Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan 2017

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SADOMASOCHISM IN E. L . JAMES’S FIFTY SHADES OF GREY

A THESIS

DINI ANDIANI

REG.NO : 120705036

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SADOMASOCHISM IN E. L .JAMES’S FIFTY SHADES OF GREY

A THESIS

DINI ANDIANI

REG. NO. 120705036

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SADOMASOCHISM IN E. L. JAMES’S FIFTY SHADES OF GREY

A THESIS

BY DINI ANDIANI REG. NO. 120705036

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd NIP. 19541117198003 1 002 NIP. 195612141986012001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From Department English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D

NIP. 19541117198003 1 002 NIP.19750209 200812 1 002

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on February 9th, 2017.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ______

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ______

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum. ______

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, DINI ANDIANI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS

THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS

THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Dini Andiani

Date : February 9th, 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : DINI ANDIANI

TITLE OF THESIS : SADOMASOCHISM IN E. L.

JAMES’S FIFTY SHADES OF

GREY

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :Dini Andiani

Date : February 9th, 2017

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to give all praise to Allah SWT. Everything I have done today is because of his blessing, especially in completing this thesis.

Massive love, hugs and kisses for my mom and grandma, for supporting me all of this time and for being there in whatever my mood is. Despite of the little fights to color up the days, I may not show how much I love you guys but I really do.

Big thanks to Om Emil and Mami Dhini who accommodate me with new devices when my thesis is halfway done but my old device turns out to let me down. This thesis may not be finished by the time I wanted if it weren’t for them. And for the rest of my family—the ones who back me up when the other member is trying to drag me down to the depths of misery—I can’t thank you guys enough for always supporting and calming me down whenever my rage is coming up.

My sincere gratitude goes to the Head and the Secretary of English

Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.

D.,for providing me with necessary facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty. I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Siti Norma

Nasution, M.Hum., as my supervisor and Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M. Pd as my co- supervisor for their amazing help, knowledge, expert advices and encouragements throughout the process of finishing this thesis, which was so needed and offered with kindness and patience.

To Uni Epi, I really am can’t thank you enough for being there 24/7— literally. Being there when I need to fill up my stomach every 3 hours, also when I

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA need to excrete it, when I need a back-up driver, when my mom keep on calling me but I won’t pick it up then there you are picking it up, and so many more things I couldn’t even list it. Thank you so much, it’s the little things that means so much.

To Occina, Nte Cayu, Agam Wayu, Dimascu Afgancu, thank you for popping up into my life, understands, inspires and encourage me to be better, because without all of you I wouldn’t know what I could really done. My mental support system and definite help in finishing this thesis, Father Abel—My Tunnel of My Light, Meishara

Defani—Doping 3 Kami, I can’t thank you guys enough for always helping me whenever I lost my way. My personal mental-breakdown healer, my always-wanted- to-have brother, Jaka Doryque, thank you for always be there whenever I need you, being who you are and prioritizing me. It means a lot to me. My long lost girlfriend, who may not always be there in flesh, but always be there in texts world, Darin B.

Iskarina, S. Sos—there, I put your name as you wish—thank you for the advices every time we shares anything. I’m gonna miss our time together as you’re leaving for good. And to Bebeh Fitri, Yanto, Windi, Min, Kepin, Edo, Ovi, Elsa, Rayhan,

Yoana, Zara and all the member of English Literature 2012, thank you for the experience and memories through the tiring but amazing college years. Also, thank you to the limited edition of juniors, Frans David, Yolla, Akmal, Febri, Dimas, Raja,

Andre, Roni, Rizal, and Ahsan. My college life may be too late to be enjoyed since I waste my early years, but I thank God for giving me the chance to meet the amazing, cheerful, pain-in-the-a** kind of people and spent my late year of college memorably.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally, may this thesis have many advantages for the readers and may the love of God be with us all forever.

Medan, February 9th, 2017

Dini Andiani Reg. No. 120705036

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled Sadomasochism in E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey that discusses about sadomasochism, a type of sexual disorder whom the participants often gives or receives sexual pleasure from the infliction or reception of pain and humiliation. E. L. James demonstrates the theme of BDSM in the story Fifty Shades of Grey through the relationship of Christian Grey as a dominant and Anastasia Steele as a submissive. In order to resolve the problems the writer uses theories such as sociology of literature and post-modernism to analyze the phenomena of dominant & submissive to the major characters. After done the research by using the theory, it was found that fifty shades are actually the activities of sadomasochism are bondage, handcuffs, spanking and whipping. Grey represent the dominant who is dominating, Steele represents submissive. Dominant and submissive are dependable to one another as the major theme of the novel and also the study of this thesis.

Keywords: Fifty Shades of Grey, post-modernism, sadomasochism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Sadomasochism in E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey yang membahas tentang sadomasokisme, gangguan seksual terhadap partisipannya yang memberikan atau menerima kenikmatan seksual dari penderitaan ataupun rasa sakit dan penghinaan. E. L. James menunjukkan tema BDSM dalam cerita Fifty Shades of Grey melalui hubungan Christian Grey sebagai dominan dan Anastasia Steele sebagai submisif. Untuk menganalisis masalah, penulis menggunakan teori sosiosastra dan post-modernisme untuk menganalisis fenomena dominan & submisif terhadap karakter utama. Usai penelitian dilakukan dengan teori-teori yang di atas, maksud dari frase fifty shades ternyata adalah kegiatan-kegiatan sadomasokisme yang berupa perbudakan, pemborgolan, pemukulan dan pencambukan. Grey mencerminkan dominan yang mendominasi, Steele mencerminkan submisif. Dominan dan submisif yang mengandalkan satu sama lain adalah tema utama dari novel dan juga studi skripsi ini.

