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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Laboratory of Parasitology

1991 Lists of Larval from Marine of the Pacific oC ast of North America Hilda Lei Ching Hydra Enterprises

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Ching, Hilda Lei, "Lists of Larval Worms from of the Pacific oC ast of North America" (1991). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 771. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/771

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Ching, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington (1991) 58(1). Copyright 1991, HELMSOC. Used by permission.

J lIelminthol. Soc. Wash. 5'8(1). \ 991, pp. 57~8

Lists of Larval Worms from Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America

HILDA LEI CHING Hydra Enterprises Ltd., P.O. Box 2184, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3V7

ABS"fRAcr: Immature stages of 73 digenetic trematodes are listed by their families, marine hosts, and localities and then cross listed according to their molluscan hosts. The list contains many new host records, and larval stages of 15 digenetic trematodes were newly recorded from gastropods from British Columbia and California. A list of immature stages of 14 cestodes, acanthocephaIans, and is also included. KEY WORDS: , , , Nematoda, marine mollusks, invertebrate hosts, Pacific coast, North America.

Although immature stages are recognized to Methods and Materials be as important as adults in the descriptions of Snails, clams, and other invertebrates have been col­ parasites, few studies focus on larval helminths lected by the author at Friday Harbor, Washington in marine invertebrates. Stunkard (1983) pointed (WA), and Vancouver, British Columbia (BC). Eric out the difficulties in conducting studies on ma­ Cabot collected subtidal snails at Saturnina Island, BC; W. P. Sousa provided infected Cerithidea snails from rine parasites but the necessity to do so should Bolinas Lagoon, California (CA), and G. M. Ruiz gave concern all biologists interested in making in­ specimens from clams from Bodega and San Francisco ventories of parasites and in conserving biodi­ hays, CA. Mollusks were isolated to find free-swim­ versity (Pritchard, 1989). The marine ecosystem ming parasites and then dissected to obtain larval stages. The parasites were studied alive with the use of vital has become particularly vulnerable physical to dyes. For permanent preparations, they were usually changes which in turn can affect both host and fixed in hot seawater, transferred to alcohol-forma1in­ parasite populations. My studies of larval dige­ acetic acid and stored in 70% ethanol. They were stained netic trematodes began in 1957 at Friday Har­ with Semichon's carmine and mounted in permount. bor, Washington. Since then, many parasites were Most of the measurements were made on preserved specimens. Measurements are given in micrometers found in marine invertebrates from British Co­ unless otherwise indicated with the mean in parenthe­ lumbia to California. Additional sampling was ses. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera not possible, or when recent collections were at­ lucida. tempted, snails and clams were found to be scarce Stages that I have reported for the first time are due to oil pollution, or successive changes in the designated with mihi. Host and distribution records not previously published are indicated in the list with physical environment, or the use of lead-based asterisks. The names of the molluscan hosts and com­ paints on boats. In this paper I provide lists of mon names when given are cited according to Abbott larval stages of digenetic trematodes, cestodes, (1974) and those of other invertebrates are cited ac­ acanthocephalans, and nematodes along with cording to Austin (1985). Accession numbers are given for specimens in the United States National Museum their hosts and localities. HelminthologicaI Collections.

List 1. Larval Digeneans from Marine Invertebrates from the North American Pacific Coast

Oass Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Subclass DIGENEA CA Order STRIGEIFORMES Records: Martin (1961, 1972), Ching and Sousa, 1986* Family CYATHOCOTYLIDAE USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81066 I. M esastephanus appendicuiatus (Ciurea, 1916) Lutz, 2. Cyathocotylid 1935 Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Location: Sporocyst in mantle Host: Cerithidea califarnica Host: Cerithidea califarnica Haldeman, California Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Hom Shell CA 57 58 . JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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2

Figures 1-7. Marine dilleneans from gastropod hosts. 1. Heminroid cercaria from AlvfUlUJ compllCt.. 2. Enenterid cercaria from A. COnqHU:t.. 3. Metacercaria of Mkroplulllus sp. from A. COnqHU:t.. 4. Microphal1id cercaria from Liuori"" scutulllt.. S. Renicolid cercaria from Ceritllidell cali/omk.. 6. Body of lepocreadiid cercaria from Nitidell" cari""t.. 7. Tail of lepocreadiid cercaria.

Records: Martin (1972), Ching and Sousa, 1986* Locality: Vancouver, BC USNM Helm. Coll. No. 81067 Record: Ching, 1964*, identification according to Stunkard and Hinchliffe (1952) Family SCHISTOSOMATIDAE 4. Austrobilharzia sp. 3. Austrobilharzia variglandis ( and Northup, Stage: Furcocercous cercaria 1926) Penner, 1953 Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Location: Sporocyst in gonads Locality: Upper Newport Bay, CA Host: Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say), Eastern Nassa Record: Martin (1972) OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 58, NUMBER I, JANUARY 1991 . 59

