Micromobility - Emerging Urban Trends

ELEVATE - Our new micromobility project: https://gow.epsrc.ukri.org/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/S030700/1

Frauke Behrendt, Associate Professor Transitions to Sustainable Mobility [email protected] @FraukeBehrendt

Technology, Innovation & Society Group Covid Paris

2 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Micromobility “will continue to transform These “innovative how people , goods are technologies will likely have a delivered, streets are disruptive impact” designed, and cities evolve.”

(Shaheen & Cohen, 2019)

3 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt What is Micromobility?

Micro e-cars E-Skatebaords

Cargo e-bikes Monowheels Etc…

4 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Classifications

• Definitions, classifications and regulatory frameworks for micromobility vary across the world (e.g. EU L categories) • A range of micro-vehicles – such as standing e-scooters, e- and self-balancing vehicles – is often excluded, or classified as toys

5 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Proposed Definition Type A: Under 35kg, power supply (if any) is gradually reduced and cut off at a given speed limit, no higher than 25 km/h

Overall: Devices/vehicles weighing up to 350 kg and whose power supply (if any) is gradually reduced and cut off at a given speed limit, no higher than 45 km/h. Types A-D

Includes exclusively human-powered, e.g. , skateboards, scooters.

Note: account for variation of (OECD/ITF, 2020) physical activity: public health

6 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt E-bike/scooter max. assisted speed: 25 km/hour

Traffic speed London: 11km/h

7 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Reduce congestion Less vehicle miles travelled

Mobility access for underserved populations Reduce emissions/improve air quality Benefits?

Convenient door-to-door transport Access to (first/last-mile)

Increase demand for safe cycle paths, facilitate construction

(OECD/ITF, 2020; Oeschger et al., 2020; Shaheen & Cohen, 2019)

8 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Focus: shared e-scooters. Mode shift? • 8-48% shift from car • 45–49% shift from walking/cycling • Some competition between micromobility, walking and public transport necessary for people to transition towards a car-free urban mobility?

(Zagorskas & Burinskiene, 2020; OECD/ITF, 2020)

9 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Environmental impact: Shared e-scooters

• “When e-scooter usage replaces average personal automobile travel, we nearly universally realize a net reduction in environmental impacts” • Scooter lifetime is key, but also redistribution

(Hollingsworth et al., 2019)

10 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Who rides? Shared e-scooters

• Appeal to a broader demographic than cycling • Some cities report reaching underserved populations, others young/male/higher income

-> Opportunities to reduce inequality

(OECD/ITF, 2020; Curl, Angela and Fitt, 2020)

11 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Safety? E-scooters

• Traffic safety is improved by reducing the number of car and motorcycle trips in a city • Road fatality not significantly more likely compared to • Risk of emergency department visit similar to cyclists • Two studies, however, found a higher risk of hospitalisation

(OECD/ITF, 2020)

12 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Costs for cities?

• Shared micromobility can “support system change financially” • Brisbane: 175,000 € /year fee for 1000 e-scooters • Dallas: $1/day/scooter for investment in bike lanes

(Gössling, 2020:9)

13 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt E-Bike Focus: E bikes 5000 4000

• Appeals to much broader range of users than 3000

conventional cycling Car • At least ‘moderate intensity’ physical activity 2000 • Our study showed 20% reduction in car milage

1000 Car 0

CO2 (lbs/year) Trips 200 days/year (Behrendt et al, 2015; Cairns et al, 2017)

14 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Focus: Cargo e-bikes – private and freight

• Potential to replace 30 % of urban transport trips • +60% cargo bike sales in 2019 and +53% percent for 2020 • private and commercial grow equally fast

(Cairns and Sloman, 2019; http://cyclelogistics.eu/)

15 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt COVID impact Individual • E-bikes 2020: sales up 85% US, some companies up to 1000% • E-bikes & scooters up 300% Shared (Halfords, UK) • Some schemes closed • Long waiting lists in many countries • Some had major decrease • Others had peak days • Replacing public transport Opportunities for (trying out) new • Some free, e.g. health workers modes and travel behaviours

16 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Recommendations

• Provide clear and supportive regulations • Allocate protected space for micromobility, traffic calming, keep pedestrians safe • Focus on motor vehicles to make micromobility safe • Define parking zones to avoid blocking of public space • Collect data on micro-vehicle trips and crashes

• Proactively manage the safety performance of street networks (e.g. GPS) • Include micromobility in training for road users • Minimise kilometres by support vehicles • Accessible public transport platforms and vehicles • Collaboration PT transport planners and micromobility providers • Provide training for diverse and disadvanted groups

17 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Consider Social Inclusion and Equity

• Equal access to all population groups • Un- and Under-Banked Households (credits cards required?) • Low-Income Affordability • Digital Impoverishment (smartphone, data, literacy) • Neighbourhood Service Availability • Education and Outreach • Access for People with Disabilities (Shaheen & Cohen, 2019; Oeschger et al., 2020)

18 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Data sharing (standardized/open) as condition for operating schemes to

• Understand micromobility impacts • Identify gaps in transportation network • Monitor equitable service standards • Offer multimodal, real-time transportation information • Evaluate policies

(Shaheen & Cohen, 2019; https://policydata.numo.global/)

19 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt What if…

UK, 2017 (UK Parliament, 2019)

20 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt …half the car trips under 8km could be replaced with micromobility?

