options Summary - Hydrology and Water Resources Conditions
Preferred route: in terms of any preference for these route options, from the perspective of the hydrology of the Study Area, the preferred route is Route Option 2A, followed by Route Option 2B, with Route Option 1 the least preferred route option due to potential effects on private water supplies.
6.10. Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
No significant direct or indirect impacts on cultural heritage and archaeology are likely to arise from any of the route options.
There are no designated cultural heritage assets within or close to any of the route options. Therefore there is no potential for direct construction impacts on designated cultural heritage assets.
Recorded undesignated cultural heritage assets within or close to the route options are all sheepfolds or farmsteads of local or regional importance. It should be possible to avoid such assets during construction, thus avoiding any impacts. If avoidance is non-viable then a programme of archaeological works should be acceptable and the residual impact should not be significant.
An archaeological walkover survey of the preferred route will be carried out as part of further work on the project. It is unlikely that such a survey would identify cultural heritage assets that could not be avoided by the wood pole line, or that would result in a significant impact.
Preferred route: there is little difference between route options, in terms of the archaeological interest of the Study Area, though the least preferred route would be Route Option 3A/ 3B. This
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is the route option most likely to affect the setting of designated assets, given its greater proximity to the Nith Valley where the majority of designated assets are located. However, given the nature of the assets and of the proposed grid connection, it is unlikely that any significant impacts would be identified.
6.11. Traffic and Transportation
At present, pre-consultation, it is anticipated that all access for construction will be taken from an appropriate egress from the A76; the route options do not differ in this regard. Traffic survey data for the A76 will be obtained from Transport Scotland’s permanent counter database as part of the assessment of the preferred route option, in order to determine the most appropriate access point(s) to the works areas.
All route options will also require access to land on either side of the Kello Water. The preferred means of access, via a crossing (new or existing) of this watercourse, or through the use of existing accesses on either side of this, will be determined at a later stage of the project.
Traffic and transportation is not expected to be a determining factor in route selection.
6.12. Social and Economic
Effects in the context of Social and Economic issues that could potentially be caused by the proposed development include the following:
. Effects on residential amenity and recreation.
. Effects on the economic resources (Commercial forestry plantations and borrow pits)
It should be noted that the Route Options do not approach urban areas and as such there is no requirement to approach these urban areas through industrial zones. Therefore Holford Rule 7 is not applicable to this appraisal.
Route Option 1 intersects approximately 90ha of forest listed on the National Forest Inventory. As its path is not aligned to the perimeters of the forested areas, it is likely that construction would also impact on forest paths and other accesses for both commercial operators in the area, and recreational users. The southern extent of the route runs adjacent to the core path in the vicinity of Bank Cottage. Use of this core path may therefore be restricted for pedestrians and vehicles during construction, and the presence of the poles associated with the route would alter the views from this core path during operation.
Route Option 2A passes through around 40ha of forest land. The route runs south-east initially through recently felled and restocked areas on Polshag Hill
The route crosses open ground where there is a recently constructed access road and site of a proposed wind farm development (Sanquhar / Community Windpower). It then cuts south through conifer plantations on Black Hill. Towards Glenglass, it skirts the eastern boundary of an
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area of mature conifer plantation, so is estimated that the tree line may minimise the visual impact of the pole line from views from the core path to the south.
Route Option 2B passes through around 60ha of forest land. The remainder of the route will be similar to that described above for Route Option 2A.
Route Option 3A passes through circa 60ha of forested areas and is similar initially to Route Options 1 and 2B, crossing large felled areas with ground preparation, younger conifer plantations 5-15 years old, and open grassland. Extending south through Drumbuie Moorhead, it approaches the core path and heads west, adjacent to the path until it reaches Glenglass substation. The eastern extent of this option does not utilise forestry boundaries as a screen compared with the southern extent of Route Option 2A and instead passes through predominantly open moorland.
Route Option 3B passes through 50ha of Forestry Commission land. The remainder of the route will be similar to that described above for Route Option 2A.
Preferred route Due to the lack of information about land ownership and agricultural boundaries available at this stage, the primary socio economic factors to consider are the residential amenity of properties, the areas of commercial woodland affected by the proposal, and the impact on recreational users of the area. The preferred route option is therefore Route Option 2A as it crosses the smallest area of woodland, is more sympathetic to recreational user views from the core path and is the shortest route overall. Route Option 1 would be the least preferred due to the extent of forestry land covered, and the proximity to a number of core paths along the route.
6.13. Technical Review
All the existing and consented turbines were avoided and required separation distances were considered during the identification of the Route Options.
