DOCSLIB.ORG

230Th/U Dating of Frozen Peat, Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
230Th/U Dating of Frozen Peat, Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island Quaternary Research 57, 253–258 (2002) doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2306, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on 230Th/U Dating of Frozen Peat, Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Northern Siberia) Lutz Schirrmeister1 Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Research unit Potsdam Telegraphenberg A 43, D-14473 Potsdam, PF 600149, Germany Deniz Oezen and Mebus A. Geyh Leibniz Instite for Applied Geoscience (GGA), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Received January 18, 2001; published online February 7, 2002 these deposits using the 230Th/U approach is reported in this The chronology of Quaternary paleoenvironment and climate article. in northeastern Siberia is poorly understood due to a lack of re- Today tundra landscapes with large ice-wedge polygon nets liable numerical age determinations. The best climatic archives are characterized by intensive peat growth. Conditions suitable are ice-rich permafrost sequences, which are widely distributed for peat formation existed repeatedly during the Quaternary pe- 230 in northeastern Siberia. For this study, Th/U-ages were deter- riod. “Postsedimentary” exchange processes affecting the peat mined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) from frozen are assumed to be minimized by the freezing of the peat after its peat in a permafrost deposit at the southern cliff of the Bol’shoy formation and subsequent preservation in permafrost deposits. Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago), west of the Zimov’e 230 River. These yielded a Pre-Eemian “isochron”-corrected 230Th/U- The Th/U dating method is applicable to organic sediments age of 200,900 ± 3400 yr. This result is reliable because permafrost which adsorbed uranium dissolved in groundwater during their deposits behave as closed systems with respect to uranium and tho- formation and then acted as a chemically closed systems for rium. Our findings suggest that 230Th/U dating of frozen peat in uranium and thorium over time (e.g., Titayeva, 1966; Vogel and permafrost deposits is a useful tool for the reconstruction of the Mid- Kronfeld, 1980; Geyh et al., 1997; Geyh, 2001). Therefore, per- dle Quaternary environment of northern Siberia and of the whole manently frozen peat deposits with ages of up to ∼500,000 yr Arctic. C 2002 University of Washington. are promising archives for age determinations using the 230Th/U Key Words: Siberia; permafrost; geochronology; Uranium-series method. disequilibrium dating; uranium; thorium; peat; Middle Pleistocene. THE STUDY AREA INTRODUCTION Quaternary deposits on the south coast of Bol’shoy Continuous permafrost preserves freshly deposited organic Lyakhovsky Island were first described by Romanovsky (1958) material from plants or animals. Hence, the permafrost deposits as a sequence of Early to Late Quaternary floodplain deposits in of Siberia are unique archives for Quaternary environmental con- different terrace levels with thermokarst lakes and fluvial sedi- ditions. They are particularly valuable because there are no other ment. The sea cliff near the mouth of the small river Zimov’e, archives, such as glacier ice, tree rings, or laminated lacustrine which was studied in 1999, consists of different units of per- deposits, in this part of the Arctic. Numerical age determina- mafrost deposits (Figs. 2, 3). A basal layer of debris of about tion of permanently frozen, organic-rich material is essential to 5 m thickness with stones in silty matrix and peat inclusions providing the basis for further environmental reconstruction in is exposed on the cliff above a paleo-weathering crust near the Siberia. shoreline. The sediment is ice-rich (ice content 60–150% of the In 1999, a group of German and Russian scientists worked dry weight) and dissected by ice wedges up to 3 m wide, which on the southernmost islands of the New Siberian Archipelago continue below sea level. This layer contains a lens of peat, (Fig. 1) within the framework of the Russian–German research which is 30 m long and approximately 1 m thick. The ice con- cooperative “System Laptev 2000.” They studied