Rotavirus - Adenovirus Astrovirus - Norovirus

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Rotavirus - Adenovirus Astrovirus - Norovirus Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus are the agents most frequently responsible for gastroenteritis in infant and youth populations, as well as occasionally in adults. They are trans- mitted faeco-orally and their main symptoms are watery diarrhoea and vomiting. The concern for global public health cau- sed by Noroviruses has increased in recent years due to sporadic outbreaNs of signiÀcant morbidity and mortality. There are frequent outbreaks in schools, hospitals, cruise ships and other semi-closed institutions. Noroviruses are the main cause of gastroenteritis epidemics in the United States (approximately 90% of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis). The symptoms associated with Novovirus infections are typical of gastroenteritis: vomiting, watery diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. Enteric viruses have been recognised as the most important aetiological agents behind acute diarrhoea, the principal cause of mortality in many countries. SpeciÀcally, the four categories of viruses considered to be the most clinically relevant are the Group A Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Norovirus. They give rise to co-infections in 46% of children with acute diarrhoea. The new CERTEST combined test for Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Norovirus means the four main enteric viruses causing non-bacterial gastroenteritis can be simultaneously detected in stool samples using just a single test which is both rapid and accurate. folleto ingles rotavirus -adenovirus- astrovirus.indd 1 14/07/2014 20:50:55 Test procedure Cut the end of the cap and dispense exactly 4 drops into the “A” circular window marked with an arrow. Unscrew the cap Close the tube with the diluent step and use the stick step and stool sample. Shake the step 1 to pick up 2 tube in order to assure good 3 the sample. sample dispersion. Wait for coloured bands to Dispense exactly 4 drops into appear. step 7 the “D” circular window step Read the result at 10 minutes marked with an arrow. 4 step Dispense exactly 4 drops into 6 the “B” circular window marked with an arrow. 10 min. step 5 Dispense exactly 4 drops into the “C” circular window marked with an arrow. Interpretation of the results SENSITIVITY SPECIFICITY PPV NPV Rotavirus >99% 98% >94% >99% Adenovirus >99% >99% >99% >99% Astrovirus >94% >99% >99% >92% Norovirus >99% >99% >99% >99% FRG86EN Pol. Ind. Río Gállego II oCalle J o Nº 1 50840 o San Mateo de Gállego o Zaragoza o Spain Tel.: +34 976 520 354 www.certest.es folleto ingles rotavirus -adenovirus- astrovirus.indd 2 14/07/2014 20:51:08.

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Noroviruses: Q&A
University of California, Berkeley 2222 Bancroft Way Berkeley, CA 94720 Appointments 510/642-2000 Online Appointment www.uhs.berkeley.edu Noroviruses: Q&A What are noroviruses? Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause the “stomach flu” or gastroenteritis (GAS-tro-enter-I-tis) in people. The term “norovirus” was recently approved as the official name for this group of viruses. Several other names have been used for noroviruses, including: • Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) • caliciviruses (because they belong to the virus family Caliciviridae) • small round structured viruses. Viruses are very different from bacteria and parasites, some of which can cause illnesses similar to norovirus infection. Viruses are much smaller, are not affected by treatment with antibiotics, and cannot grow outside of a person’s body. What are the symptoms of illness caused by noroviruses? The symptoms of norovirus illness usually include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and some stomach cramping. Sometimes people additionally have a low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle aches and a general sense of tiredness. The illness often begins suddenly, and the infected person may feel very sick. The illness is usually brief, with symptoms lasting only about one or two days. In general, children experience more vomiting than adults. Most people with norovirus illness have both of these symptoms. What is the name of the illness caused by noroviruses? Illness caused by norovirus infection has several names, including: • stomach flu – this “stomach flu” is not related to the flu (or influenza), which is a respiratory illness caused by influenza virus • viral gastroenteritis – the most common name for illness caused by norovirus.
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Human Astrovirus 1–8 Seroprevalence Evaluation in a United States Adult Population
UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works Title Human Astrovirus 1-8 Seroprevalence Evaluation in a United States Adult Population. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nz336gs Journal Viruses, 13(6) ISSN 1999-4915 Authors Meyer, Lena Delgado-Cunningham, Kevin Lorig-Roach, Nicholas et al. Publication Date 2021-05-25 DOI 10.3390/v13060979 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California viruses Article Human Astrovirus 1–8 Seroprevalence Evaluation in a United States Adult Population Lena Meyer , Kevin Delgado-Cunningham, Nicholas Lorig-Roach, Jordan Ford and Rebecca M. DuBois * Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (K.D.-C.); [email protected] (N.L.-R.); [email protected] (J.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Human astroviruses are an important cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, yet few studies have investigated the serostatus of adults to establish rates of previous infection. Here, we applied biolayer interferometry immunosorbent assay (BLI-ISA), a recently developed serosurveillance technique, to measure the presence of blood plasma IgG antibodies directed towards the human astrovirus capsid spikes from serotypes 1–8 in a cross-sectional sample of a United States adult population. The seroprevalence rates of IgG antibodies were 73% for human astrovirus serotype 1, 62% for serotype 3, 52% for serotype 4, 29% for serotype 5, 27% for serotype 8, 22% for serotype 2, 8% for serotype 6, and 8% for serotype 7. Notably, seroprevalence rates for capsid spike antigens correlate with neutralizing antibody rates determined previously.