The average elevation of the Study Area is above 350m AOD and all Route Options pass through areas that are over 350m AOD. As shown in Figure 6-2 below, Route Options 3A and 3B are the routes passing through fewer areas above the 350m elevation. These route options are, however, the longer routes. Route Option 1 is the worst as it passes through areas of higher altitude. Route Option 2A is the shorter option that goes through less areas of higher elevations (>350 m) followed by Route Option 2B.
All the Route Options were defined to avoid, as much as possible, the higher slopes approaching the consented Glenglass substation, however all pass through areas of slopes between 15-20%.
There are two key areas where the slopes are higher than 15 % these are the crossing of the Kello Water and the south bank of Black Hill. Route Options 1, 2B, 3A and·3B cross the Kello Water in areas with slopes between 15-20%. However, Route Option 2A crosses the Kello Water in areas with slopes higher than 30%. The steepness of the slopes at the Kello Water would make
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the process of securing the wood poles (staying) very difficult. As a result Route Option 2A would require the erection of two L4 DT Towers, either side of the Kello Water. These towers will have a maximum height of 44m.
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7. IDENTIFICATION OF PREFERRED ROUTE OPTION
Following the appraisal of route options the next phase in the Routeing Methodology, in accordance with Figure 2-1, is the identification of a Preferred Route Option. Given all route options are compliant with Holford Rules 1 and 2, the further analysis of the identification of the preferred route option is based on compliance with Holford Rules 3 to 6 and takes account of the specific environmental constraints, and the potential impacts on those constraints, described in chapters 4 and 6 respectively. The route options are discussed in terms of order of preference below.
Route Option 2A is the most direct route and thus is compliant with Holford Rule 3. This route option also has less potential effects on landscape character, visual amenity, and forestry and thus is also the most suitable when considering Holford Rules 4 to 6. Route Option 2A is also the route with the least water course and core path crossings. The selected Route Option 2A is presented in Figure 7-1 below.
Route Option 2B provides an opportunity for alternative combinations of the above route options, linking Route Option 1 with Route Option 2A and is the next preferred route option.
Route Option 1 has emerged as the third route option. However, it presents technical constraints in terms of safety distance to the SWS lattice steel tower line, the Euchan Water and residential properties.
Route Options 3B and 3A are the longest routes and with more potential effects on landscape character, visual amenity, archaeology and cultural heritage and agriculture and land use. They also have more water crossings. Route Option 3B also presents technical concerns on the safety distance to the proposed Sandy Knowe Wind Farm turbines.
Therefore, Route Option 2A has emerged as the preferred option from most of the environmental aspects including landscape character, visual amenity, residential amenity and hydrology and water resources. It is also the shortest and presents less technical constraints.
7.1. ZTV of Route Option 2A
As a result of the technical requirement for two steel towers, and in order to ensure that the visual impact of Route Option 2A is acceptable, a Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) has been produced this has been included as Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2 demonstrates that the main areas from which the two lattice steel towers would be visible, comprise a small area of higher ground on White Hill, within the Sandy Knowe wind farm site, and the valley sides of the Kello Water and associated tributaries, particularly within the area closest to the proposed crossing. As can be seen from the OS mapping, much of the area within the ZTV for the lattice steel towers comprises forestry, which would screen outward views.
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Only a short section of the core path / unclassified road on the south-east side of Mynwhirr Hill, close to the position of the river crossing, would have views of the proposed towers. From other core paths in the local area there would be no views of these towers.
There would be no views of the lattice steel towers from Sanquhar and the Nith valley, or from the individual properties within the Study Area (although Hillend is shown as falling within the ZTV, the intervening tree cover will screen views of the towers from this location).
A short section of the A76 and the adjacent railway line, to the south-east of Sanquhar, is shown as falling within the ZTV for the lattice steel towers, within an area extending north-east onto the higher ground of the Nith valley northern valley side. However, at a distance of over 8.5km from the crossing point, the towers would be difficult to perceive from this area and any effects on visual amenity can expect to be insignificant.
Figure 7-2 illustrates that the wood poles would theoretically be visible over a more extensive area, encompassing much of the 5km Study Area, with the exception of areas of land in the north- west, west and south-west. As noted above, the mapping uses bare ground topography and does not include tree cover; the extensive areas of forestry present within the Study Area can be expected to considerably reduce the extent of theoretical visibility of the wood poles, from that shown on Figure 7-2. Although the ZTV coverage extends across much of the A76 and the railway line in the north and north-east of the Study Area, as well as parts of Kirconnel and the whole of Sanquhar (beyond the 5km buffer), visibility is likely to be limited to specific parts of the route of the Proposed Development, within the area closest to the route, rather than the whole of the route. This would be considered in more detail as part of the EIA of the Proposed Development. At distances greater than 2km, the visibility of the wood poles would be less significant, particularly where the wood poles can expect to be backdropped against higher ground, or screened by other features (including by localised variations in the landform that are not reflected in the Digital Terrain Model used to create the ZTV).
