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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses An investigation of the magnetic properties of high tensile steels Willcock, Simon Nicolas Murray How to cite: Willcock, Simon Nicolas Murray (1985) An investigation of the magnetic properties of high tensile steels, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7026/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH TENSILE STEELS SIMON NICOLAS MURRAY WILLCOCK, B.Sc, A.R.C.S., C. Phys., M.Inst.P, The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted to the University of Durham in Candidature for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September, 1985. To my Family - i - ABSTRACT This thesis describes an investigation of the magnetic properties of high tensile steels typical of those produced for the high pressure gas pipe-line industry. Results are presented for both bulk and small section samples, and the observed variations in magnetic behaviour as a function of orientation and position within the steel are described qualitatively by changes in steel metallography. The development of an automated double-crank Vibrating Sample Magnetometer5 required for determining the magnetic characteristics of small samples, is also described which, without signal amplification, has a moment detectability limit of 10~^ e.m.u. The representation of the full magnetization loop by a Fourier series is investigated and the variations in harmonic amplitudes found for the range of steels con• sidered here are compared to those predicted by theoretical models. The successful parameterization of the initial magnetization curve is also reported using a two parameter model (LnB = (k - H~'^)LnA)), and linear relationships between the coercive field (H^) and these parameters (k,LnA) are presented which permit the prediction of the initial magnetization curve of any similar steel from a knowledge of . Although the latter may be determined accurately by direct measurements of small samples, further linear relation• ships are indicated which allow the determination of the coercive field from a knowledge of either the steel chemistry or metallography. The compatibility of the observed ferrite grain size dependent contribution to the coercive field with grain boundary domain wall pinning models is also investigated. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgement is made to the Science and Engineering Research Council and the British Gas Corporation whose financial support made this research possible. It is my pleasure also to acknowledge the help and assistance given to me by the following people during the course of this work. Firstly, I would like to thank Professor A.W. Wolfendale, F.R.S., for making available to me the facilities of the Department of Physics at the University of Durham. Thanks are due also to Dr. B.K. Tanner for his excellent supervision, continuous enthusiasm and help over the three years, to Dr. W.D. Corner for many useful discussions and to Dr. S.R. Hoon for his willingness to share his expertise when dealing with problems of an experimental nature and for the many invaluable hours of discussion and help throughout the development of the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. I would also like to thank all the members of the Physics group of the British Gas On-Line Inspection Centre', Cramlington, Northumberland, and Dr. L.L. Morgan, Dr. J. Burd, Dr. P.A. Mundell and Mr. W. Warnes, in particular, for their collaboration throughout the research. Finally, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. D. Jobling, Mr. P. Armstrong and Mr. G. Teasdale for expert technical help, advice and the meticulous care with which they constructed apparatus and prepared samples, to Mr. T. Jackson and his staff of the Electronics Workshop for help and advice, to Mr. T.W. Hogg and his Ill staff of the main departmental workshop for the prep• aration of samples, to Mr. P. Foley for his invaluable assistance, to Mr. M. Lee for the preparation of photo• graphs contained in this thesis, to Miss.K.L. Gittins for the excellent diagrams and to Ms. M.A. Chipchase for the care with which she typed this manuscript. - LV - LIST OF PUBLICATIONS WILLCOCK, S.N.M., and TANNER, B.K., "Harmonic Analysis of B-H loops", IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-19, 2265, (1983). WILLCOCK, S.N.M., and TANNER, B.K., "Harmonic Analysis of B-H loops of Constructional Steel", IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-19, 2145, (1983). - V - CONTENTS Page Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Publications iv Contents v CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTIONS TO MAGNETISM AND THE METALLURGY, MANUFACTURE AND NON• DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HIGH PRESSURE GAS PIPE-LINE STEEL SYSTEMS 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Magnetism 1 