permafrost de- tent of the peat is up to 400% of the dry weight. The overlying posits exposed on the south coast of the Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky layer (up to +15 m above sea level [asl]) consists of 5 to 10 m Island (Schirrmeister and Kunitsky, 2000). The effort to date of probably eolian loesslike silty sand with basal ice cement and a small amount of organic matter and ice (<40% of the dry 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Ischirrmeister@ weight). Only small ice wedges (0.2 m width) occur in this layer. awi-potsdam.de. In addition there are lacustrine deposits with ice wedge casts on 253 0033-5894/02 $35.00 Copyright C 2002 by the University of Washington. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 254 SCHIRRMEISTER, OEZEN, AND GEYH FIG. 1. Position of the study area at the south coast of Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island, Russia. their bottoms at about the same elevation (0 to 10 m asl). Such about 30 cm was cut from the central part of this peat lens lacustrine and thermokarst deposits are only located 1.5 km to (Fig. 4) using a chain saw, leaving rim layers of 15 cm above the east and the west of the sampled site but not directly above it. and 35 cm below the sample. This frozen peat monolith was The second layer is overlain by the 20-m-thick sequence of the stored in waterproof plastic wrap and shipped to Germany. There Late Pleistocene Ice Complex (P. Grootes, unpublished radio- was no loss of material, but defrosting of the peat resulted in carbon dates; Nagaoka et al., 1995). The Ice Complex consists water distribution within the monolith. Three samples of less of ice-rich silty fine-grained sand with peat inclusions, small ice than 1 cm3 each were chosen from the center of the monolith bands (2–5 cm), and a lenslike reticulated cryostructure. Large for 230Th/U analyses, all corresponding to an original height ice wedges (3–5 m wide) dissect the entire cliff, which has an of 0.85 m. Arctic peat accumulation is commonly low (about elevation of about 40 m asl (Fig. 3). 0.1 mm/yr) such that the sampled peat cube may cover a time span of about 3000 yr, and each of the three samples less than MATERIAL AND METHODS The large frozen peat lens at about 1 m above the beach level was selected for 230Th/U dating. A cube with a side length of FIG. 2. The coastal outcrop at the south coast of Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island; the wall of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex (background) and the FIG. 3. Schematic profile of the studied outcrop and the position of the Middle and Late Pleistocene permafrost deposits near sea level. studied peat lens at about +0.85 m above the beach level. 230Th/U DATING OF FROZEN PEAT, NORTHERN SIBERIA 255 FIG. 4. The sample location of the frozen peat, 0.85 m above the beach level, south coast of Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Photograph by Guido Grosse). Location: east side of the melt water creek indicated in Figure 1. Shovel for scale. 256 SCHIRRMEISTER, OEZEN, AND GEYH 100 yr. Therefore the whole peat lens is thought to have been To avoid methodically enlarged errors we used a modified formed during a period of about 10,000 yr. procedure for the calculation of the isochron age (Geyh, 1994), The 230Th/U dating method is based on the radioactive dise- which considers the normalization of 230Th and 234Uto232Th. quilibrium between 238U and its radioactive daughters. The basic The plot of the 230U/232Th activity ratios versus the 234U/232Th concept assumes that the dated material contained only uranium activity ratios is used for determination of the global detrital and negligible initial 230Th at the time of its formation and re- correction factor 230Th/232Th and its standard deviation. This mained a closed system thereafter. 