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8. NEXT STEPS
As described in section 1.7.1 Stage One: Routeing and Consultation Document above, SPEN is committed to ongoing consultation with interested parties following the identification of ‘Preferred Route’. Thus, this Routeing and Consultation Document will be issued to the organisations listed in Appendix 2 and will also be available for public viewing.
The consultation period for consultees will run from 19th May 2017 to 28th July 2017.
Consultation responses will inform confirmation of the ‘Proposed Route’ to be progressed to the next phase of the project: the Environmental Impact Assessment. Subject to these responses, confirmation of the Proposed Route is expected around December 2017 (EIA).
The preparation of the Environmental Statement (ES) is anticipated to take approximately six months to complete. A request for a Scoping Opinion will be submitted to Scottish Ministers. Views will also be sought from a range of additional non-statutory consultees. It is anticipated that the request for a Scoping Opinion will be submitted to Scottish Ministers in February 2018.
It is envisaged at this stage that, subject to the completion of the EIA, the submission of the Section 37 application for consent to install the proposed development will be submitted by October 2018.
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APPENDIX 1: The Holford Rules and NGC and SHETL clarification notes
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THE HOLFORD RULES: GUIDELINES FOR THE ROUTEING OF NEW HIGH VOLTAGE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES WITH NGC 1992 AND SHETL 2003 NOTES
Rule 1
Avoid altogether, if possible, the major areas of highest amenity value, by so planning the general route of the line in the first place, even if the total mileage is somewhat increased in consequence.
Note on Rule 1
a) Investigate the possibility of alternative routes, avoiding altogether, if possible major areas of highest amenity value. The consideration of alternative routes must be an integral feature of environmental statements. If there is an existing transmission line through a major area of highest amenity value and the surrounding land use has to some extent adjusted to its presence, particularly in the case of commercial forestry, then effect of remaining on this route must be considered in terms of the effect of a new route avoiding the area.
b) Areas of highest amenity value require to be established on a project-by-project basis considering Schedule 9 to The Electricity Act 1989, Scottish Planning Policies, National Planning Policy Guidelines, Circulars and Planning Advice Notes and the spatial extent of areas identified.
Examples of areas of highest amenity value which should be considered are:
Special Area of Conservation (NPPG 14)
Special Protection Area (NPPG 14)
Ramsar Site (NPPG 14)
National Scenic Areas (NPPG 14)
National Parks (NPPG 14)
National Nature Reserves (NPPG 14)
Protected Coastal Zone Designations (NPPG 13)
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (NPPG 14)
Schedule of Ancient Monuments (NPPG 5)
Listed Buildings (NPPG 18)
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Conservation Areas (NPPG 18)
World Heritage Sites (a non-statutory designation) (NPPG 18)
Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes (a non-statutory designation) (NPPG 18)
Rule 2
Avoid smaller areas of high amenity value, or scientific interest by deviation; provided that this can be done without using too many angle towers, i.e. the more massive structures which are used when lines change direction.
Note on Rule 2
a) Small areas of highest amenity value not included in Rule 1 as a result of their spatial extent should be identified along with other areas of regional or local high amenity value identified from development plans.
b) Effects on the setting of historic buildings and other cultural heritage features should be minimised.
c) If there is an existing transmission line through an area of high amenity value and the surrounding landuses have to some extent adjusted to its presence, particularly in the case of commercial forestry, then the effect of remaining on this line must be considered in terms of the effect of a new route deviating around the area.
Rule 3
Other things being equal, choose the most direct line, with no sharp changes of direction and thus with few angle towers.
Note on Rule 3
a) Where possible choose inconspicuous locations for angle towers, terminal towers and sealing end compounds.
b) Too few angles on flat landscape can also lead to visual intrusion through very long straight lines of towers, particularly when seen nearly along the line.
Rule 4
Choose tree and hill backgrounds in preference to sky backgrounds, wherever possible; and when the line has to cross a ridge, secure this opaque background as long as possible and cross obliquely when a dip in the ridge provides an opportunity. Where it does not, cross directly, preferably between belts of trees.