Kata kunci: Fifty Shades of Grey, post-modernisme, sadomasokisme.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii

ABSTRACT ...... x

ABSTRAK ...... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……...... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 01

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 06

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 06

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 06

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 07

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Literature ...... 08

2.2 Sociology of Literature ...... 11

2.3 Postmodernism ...... 14

2.3.1 Fashion ...... 15

2.3.2 Ecstasy ...... 17

2.3.3 America ...... 20

2.3.4 Sensual ...... 22

2.4 Sadomasochism ...... 25

2.4.1 The Activities of Sadomasochism ...... 27

2.5 Related Studies ...... 28

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method ...... 31

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 32

3.3 Research Instrument ...... 32

3.4 Data Collection Method ...... 32

3.5 Data Analyzing Method ...... 33

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Fifty Shades found in Fifty Shades of Grey ...... 34

4.1.1. Bondage ...... 34

4.1.2. Handcuffs ...... 36

4.1.3. Spanking ...... 37

4.1.4. Whipping ...... 40

4.2 The role of Dominant and Submissive in Fifty Shades of Grey ...... 43

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions ...... 51

5.2 Suggestion ...... 52

REFERENCES ...... 54

APPENDICES i. E. L. James’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of the Novel Fifty Shades of Grey

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

i. E. L. James’s Biography and Works

Erika Mitchell was born March 7, 1963 is best known by her pen name E.

L. James, is an English author. She wrote the bestselling erotic romance novels

trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, along

with the companion novel Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian.

The combined novels have sold over 100 million copies worldwide, over

35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom

as the fastest selling paperback of all time.In 2012, Time magazine named her

one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People." The novels were subsequently

adapted into films, Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Darker.

James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the

vampire novel series Twilight. In late 2008 James saw the movie Twilight, and

then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on.

She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the

first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight

novels. Between January and August 2009 she wrote two such books in quick

succession. She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this

inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name

"Snowqueens Icedragon". Beginning in August 2009 she then began to write the

Fifty Shades books.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books. "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said. James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large. All my fantasies in there, and that's it." She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net: "I started writing in January

2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since. I discovered

Fan Fiction in August 2009. Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more. After that... who knows?". In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey.

On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of

Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015. Fifty

Shades Darker as Told by Christian Grey is set for a 2017 release.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ii. Summary of the novel Fifty Shades of Grey

Anastasia "Ana" Steele is a 21-year-old college senior attending

Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington. Her best friend is

Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper. Due to an

illness, Kate is unable to interview 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and

wealthy Seattle entrepreneur, and asks Ana to take her place. Ana finds Christian

attractive as well as intimidating. As a result, she stumbles through the interview

and leaves Christian's office believing it went poorly. Ana does not expect to

meet Christian again, but he appears at the hardware store where she works.

While he purchases various items including cable ties, masking tape, and rope,

Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her

article about him. Christian gives Ana his phone number. Later, Kate urges Ana

to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend, José

Rodriguez.

The next day José, Kate, and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the

Heathman Hotel, where Christian is staying. Christian asks Ana out for coffee

and asks if she's dating anyone, specifically José. Ana replies that she is not

dating anyone. During the conversation, Ana learns that Christian is also single,

but he says he is no romantic. Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive

enough for Christian. Later, Ana receives a package from Christian containing

first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which stuns her. Later that night,

Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian, who

informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Ana goes outside to get some fresh air, and José attempts to kiss her, but he is stopped by Christian's arrival. Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot. Later, Ana wakes to find herself in Christian's hotel room, where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself. Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her. He initially says that Ana will first have to fill out paperwork, but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator.

Ana goes on a date with Christian, on which he takes her in his helicopter, Charlie Tango, to his apartment. Once there, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together, which Ana agrees to sign. He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear. There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one. The contract even forbids

Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him. At this point,

Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract. The two then have sex. The following morning,

Ana and Christian again have sex. His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting, having previously thought Christian was homosexual, because he was never seen with a woman. Christian later takes

Ana out to eat, and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility. Christian also reveals that in his first

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dominant/submissive relationship he was the submissive. Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex.

Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian.

These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract; to communicate with him, since she has never previously owned a computer; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant/submissive contract. She and Christian email each other, with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract, such as only eating foods from a specific list. Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature.

Because of these feelings, Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation, where he is a guest speaker. During this time,

Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract. Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract, and they go over Ana's hard and soft limits. Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused. This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family. The two continue with the arrangement without Ana's having yet signed the contract. After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian. The tension between Ana and Christian eventually

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be. Christian fulfils Ana's request, beating her with a belt, and Ana realises they are incompatible. Devastated, she leaves Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Human has basic needs in order to live the normal life. The basic needs are

breath, sleep, eat, drink, excretion and last but not least, sex. You cannot live

without those basic needs, sex here as a basic need is a kind of relieving activity in

our life. But here in our culture, sex is still a taboo topic to be talked about. While

actually sex is something important to be educated to children in order to avoid the

things that aren’t expected about.

Sex is a taboo topic to be talked about, while it is actually human basic

needs. As a famous online dictionary, Merriam Webster states that sex is a

physical activity in which people touch each other’s bodies, kiss each other or any

physical activity that is related to and often includes sexual intercourse. In sexual

intercourse there are some disorders that are experienced by a few people. This is

happened because some people have different desire of their own. Sexual disorders

determined by a person in the event that problems in sexual relationships continue

relatively long period of time and thus violate a harmonious sexual life of one or

both sexual partners.