5. Cercaria littorinalinae Penner, 1950 Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Host: Mytilus californianus Conrad, Californian Location: Not mentioned, sporocyst in digestive Mussel gland? Locality: Dillon Beach, CA Host: Littorina planaxis Philippi, Eroded Peri­ Record: Giles (1962) winkle 13. Bucephalid Cercaria mihi 2 Locality: Southern California Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Record: Penner (1950) Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Host: Lyonsia sp. Order HEMIURIFORMES Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Record: Ching, 1958* Family HEMIURIDAE Note: The cercaria and host species are similar to 6. Cercaria B Miller, 1925 those of Rhipidocotyle spp. described by Stunkard Stage: Cystophorous cercaria (1976). Location: Redia in digestive gland Host: Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin), Frilled Dog­ Family FELLODISTOMIDAE winkle 14. Pronoprymna petrowi (Layman, 1930) Bray and Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Gibson, 1980 Records: Miller (1925), Ching (1960) Stage: Trichocercous cercaria 7. Cercaria C Ching, 1960 Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Stage: Cystophorous cercaria Host: Macoma inconspicua (Broderip and Sow- Location: Redia in digestive gland erby), Inconspicuous Macoma Host: Dentalium dalli Pilsbry and Sharp Locality: Vancouver, BC Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Records: Ching, 1963*, 1974*, 1989* Record: Ching (1960) USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81069 8. Hemiuroid Metacercaria Notes: The prevalence in 1963 was 2.7% or 27 of Stage: Metacercaria 1,138 clams. The cercaria resembled young forms Location: Hemocoel found in smelt hosts in the arrangement and Host: Mesamphiascus parvus development of the gonads (Margolis and Ching, Locality: Friday Harbor, W A 1965). Record: Ching (1960). The generic name of the 15. Fellodistomid Metacercaria mihi 3 host is not listed by Austin (1985), and the co­ Stage: Metacercaria pepod may be Amphiaccus parvus. Location: Digestive gland 9. Hemiuroid Metacercaria Host: Tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve), Stage: Metacercaria Japanese Littleneck Location: Unknown Locality: Vancouver I., BC Host: Bolinopsis microptera Record: Ching, I 987* Locality: Puget Sound, W A Notes: About 150 clams from 15 areas were sam­ Record: Lloyd (1938). Bolinopsis microptera is a pled with 1-2 metacercariae found in 7 of 15 synonym of the ctenophore, B. infundibulum clams in I area. (Muller), according to Austin (1985). 10. Hemiuroid Cercaria mihi 1 (Fig. I) Family GYMNOPHALLIDAE Stage: Cystophorous cercaria 16. Cercaria margaritensis Ching, 1982 Location: Redia in digestive gland Stage: Furcocercous germinal sac Host: Alvania compacta Carpenter, Compact Al- Location: Germinal sac in extrapallial cavity vania Hosts: Margarites costalis(Gould), Northern Rosy Locality: Saturnina I., BC Margarite; M. helicinus (Phipps), Helicina Mar­ Record: Ching, 1977* garite; M. pupillus (Gould), Puppet Margarite USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81068 Locality: Saturnina I., BC Notes: The prevalence was 3 of 487 ofthe subtidal Record: Ching (1982) snails. The rediae are elongate about I mm in USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81070 length. The cercaria has a delivery tube and 3 17. Gymnophallus deliciosus (Olsson, 1893) Odhner, appendages. 1900 II. Lecithaster salmonis Yamaguti, 1934 Stage: Metacercaria Stage: Cystophorous cercaria Location: Extrapallial cavity Location: Redia in digestive gland Host: Mytilus edulis L., Blue Mussel Hosts: Nucella canaliculata Duclos, Channeled Locality: Vancouver, BC Dogwinkle; N. emarginata (Deshayes), Emar­ Record: Ching, 1963*, identified from Stunkard ginate Dogwinkle and Uzmann (1958) Localities and records: Friday Harbor, W A, by USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81071 Miller as Cercaria A (1925) and Ching (1960); 18. Gymnophal/us somateriae (Levinson, 1881) BC, by Boyce (1966) as L. gibbosus. Odhner, 1900 Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Family Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland 12. Cercaria noblei Giles, 1962 Stage: Metacercaria Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Location: Extrapallial cavity 60 . JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Host for 2 stages: Macoma inconspicua this family because of its resemblance to the Locality: Vancouver, BC cercaria of Stephanostomum baccatum de­ Records: Ching (1973), 1963*, 1976* for cercaria scribed by Wolfgang (1955) and the close rela­ USNM Helm, CoIL Nos. 81072, 81073 tionship of the hosts. 19. Gymnophallus sp. Stage: Metacercaria Family ENENTERIDAE Location: Extrapallial cavity 26. Enenterid Cercaria mihi 4 (Fig. 2) Hosts: Cryptomya californica (Conrad), California Stage: Tail-less cercaria Glass Mya; Mya arenaria (L.), Soft-shell Clam Location: Redia in digestive gland Record: Ching, 1962*, identified from Stunkard Host: Alvania compacta and Uzmann (1958) Locality: Satumina I., BC USNM Coil. No. 81074 Record: Ching, 1978* 20. Lacunovermis conspicuus Ching, 1965 USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81076 Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Notes: A single infection was found in 487 snails. Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland The cercaria appears to be similar to that of Stage: Metacercaria Neophasis lagen/ormis as described by Koie Host for 2 stages: Macoma inconspicua (1973). Some opecoelid-like genera with body Locality: Vancouver, BC spination including Neophasis have been placed Record: Ching (1965a) in this family by Gibson and Bray (1982). 21. Meiogymnophallus multigemmulus Ching, 1965 Stage: Metacercaria Family MICROPHALLIDAE Location: SPorocyst in digestive gland Tribe MARITREMATIDI Host: Macoma inconspicua 27. Maritrema gratiosum Nicoll, 1907 Locality: Vancouver, BC Stage: Metacercaria Record: Ching (1965a) Location: Hemocoel 22. Parvatrema borealis Stunkard and Uzmann, 1958 Host: Balanus glandula Darwin Stage: Furcocercous cercaria Locality: Vancouver, BC Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Record: Ching (1978) Stage: Metacercaria 28. Maritrema laricola Ching, 1962 Location: Extrapallial cavity Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Hosts for 2 stages: Nuticola tantilla (Gould), Tan­ Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland tilla Transennella; Gemma gemma (Totten), Hosts: Littorina scutulata Gould, Checkered Per- Amethyst Gem Clam iwinkle; L. sitkana Philippi, Sitka Periwinkle Localities and records: Friday Harbor, W A, by Stage: Metacercaria Ching, 1959*; San Francisco Bay, CA, by Ogles­ Location: Digestive gland by (1965); Bodega Bay, CA, by Ching and Ruiz, Hosts: Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana), H. oregonensis 1986* (Dana) USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81075 Localities: Vancouver, BC; Bodega Bay, CA 23. Parvatrema obscurus (Ching, 1960) James, 1964 Records: Ching (1962b), Ching, 1986* Stage: Metacercaria 29. Maritrema megametrios Deblock and Rausch, Location: Digestive gland 1968 Hosts: "Collisella" scabra (Gould), Rough Lim- Stage: Metacercaria pet; Lottia (Rathke), Fingered Location: Hemocoel Localities: Bodega Bay to San Nicholas I., CA Hosts: Telorchestia traskiana (Simpson), Gnori- Record: Ching and Grosholz (1988) mosphaeroma oregonense Dana USNM Helm. Coil. No. 79923 Locality: Vancouver, BC 24. Gymnophallid Metacercaria Record: Ching (1974) Stage: Metacercaria USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81077 Location: , mantle 30. Maritrema pacifica Ching, 1974 Host: Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), Giant Pacific Stage: Metacercaria Oyster Location: Hemocoel Localities: Broughton I., Fanny Bay, Vancouver Host: Megalorchestia corniculata (Stout) I.,BC Locality: Santa Barbara, CA Record: Bower, 1987, pers. comm., Pacific Bio­ Record: Ching (1974) logical Station, Nanaimo, BC USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81078 Order PLAGIORCHIIFORMES 31. Probolocoryphe uca (Sarkisian, 1957) Yamaguti, 1971 Family Stage: Xiphidiocercaria 25. Cercaria /oliatae Miller, 1925 Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Stage: Oculate cercaria Host: Cerithidea californica Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Stage: Metacercaria Host: Ceratostoma /oliatum (Gmelin), Foliated Location: Muscles Thorn Purpura Host: Uca crenulata (Lockington) Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Record: Miller (1925). This cercaria is placed in CA OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 58, NUMBER I, JANUARY 1991· 61