Mircomobility

21 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt What if…public investment in micromobility was similar to electric cars?

• Subsidies for buying an electric car (Germany 6k€/car) • Public investment in charging infrastructure (e.g. France 50 million €) • 1 slow charger costs 2k€ • Where provided: subsidies for micromobility (esp. e-bikes) very popular and used quickly (e.g. 48 hours/Berlin, 3 weeks/Oslo) • Electric Mobility = Micromobility (not just electric cars) (Behrendt 2017; Cairns et al 2019)

22 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Rapid City Action for Micromobility • “Because these new services are no longer directly procured by local governments in most cases, • cities have had to rapidly develop new permitting and licensing regulations • to maximize and harness their positive transformative potential to increase access, safety and economic opportunity for all residents • while also reducing congestion, vehicle miles travelled, carbon emissions” https://playbook.t4america.org/

ELEVATE - our new micromobility project: https://gow.epsrc.ukri.org/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/S030700/1

23 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Key Policy Resources Shared Micromobility Fischer, P. S. and Governors Highway Safety Association (2020). Understanding and Tackling Micromobility: Transportation’s New Disruptor. https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2020- 08/GHSA_MicromobilityReport_Aug31Update.pdf

OECD/ITF. (2020). Safe Micromobility. https://www.itf-oecd.org/safe-micromobility https://policydata.numo.global/

Shaheen, S. A., & Cohen, A. P. (2019). Shared Micromoblity Policy Toolkit: Docked and Dockless Bike and Scooter Sharing. In UC Berkeley: Transportation Sustainability Research Center. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2TH8JW7

Transportation for America. (2020). Shared Micromobility Playbook. https://playbook.t4america.org/

24 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt References • Behrendt, F et al (2020) Innovative Light ELEctric Vehicles for Active and Digital TravEl (ELEVATE): reducing mobility-related energy demand and carbon emissions, https://gow.epsrc.ukri.org/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/S030700/1 • Behrendt, F et al (2015) Smart e-bike project. https://www.smart-ebikes.co.uk/ • Behrendt, F. (2017). Why cycling matters for electric mobility: towards diverse, active and sustainable e-mobilities. Mobilities, July, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2017.1335463 • Curl, Angela and Fitt, H. (2020). Same, same but different? Cycling and e-scootering in a rapidly changing urban transport landscape. New Zealand Geographer, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12271 • Cairns, S., Behrendt, F., Raffo, D., Beaumont, C., & Kiefer, C. (2017). Electrically-assisted bikes: Potential impacts on travel behaviour. Transportation Research Part A, 103, 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.007 • Cairns, S., & Sloman, L. (2019). Potential for e-cargo bikes to reduce congestion and pollution from vans in cities. https://www.bicycleassociation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Potential-for-e-cargo-bikes-to-reduce-congestion-and-pollution- from-vans-FINAL.pdf • Cairns, S., Hopkinson, L., Schuller, Z., Stoddart, I., Heinen, E., & Sloman, L. (2019). CWIS Active Travel Investment Models: Model structure and evidence base Technical appendix 5: Compendium of interventions. • Fischer, P. S. (2020). Understanding and Tackling Micromobility: Transportation’s New Disruptor. https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/GHSA_MicromobilityReport_Aug31Update.pdf • Gössling, S. (2020). Integrating e-scooters in urban transportation: Problems, policies, and the prospect of system change. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 79(January), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102230 • Hollingsworth, J., Copeland, B., & Johnson, J. X. (2019). Are e-scooters polluters? the environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8 • Oeschger, G., Carroll, P., & Caulfield, B. (2020). Micromobility and public transport integration : the current state of knowledge. 89(November). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102628 • UK Parliament. (2019). Walking and Cycling in England. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmtrans/1487/148705.htm • Zagorskas, J., & Burinskiene, M. (2020). Challenges caused by increased use of E-powered personal mobility vehicles in European cities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010273

25 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt Image References

https://time.com/5864707/paris-green-city/ https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/16/21224164/lime-buys-boosted-electric--scooter-acquistion-bankrupt https://webecoist.momtastic.com/2017/01/10/won-wheel-segways-one-s2-electric-/2/ https://topgear.nl/autonieuws/prijs-citroen-ami-one-is-bekend/ Report by shasheen https://www.flickr.com/photos/ekkidee/44871855041/sizes/k/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/31779113@N06/32862553993/sizes/k/ https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/aug/02/electric-scooter-eco-friendly-greenhouse-gases https://mobycon.com/updates/sustainability-and-e-scooters-are-they-truly-a-green-option/ https://learn.sharedusemobilitycenter.org/learning_module/electric-scootershare/ https://www.efe.com/efe/english/destacada/electric-scooters-solution-or-problem-for-chaotic-brazil-traffic-situation/50000261-3988231 https://metromobility.io/scooters/ https://www.urbanarrow.com/ https://www.bestelauto.nl/nieuws/dhl-met-de-cargobike-miami-in/16060/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/engelbart/50309123001/sizes/c/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/pix-4-2-day/47797746091/sizes/k/ https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmtrans/1487/148705.htm https://domainnamewire.com/2019/11/29/ethos-paid-1-135-billion-for-org/raining-money/ https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/micromobilitys-15000-mile-checkup

26 Micromobility - Emerging Urban Transport Trends @FraukeBehrendt