230Th/U-ages can then be factor is then used to correct each coeval sample separately. calculated using the following equation: The weighted mean of these corrected ages is the isochron- corrected 230Th/U-age. A chi-square test is applied to verify 230 238 238 whether the corrected dates belong to the same normal distribu- Th U −λ U = (1 − e 230t ) + 1 − tion and should not be much larger than the number of samples 234 234 234 U U U used to calculate the isochron. λ230 − λ −λ The chemistry for the extraction of uranium and thorium from × 1 − e ( 230 234)t . (1) λ230 − λ234 the samples was adapted from the leachate/leachate technique (Schwarcz and Latham, 1989; Kaufman, 1993). To meet the isochron requirement three separate coeval dry peat samples These two assumptions are not necessarily fullfilled and must from the same depth of ∼0.4 g each were combusted in an O2 be confirmed for each dating attempt. ◦ flow at 800 C, treated with NaOH, and dissolved in a HNO3/ To meet the closed system requirement no uranium or tho- 229 233 236 rium migration may have occurred after the formation of the HCl mixture. A Th spike and a U- U doublespike were peat.Apostsedimentarymobilizationofthoriumcanbeexcluded added to each sample before uranium and thorium were sep- due to its geochemical properties. Uranium uptake, or more arated from the equilibrated leach solution by co-precipitation likely a loss of uranium by contact with oxygenated water (e.g., with Fe (OH)3. The final separation was achieved by conven- through intercalated sand layers), would change the isotopic tional ion-exchange chromatography. The purified uranium and thorium fractions were loaded separately without any carrier on composition and therefore the 230Th/U age.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Pre-Feasibility Study on Water Conveyance Routes to the Dead
    A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON WATER CONVEYANCE ROUTES TO THE DEAD SEA Published by Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Kibbutz Ketura, D.N Hevel Eilot 88840, ISRAEL. Copyright by Willner Bros. Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. Funded by: Willner Bros Ltd. Publisher: Arava Institute for Environmental Studies Research Team: Samuel E. Willner, Dr. Clive Lipchin, Shira Kronich, Tal Amiel, Nathan Hartshorne and Shae Selix www.arava.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 HISTORICAL REVIEW 5 2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE MED-DEAD SEA CONVEYANCE PROJECT ................................................................... 7 2.2 THE HISTORY OF THE CONVEYANCE SINCE ISRAELI INDEPENDENCE .................................................................. 9 2.3 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTION ......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 MULTILATERAL COOPERATION ............................................................................................................ 12 3 MED-DEAD PROJECT BENEFITS 14 3.1 WATER MANAGEMENT IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ............................................... 14 3.2 POWER GENERATION IN ISRAEL ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY .................................................................................... 20 3.4 POWER GENERATION IN JORDAN ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Get App BROCHURE
    #EXPERIENCELIFE INTRODUCTION GROUP ADVENTURES INDEPENDENT TRIPS BAMBA BRAND KENYA, UGANDA 4 SOUTH AMERICA ASIA & RWANDA 54 SOUTH AMERICA HISTORY & PERU VIETNAM, PERU 22 TANZANIA 67 PHILOSOPHY 5 CAMBODIA & 40 56 THAILAND BOLIVIA 27 ZIMBABWE, BOLIVIA 69 BAMBA FOR INDONESIA & BOTSWANA & 6 CHILE & 57 CHILE GOOD ARGENTINA 30 PHILIPPINES 43 NAMIBIA 71 WHY TRAVEL BRAZIL SRI LANKA & SOUTH AFRICA 58 ARGENTINA, 73 WITH BAMBA 7 31 MALDIVES 44 ISRAEL & COLOMBIA & BRAZIL 75 ECUADOR 33 INDIA, NEPAL & JORDAN 59 BAMBA APP 8 TIBET 45 COLOMBIA 77 TRIP STYLES JAPAN & SOUTH EUROPE 10 CENTRAL AMERICA GALPAGAGOS & KOREA 47 ICELAND MEXICO 34 60 ECUADOR 79 CHINA, BELIZE IRELAND, 35 KYRGYZSTAN, 48 SCOTLAND & CENTRAL AMERICA & THE KAZAKHSTAN 61 GUATEMALA & SCANDINAVIA CARIBBEAN COSTA RICA 36 OCEANIA SPAIN, MEXICO, CUBA, PORTUGAL, GUATEMALA & 82 NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA, NEW GERMANY & 62 BELIZE ZEALAND & FIJI 49 RUSSIA USA & CANADA 37 GUATEMALA, HONDURAS & AFRICA & MIDDLE EAST CROATIA, 85 GREECE & 63 COSTA RICA MOROCCO & TURKEY EGYPT 53 PANAMA 87 TABLE OF CONTENTS IT’S TIME TO GO AND EXPLORE THE WORLD! INDEPENDENT TRIPS TRAVEL PASSES CUBA & NEPAL 108 EUROPE SOUTH AMERICA CENTRAL THAILAND, CARIBBEAN 89 AMERICA 141 MALAYSIA & ISLANDS UZBEKISTAN, ICELAND & BRAZIL, SINGAPORE 153 MONGOLIA & NORWAY 120 ARGENTINA & COSTA RICA & CHINA 109 132 NORTH AMERICA UNITED CHILE PANAMA 142 VIETNAM, CAMBODIA & USA & CANADA JAPAN KINGDOM & 153 92 110 IRELAND 121 SOUTH AMERICA THAILAND PASSES 133 NORTH AMERICA ASIA OCEANIA SPAIN & USA & CANADA PORTUGAL 122 CHILE & 146 THAILAND NEW ZEALAND,