Records: Maxon and Pequegnat (1949), Sarkisian 38. Microphallus sp. mihi 5 (Fig. 3) (1957), Martin (1972) as the larger of 2 stylet Stage: Metacercaria cercariae, Sousa (1983) as a microphallid cer­ Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland caria, Ching and Sousa for cercarial stage, 1986* Host: Alvania compacta Carpenter, Compact AI- Cercaria, USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81079 vania 32. Pseudospelotremajaponicum Yamaguti, 1939 Locality: Saturnina I., BC Stage: Metacercaria Record: Ching, 1977* Location: Thoracic ganglion USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81081 Host: Cancer magister Dana Notes: The prevalence was 5.4% or 26 of487 snails. Localities: Willapa Bay, WA; Vancouver, BC Measurements on 10 metacercariae: Body length Records: Sparks and Hibbert (1981), identified by by width, 152-180 by 76-112 (168 by 90). Oral Ching, 1988* sucker diameter 26-30 (30), ventral sucker di­ ameter 16-20 (18). Pharynx as large as ventral Tribe MICROPHALLIDI sucker, male papilla diameter, 8-12 (10). 33. Ascorhytis charadriformis (Young, 1949) Ching, 39. Microphallid Cercaria mihi 6 1965 Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Host: Lacuna marmorata Dall Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Hosts: Littorina scutulata, L. sitkana Stage: Metacercaria Record: Ching, 1959*. Three of 6 snails were in­ Hosts: Hemigrapsus oregonensis, H. nudus fected. Location: Thoracic ganglion 40. Microphallid Cercaria mihi 7 Localities: Bodega Bay, CA to Vancouver, BC Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Records: Ching (l962c, 1965b) Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland 34. Microphallus nicolli (Cable and Hunninen, 1940) Host: Trichotropis cancellata (Hinds), Cancellate Baer, 1943 Hairy-shell Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Record: Ching, 1959*. Two of 108 snails were Host: Olivella plicata (Sowerby), Purple Dwarf 01- infected. ive 41. Microphallid Cercaria mihi 8 (Fig. 4) Stage: Metacercaria Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Location: Hemocoel Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Host: Emerita analoga (Stimpson) Host: Littorina scutulata Locality: Santa Barbara, CA Locality: Vancouver, BC Records: Young (1938). Yoshino (1975) reported Record: Ching, 1974* this species in Cerithidea californica but the cer­ Notes: I have found only 2 infections in many caria in this host is Probolocoryphe uca accord­ years ofsampling littorine snails. Measurements ing to Sarkisian (1957). on 10: Body lengtb by width, 120-171 by 26- 35. Microphallus pirum (Afanassew, 1941) Belopol- 42 (132 by 37). Tail short, used for creeping, skaia, 1952 26-39 by 5-9 (37 by 7). Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Family OPECOELIDAE Host: Nucella emarginata 42. Cercaria searlesiae Miller, 1925 Stage: Metacercaria Stage: Cotylocercous cercaria Location: Abdomen Location: Redia in digestive gland Hosts: Pagurus hirsutiusculus (Dana), Telmessus Host: Searlesia dira (Reeve) cheiragonus (Tilsius) Locality: Friday Harbor, W A Locality: Alaska Record: Miller (1925) Records: Schiller (1954, 1959) 43. Metacercaria A Thompson and Margolis, 1987 36. Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) Baer, Stage: Metacercaria 1943 Location: Somatic musculature Stage: Metacercaria Host: Pandalus jordani Rathburn, Smooth Pink Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Shrimp Hosts: Littorina scutulata, L. sitkana Locality: Vancouver I., BC Localities: Friday Harbor, WA; Vancouver, BC Record: Thompson and Margolis (1987) Record: Ching (1961) 44. Neolebouria tinkerbelli Thompson and Margolis, USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81080 1987 37. Microphallus similis (Jagerskiold, 1900) Baer, Stage: Metacercaria 1943 Location: Heart Stage: Metacercaria Host: Pandalis jordani Location: Digestive gland Locality: Vancouver I., BC Host: Cancer magister Record: Thompson and Margolis (1987) Locality: Vancouver, BC 45. Podocotyle enophrysi Park, 1937 Record: Ching, 1988*; many specimens from avi­ Stage: Cotylocercous cercaria an hosts have been recovered Location: Redia in digestive gland 62 . JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Host: Lacuna marmorata Dall 53. Renicolid Cercaria mihi 10 (Fig. 5) Locality: Saturnina I., BC Stage: Xiphidiocercaria