1.2(i) Introduction 1 1.2(ii) Ferromagnetism 4 1.2(iii) Microscopic origins of ferromagnetism in the transition metals 5 1.2(iv) Macroscopic ferromagnetism 9 1.3 The Manufacture and Metallurgy of Steel for High Pressure Gas Pipe-Lines 11 1.3(1) Pig Iron 11 1.3(ii) Pipe Steel production - the Basic oxygen furnace 13 1.3(iii) The Microstructure of Plain Carbon Steels 15 1.3{iv) The Rolling Process 18 1.3(v) Other forms of carbon steels 19 1.3(vi) Pipe Manufacture 21 1.3(vii) Steels used in British Gas High Pressure transmission pipe-lines 22 1.4 On-Line Non-destructive Pipe-Line Inspection 29 1.4(i) British Gas pipe-line inspection philosophy 29 1.4(ii) Design aims of the PIG 30 - VI - Page 1.4(iii) Principles of defect detection 31 1.4(iv) The Magnetic Categorization of Pipe Steels 33 CHAPTER 2 : HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF B-H LOOPS - THEORY 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 The Effect of Saturation on Harmonic Content 38 2.2(i) Analytical model for zero coercivity 40 2.2(ii) Analytical model for non-zero coercivity 44 2.3 Other models for the Magnetization Loop 48 2.4 Reconstruction of B-H loops from Harmonic Information 49 2.5 Conclusion 52 CHAPTER 3 : PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 3.1 Analysis of B-H loops taken from an X-Y plot 53 3.1(i) Introduction and experimental technique 53 3.1(ii) Experimental results 55 3.1(iii) Conclusions 57 3.2 B-H loop studies of pipe steels 58 3.2(i) Description of apparatus 58 3.2(ii) Transfer of data from OLIC to Durham 60 3.2(iii) Harmonic analysis of 12 inch pipe- steel data 61 3.2(iv) Harmonic analysis of all other pipe- steel data 65 3.2(v) Reconstruction of B-H loops from harmonic information 67 3.2(vi) Conclusion 68 vii CHAPTER 4 : THE DURHAM VIBRATING SAMPLE MAGNETOMETER Page 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Historical development of the VSM and principles of its operation 72 4.3 The Durham VSM Hardware 79 4.3(i) The double crank VSM and motor drive 79 4.3(ii) The Magnet, Power Supply and VSM head mounting assembly 81 4.3(iii) The Variable Temperature Cryostat 84 4.4 The Durham VSM detection coil system 86 4.4(i) Introduction 86 4.4(ii) The selection of a detection coil system 88 4.4(iii) The design, construction and properties of the coil system 93 4.5 Signal detection and Residual Noise 96 4.6 Calibration and Linearity 98 4.6(i) Linearity 98 4.6(ii) Calibration 99 4.6(iii) Temperature effects on calibration 101 4.7 Magnetic Images 102 4.7(i) Introduction 102 4.7(ii) Image experiments 104 4.7(iii) Calculation of field-dependent images 106 CHAPTER 5 : AUTOMATION OF THE VSM 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Additional hardware requirements 112 5.3 Remote magnetic moment and field measurement 114 Vlll Page 5.4 Communication problems via the GPIB 116 5.5 Automatic field control 117 5.6 Safety protection of the current reversal apparatus 121 5.7 Software requirements for automated VSM operation 125 5.8 Future development 127 5.9 Detailed description of logic circuitry and additional circuitry required for normal operation 129 CHAPTER 6 : RELATION BETWEEN PIPE-STEEL METALLURGY, CHEMISTRY, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 6.1 Introduction 134 6.2 Parameterization and successful reconstruction/ prediction of the initial magnetization curve 136 6.2{i) The Widger polynomial 136 6.2(ii) The Kneppo equation 137 6.2(iii) Parameterization of magnetization curves of heat-treated steel 140 6.2(iv) Reconstruction of the magnetization characteristics of pipe-steels 142 6.2(v) Prediction of the magnetization characteristics of pipe-steels from measurements of coercive field 144 6.3 Further correlation work 145 6.3(i) Chemical analysis results 145 6.3(ii) Mechanical Properties 147 6.3(iii) Metallography and domain observations 149 6.4 Variations of magnetic characteristics as a function of orientation and position within the pipe wall 153 - LX - Page CHAPTER 7 : SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 158 APPENDICES A : Listing of Digitizer and Analysis program 161 B : Listing of BHLOOP.BAS program 165 C : Transfer of data between MING minicomputer and PET microcomputer 170 D : Table of Results 184 E : Description of location and listing of Machine-Code Serial Poll Routine 190 F : The VSM Control Program 203 G : Listing of PLOTTER Program 237 H : Predicted relationships arising from a consideration of Kneppo's equation 242 References 245 - 1 - CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS TO MAGNETISM AND THE METALLURGY, MANUFACTURE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HIGH PRESSURE GAS PIPE-LINE STEEL SYSTEMS 1.1 OVERVIEW Brief introductions to magnetism, the metallurgy and manufacture of steels used in high pressure gas pipe• lines, and the magnetic non-destructive on-line inspection of such pipe-lines are given here.
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