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Resources
    3 Freshwater Resources Coordinating Lead Authors: Blanca E. Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico), Taikan Oki (Japan) Lead Authors: Nigel W. Arnell (UK), Gerardo Benito (Spain), J. Graham Cogley (Canada), Petra Döll (Germany), Tong Jiang (China), Shadrack S. Mwakalila (Tanzania) Contributing Authors: Thomas Fischer (Germany), Dieter Gerten (Germany), Regine Hock (Canada), Shinjiro Kanae (Japan), Xixi Lu (Singapore), Luis José Mata (Venezuela), Claudia Pahl-Wostl (Germany), Kenneth M. Strzepek (USA), Buda Su (China), B. van den Hurk (Netherlands) Review Editor: Zbigniew Kundzewicz (Poland) Volunteer Chapter Scientist: Asako Nishijima (Japan) This chapter should be cited as: Jiménez Cisneros , B.E., T. Oki, N.W. Arnell, G. Benito, J.G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang, and S.S. Mwakalila, 2014: Freshwater resources. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 229-269. 229 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 232 3.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • State of Preservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls
    :._:NA.:..:T:..::U:...::RE=--v.c...:o:..::L.:...::.3=21...::.8.::.c.::Mc..::AY_::._::_:_l986.::..::...._ ______SCIENTIRC CORRESPONDENCE------------ --=•=zt State of preservation of give information of a positive and precise during which collagen has changed to nature on the causes of the variations gelatin may prove to be of great value. the Dead Sea Scrolls found on Dead Sea Scroll samples (some T.B. KAHLE SIR-The article "Dead Sea Scroll parch­ on the same fragments) which undermine Capricornus School of Book Binding ments: unfolding of the collagen mole­ their study. As the authors note, we know and Restoration, cules and racemization of aspartic acid" 1 is damage has occurred, but its cause, and Berkeley, of interest since any method which will when it occurred are unknown. California 94701, USA improve on our knowledge of vellum frag­ Plenderleith' found during the unrolling NICCOLO CALDARARO ments is important. The study on the con­ of Dead Sea Scroll fragments of cave 1 Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, dition and deterioration of vellum which is that certain fragments were permeated and Tiburon Archaeological known to be approximately 2,000 years with a black bituminous substance which Research Group, old is interesting in itself, although the he identified as a decomposition product 1600 Holloway Avenue, identification into goat, calf or sheep as to of the skin. During the unrolling he found San Francisco State University, origin of the material examined' ' would it necessary to dampen the Scrolls which San Francisco, California 94132, USA improve the information resulting from caused this substance to become sticky.
    [Show full text]
  • Dead Sea Basin
    • Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian Environmental Organization • Furthers environmental cooperation between Israel, Jordan and Palestinian Authority, while promoting a peaceful relationship among those people • 3 offices: Tel Aviv, Amman, Bethlehem • Member of “Friends of the Earth International”, the biggest network of environmental organizations The Uniqueness of the Dead Sea Basin • Part of the Syrian African Rift Valley, the Dead Sea is the lowest place on earth: - 421,5 m • The world’s saltiest large water body, 10 times saltier than the Mediterranean • It is a cradle of human civilization with plenty of historical sites of great importance • The Dead Sea’s mineral composition, natural mud, hot springs and climatic conditions make it a world- recognized location for medical and health treatment Out of Africa, through the Rift Valley • Jericho – the oldest continually inhabited city in the World is situated near the Dead Sea • Evidence of earliest agricultural activity occurred in this region History, legends, myths • Sodom and Gomorra • Cleopatra and the perfume industries • “Tyriac” - ancient medicine from snakes and asphalt from the Dead Sea! • Romans threw slaves into the Dead Sea with hands tied – to see if they sink or float Challenges - Competitions • Competition between the different nations around the Sea on natural resources • Competition between the different sectors (Industry, Tourism and Agriculture) • No Coordination Competition 1 – Water Sector Diversion of the Jordan River: today about 5% of it’s historical water