Record: Ching (1979) Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland 46. Opecoelid Cercaria mihi 9 Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Stage: Stumpy-tailed cercaria Locality: Bolinas Lagoon, CA Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Record: Ching and Sousa, 1986* Hosts: Margarites sp., M. helicinus USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81083 Localities: Friday Harbor, W A; Saturnina I., BC Notes: Sporocyst with yellow pigment, sparsely Records: Ching, 1957*, 1977* filled with 2-14 (8) cercariae, 676 by 298 in Note: The cercaria has a short tail with 5-6 glands length and width. Cercarial body finely spined, forming a striated appearance at the tip which 179-230 by 58-78 (199 by 69). Suckers equal is unlike the tails of the cotylocercous cercariae in size, about 30 in diameter. Short stylet pres­ listed above. ent. Excretory bladder U -shaped with long stem, 47. Opecoelid Metacercaria arms lateral to ventral sucker. Flame cells 2[(3 Stage: Metacercaria + 3 + 3) + (3 + 3 + 3)]. Tail length by width, Location: Hemocoel 110-150 by 13-16 (133 by 15). Host: Traskorchestia traskiana Locality: Vancouver, BC Order LEPOCREADIIFORMES Record: Ching, 1977* Family LEPOCREADIIDAE 48. Opecoelid Metacercaria 54. Lepocreadiid Cercaria mihi 11 (Figs. 6, 7) Stage: Metacercaria Stage: Trichocercous cercaria Location: Abdominal muscles Location: Redia in digestive gland Host: Crangon alaskensis Lockington Host: Nitidella carinata (Hinds), Carinate Dove- Locality: Sinclair Inlet, W A shell Record: Morado and Sparks (1983). I have placed Locality: Saturnina I., BC this metacercaria in the family Opecoelidae. Record: Ching, 1979* Family MONORCHIIDAE USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81084 Notes: The prevalence was 5% or 4 of 73 snails. 49. Telolecithus pugetensis Lloyd and Guberlet, 1932 The cercaria has a trumpet-shaped oral sucker, Stage: Brevifurcate cercaria prominent spots, and excretory bladder Location: Sporocyst in gonads reaching to the ventral sucker. The tail has 36 Host: Nutricola tantilla (Gould) pairs of setae. Stage: Metacercaria Location: Extrapallial cavity Hosts: N. tantilla; Macoma nasuta, Conrad Bent­ Order ECHINOSTOMATIFORMES nose Macoma; Tellina nuculoides (Reeve), Family NOTOCOTYLIDAE Salmon Tellin 55. Catatropisjohnstoni Martin, 1956 Localities: Yaquina Bay, OR; Friday Harbor, WA Record: DeMartini and Pratt (1964) Stage: Oculate, monostome cercaria Location: Redia in digestive gland Family RENICOLIDAE Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Locality: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, 50. Renicola buchanani Martin and Gregory, 1951 Stage: Magnacercous cercaria CA Location: Sporocyst in mantle Records: Martin (1955, 1956), Yoshino (1975), Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Sousa (1983) Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, 56. Notocotylid Cercaria mihi 12 (Fig. 8) CA Stage: Oculate, monostome cercaria Records: Martin and Gregory (1951), Martin Location: Redia in digestive gland (1955), Yoshino (1975) as Renicola sp., Ching Host: Littorina scutulata and Sousa, 1986* Locality: Vancouver, BC USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81082 Records: Ching (1962a), 1977* 51. Renicola cerithidicola Martin, 1971 USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81085 Stage: Gymnocephalous cercaria Notes: The prevalence was 0.49% or 21 of 4,322 Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland snails sampled in 1977-1978 from 3 locations Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica in Vancouver. Measurements on 10 cercariae: Record: Martin (1971) Body length by width, 330-595 by 145-244(419 52. Renicola thaidus Stunkard, 1964 by 216). Tail length by width, 376-508 by 33- Stage: Xiphidiocercaria 66 (422 by 43). Three eye spots present. Location: Sporocyst in digestive gland Host: Nucella lamellosa Stage: Metacercaria Family ECHINOSTOMATIDAE Location: Digestive gland 57. Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 Host: Mytilus edulis Stage: Cercaria with collar spines Locality: Vancouver, BC Location: Redia in gonads Records: Ching, 1957*, 1961*, 1969*, Stunkard Host: Cerithidea cali/arnica (1964) Stage: Metacercaria OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 58, NUMBER I, JANUARY 1991 . 63