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Rule 5
Prefer moderately open valleys with woods where the apparent height of towers will be reduced, and views of the line will be broken by trees.
Notes on Rules 4 and 5
a) Utilise background and foreground features to reduce the apparent height and domination of towers from main viewpoints.
b) Minimise the exposure of numbers of towers on prominent ridges and skylines.
c) Where possible follow open space and run alongside, not through woodland or commercial forestry, and consider opportunities for skirting edges of copses and woods. Where there is no reasonable alternative to cutting through woodland or commercial forestry, the Forestry Commission Guidelines should be followed (Forest Landscape Design Guidelines, second edition, The Forestry Commission 1994 and Forest Design Planning – A Guide to Good Practice, Simon Bell/The Forest Authority 1998).
d) Protect existing vegetation, including woodland and hedgerows, and safeguard visual and ecological links with the surrounding landscape.
Rule 6
In country which is flat and sparsely planted, keep the high voltage lines as far as possible independent of smaller lines, converging routes, distribution poles and other masts, wires and cables, so as to avoid a concatenation or ‘wirescape’.
Note on Rule 6
a) In all locations minimise confusing appearance.
b) Arrange wherever practicable that parallel or closely related routes are planned with tower types, spans and conductors forming a coherent appearance. Where routes need to diverge allow, where practicable, sufficient separation to limit the effects on properties and features between lines.
Rule 7
Approach urban areas through industrial zones, where they exist; and when pleasant residential and recreational land intervenes between the approach line and the substation, go carefully into the comparative costs of undergrounding, for lines other than those of the highest voltage.
Note on Rule 7
a) When a line needs to pass through a development area, route it so as to minimise as far as possible the effect on development.
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b) Alignments should be chosen after consideration of effects on the amenity of existing development and on proposals for new development.
c) When siting substations take account of the effects of the terminal towers and line connections that will need to be made and take advantage of screening features such as ground form and vegetation.
Explanatory Note on Rule 7
The assumption made in Rule 7 is that the highest voltage line is overhead.
Supplementary Notes
a) Residential Areas
Avoid routeing close to residential areas as far as possible on grounds of general amenity.
b) Designations of Regional and Local Importance
Where possible choose routes which cause the least disturbance to Areas of Great Landscape Value and other similar designations of Regional or Local Importance.
c) Alternative Lattice Steel Tower Designs
In addition to adopting appropriate routeing, evaluate where appropriate the use of alternative lattice steel tower designs available where these would be advantageous visually, and where extra cost can be justified. [Note: SHTEL have reviewed the visual and landscape arguments for the use of lattice steel towers in Scotland and summarised these in a document entitled Overhead Transmission Line Tower Study 2004]
Further Notes on Clarification to the Holford Rules
Line Routeing and People
a) The Holford Rules focused on landscape amenity issues for the most part. However, line routeing practice has given greater importance to people, residential areas etc. The following notes are intended to reflect this.
b) Avoid routeing close to residential areas as far as possible on the grounds of general amenity.
c) In rural areas avoid as far as possible dominating isolated house, farms or other small scale settlements.
d) Minimise the visual effect perceived by users of roads and public rights of way, paying particular attention to the effects of recreational, tourist and other well-used routes.
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Supplementary Notes on the Siting of Substations
a) Respect areas of high amenity value (see Rule 1) and take advantage of the containment of natural features such as woodland, fitting in with the landscape character of the area.
b) Take advantage of ground form with the appropriate use of site layout and levels to avoid intrusion into surrounding areas.
c) Use space effectively to limit the area required for development, minimising the effects on existing land use and rights of way.
d) Alternative designs of substation may also be considered, e.g. ‘enclosed’, rather than ‘open’, where additional cost can be justified.
e) Consider the relationship of tower and substation structures with background and foreground features, to reduce the prominence of structures from main viewpoints.
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APPENDIX 2: List of Consultees
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The proposed list of consultees to be approached for comment on the Proposed Development is detailed below. Additional consultees may be identified throughout the routeing and consultation processes in the form of local recreational or special interest group who will also be invited for comment as appropriate.
Consultees . Dumfries and Galloway Council
. Scottish Natural Heritage
. Historic Environment Scotland
. Scottish Government
. Scottish Water
. SEPA
. RSPB
. Coal Authority
. Association of Salmon Fisheries Board
. Scottish Wildlife Trust
. WoSAS
. Scottish Rights of Way Society
. Ramblers Association
. British Trust for Ornithology
. Forestry Commission Scotland
. Kirkconnel and Kelloholm Community Council
. Royal Burgh of Sanquhar Community Council
. Penpont Community Council
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