    [Show full text]
  • The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Dead Sea Canals Project
    The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Dead Sea canals project August 2002 by Michael Beyth Chief Scientist of the Ministry of the National Infrastructures Introduction In the framework of the peace treaty between Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan the integrated development Master Plan for the Jordan Rift Valley (JRV) was studied in the mid 1990's. The Red Sea - Dead Sea Canal (RSDSC) was considered to be one of the most important potential elements for implementing this Master Plan. The principal development objective of the RSDSC was to provide desalinated drinking water for the people of the area (the Harza JRV Group, 1996). Contrary to the popular belief, Herzl's plan for hydroelectricity and Ludermilk's plan for irrigation were not the first of their kind. The first proposal for a Mediterranean - Dead Sea Canal (MDSC) and RSDSC was aired some 50 years before Herzl. The vision of a canal-a waterway that would connect the three water bodies that would be cheaper than the projected Suez Canal, was proposed by William Allen at 1855. This idea was conceived almost synchronously with the casual discovery that the Dead Sea Rift lies much lower than the global surface of the seas (see Vardi, 1990) . As a result of the 1973 energy crisis and the search for alternative energy sources the idea to study the MDSC for the generation of electricity was revived and thoroughly studied. The goal of this project was to produce 800 MW during peak hours. The summary for these long studies were presented by the Mediterranean- Dead Sea Company and were the foundations for future studies (Mediterranean Sea- Dead Sea Company, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Decline of the World's Saline Lakes
    PERSPECTIVE PUBLISHED ONLINE: 23 OCTOBER 2017 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO3052 Decline of the world’s saline lakes Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh1*, Craig Miller2, Sarah E. Null1, R. Justin DeRose3, Peter Wilcock1, Maura Hahnenberger4, Frank Howe5 and Johnnie Moore6 Many of the world’s saline lakes are shrinking at alarming rates, reducing waterbird habitat and economic benefits while threatening human health. Saline lakes are long-term basin-wide integrators of climatic conditions that shrink and grow with natural climatic variation. In contrast, water withdrawals for human use exert a sustained reduction in lake inflows and levels. Quantifying the relative contributions of natural variability and human impacts to lake inflows is needed to preserve these lakes. With a credible water balance, causes of lake decline from water diversions or climate variability can be identified and the inflow needed to maintain lake health can be defined. Without a water balance, natural variability can be an excuse for inaction. Here we describe the decline of several of the world’s large saline lakes and use a water balance for Great Salt Lake (USA) to demonstrate that consumptive water use rather than long-term climate change has greatly reduced its size. The inflow needed to maintain bird habitat, support lake-related industries and prevent dust storms that threaten human health and agriculture can be identified and provides the information to evaluate the difficult tradeoffs between direct benefits of consumptive water use and ecosystem services provided by saline lakes. arge saline lakes represent 44% of the volume and 23% of the of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl utilize saline lakes for nest- area of all lakes on Earth1.
    [Show full text]
  • NJ Division of Gaming Enforcement ATLANTIC CITY JACKPOTS September 15, 2021 Greater Than $50,000 Page 1 of 38