Figures 8-11. Marine digeneans from gastropod hosts. 8. Notocotylid cercaria from LittorilUl scutulata. 9. Echinostomatid cercaria of Himasthla sp. from L. scutulata. 10. Heterophyid cercaria from Batillaria zonalis. H. Heterophyid cercaria from Bittium escherichtii.

Location: Radular pockets Host: Cerithidea califarnica Host: Cerithidea califarnica Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, CA CA Records: Martin (1972), Sousa (1983), Ching and Records: Martin and Adams (1960,1961), Yoshi­ Sousa, 1986*. Martin (1972) placed this echi­ no (1975), Sousa (1983), Ching and Sousa, 1986* nostome in this , but the 31 spines around USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81086 the collar are arranged in a single ring dor­ 58. Acanthapharyphium sp. sally and laterally, with 2 clustered at each side Stage: Cercaria with collar spines ventrally. Location: Redia in gonads USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81087 Host: Cerithidea califarnica 60. Himasthla rhigedana Dietz, 1909 Locality: Upper Newport Bay, CA Stage: Oculate cercaria with collar spines Record: Martin (1972) Location: Redia in digestive gland 59. "Echinaparyphium" sp. Host: Cerithidea califarnica Stage: Cercaria with collar spines Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Location: Redia in gonad, digestive gland CA 64 . JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Records: Adams and Martin (1960, 1963), Yoshi­ Order OPISTHORCHIIFORMES no (1975), Sousa (1983), Ching and Sousa, 1986* Family HETEROPHYIDAE USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81088 61. Himasthla sp. Cercaria mihi 13 (Fig. 9) 66. Cercaria purpuracauda Miller, 1925 Stage: Cercaria with collar spines Stage: Magnacercous cercaria Location: Redia in digestive gland Location: Redia in digestive gland Host: Liltorina scutulata Host: Biltium escherichtii (Middendorf), Giant Pa­ Localities: Friday Harbor, WA; Vancouver, BC cific Coast Bittium Records: Ching (1962a as echinostome I), 1975- Locality: Friday Harbor, WA 1978*, 1988* Record: Miller (1925) USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81089 67. Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) Fischoeder, Notes: The prevalence was 2.5% or 21 of835 snails 1903 at Vancouver and Friday Harbor from 1975 to Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria 1978. At 1 lagoon site at Friday Harbor in 1988, Location: Redia in gonads 11 % or 23 of 207 snails were infected. Cercarial Host: Liltorina scutulata body spined, with head collar of 29 spines in Locality: Vancouver, BC single continuous row, with 2 ventrally in each Record: Ching (1978) comer. Body length by width, 352-454 by 123- USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81092 217 (400 by 158). Oral sucker 51-59 by 51-56 68. Euhaplorchis californiensis Martin, 1950 (57 by 52), ventral sucker, 64-70 by 66-102 (75 Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria by 82). Tail length by width, 237-409 by 33-57 Location: Gonad (redial stage in digestive gland) (319 by 41). Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon 62. Echinostomatid Metacercaria CA ' Stage: Metacercaria with collar spines Location: Gut, mantle, base of gills Records: Martin (l950a, 1955), Yoshino (1975), Host: Protothaca staminea (Conrad), Common Sousa (1983), Chmg and Sousa, 1986* Pacific Littleneck USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81093 Locality: Sooke, BC 69. Parastictodora hancocki Martin, 1950 Record: Bower, 1986* pers. comm., Pacific Bio­ Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria logical Station, Nanaimo, BC Location: Redia in gonads Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Locality: Upper Newport Bay, CA Family PHILOPHTHALMIDAE Records: Martin (1950b, 1955) 63. Cloacitrema michiganensis McIntosh, 1938 70. Phocitremoides ovale Martin, 1950 Stage: Megalurous cercaria Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Location: Redia in gonads Locality: Upper Newport Bay, CA Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Records: Robinson (1952), Martin (1955, 1972), Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Leflore et al. (1985) CA 64. Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll, 1906) Nicoll, 1907 Records: Martin (19 50c), Ching and Sousa, 1986* Stage: Megalurous cercaria USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81094 Location: Redia in digestive gland 71. Pygidiopsoides spindalis Martin, 1951 Host I: Cerithidea cali/ornica Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria Localities: Upper Newport Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Location: Redia in gonads CA Host: Cerithidea cali/ornica Records: Martin (1955, 1972), Yoshino (1975), Locality: Upper Newport Bay, CA Sousa (1983), Ching and Sousa, 1986* Record: Martin (1951) USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81090 72. Heterophyid Cercaria mihi 14 (Fig. 10) Host 2: Nucel/a lamel/osa, N. emarginata Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria Locality: Thetis I., BC Location: Redia in gonads Record: Ching (1978) Host: Batil/aria zonalis (Bruguiere) Cumings, False USNM Helm. Coil. No. 81091 Cerith Locality: Vancouver, BC Records: Ching, 1978*, 1989* Family PSILOSTOMIDAE USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81095 65. Psilostomum magniovum Ching, 1980 Notes: The prevalence was 10% or 8 of 77 in 1978 Stage: Cercaria with caudal fin fold and 22% or 12 of 54 in 1989 in 2 sites in Be. Location: Redia in digestive gland Measurements of 10 cercariae: Body finely­ Host: Liltorina scutulata spined, length by width, 139-211 by 66-99 (184 Stage: Metacercaria by 80). Tail with finfold ending in small fan Location: Extrapallial cavity around the tip, length by width, 297-475 by 17- Host: Mytilus edulis L., Blue Mussel 36 (366 by 27). Oral sucker with subterminal Locality: Vancouver, BC opening with glandular openings, crenulated Record: Ching (1980) walls, 25-46 by 31-37 (31 by 36). Eyespots al- OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 58, NUMBER 1, JANUARY 1991 . 65

most square. Penetration glands 14 in total. A USNM Helm. Coli. No. 81096 pleurolophocercous cercaria reported from this Notes: The prevalence was 9.6% or 5 of 52 snails. host in California by Whitlatch (1974) may be Measurements on 9 cercariae: Body length by the same species. width, 164-188 by 60-66; tail with short an­ 73. Heterophyid Cercaria mihi 15 (Fig. II) terior folds, fin folds continuing around bent tip, Stage: Pleurolophocercous cercaria length by width, 24~09 by 25-30. Oral sucker Location: Redia in gonads with 8 spines on the dorsal edge followed by 5 Host: Bittium escherichtii tubular spines in the opening ofthe mouth. Pen­ Locality: Vancouver, BC etration glands filling body, about 16 in total. Record: Ching, 1974*

List 2. Molluscan Hosts of Larval Digeneans of the North American Pacific Coast (Name of mollusc: number of larval digenean in List I)

GASTROPODA: Olivella plicata: 34 A/vania compacta: 10, 26, 38 Searlesia dira: 42 Balillaria zonalis: 72 Trichotropis cancellata: 40 Bittium escherichtii: 66, 73 SCAPHOPODA: Ceratostomafoliatum: 25 Cerithidea californica: 1,2,4,31,50,51,53,55,57, Dentalium dalli: 7 58,59,60,63,64,68,69,70,71 : "Collisella" scabra: 23 Ilyanassa obsoleta: 3 Crassostrea gigas: 24 Lacuna marmorata: 39, 45 Cryptomya californica: 19 Littorina planaxis: 5 Gemma gemma: 22 Littorina scutulata: 28, 33, 36, 41, 56,61,65,67 Lyonsia sp.: 13 Littorina sitkana: 28, 33, 36 Macoma inconspicua: 14, 18,20,21 Lottia digitalis: 23 Macoma nasuta: 49 M argarites costalis: 16 Mya arenaria: 19 M argarites helicinus: 16, 46 Mytilus californianus: 12 Margarites pupillus: 16 Mytilus edulis: 17, 52, 65 Margarites sp.: 46 Nuticola tantilla: 22, 49 Nitidella carinata: 54 Protothaca staminea: 62 N ucella canaliculata: I I Tapes philippinarum: IS Nucella emarginata: 11,35,64 Tellina nuculoides: 49 Nucella lamellosa: 6, 52, 64

