DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL168 Trajectories and Origins Survey on Population Diversity in France Initial findings October 2010 By the TeO research team Co-ordinated by Cris Beauchemin, Christelle Hamelle and Patrick Simon Trajectories and Origins Survey on Population Diversity in France Initial findings October 2010 Contents Introduction Trajectories and Origins (TeO), a Survey on Population Diversity in France 5 Glossary 7 Chapter 1 The Populations Surveyed Bertrand Lhommeau, Patrick Simon 11 Chapter 2 Migration Is Not Only Immigration Cris Beauchemin, Catherine Borrel, Corinne Régnard 19 Chapter 3 Between Here and There: a Glimpse of “Transnational” Practices in the Population Living in Metropolitan France 25 Cris Beauchemin, Hugues Lagrange, Mirna Safi Chapter 4 Diversity of Linguistic Practises Stéphanie Condon, Corinne Régnard 31 Chapter 5 Educational Attainment of Immigrants and their Descendants 37 Laure Moguérou, Yaël Brinbaum, Jean-Luc Primon Chapter 6 Educational Trajectories and Experiences of Young Descendants of Immigrants in France 45 Yaël Brinbaum, Laure Moguérou, Jean-Luc Primon Chapter 7 Labour market Situation of Persons aged 18-50 by Sex and Origin 53 Bertrand Lhommeau, Dominique Meurs, Jean-Luc Primon Chapter 8 Occupations of Descendants of Immigrants and their Fathers: Is Occupational Inheritance Determined 61 by Geographical Origin? Mahrez Okba Chapter 9 Working Hours and Wages Bertrand Lhommeau, Dominique Meurs, Jean-Luc Primon 69 Chapter 10 The Experience of Migration, Self-perceived Health and Non-Use of Healthcare Service 75 Christelle Hamel, Muriel Moisy Chapter 11 Union Formation between Here and There 83 Christelle Hamel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Ariane Pailhé, Emmanuelle Santelli 2 W W W Contents Chapter 12 Inequalities in Housing Transitions, Perceived Discrimination and Segregation 93 Jean-Louis Pan Ké Shon, Solenne Robello Chapter 13 Spheres of Sociability: Family Relations Versus Social Relations 99 Laure Moguérou, Emmanuelle Santelli Chapter 14 Civic Life and Political Participation Vincent Tiberj , Patrick Simon 107 Chapter 15 Nationality and National Belonging Patrick Simon 115 Chapter 16 Religion Patrick Simon, Vincent Tiberj 121 Chapter 17 Discrimination Yaël Brinbaum, Christelle Hamel, Jean-Luc Primon, 127 Mirna Safi, Patrick Simon Appendix 1 Rules for classification of the survey populations 135 Appendix 2 The authors 139 “Documents de travail” series List of available issues 143 Responsibility for any judgements or opinions expressed in this document rests solely with their authors. Contents W W W 3 4 W W W Contents Trajectories and Origins (TeO), a Survey on Population Diversity in France To implement government policy on promoting equality and combating discrimination for reasons of origin, tools for analysis and monitoring are required. To inform public debate on immigration in this context, more information is needed about the social trajectories and living conditions of migrants and their descendants in French society. To meet this need for statistical data, INED and INSEE (1) joined forces to conduct a special survey on population diversity in France and the issue of discrimination. This extensive survey, entitled Trajectories and Origins (TeO), a survey on population diversity in France, was conducted in metropolitan France between September 2008 and February 2009 on a sample of 21,000 people. Respondents were immigrants, DOM native-borns (ie. persons born in one of the French overseas départements), descendants of immigrants, descendants of DOM native-borns, or persons born in metropolitan France without immigrant or DOM-native-born parents. This survey fills a gap in statistical knowledge of these minority populations; although they have been the subject of surveys in recent years, no previous survey has had such a large sample or covered so many areas of social life. The Trajectories and Origins survey is intended to assess how far migratory origins (from other countries or from overseas France) are liable to affect living conditions and chances of access to the goods, services and rights that establish a person’s place in society: housing, education, employment and promotion, public services and welfare provisions, health, nationality and citizenship, etc. The survey addresses respondents’ social situations at the time of the survey and looks at their living conditions and experiences. The survey’s title refers to “trajectories” in the plural, underscoring the intention to study the life course with respect to all aspects of life in society. The survey places special emphasis on tracking individuals’ educational, occupational, residential, conjugal and health trajectories. The aim of the survey is to examine