One of the sexual disorder that are commonly wide-known in this era is

BDSM. BDSM is a variety of often erotic practices or roleplaying involving

bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other related

interpersonal dynamics. As the infamous encyclopedia in the internet, Wikipedia

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA said that the term “BDSM” is first recorded in a Usenet posting from 1991, and is interpreted as a combination of the abbreviations B/D (Bondage and Discipline),

D/s (Dominance and submission), and S/M (Sadism and Masochism). BDSM is now used as a catch-all phrase covering a wide range of activities, forms of interpersonal relationships, and distinct subcultures.

BDSM context are often characterized by the participants taking on complementary, but unequal roles; thus, the idea of informed consent of both the partners becomes essential. The terms “submissive” and “dominant” are often used to distinguish these roles: the dominant partner (“Dom”) takes psychological control over the submissive (“sub”). The terms “top” and “bottom” are also used: the top is the instigator of an action while the bottom is the receiver of the action.

The two sets of terms are subtly different: for example, someone may choose to act as bottom to another person, for example, by being whipped, purely recreationally, without any implication of being psychologically dominated by them.

The initialism BDSM includes psychological and physiological facets:

Bondage and Discipline (B&D), Dominant and submissive (D/s), Sadism and

Masochism (S&M). In this thesis, the writer focuses on Dominant and submissive and Sadomasochism. Dominance and submission is a set of behaviors, customs and rituals relating to the giving and accepting of control of one individual over another in an erotic or lifestyle context. It explores the more mental aspect of

BDSM. This is also the case in many relationships not considering themselves as sadomasochistic; it is considered to be a part of BDSM if it is practiced purposefully. The range of its individual characteristics is thereby wide.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Contracts” are set out in writing to record the formal consent of the parties to the power exchange, stating their common vision of the relationship dynamic.

The purpose of this kind of agreement is primarily to encourage discussion and negotiation in advance, and then to document that understanding for the benefit of all parties. Such documents have not been recognized as being legally binding, nor are they intended to be. These agreements are binding in the sense that the parties have the expectation that the negotiated rules will be followed. Often other friends and community members may witness the signing of such a document in a ceremony, and so parties violating their agreement can result in loss of face, respect or status with their friends in the community.

In general, as compared to conventional relationships, BDSM participants go to great lengths to negotiate the important aspects of their relationships in advance, and to take great care in learning about and following safe practices.

In D/S, the dominant is the top and the submissive is the bottom. In S/M, the sadist is usually the top and the masochist the bottom, but these roles are frequently more complicated or jumbled. As in B/D, the declaration of the top/bottom may be required, though sadomasochists may also play without any power exchange at all, with both partners equally in control of the play.

In the literature world, Dominant & Submissive - Sadomasochism has been

a main part for a few of the literature works itself. As from the pre 19th century,

Marquis de Sade have an extreme, sadistic perspective and he pour it into his

works ‘The 120 Days of Sodom’ written in 1785. Jean de Villiot, pseudonym as

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Georges Grassal writes a novel of flagellation erotica in the 19th century. As in the 20th century, Fifty Shades of Grey is one of many literary works that takes sadomasochism as its theme. Sadomasochism is an interesting topic to be discussed in further analyzing. The writer chose the novel Fifty Shades of Grey to be analyzed because it uses BDSM (Bondage & Discipline, Dominant &

Submission, Sadism & Masochism) as its main theme. It is also one of the countless novels launched in the world of literature that brings sexual disorder that takes as its main theme. This study is hoped to send a message or a lesson for all people to have a better understanding of sadomasochism.

Fifty Shades of Grey is an erotic romance novel by E. L. James published in

2011. It is the first installment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM).

The story begins with Anastasia Steel volunteering to do an interview to

Christian Grey. The interview goes well despite Ana asks Christian an annoying question. Therefore, when he shows up at the hardware store where she works a few days later, she finds herself unable to hide her nervousness. As the story goes,

Christian tells Ana that if she is interested in a sexual relationship with him, there are things he needs to show her and paperwork she must do. Ana goes to Seattle with Christian where he takes her to his home. Once there, Christian shows Ana a room in his home that she calls the Red Room of Pain. This room contains

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA equipment used in sexual play between Dominant and Submissive. Christian then

explains his rules and the contract Ana would have to sign if she were to agree to

be his submissive. For several days, Ana and Christian discuss the contract back

and forth. Ana becomes overwhelmed and decides to go to visit her mother in

Georgia for a few days. Ana and Christian spend the night together and she bribes

him into telling her some of the secrets of his past. Afterwards, Ana agrees to sign

his contract. Later, the story explicitly tell about the experiences and the activities

of Sadomasochism between the character Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele.

To analyze Sadomasochism in this research, there are few things to be

noticed about, which are the intrinsic elements of a novel such as theme, plot,

character, setting and point of view as it is stated by Robert and Jacob from his

book entitled Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Also, this

research is using Qualitative Descriptive method by Meleong from his book

entitled Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif to analyze Sadomasochism as it is

portrayed in the novel Fifty Shades of Grey written by E. L. James.

1.2. Problem of the Study

The writer in this thesis limit some problems that should be analyzed in

order to avoid ambiguity of the analysis and get the descriptions about the object

of analysis cleared. The problems of the study are:

1. What are the fifty shades found in E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey?

2. How is Dominant reflected by Christian Grey and how is Submissive

reflected by Anastasia Steele?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.3. Objective of the Study

The objectives of the analysis are:

1. To find the fifty shades found in E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey.

2. To describe Dominant as it is reflected by Christian Grey and

Submissive as it is reflected by Anastasia Steele.