List 3. Larval Tapeworms, Acanthocephalans, and Roundworms from Marine Invertebrates of the North American Pacific Coast

Class CESTODA 3. Echeneibothrium sp. Order TETRAPHYLLIDEA Stage: Location: Foot Family PHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE Host: Protothaca laciniata 1. Anthobothrium sp. Locality: Morro Bay, CA Stage: Larva Record: Warner and Katkansky (1969a) Location: Foot 4. Echeneibothrium sp. Hosts: Tresus nuttalli (Conrad), Pacific Gaper; Ma­ Stage: Smaller larva coma nasuta, Bent-nose Macoma; Protothaca Location: Peripheral and mantle area staminea (Conrad), Common Pacific Littleneck Host: Protothaca staminea Locality: Elkhorn Slough, CA Locality: Humboldt Bay, CA Record: MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1968) Record: Warner and Katkansky (1969b) 2. Echeneibothrium sp. 5. Echeneibothrium sp. Stage: Plerocercoid larva Stage: Larger larva Location: Mantle, foot Location: Viscera Host: Protothaca staminea Host: Protothaca staminea Locality: Humboldt Bay, CA Locality: Humboldt Bay, CA Record: Sparks and Chew (1966) Record: Warner and Katkansky (1969b) 66 . JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Order TETRARHYNCHIDEA Host: Argopecten aequisulcatus (Carpenter) Family TETRARHYNCHIDAE Locality: Baja California, Mexico Record: McLean (1983) 6. Tetrarhynchus sp. 1 and 2 Stage: Larvae Family CYSTIDICOLIDAE Location: Muscle 3. Ascarophis sp. I and 2 Host: Dosidicus gigas Stage: Juveniles Locality: Newport Bay, CA Location: Hemocoel Record: MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1968) Hosts: Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson), P. granosi­ Order CYCLOPHYLLIDEA manus (Stimpson) Locality: Bodega Bay, CA Family HYMENOLEPIDAE Record: Poinar and Thomas (1976) 7. Hymenolepid mihi 16 4. Ascarophis sp. Stage: Cysticercoid Stage: Location: Hemocoel Location: Hemocoel Host: Traskorchestia traskiana Hosts: Pachycheles pubescens Holmes, P. rudis. Locality: Newport Bay, OR Pugettia producta (Randall), Hemigrapsus ore­ Record: Ching, 1974* gonensis Locality: Bodega Bay, CA Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA Records: Poinar and Thomas (1976), Poinar and Order PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Kuris (1976) Family POLYMORPHIDAE I. Polymorph us kenti Van Cleave, 1947 Stage: Cystacanth Literature Cited Location: Hemocoel Host: Emerita analoga (Stimpson) Abbott, R. T. 1974. American Seashells, 2nded. Van Locality: Oregon Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 663 pp. Record: Reish (1950) Adams, J. E., and W. E. Martin. 1960. Life history 2. Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave, 1916)Meyer, 1913 of Himasthla sp., an echinostome trematode. Stage: Cystacanth Journal of Parasitology 46(Supplement): 15. Location: Rectal ceca --, and --. 1963. Life cycle of Himasthla Host: Hemigrapsus oregonensis rhigedana Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinosto­ Localities: Bodega Bay, CA to Vancouver, BC matidae). Transactions of the American Micro­ Record: Ching (1989) scopical Society 82:1-6. 3. Unidentiljed Cystacanth Austin, W. C. 1985. An Annotated Checklist ofMa­ Stage: Cystacanth rine Invertebrates in the Cold Temperate North­ Location: Midgut east Pacific. 3 vols. Khoyatan Marine Laboratory, Host: Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius) British Columbia. 682 pp. Locality: Alaska Boyce, N. 1966. The parasites of central British Co­ Record: Sparks (1987) lumbia pink salmon during their early life, with special notes on the trematode Lecithaster gib­ Phylum NEMATODA bosus. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26: Order ASCARIDIDA 813-820. Family ANISAKIDAE Ching, H. L. 1960. Studies on three hemiuroid larvae of Friday Harbor, Washington. Journal of Para­ 1. Contracaecum sp. sitology 46:663-670. Stages: Juvenile and adult ---. 1961. Three trematodes from the harlequin Location: Hemocoel duck. Canadian Journal of Zoology 39:373-376. Host: Pandalis borealis ---. 1962a. Six larval trematodes from the snail, Locality: Open ocean, BC Littorina scutulata Gould from San Juan Island, Record: Margolis and Butler (1954) U.S.A., and Vancouver, B.c. Canadian Journal of Order SPIRURIDA Zoology 40:675-676. ---. 1962b. The description and life cycle ofMar­ Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE itrema laricola sp. n. (Trematoda: Microphalli­ 2. Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1963 dae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 41:881-888. Stage: Juvenile ---. 1962c. The life cycle and bionomics ofLevin­ Location: Foot seniella charadriformis Young, 1949 (Trematoda: Host: Haliotis corrugata Wood Microphallidae). Canadian Journal ofZoology 41: Locality: San Clemente I., CA 889-899. Record: Millemann (1963) ---. 1965a. Life cycle ofLacunovermis conspicuus Host: Centrostephanus coronatus n. gen., n. sp. and Meiogymnophallus multigem­ Location: Gonads mulus n. gen., n. sp. (Gymnophallidae: Tremato­ Locality: Southern CA da) from Macoma inconspicua and diving ducks Record: Pearse and Timm (1971) from Vancouver, Canada. Proceedings ofthe Hel­ Location: Adductor muscle minthological Society of Washington 32:53-63. OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 58, NUMBER I, JANUARY 1991 67