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Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection Samuel Cordey,1 Diem-Lan Vu,1 Manuel Schibler, Arnaud G
RESEARCH Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection Samuel Cordey,1 Diem-Lan Vu,1 Manuel Schibler, Arnaud G. L’Huillier, Francisco Brito, Mylène Docquier, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Thomas J. Petty, Lara Turin, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Laurent Kaiser Next-generation sequencing has identified novel astrovi- observed in community healthcare centers (2,3). Symp- ruses for which a pathogenic role is not clearly defined. toms are generally mild, with patient hospitalization We identified astrovirus MLB2 infection in an immunocom- usually not required; asymptomatic carriage has been petent case-patient and an immunocompromised patient described in 2% of children (4). who experienced diverse clinical manifestations, notably, Screening of fecal samples from persons with diarrhea meningitis and disseminated infection. The initial case-pa- and control samples in different parts of the world by un- tient was identified by next-generation sequencing, which revealed astrovirus MLB2 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid, biased next-generation sequencing (NGS) or reverse tran- plasma, urine, and anal swab specimens. We then used scription PCR (RT-PCR) has revealed the sporadic pres- specific real-time reverse transcription PCR to screen 943 ence of members of the Astroviridae family, previously fecal and 424 cerebrospinal fluid samples from hospital- unrecognized in humans, that are phylogenetically substan- ized patients and identified a second case of meningitis, tially distant from classic HAstVs (3,5–9). These viruses with positive results for the agent in the patient’s feces have been named HAstV-VA/HMO and HAstV-MLB, for and plasma. This screening revealed 5 additional positive Virginia, human-mink-ovine, and Melbourne, respectively, fecal samples: 1 from an infant with acute diarrhea and according to the place where they were first identified and 4 from children who had received transplants.
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Fact Sheet Norovirus
New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Fact Sheet Division of Public Health Services Norovirus What is norovirus? How is norovirus infection diagnosed? Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause Laboratory diagnosis is difficult but there are the “stomach flu,” or gastrointestinal tests that can be performed in the New (stomach and digestive) illness. Norovirus Hampshire Public Health Lab in situations infection occurs occasionally in only one or a where there are multiple cases. Diagnosis is few people or it can be responsible for large often based on the combination of symptoms outbreaks, such as in long-term care facilities. and the short time of the illness. Who gets norovirus? What is the treatment for norovirus Norovirus infects people of all ages infection? worldwide. It may, however, be more No specific treatment is available. People who common in adults and older children. become dehydrated might need to be rehydrated by taking liquids by mouth. How does someone get norovirus? Occasionally patients may need to be Norovirus is spread from person to person via hospitalized to receive intravenous fluids. feces, but some evidence suggests that the virus is spread through the air during How can norovirus be prevented? vomiting. Good hand washing is the most While there is no vaccine for norovirus, there important way to prevent the transmission of are precautions people should take: norovirus. Outbreaks have been linked to sick • Wash hands with soap and warm water food handlers, ill health care workers, cases in after using the bathroom and after facilities such as nursing homes spreading to changing diapers other residents, contaminated shellfish, and • Wash hands with soap and warm water water contaminated with sewage.
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Diarrheal Illness
Diarrheal Illness [Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Karen Hunter] Hi, I’m Karen Hunter and today I’m talking with Dr. Steve Monroe, director of CDC’s Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology. Our conversation is based on his paper about viral gastroenteritis, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Welcome Dr. Monroe. [Steve Monroe] Thank you Karen, it’s a pleasure to be here. [Karen Hunter] Dr. Monroe, what is viral gastroenteritis? [Steve Monroe] Gastroenteritis is an irritation of the stomach or intestinal tract. Most people experience this as severe diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. For this reason, it is often referred to as stomach flu, even though it is not caused by a flu virus. The more general term is “diarrheal illness.” When caused by a virus, it is known as viral gastroenteritis. There are several viruses that can cause this illness. [Karen Hunter] Your paper focuses on two of these viruses – norovirus and rotavirus. What are the main differences between the two of them? [Steve Monroe] The main differences between norovirus and rotavirus are in the age of people most affected and in the approaches we use for control and prevention. Norovirus can infect people of all ages, while rotavirus is most commonly found in young children. And, while there’s an effective vaccine to prevent rotavirus infection, current efforts to control norovirus illness rely primarily on emphasizing good personal hygiene and infection control practices. [Karen Hunter] We’d like to hear about both of these viruses.