1.4. Scope of the Study

It is very important to make scope in analyzing a topic in order to avoid

wider analysis. The writer of this proposal only focus about sadomasochism in

literary works, specifically in E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey. In this thesis,

the writer would like to analyze about how are the Dominant and Submission as it

is reflected by Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele as the major character in the

novel. Also, the writer would like to know what are the fifty shades that are

shown in the novel Fifty Shades of Grey.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The analysis of this proposal is expected to be able to give significance for

the reader, both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the significance is to

enrich the literary sadomasochism through novel. Practically, the significance is to

see the psychological point of view of sexual disorder, and for the knowledge of

the readers. Also, the writer would like to spark the interest of the other students to

analyze much more types of paraphilias other than Sadomasochism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Theory of Literature

The word literature comes from the Latin word “litteratura” which is derived

from “littera” (letter) which is the smallest element of alphabetical writing. From

letters it is combined into words, and then it is combined into sentences. From the

sentences combined, it has become a writing, which writings in which expression

and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are

characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and

essays. Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction

and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major

forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized

according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or

expectations (genre).

In Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing written by Roberts

and Jacobs (1993) gives an explanation about literature. Robert and Jacobs state

that Literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express

emotions, and analyze and advocate ideas. Literature helps us grow, both

personally and intellectually. It provides an objective base for knowledge and

understanding. It links us with the broader cultural, philosophic, and religious

world of which we are a part. Literature may be classified into four categories or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA genre; poetry, drama, prose fiction, and nonfiction prose (1993: 1). Each genre still has subgenres and one of the subgenres of fiction prose is novel

Novels present a documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact that novels look at people in society, the other major characteristic of the genre is that novels tell a story, John Peck and Martin Coyle (1984: 102). According to Robert and

Jacobs there are eight elements in a fiction.

1. Characters

Roberts and Jacobs state that in a fiction character may be defined as a

verbal representation of human being. Through action, speech, description,

and commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring about,

rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may

laugh at, dislike, or even hate. According to the British Novelist and critic

E.M. Foster, in his critical work Aspects of the Novel, calls the two major

types “round” and “flat”. The basic trait of round characters is that they

recognize, change with, or adjust circumstances. The round character-

usually the main figure in a story-profits from experience and undergoes a

change or alteration, which may be shown in an action or actions, the

realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation of previous

decisions, the acceptance of a new condition, or the discovery of

unrecognized truths. In contrast, Flat characters do not grow. They remain

the same because they may be stupid or insensitive or lacking in knowledge

or insight. They end where they begin and are static, not dynamic (Roberts

and Jacobs, 1993: 135). This research discusses about the activities of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Sadomasochism and Dominant/Submissive towards the major character of

the novel.

2. Idea or theme

The word idea refers to the result or result general and abstract thinking.

Synonymous words are concept, thought, opinion, and principle. In literary

study the consideration of ideas relates to meaning, interpretation,

explanation, and significance. Though ideas are usually extensive and

complex, separate ideas may be named by a single word, such as justice,

right, good, love, piety, causation, and not unsurprisingly, idea itself

(Roberts and Jacobs, 1993: 361).

3. Plot

The pattern in which protagonist, or the central character meets and resolve

the conflict is called the plot. The plot is based on the interactions of causes

and effects as the developed sequentially or chronologically. The controlling

impulse in a connected pattern of causes and effects is conflict, which refers

generally to people or circumstances that character must face and overcome.

Conflict is the major element of plot because opposing forces arouse

curiosity, cause doubt, create tension, and produce interest (Roberts and

Jacobs, 1993: 88).

4. Setting

Setting is the natural, manufactured, political, cultural, and temporal

environment, including everything that character know and own (Robert and

Jacob, 1993: 230).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Dialogue.

Dialogue is a conversation of two people, but more than two characters may

participate. The major medium of the dramatist, dialogue is just one of the

means by which the fiction writer makes a story vivid and dramatic.

Dialogue is hence a means of rendering rather than presenting. Dialogue

may be about anything, including future plans, reactions to the past,

indications of emotion, and political, social, philosophic, or religious ideas

(Roberts and Jacobs, 1993: 56).

2.2. Sociology of Literature

Etymologically, the term ‘sociology’ is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’

meaning companion or associate and the Greek word ‘logos’ or ‘ology’ meaning

study or science. According to H. K. Rawat (2007: 3) defined sociology as; “the

study of the relationships between man and his human environment”.

The sociology of literature is a specialized area of study which focuses its

attention upon the relation between a literary work and the social structure in

which it is created. It reveals that the existence of a literary creation has the

determined social situations. As there is a reciprocal relationship between a literary

phenomenon and social structure, sociological study of literature proves very

useful to understand the socioeconomic situations, political issues, the world view

and creativity of the writers, the system of the social and political organizations,

the relations between certain thoughts and cultural configurations in which they

occur and determinants of a literary work

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Wellek and Werren (1949: 89) in their book Theory of

Literature, Literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a social

creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and meter are social in

their very nature. They are conventions and norms which could have arisen only

in society. But, furthermore, literature ‘imitates’ ‘life’ and ‘life’ is, in large

measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or

subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary “imitation”.

Literature has a social function, or “use”, which cannot be purely individual.

Thus a large majority of the questions raised by literary study are, at least ultimately or by implication, social questions: questions of tradition and convention, norms and genres, symbols and myths. The relation between literature and society is usually discussed by starting with the phrase, derived from De

Bonald, that ‘literature is an expression of society’. But what does this axiom mean? If it assumes that literature, at any given time, mirrors the current social situation ‘correctly’, it is false; it is commonplace, trite, and vague if it means only that literature depicts some aspects of social reality. To say that literature mirrors or expresses life is even more ambiguous. A writer inevitably expresses. his experience and total conception of life; but it would be manifestly untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life—or even the whole life of a given time— completely and exhaustively. It is a specific evaluative criterion to say that an author should express the life of his own time fully, that he should be

‘representative’ of his age and society. Besides, of course, the terms ‘fully’ and

‘representative’ require much interpretation: in most social criticism they seem to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mean that an author should be aware of specific social situations, e.g., of the plight of the proletariat, or even that he should share a specific attitude and ideology of the critic.