_, 1965b, Systematic notes on some North Kroyer, by a , Contracaecum sp. Journal American microphallid trematodes. Proceedings of Parasitology 40:649-655. ofthe Helminthological Society of Washington 32: ---, and H. L. Ching. 1965. Review of the trem­ 140-148. atode genera Bacciger and Pentagramma (Fellodi­ _. 1973. Description of Gymnophallus soma­ stomatidae and description ofP. petrowi (Layman, teriae (Levinsen, 1881) from Macoma inconspicua 1930) n. comb. from marine of the Pacific and diving ducks from Vancouver, Canada. Ca­ coast of Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 43: nadian Journal of Zoology 51:901-906. 381-405. _. 1974. Two new species of Marit rem a (Trem­ Martin, W. E. 1950a. Euhaplorchis californiensis n. atoda: Microphallidae) from the Pacific Coast of g., n. sp. Heterophyidae, Trematoda, with notes North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52: on its life cycle. Transactions of the American Mi­ 865-869. croscopical Society 69:194-209. _. 1978. New marine hosts for Parorchis acan­ ---. 1950b. Parastictodora hancocki n. gen. n. sp. thus, Cryptocotyle lingua, Maritrema megame­ (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) with observations on trios, and M. gratiosum, trematodes of birds from its life cycle. Journal of Parasitology 36:360-370. British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of 1950c. Phocitremoides ovale n. g., n. sp. Zoology 56:1877-1879. (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) with observations _-. 1979. The life cycle of Podocotyle enophrysi on its life cycle. Journal of Parasitology 36:552- Park, 1937 (Trematoda: Opecoelidae). Canadian 558. Journal of Zoology 57:1341-1344. --. 1951. Pygidiopsis spindalis n. gen. n. sp. (Het­ _-. 1980. The life cycle and description of Psi­ erophyidae: Trematoda), and its second interme­ lostomum magniovum n. sp. (Trematoda: Psilo­ diate host. Journal of Parasitology 37:297-300. stomidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological ---. 1955. Seasonal infections of the snail, Cer­ Society of Washington 47:179-185. ithidea californica Haldeman with larval trema­ --. 1982. Description of germinal sacs of a gym­ todes. Essays in the Natural Sciences in honor of nophallid trematode, Cercaria margaritensis sp. Capt. Allan Hancock, pp. 203-210. University of n. in the extrapallial fluid of subtidal snails (Mar­ California Press, Los Angeles. garites spp.) in British Columbia. Canadian Jour­ ---. 1956. The life cycle of Catatropis johnstoni nal of Zoology 60:516-520. n. sp. (Trematoda: Notocotylidae). Transactions --. 1989. Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave, 1916) of the American Microscopical Society 75:117- from diving ducks and shore crabs of British Co­ 128. lumbia. Journal of Parasitology 75:33-37. ---. 1961. Life cycle of Mesostephanus appendic­ --, and E. Grosholz. 1988. Occurrence ofa meta­ ulata (Ciurea, 1916) Lutz, 1935 (Trematoda: cercaria (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae) in ac­ Cyathocotylidae). Pacific Science 15:278-281. maeid gastropods, Lottia digitalis and "Collisella" ---. 1971. Larval stages ofrenicolid trematodes. scabra. Proceedings of the Helminthological So­ Transactions of the American Microscopical So­ ciety of Washington 55:104-105. ciety 90: 188-194. DeMartini, .1. D., and I. Pratt. 1964. The life cycle ---. 1972. An annotated key to the cercariae that of Telolecithus pugetensis Lloyd and Guberlet, 1932 develop in the snail Cerithidea californica. Bulletin (Trematoda: Monorchidae). Journal of Parasito 1- ofthe Southern California Academy of Science 71: ogy 50:101-105. 39-43. Gibson, D. I., and R. A. Bray. 1982. A study and --, and.1. E. Adams. 1960. Life cycle of Acan­ reorganization of Plagioporus Stafford, 1904 (Di­ thoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 (Echi­ genea: Opecoelidae) and related genera, with spe­ nostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology cial reference to forms from European Atlantic 46(Supplement):35. waters. Journal of Natural History 16:529-559. ---, and ---. 1961. Life cycle of Acanthopa­ Giles, D. E. 1962. New bucephalid cercaria from the ryphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 (Echinosto­ mussel Mytilus californianus. Journal of Parasi­ matidae). Journal of Parasitology 47:777-782. tology 48:293-295. ---, and V. Gregory. 1951. Cercaria buchanani Koie, M. 1973. The host-parasite interface and as­ n. sp., an aggregating marine trematode. Trans­ sociated structures of the cercaria and adult Neo­ actions ofthe American Microscopical Society 70: phasis lagenformis (Lebour, 1910). Ophelia 12: 359-362. 205-219. Maxon, M. G., and W. E. Pequegnat. 1949. Cercariae LeFlore, W. B., H. S. Bass, and W. E. Martin. 1985. from upper Newport Bay. Journal of The life cycle of Cloacitrema michiganensis Mc­ and Zoology 41:30-55. Intosh, 1938 (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae). McLean, N. 1983. An echinocephalid nematode in Journal of Parasitology 71:28-32. the scallop Argopecten aequisulcatus (: Lloyd, L. C. 1938. Some digenetic trematodes from Bivalvia). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 42: Puget Sound . Journal of Parasitology 24: 117- 273-276. 132. Millemann, R. E. 1963. Studies on the and MacGinitie, G. E., and N. MacGinitie. 1968. Natural life history of echinocephalid worms (Nematoda: History ofMarine , 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Spiruroidea) with a complete description of Echi­ New York. 523 pp. nocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951. Margolis, L., and T. H. Butler. 1954. An unusual Journal of Parasitology 49:754-764. and heavy infection of a prawn, Pandalis borealis Miller, H. M. 1925. Larval trematodes of certain 68