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Novel Hepatitis D-Like Agents in Vertebrates and Invertebrates
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/539924; this version posted February 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Novel hepatitis D-like agents in vertebrates and invertebrates 2 3 4 Wei-Shan Chang1, John H.-O. Pettersson1, Callum Le Lay1, Mang Shi1, Nathan Lo1, Michelle 5 Wille2, John-Sebastian Eden1,3, Edward C. Holmes1 6 7 8 1Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, 9 School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of 10 Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] (WSC); 11 [email protected] (MS); [email protected] (ECH); 12 [email protected] (JP); [email protected] (NL) 13 2WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty 14 Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; 15 [email protected] (MW) 16 3Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead NSW, 17 2145; Australia; [email protected] (JSE); 18 19 20 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61 2 9351 5591 21 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/539924; this version posted February 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
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Non-Norovirus Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System, USA, 2009–2018 Claire P
Non-Norovirus Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System, USA, 2009–2018 Claire P. Mattison, Molly Dunn, Mary E. Wikswo, Anita Kambhampati, Laura Calderwood, Neha Balachandran, Eleanor Burnett, Aron J. Hall During 2009–2018, four adenovirus, 10 astrovirus, 123 The Study rotavirus, and 107 sapovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks NORS is a dynamic, voluntary outbreak reporting were reported to the US National Outbreak Reporting system. For each reported outbreak, health depart- System (annual median 30 outbreaks). Most were at- ments report the mode of transmission, number of tributable to person-to-person transmission in long-term confirmed and suspected cases, and aggregate epi- care facilities, daycares, and schools. Investigations of demiologic and demographic information as avail- norovirus-negative gastroenteritis outbreaks should in- able. NORS defines outbreaks as >2 cases of similar clude testing for these viruses. illness associated with a common exposure or epi- demiologic link (9). Health departments determine n the United States, ≈179 million cases of acute gas- reported outbreak etiologies on the basis of available troenteritis (AGE) occur annually (1). Norovirus is I laboratory, epidemiologic, and clinical data; specific the leading cause of AGE in the United States; other laboratory testing protocols vary by health depart- viral causes include adenovirus (specifically group F ment. Outbreak etiologies are considered confirmed or types 40 and 41), astrovirus, sapovirus, and rotavi- when >2 laboratory-confirmed cases are reported rus (2,3). These viruses are spread primarily through and considered suspected when <2 laboratory-con- the fecal–oral route through person-to-person contact firmed cases are reported. Outbreaks are considered or through contaminated food, water, or fomites (4–8).
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Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment
University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 6-2020 Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Virginia Hargest University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Diseases Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, and the Viruses Commons Recommended Citation Hargest, Virginia (0000-0003-3883-1232), "Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/ etd.cghs.2020.0507. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Abstract While human astroviruses (HAstV) were discovered nearly 45 years ago, these small positive-sense RNA viruses remain critically understudied. These studies provide fundamental new research on astrovirus pathogenesis and disruption of the gut epithelium by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following astrovirus infection. Here we characterize HAstV-induced EMT as an upregulation of SNAI1 and VIM with a down regulation of CDH1 and OCLN, loss of cell-cell junctions most notably at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), and loss of cellular polarity by 24 hpi. While active transforming growth factor- (TGF-) increases during HAstV infection, inhibition of TGF- signaling does not hinder EMT induction. However, HAstV-induced EMT does require active viral replication.
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Norovirus-Gen508.Pdf
Norovirus Gastroenteritis: Management of Outbreaks in Healthcare Settings U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Norovirus The most common cause of cases of acute gastroenteritis and gastroenteritis outbreaks Can affect nearly everyone in the population (from children to the elderly and everyone in between!) particularly because there is no long term immunity to the virus Causes acute but self-limited diarrhea, often with vomiting, abdominal cramping, fever, and fatigue . Most individuals recover from acute symptoms with 2-3 days , but can be more severe in vulnerable populations Burden of Norovirus Infection #1 cause of acute gastroenteritis in U.S. 21 million cases annually . 1 in 14 Americans become ill each year . 71,000 hospitalized annually in U.S. 80 deaths annually among elderly in U.K. 91,000 emergency room visits overall in the U.S. Occurs year round with peak activity during the winter months Cases occur in all settings, across the globe Scallan et al. 2011. EID. 17(1): 7-15.; Patel et al. 2008. EID. 14(8); 1224-31.; Harris et al. 2008. EID. 14(10); 1546-52. Norovirus in Healthcare Facilities Norovirus is a recognized cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in institutions. Healthcare facilities are the most commonly reported settings of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in the US and other industrialized countries. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in healthcare settings pose a risk to patients, healthcare personnel, and to the efficient provision of healthcare services. Norovirus Activity in Healthcare Incidence of norovirus outbreaks in acute care facilities and community hospitals within the United States remains unclear.