Novel is normally a length prose and complexity which attempts to reflect

and express something of the quality or value of human experience or conduct. Its

subject matter may be taken from patterns of life as we know it, or set in exotic

and imaginative time or place. The work may create the illusion of actual reality

or frankly admit the artificiality of its fictional world in order to direct our

attention to an imaginative relationship between the subject matter or theme of the

work and the real world in which we actually live.

Novel is a form of literature called fiction. Therefore, the sense of the novel

has the same meaning with the fiction. Altenbernd and Lewis (1966: 14, in

Nurgiyantoro, 1998: 2) in his book entitled Teori Pengkajian Fiksi says that

fiction as narrative prose can be called as imaginative, however, generally

sensible and contain the truth that over act of relationships between human

beings. The writer suggests that based on his observations and experiences in life.

However, it is done selectively and in the form of appropriate objectives while

incorporating elements of entertainment and enlightenment against the experience

of human life. The novel as a work of fiction offers a world that contains a model

of the life which is ideal, imaginative world, built through a variety of events such

as the intrinsic elements of plot, character, the background, point of view and

others of course are all imaginative.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Taylor (1981: 62) says that a character in a novel is not a real human being

and has no life outside the literary composition, however well the illusion of

reality has been created by the author. A character is a mere construction of words

means to express an idea or view of experience and must be considered in relation

to other features of the composition, such as action and setting, before its full

significance can appreciated. In character, of course it has emotion, feeling and

behavior which support the idea of the story. Novel present the psychology and

psychology present as a knowledge that discussed about human mind in human

personality as a character. Character is built by using psychological principles.

2.3. Postmodernism

Postmodernism proper can then best be seen as the form of culture which

corresponds to this world view. The typical postmodernist work of art is

arbitrary, eclectic, hybrid, decentred, fluid, discontinuous, pastiche-like. True to

the tenets of postmodernity, it spurns metaphysical profundity for a kind of

contrived depthlessness, playfulness and lack of affect, an art of pleasures,

surfaces and passing intensities (Eagleton, 2003: 202).

Jean Baudrillard has been discussing about the contemporary world

issues and it possible responses. The nature and problems of the contemporary

society are the concern of Baudrillard, and they are: fashion, ecstacy, America,

and sensuality.

2.3.1. Fashion

Baudrillard’s concern on fashion is part of the wider changes of

the problem in the economic, social and cultural issues to politics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Baudrillard was part of a ‘change of culture’ which is widely found in the social sciences. Baudrillard investigates the world of fashion as a paradigm of domination code.

“In fashion, all we see is a simple game ‘signifier’ and, as a result, any real reference system is gone.” (Baudrillard, 1976/1993: 87).

Fashion don't refer to anything that is real, it is also not brought everywhere. Fashion does not create them, but only create the code.

“According to the determination, fashion was never created but always and necessarily be reproduced. The model itself becomes the only reference system.” (Baudrillard, 1976/1993: 92).

Fashion is in one sense the final stages of the commodity form with acceleration and development of messages, information, signs and a fashion model, then as a circle and linear commodity world will be completed. Fashion also has no value and morality. Fashion tends to spread like a virus and cancer. Fashion creating what is called by the post-modernist ‘pastiche’

“Fashion along smooth, over the years, what has become a matter of freedom, a very large combination.” (Baudrillard, 1976/1993: 89)

Overall the characteristics of the above it is clear that fashion is a part of the world of postmodernism. But despite many similarities with postmodernism fashion, as well as other conditions, Baudrillard

(1976/1993: 90) explained that fashion is not only about modernity and postmodernity. It is also because the binary logic is the essence of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA modernity. Modernity is not the changes but the relaxation of all value, compounded and ambiguity it is a code and fashion is the symbol.

Fashion in the world was in the ‘light sign’ even though political, moral, economic, science, culture, sexuality is in the ‘heavy sign’.

Despite light or heavy, all the world was dominated by the sign. further, light or heavy, the signs are part of the code that restrict society.

Although fashion illustrates the dominance of the code, as well as commodities and simulation, he is also in a sense is a threat to the system. fashion is one of the fields that is characterized by ‘game’ rather than

‘work’: it is the world of illusions. It played with things such as good and evil, rationality and irrationality.

“These young people control fashion these days, as resistance to any form of command, resistance without ideology, without purpose.” (Baudrillard 1976/1993:98).

Nevertheless, this power someday forced to destroy this game with a sign in order to maintain the primacy of the sign itself. Finally, fashion looks immune to subversion as code:

“It is not possible do a subversion of fashion because it does not have a reference system in order to deny it (it was a reference system). We can't eliminate fashion (because the fashion itself rejected fashion into fashion— blue jeans is an example of the history of the matter). Someone will never eliminate the principle of reality code: even when sue their subjects, one on and continue to adhere to the logic of the code.” (Baudrillard, 1976/1993:98)

The answers are really real to fashion, and other issues in the world today is the coding deconstruction.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.2. Ecstasy

Baudrillard also looked at the contemporary world like something

ecstatic. Ecstasy contains the meaning of metamorphosis that is not

conditional, escalation, escalation process for the sake of turnover outside

the control continuously until all the essence is lost. Finally, the system is

out of control it appeared the void and meaningless beyond gleaming in

its original and vacuous. (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 9).