marine gastropods from Puget Sound. Publications ---, and K. K. Chew. 1966. Gross infestation f of the Puget Sound Biological Station, University the littleneck clam, Venerupis staminea with a;; of Washington 5:75-89. val cestode (Echeneibothrium sp.). Journal of In: Morado, J. F., and A. K. Sparks. 1983. Infection of Pathology 8:413-416. nervous tissue of shrimp, Crangon alaskensis, by --, an.d J. Hibbert. 1981. A trematode meta_ trematode metacercariae. Journal ofInvertebrate cercana encysted 10 the nerves of the Dungeness Pathology 42:421-423. crab, Cancer magister. Journal ofInvertebrate Pa. Oglesby, L. C. 1965. Parvatrema borealis (Tremato­ thology 38:88-93. da) in San Francisco Bay. Journal of Parasitology Stunkard, H. W. 1964. Studies on the trematode ge. 51:582. nus .Renicola: observatio~s on . t~e life-history, Pearse, J. S., and R. W. Timm. 1971. Juvenile nem­ specIfiCIty, and systematIC pOSItIon. BiolOgical atodes (Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus) in the Bulletin 126:467-489. gonads of sea urchins (Centrostephanus coronatus) ---. 1976. The life cycles, intermediate hosts, and and their effect on host gametogenesis. Biological larval stages of Rhipidocotyle transversale Chand. Bulletin 140:95-103. I~r, 1935 and Rhipidocotyle lintoni Hopkins, 1954: Penner, L. R. 1950. Cercaria littorinalinae sp. nov., lIfe cycles and systematIcs of bucephalid trema. a dermatitis-producing schistosome cercaria from todes. Biological Bulletin 150:294-317. Batillaria minima (Gmelin). Journal of Parasito 1- ---. 1983. The marine cercariae of the WOods ogy 36:466-472. Hole, Massachusetts region, a review and a revi. Poinar, G. 0., Jr., and A. M. Kuris. 1976. Juvenile sion. Biological Bulletin 164:143-162. Ascarophis (Spirurida: Nematoda) parasitizing in­ --, an~ M •.C. Hinchliffe. 1952. T~e morphology tertidal decapod Crustacea in California with notes and lIfe-hIstory of M,crob,lharz,a variglandis on prevalence and effects on host growth and sur­ (Miller and Northrup, 1926) Stunkard and Hinch­ vival. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26:375- liffe, 1951, avian blood flukes whose larvae cause 382. "swimmer's itch" of ocean beaches. Journal of ---, and G. M. Thomas. 1976. Occurrence of As­ Parasitology 38:248-265. carophis (Nematoda: Spiruridea) in Callianassa ---, and J. R. Uzmann. 1958. Studies on digenetic californiensis Dana and other decapod crusta­ trematodes of the genera Gymnophallus and Par­ ceans. Proceedings of the Helminthological Soci­ vatrema. Biological Bulletin 115:276-302. ety of Washington 43:28-33. Thompson, A. B., and L. Margolis. 1987. Description Pritchard, M. H. 1989. Biodiversity bill. American of Neolebouria tinkerbelli n. sp. (Trematoda: Di­ Society of Parasitologists Newsletter 11:29. genea: Opecoelidae) from experimental fish hosts, Reish, D. J. 1950. Preliminary note in the life cycle and of metacercaria of N. tinkerbelli and an un­ of the acanthocephalan, Polymorph us kenti Van identified digenean from Pandalis jordanii (De­ Cleave, 1947. Journal of Parasitology 36:496. capoda: Penaeidae) from the Pacific coast of Can­ Robinson, H. W. 1952. A preliminary report on the ada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:188-193. life cycle of Cloacitrema michiganensis McIntosh, Warner, R. W., and S. C. Katkansky. 1969a. Infes­ 1938 (Trematoda). Journal of Parasitology 38:368. tation of the rough-sided littleneck clam, Proto­ Sarkisian, L. N. 1957. Maritrema uca, new species thaca laciniata in Morro Bay, California, with lar· (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from the fiddler crab val cestodes (Echeneibothrium sp.). Journal of Uca crenulata (Lockington). Wasman Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 13:125-128. 15:35-48. ---, and ---. 1969b. Infestation of the clam Schiller, E. L. 1954. Studies on the helminth fauna Protothaca staminea by two species of tetraphyl­ of Alaska XVII. Notes on the intermediate stages lidean cestodes (Echeneibothrium spp.). Journal of of some helminth parasites of the sea otter. Bio­ Invertebrate Pathology 13:129-133. logical Bulletin 106:107-121. Whitlatch, R. B. 1974. Studies on the population ---. 1959. Observations on the morphology and ecology of the salt marsh gastropod Batillaria zo­ life cycle of Microphallus pirum (Afanas'ev, 1941). nalis. 17:47-55. Transactions of the American Microscopical So­ Wolfgang, R. W. 1955. Studies of the trematode ciety 78:65-76. Stephanostomum baccatum (Nicoll, 1907). III. Its Sousa, W. P. 1983. Host life history and the effect life cycle. Canadian Journal of Zoology 33:113- of parasitic castration on growth: a field study of 128. Cerithidea californica Haldeman (: Yoshino, T. P. 1975. A seasonal and histological study Prosobranchia) and its trematode parasites. Jour­ of larval Digenea infecting Cerithidea californica nal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from Goleta Slough, 73:273-296. Santa Barbara, California. Veliger 18:156-161. Sparks, A. K. 1987. The (Paralithodes Young, R. T. 1938. The life history of a trematode camtschatica) as a host for juvenile acanthoceph­ (Levinseniella cruzi?) from the shore birds, Limosa alans. Journal ofInvertebrate Pathology 50:166- fedoa and Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna­ 168. tus. Biological Bulletin 74:319-329.