    NJ Division of Gaming Enforcement ATLANTIC CITY JACKPOTS September 15, 2021 Greater than $50,000 Page 1 of 38 Summary Last 30 Days January 1, 2021-to-Date Jackpots Jackpots 75 930 $1,000,000.00 And Over = 2 Total $6,035,893.36 Total $168,998,767.21 Date Casino Amount Denomination Manufacturer Description 09/10/2021 BORGATA $200,000.00 $50.00 INTERNATIONAL GAME Triple Double Bonus Poker TECH. 09/07/2021 HARD ROCK $119,920.45 MULTI ARISTOCRAT TECH Dollar Storm - Egyptian Jewels 09/05/2021 BORGATA $72,000.00 $100.00 INTERNATIONAL GAME Triple Diamond TECH. 09/05/2021 BORGATA $180,000.00 $100.00 INTERNATIONAL GAME Triple Diamond TECH. 09/04/2021 CAESARS $53,121.62 $0.25 INTERNATIONAL GAME Triple Play Poker TECH. 09/03/2021 BORGATA $60,000.00 MULTI INTERNATIONAL GAME Top Dollars TECH. 09/02/2021 BORGATACASINO.COM $64,000.00 MULTI IGT Double Diamond 09/02/2021 CAESARS $50,000.00 $5.00 BALLY Quick Hit 09/02/2021 GOLDENNUGGETCASINO $100,114.00 MULTI SCIENTIFIC GAMES Jin Ji Bao Xi Endless Treasures .COM 09/01/2021 BORGATACASINO.COM $75,000.00 MULTI SPORTECK NYX GAMING 88 Fortunes 09/01/2021 GOLDENNUGGETCASINO $72,560.00 MULTI SPORTECK NYX GAMING Golden Nugget Video Slot .COM 09/01/2021 WWW.HARDROCKCASIN $88,548.05 MULTI NETENT GAMING Divine Fortune O.COM 09/01/2021 WWW.RESORTSCASINO.C $59,852.00 MULTI SPORTECK NYX GAMING Danger High Voltage: 70234 OM 08/31/2021 BORGATACASINO.COM $85,540.00 MULTI BWIN Oracle of the Dead 08/30/2021 WWW.HARDROCKCASIN $50,508.75 MULTI SPORTECK NYX GAMING Stellar Jackpots - Serengeti Lions NJ Division of Gaming Enforcement
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative Solutions for Water Wars in Israel, Jordan, and The
    INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER WARS IN ISRAEL, JORDAN AND THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY J. David Rogers K.F. Hasselmann Chair, Department of Geological Engineering 129 McNutt Hall, 1870 Miner Circle University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-0230 [email protected] (573) 341-6198 [voice] (573) 341-6935 [fax] ABSTRACT In the late 1950s Jordan and Israel embarked on a race to collect, convey and disperse the free-flowing waters of the Jordan River below the Sea of Galilee. In 1955 the Johnston Unified Water Plan was adopted by both countries as a treaty of allocation rights. By 1961 the Jordanians completed their 110-km long East Ghor Canal, followed by Israel’s 85-km long National Water Carrier, initially completed in 1964 and extended in 1969. The Johnston allocation plan was successfully implemented for 12 years, until the June 1967 war between Israel and her neighbor Arab states. The Israelis have spearheaded the effort to exploit the region’s limited water resources, using wells, pipelines, canals, recharge basins, drip irrigation, fertigation, wastewater recharge, saline irrigation and, most recently, turning to desalination. In 1977 they began looking at various options to bring sea water to the depleted Dead Sea Basin, followed by similar studies undertaken by the Jordanians a few years later. A new water allocation plan was agreed upon as part of the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty, but it failed to address Palestinian requests for additional allotments, which would necessarily have come from Jordan or Israel. The subject of water allocation has become a non-negotiable agenda for the Palestinian Authority in its ongoing political strife with Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Map of the World, August 2013
    Physical Map of the World, August 2013 AUSTRALIA Independent state Bermuda Dependency or area of special sovereignty Sicily / AZORES Island / island group 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Capital Alert FRANZ JOSEF ARCTICARCTIC OCEANOCEAN ARCTICARCTIC OCEANOCEAN LAND SEVERNAYA ARCTICARCTIC OCEANOCEAN ZEMLYA Ellesmere Molloy Deep Longyearbyen QUEEN ELIZABETH Island Qaanaaq (Thule) (deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, -5607 m) NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS Scale 1:35,000,000 Svalbard NOVAYA Kara Sea ISLANDS Greenland Sea ZEMLYA Laptev Sea Robinson Projection Banks (NORWAY) Barents Sea Island Resolute East Siberian Sea standard parallels 38°N and 38°S Pond Inlet Baffin Greenland Wrangel Beaufort Sea (DENMARK) Island Barrow Victoria Bay Tiksi Island Baffin Jan Mayen Norwegian Pevek Chukchi Island (NORWAY) Noril'sk Sea Murmansk Cherskiy Sea Arctic Circle (66°33') Arctic Circle (66°33') NORWAY Nuuk White Sea Fairbanks Great S Anadyr' ICELAND Nome U. S. (Godthåb) S I B E R I A Provideniya Bear Lake SWEDEN N Iqaluit Denmark Arkhangel'sk Mt.Mt. McKinleyMcKinley I Davis Strait Reykjavík Faroe (highest(highest pointpoint inin A Islands FINLAND Lake NorthNorth America,America, 61946194 m)m) Strait Gulf T Yakutsk (DEN.) Ladoga R U S S I A Anchorage of Lake N Tórshavn Whitehorse Great Bothnia Onega U Slave Lake Hudson Oslo Helsinki O Magadan 60 60 Saint Petersburg Bay Stockholm Tallinn M Gulf of Alaska Churchill Rockall EST. Perm' Juneau R Baltic Yaroslavl' Bering Sea Kuujjuaq Labrador (U.K.) Nizhniy Tyumen' Fort McMurray Sea Riga¯ Izhevsk O North LAT. Novgorod Tomsk Sea Glasgow DENMARK Moscow Kazan' Yekaterinburg Krasnoyarsk LITH.