Baudrillard presents some examples of the phenomenon of

ecstatic:

1. Fashion, as discussed earlier, can be understood as the

ecstasy of beauty; a form of the original and aesthetically

vacuous that plays itself. (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 9)

2. The ads understood the screening of value and action then

exchange rates into the destruction in the form of the

original labels and vacuous (Baudrillard 1983/1990: 10)

3. Art is viewed beyond himself; it is more hyperreality

going on and it transcendentfy itself on the vacuous

essence." (Baudrillard 1983/1990: 10)

4. More importantly, the mass is seen as a social form of

ecstasy. (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 11)

Mass can then be understood as a form of genuine and hollow that

plays outside the control and in the process of achievement of social

boundaries. Ecstasy offers the hope of beating the system, but this is not a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Marxian expectation where the masses will eventually understand and act against their historical role. Presumably, as the masses overthrow blindly what jobs they did before, they may tear it down with good reason.

Baudrillard (1983/1990: 34) concluded that the revolution in this respect isn’t in the dialectic of their transcendent anymore, but more on their potentiality revolution in the rapture for strength supporter, for the power of the latter. Dialectics does not explain the situation again, presumably its the ecstasy contained in the process.

Baudrillard (1983) outlines the discourse in the same theme as something of a circular, swirling with no incessantly. He considered discourse resembles a piece of Mobius; If you divide into two, then raises additional spiral. Strictly speaking, Baudrillard (1983/1990: 44, 45) not only looked at politics as a hostage for the media but the media as a hostage for the Government. All of them are in the stage of ‘circular’ threat: no end in the series of this threat.

The media play a key role in the form of this thought. We are bombarded information media, unfailing markers that float floating around without end. In fact, as we have understood, we become part of the circuit the media depicts a small part of the network, or nodes, that are present in the media. Further, the media play a key role in creating the shallowness of the simplicity of the world. Everything, large and small, is part of it, and it is impossible to distinguish between them all.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally he created all things floating around on one space, without

depth, where all objects must be able to follow one after the other without

having to slow down or stop the circuit. (Baudrillard in Gane, 1993: 147).

Everything is available for communication, commercialization and

consumption. Being amazed on double spiral by Baudrillard (such as

DNA) for this reason: “None are found, that there is only a spirality ...

and regeneration. Something swirling but under all of that there is no

essential meanings found.”

2.3.3. America

America for Baudrillard is a model of the contemporary world.

Baudrillard (1986/1989: 99) saw an analogy between the American and

Western desert cities and towns to the West; cities that have ‘silence like

banality’.

America is characterized by its natural and social deserts:

1. Precisely, “America is a desert (Baudrillard, 1986/1989:

99) and it is a true culturally, intellectually and is

aesthetic.”

2. Los Angeles is understood as "desert inhabited"

(Baudrillard, 1986/1989: 53)

3. California is understood as the “Center of the world

simulacra and not genuine” (Baudrillard 1986/1989: 102).

4. “California Culture itself is a desert”. (Baudrillard,

1986/1989: 126).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In the case of the New York Marathon, Baudrillard found an arena that has lost its original meaning of Marathon; Community circling the arena only for circling, life feeling, to say that they do so. He finds the graffiti meaninglessness littering New York and other cities. Graffiti artists seem to attest to a bit of the number that they can do what they want to do. All signs were created by graffiti artists, there is not even the essence under the sign.

As Baudrillard (1986/1989: 27) describe; “for me there is no truth in America.” Then Baudrillard States:

“America is the original version of modernity ... There is no past and there is no truth ... He lives in the present continuously. Understanding not to miss, the accumulation principle of truth which is already over the centuries, he lived in simulacra that continuously, in a sign of the end times.” (Baudrillard. 1986/1989: 76)

Not just no truth in America, there is also a lie, everything that exists is merely simulated. The real and imaginary that have ended up in

America. This is the fate awaiting the European Community. America was a paradise, a haven of sad, monotonous and simple. (Baudrillard,

1986/1989: 98).

This is an American issue, but due to American influence, all of which this became everyone's problem and finally the problem was found in all the world. Baudrillard closes with doubts whether the United States is a great power as often in assume. He asked, “Is America really still a great power or strength is just a simulation?” (Baudrillard, 1986/1989:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 115). Baudrillard (Gane, 1993:132) stated that “Let me determine that

America should not have understood the text of the realist. The issue is

becoming a staple of fiction itself, I have been exaggerating these

qualities, without really getting into in science fiction.” In other words,

because America is a hyperreality society, he used a working hyperreality

to analyse it critically.

Baudrillard also reflects the postmodern individualism and he is

with the attitude of moody connects it with increasing penetration and

control of individuals at the micro-level:

“This individualism post-modern bounce ... outside of the network and the liberalization of slave circuits, that is, individual flexibility of a small group that is hard-wired, structure-macro metamorphosis into particles that untold the number who give birth stigma networks and circuits—each form a network-micro and micro-circuitry themselves, each memory of himself, in the micro world, then the overall totalitarianism inapplicable.” (Baudrillard, 1992/1994: 107)

Now no more than a node which is contained in a broader system,

individuals cannot be alienated with it, can no longer distinguish it from

itself. No more awaring about time, space, politics, sex, and so on. We

live in an age of boredom.