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Astrovirus Evolution and Emergence T ⁎ Nicholas Wohlgemutha, Rebekah Honcea,B, Stacey Schultz-Cherrya, a Department of Infectious Diseases, St
Infection, Genetics and Evolution 69 (2019) 30–37 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid Conference report Astrovirus evolution and emergence T ⁎ Nicholas Wohlgemutha, Rebekah Honcea,b, Stacey Schultz-Cherrya, a Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States b Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Astroviridae Astrovirus family. Astroviruses infect diverse hosts and are typically associated with gastrointestinal illness; although Cross-species transmission disease can range from asymptomatic to encephalitis depending on the host and viral genotype. Astroviruses Recombination have high genetic variability due to an error prone polymerase and frequent recombination events between Emergence strains. Once thought to be species speciﬁc, recent evidence suggests astroviruses can spread between diﬀerent host species, although the frequency with which this occurs and the restrictions that regulate the process are unknown. Recombination events can lead to drastic evolutionary changes and contribute to cross-species transmission events. This work reviews the current state of research on astrovirus evolution and emergence, especially as it relates to cross-species transmission and recombination of astroviruses. 1. Introduction 2. Genetics and genomics Astroviruses are nonenveloped, show icosahedral morphology, and Little is known about the astrovirus genome compared to other, have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes (Méndez better characterized viruses. While several virus replication processes and Arias, 2013). They infect a multitude of hosts from birds to mam- and structural elements have been mapped to the genome (Fig.
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Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection Samuel Cordey,1 Diem-Lan Vu,1 Manuel Schibler, Arnaud G
RESEARCH Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection Samuel Cordey,1 Diem-Lan Vu,1 Manuel Schibler, Arnaud G. L’Huillier, Francisco Brito, Mylène Docquier, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Thomas J. Petty, Lara Turin, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Laurent Kaiser Next-generation sequencing has identified novel astrovi- observed in community healthcare centers (2,3). Symp- ruses for which a pathogenic role is not clearly defined. toms are generally mild, with patient hospitalization We identified astrovirus MLB2 infection in an immunocom- usually not required; asymptomatic carriage has been petent case-patient and an immunocompromised patient described in 2% of children (4). who experienced diverse clinical manifestations, notably, Screening of fecal samples from persons with diarrhea meningitis and disseminated infection. The initial case-pa- and control samples in different parts of the world by un- tient was identified by next-generation sequencing, which revealed astrovirus MLB2 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid, biased next-generation sequencing (NGS) or reverse tran- plasma, urine, and anal swab specimens. We then used scription PCR (RT-PCR) has revealed the sporadic pres- specific real-time reverse transcription PCR to screen 943 ence of members of the Astroviridae family, previously fecal and 424 cerebrospinal fluid samples from hospital- unrecognized in humans, that are phylogenetically substan- ized patients and identified a second case of meningitis, tially distant from classic HAstVs (3,5–9). These viruses with positive results for the agent in the patient’s feces have been named HAstV-VA/HMO and HAstV-MLB, for and plasma. This screening revealed 5 additional positive Virginia, human-mink-ovine, and Melbourne, respectively, fecal samples: 1 from an infant with acute diarrhea and according to the place where they were first identified and 4 from children who had received transplants.
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What Is Norovirus?
What is norovirus? Norovirus is a serious gastrointestinal illness that causes inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. This inflammation leads to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Norovirus is extremely contagious (easy to spread) from one person to another. Norovirus is not related to the flu (influenza), even though it is sometimes called the stomach flu. Anyone can get norovirus, and they can have the illness multiple times during their lifetime. Norovirus causes approximately 21 million illnesses each year. It is the leading cause of illness and outbreaks related to food in the United States. Symptoms start between 12 to 48 hours after being exposed and can last anywhere from one to three days. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and/or stomach pain. Dehydration is a big concern for people with norovirus, especially in the elderly and the very young, and a major reason for people being hospitalized. People are most contagious when they are actively sick and for the first few days after getting over the illness. How serious is norovirus? Norovirus is a serious illness that makes people feel extremely ill and vomit or have diarrhea. Most people get better within one to two days. Norovirus can be very serious among young children, the elderly, and people with other illnesses, and can lead to severe dehydration, hospitalization, and even death. How does norovirus spread? It generally spreads when infected food service workers touch food without washing their hands well or at all. Norovirus spreads from: • Person-to-person (e.g., shaking hands, sharing food or eating from the same utensils, or caring for someone who is ill with norovirus).
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