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    RETURN TORETURN TO ~~~~~~~~~~RE S T R I C T E D REPORTS DESK| R e p o r t No. TO-285a WITHIN rILECOPY ONE WEEK Public Disclosure Authorized This reportwas prepared for use within the Bank. It may not be published nor mayit be quotedas ropresentingthe Bank'sviews. The Bankaccepts no responsibilityfor the accuracyor completenessof the contentsof the report. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized APPRAISAL OF THE DEAD SEA WORKS, LTD. POTASH PROJECT ISRAEL Public Disclosure Authorized June 7, 1961 Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Technical Operations APPRAISALOF THE DEADSEA WORKS.LTD. POTASHPROJECT (Israel) SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS i. The Dead Sea Works,Ltd. (DSW)is the successorof PalestinePotash Conmpany,Ltd. which from 1931 through1947 producedpotash and brominefrom Dead Sea brine. In 1947 productionamounted to about103,000 tons from two plants,one at the north and one at the south end of the Dead Sea. After the war only the southernplant was in Israeland it was damagedand isolated, sinceaccess to it had been by sea from the northernplant (paras. 5-7). ii. In 1952, afterthe shareholdersof PalestinePotash had been unable to securefinancing to resumeoperations, the Governmentof Israelmade a settlementwith the shareholders,and took over the assetsof the companyin Israel,forming the Dead Sea Works,Ltd. (paras.7; 11-12). iii. The first years of reconstruction were difficult; large sums had to be expended for road construction, flood protection, power supply, fresh water wells and housing. Changes in the potash market required the develop- ment of a new refining process. Considerable effort was required to re-enter the international markets (para.
    [Show full text]
  • Canyon-Ranch-Menu-Rclass.Pdf
    WELLNESS ON OCEANIA CRUISES® Insignia Nautica Regatta Sirena Fuel your passions. Feel your best. Find your inspiration. PARTNERS IN WELLNESS WELLNESS Set sail for a new perspective with Canyon Ranch® and Oceania Cruises®. During an Oceania Wellness Tour inspired by Canyon Ranch, your days could move from a personal training session to a mud-bathing ritual – complete with mineral-rich benefits – to your best rest as part of our Blissful Dreams program. All enhanced by meals that feature spa cuisine at its healthy best. Experience more of the Canyon Ranch spa with the purchase of a daily pass, which provides access to private environments including a private sundeck and aromatic steam room. Enhance your cruise with spa services, fitness classes, wellness talks and experiences that are all geared toward your good health. Wellness 6 Beauty 26 THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS 7 SALON 27 BLISSFUL DREAMS PROGRAM 8 HAIR SERVICES 27 BODY TREATMENTS 11 COLOR + HIGHLIGHTING 27 CONDITIONING BODY SCRUBS 12 SKIN CARE 28 ORGANIC BODY WRAPS 12 FACIALS 28 RITUALS 13 GENTLEMEN’S FACIALS 29 MASSAGE & BODYWORK 15 WAXING (FACIAL + BODY 30 MASSAGE TIPS 16 ENHANCEMENTS + UPGRADES 30 MASSAGES 17 BEAUTY TREATMENTS 31 WELLNESS ENHANCEMENTS + UPGRADES 18 MAKEUP 31 EASTERN TREATMENTS 19 MANICURES 31 AYURVEDIC SERVICES 20 PEDICURES 32 SHANKARA BODY WRAPS 21 MEN’S GROOMING 33 SPA PRODUCTS 34 Fitness 22 CANYON RANCH BATH + BODY 34 FITNESS CENTER 23 CHOSEN LUXURY BRANDS 35 ASSESSMENTS + TRAINING 23 SPECIALIZED WELLNESS SERVICES 24 General EDUCATIONAL Information 36 PRESENTATIONS + WORKSHOPS 24 OCEANIA WELLNESS TOURS 24 HEALTHY DINING 25 WELLNESS WELLNESS Thermal Environments Our European-inspired suite of spa cabins, tubs and aquathermal bathing experiences can provide relief for muscles and joints, remove toxins from the body and promote deep relaxation.
    [Show full text]