2.3.4. Sensual

The concept of love is very relative to the idea of symbolic

exchange. Genosko indeed stated that with this concept gives Baudrillard

the new symbolic exchange. As has been shown in early, the symbolic

exchange ‘haunts’ the contemporary world as an alternative to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA nonrasional for the symbolic exchange. As a result, the exchange of symbolic play much the same role in the study of human issues, as

Baudrillard (species being) contained in studies of Marx. This means it is not just the basic critic contemporary world of Baudrillard but also the criticism of Baudrillard’s root image over alternative for symbolic exchange. Although the exchange of symbolic play this role in the theory of Baudrillard, love can be viewed one side as a way of responding to that relate to the world.

We usually think that what we want is to obtain a perfect clarity.

But Baudrillard rejected the explaining, that perfect clarity is obscene, leave everything on display and the real. Presumably, Baudrillard prefers the scenes involving absence and illusions. ‘For anything meaningful, some became a scene, there is to be a scene, there has been an illusion, an illusion of low, imaginary moment, the lowest on a real challenge, which kills you, seduce or revolutionize you.’ (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 65).

Scenes can also be described as ‘space fascinating ways’. Scenes are the earliest known non-arena arena without funny limitation and laughable, but with the invasion of obscenity, a scene is missing ... everything has a reason ... no more games. (Baudrillard, in a Gane 1993: 61). Although the scene is probably real, which was hypervisible obscene. In General pornography is a good example of obscenity; example to serve in near female orgasm. Lust is the nature of a scene but it vanished in a raunchy, cold and white.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA We tend to understand love and illusion as something fake and therefore rejected in our quest for ‘truth’. But for Baudrillard, illusion not a fake and not falsified sign; It looks like it is a meaningless sign.

‘Nothing is real, the real was never there’. Love understands this, and keep the mystery. (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 108). Baudrillard (1983/1990:

175) presents the destiny of our base not to live and survive, as we think of it; it appears and disappears. Loneliness and seducing is our fascinating ways. The silence that is the scene and ceremony.

The focus of the Baudrillard on love (seduction) one side of the disclaimer of Ferud and its focus on the desire of the subject rather than the subject's desire offers. Baudrillard (1983/1990: 139) provide a focus on power thy (seductive) subject: ‘what keeps you there is not power your passion, but the game world and love; it is a passion play and played. He was craving an illusion and appearance.’

“Power and mass comes from their ability to seduce the elites; only objects that desire ... all initiative and power are on the other side, the side of the object.” (Baudrillard, 1983/1990: 119).

Baudrillard (1983/1990: 155) sees the world governed by destiny, magic, desire all have a secret organization/enemy are all rationality.

Efforts to understand and treat the world rationally and ended with a catastrophe, break all totality into causality and probability. It was a mess. The relationship is not to be expected today. The power of love found in the reversibility. That is, in the signs obtained, then it is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA repatriated immediately. In another sense, the desire to use the symbolic

exchange.

Baudrillard (1983/1990: 156) says that we all accept gladly the

plague: ‘the pleasure of reality in the world is witnessing something ‘fell’

into disaster, until it finally appears the determination and

indetermination, opportunities and needs, and incorporate the region

unstable relationship’. We do not want to guarantee the predictibility

except the lack of guarantees with regard to the instability. Love is one

way of achieving instability and in this way to neutralize the stiffness

control of contemporary society.

2.4. Sadomasochism

Sadomasochism is a type of Sexual Disorientation, or mostly known as

Paraphilias. There are several types of Paraphilias, and they are: Fetishism,

Transvestism, Sadomasochism, Exhibitionism, Voyeurism and Pedophilia. The

terms sadism and masochism are from the 19th century, the phenomena they

describe are not so recent. In his Confessions (1782), Jean-Jacques Rousseau

bravely speaks of the masochistic sexual pleasure he derived from his childhood

beatings, adding that ‘after having ventured to say so much, I can shrink from

nothing’. In a different time and place, the Renaissance philosopher Giovanni Pico

della Mirandola described a man who needed to be flogged to get aroused. And the

Kama Sutra, which dates back to the 2nd century, makes mention of consensual

erotic slapping.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Sadomasochism can be defined as the giving or receiving of pleasure, often

sexual, from the infliction or reception of pain or humiliation. It can feature as an

enhancement to sexual pleasure, or in some cases, as a substitute. The infliction of

pain is used to incite sexual pleasure, while the simulation of violence can serve to

form and express attachment. Indeed, sadomasochistic activities are often initiated

at the request of, and for the benefit of, the masochist, who often directs activities

through subtle emotional cues. Consensual sadomasochism should not be

confounded with acts of sexual aggression. Moreover, while sadomasochists seek

out pain and humiliation in the context of love and sex, they do not do so in other

situations and dislike simple, unfettered violence or abuse as much as the next

person. In short, and in general, sadomasochists are not psychopaths. While

psychopathy, or antisocial personality disorder, is a diagnosable mental disorder,

sadomasochism is not diagnosable unless it causes significant distress or

impairment to the individual or harm to others.

Some surveys have suggested that sadistic fantasies are just as prevalent in

women as in men. However, it seems that men with sadistic urges tend to develop

them at an earlier age. While some sadomasochistic people are purely sadistic and

others purely masochistic, many are varying degrees of both, and may describe

themselves as ‘switchable’.

2.4.1. The Activities of Sadomasochism

The activities that the Sadomasochism participants always do are:

biting, bondage, clothespins/clamps, electric shocks, face slapping, gags,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA genital binding, handcuffs, hot wax, masks/blindfolds, piercing, spanking, verbal humiliation, and whipping/flagellation.

Regarding to the novel The Fifty Shades of Grey written by E. L.

James, the activities of Sadomasochism that are mentioned are:

1. Bondage is the practice of consentually tying, binding, or

restraining a partner for erotic, aesthetic, and somatosensory

stimulation. Rope, cuffs, bondage tape, self-adhering bandage,

or other restraints may be used for this purpose.