access to resources by immigrants and their children born in France. It aims to reveal inequalities by separating the results of individual or collective decision-making from the results of contextual constraints of whatever kind: discrimination, housing type, the business cycle, etc. Central to the survey’s analyses are the destinies of immigrants’ children compared to those of their parents. Do they experience the same social and residential mobility as those of the working classes in the 1960s or is upward mobility an impossible goal for the second generation? And what role does origin play in mobility or lack of it? While it reveals the variety of experiences encountered by immigrants and their descendants, the survey aims to reveal the dynamics of differentiation and homogenisation between and within groups (including persons born French in France). As well as access to resources, the Trajectories and Origins survey also allows to study how (1) * INED: Institut national d’études démographiques (National Institute for Demographic Studies); INSEE: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) Introduction W W W 5 those resources are mobilised in different contexts such as education, employment and housing. One of the survey’s main aims is to identify key moments where discrimination occurs in the course of people’s lives. It addresses all situations where unjust or inegalitarian treatment can happen: course guidance at school, job seeking, working conditions, relations with colleagues and superiors, looking for a home, medical consultations and administrative procedures. The survey also seeks to measure the experience of racism in public (in the street, shops and leisure venues, in relations with authority figures, etc.) and the sense of belonging to a possibly stigmatised minority. (2) For such an extensive survey a team of 24 researchers, academics and statisticians(3) had to be brought together to design the questionnaire and analyse the data, under the supervision of INED and INSEE. More than 500 interviewers gathered the data through face-to-face interviews with respondents. The interviews lasted an hour and a quarter on average. The survey was funded and supported by the following public institutions: Agence nationale pour la cohésion sociale et l’égalité des chances (ACSE); Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR); Direction de l’animation, de la recherche, des études et des statistiques (DARES, Ministry of Employment); Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DREES, Ministry of Health); the Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité (HALDE); the Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme Ile-de-France (Île- de-France city planning institute, IAU-Idf); and the comité interministériel des villes. This book presents a preliminary analysis of the survey. The aim is to present the scientific community and the general public with the survey’s first conclusions on the comparative situations of immigrants, their descendants and the mainstream population. (4) The analyses developed here provide intermediate results prior to the publication of a more exhaustive work in 2012. After the publication of two articles in Population & Societies (5) and INSEE Première ,(6) we were dutybound to publish these preliminary results not only for the respondents who were good enough to answer the questionnaire and disclose aspects of their lives to us, but also to inform current public debates in France. We hope these analyses show the richness and potential of the survey and will encourage readers to make use of the database, which is now freely accessible. (7) (2) The questionnaire is available on the survey’s website, http://teo_english.site.ined.fr/ (3) Élisabeth Algava, Cris Beauchemin, Maryline Bèque, Stéphane Bernard, Catherine Borrel, Yaël Brinbaum, Martin Clément, Stéphanie Condon, Christelle Hamel, Hugues Lagrange, Maud Lesné, Bertrand Lhommeau, Dominique Meurs, Laure Moguerou, Muriel Moisy, Mahrez Okba, Arianne Paihlé, Jean-Louis Pan-Ke-Shon, Jean-Luc Primon, Corinne Régnard, Mirna Safi, Emmanuelle Santelli, Patrick Simon, Vincent Tiberj. (4) See next section for a glossary of the terms used. (5) Beauchemin C., Hamel C., Lesné M., Simon P. and the TeO team, “Discrimination: a question of visible minorities”, Population & Societies No. 466, March 2010. (6) Borrel C. and Lhommeau B., “Être né en France d’un parent immigré”, INSEE Première, 1287, March 2010. (7) For more information see the website of the Réseau Quetelet: http://www.reseau-quetelet.cnrs.fr/ 6 W W W Introduction Glossary The term “mainstream population” refers to the numerically largest group of persons resident in metropolitan France (mainland France and Corsica): those who are neither immigrants