2. Handcuffs are restraints designed for use in sexual bondage

situations. Compared to conventional handcuffs, they are wide

wrist and ankle restraints generally made of leather, often

padded with soft leather or fake fur. Bondage cuffs may be

fastened at the wrists and/or ankles by a locking mechanism, by

a buckle or by velcro. They are secured around the wrist or

ankle, and the cuffs may then be attached to each other or

another object.

3. Spanking in Sadomasochism is the act of spanking another

person for the sexual arousal or gratification of either or both

parties. Activities range from a spontaneous smack on bare

buttocks during a sexual activity, to occasional sexual role play,

such as age play, to domestic discipline and may involve the use

of a hand or the use of a variety of spanking implements, such

as a spanking paddle or cane.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Whipping is a swift motion from a dominant to a submissive

where the flexible end of a thin leather sex toy slaps the

submissive. The results of this action could create a sharp pain

and sometimes mild cuts or scars on the skin.

2.5. Related Studies

The research paper entitled: Learning Sadomasochism, An Information

Literacy Perspective by J. Tuomas Harviainen. In this thesis, Harviainen examine

the way people with a liking for pleasure-giving actions involving elements such

as pain and humiliation become practicing sadomasochists. Special focus is on

sadomasochist communities as learning organizations and on Annemaree Lloyd’s

expanded concept of information literacy, because much of the enculturation and

learning takes place not through formal sources or training, but rather the

observation of others’ action and the interpretation of them as meaningful texts,

which are in turn appropriated by the learners. The thesis is based on the authors’

ethnographic observations and interviews within the Finnish sadomasochist scene,

conducted over a time period of 20 years as well as the metatheoretical review of

the relevant literature. The author’s finding are compared with the medical and

stigma history of sadomasochism, so as to show that practitioners have to navigate

a particularly problematic information environment in order to get access to

reliable learning material. As sadomasochists have strong personal preferences

relating to both their activities and to individual learning styles, to community, as a

learning organization, is chaotic, yet exemplifies many qualities of both individual

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and communal literacy. This research paper helps the writer to in seeking more explanation about a sadist and masochist to elaborate sadomasochism in this thesis.

The article entitled: Understanding Sadomasochism: An Empirical

Examination of Four Perspectives by Patricia A. Cross, PhD and Kim Matheson,

PhD. Three studies assessed current understandings of sadomasochism. In Study 1 questionnaires testing four academic views of sadomasochism were administered to individuals who self-defined as involved in sadomasochism. The psychoanalytic, psychopathology/medical model, radical feminist and escape- from-self perspectives were not supported. Study 2 examined “virtual” sadomasochism as a source of information about sadomasochists in real life world.

Cluster analyses indicated that real-life and virtual sadomasochists share unique sexual proclivities. Study 3 examined an alternative view that identifies power as the commodity of importance in sadomasochism play. Content analysis of online sadomasochism encounters indicated that both “top” and “bottom” role-players used several specific techniques to create a power differential. These studies suggest that, contrary to many academic theories, power, and not the giving and receiving of pain, is at the core of sadomasochism. This article helps the writer to understand more about sadomasochism through other perspective in order to elaborate sadomasochism in this thesis.

The research paper entitled: Discourses of Heterosexual Female Masochism and Submission from the 1880s to the Present Day by Caroline Jessica Walter.

This thesis offers a critical analysis of psychopathological discourses (sexology,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA psychoanalysis and psychiatry) and feminist writings that contribute to the construction of representations of heterosexual female masochism and submission.

The paper examines about pseudo-scientific ideas about ‘women’ and

‘masochism’ developed in the works of sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. This chapter provides the necessary historical context with which to understand the Anglo-American iterations of discourses of heterosexual female masochism and submission from the 1970s to the present day, which form the case studies in Chapters Two to Four. It is also complexifies and nuances polarised feminist arguments of the 1970s and ’80s (the so-called ‘Sex

Wars’) regarding the political status of heterosexual female masochism and submission. It is considering the radical and liberal feminist conceptions of fantasy, sexual orientation and sadomasochism, which are examined in relation to two fictional texts: Jenny Diski’s Nothing Natural and Pat Califia’s Macho Sluts. It explores Secretary’s relation to the generic conventions of romantic comedy; demonstrates how the film borrows from normalizing and mainstreaming discourses about sadomasochism; and finally shows that it engages implicitly and briefly, with notions of SM as a radical challenge to the prevalent cultural narrative of ‘health and harm’. In the end, it is examined the discursive construction of heterosexual female masochism and submission in contemporary sex blogs. It brings together many of the currents that run through the thesis to highlight specific ways that blogging as a medium affect representations of these phenomena also, examines ways that bloggers have begun to use the medium as a form of

‘confessional’ to co-opt the gay ‘coming out’ narrative for their own ‘kinky’ ends.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The thesis concludes by examining some reasons why the complex political position that heterosexual female masochism and submission occupied when they were first coined in Western modernity persists to the present, postmodern day.

This paper helps the writer to understand the psychological perspective of

Masochist, which are definitely the main issue in Sadomasochism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

There is always a research method needed in every study or critical analysis

in order to fully understand all the data and finally transform it into a complete

study. In analyzing E. L. James’s The Fifty Shades of Grey, the writer will use

descriptive and qualitative method. Meleong in the book Metodologi Penelitian

Kualitatif (2005:6) stated that qualitative research is a research that aims to

understand the phenomena that is experienced by the subject of the study through

behavior, perception, motivation, action holistically by the way of description

through words and language in specific context that is natural by utilizing a variety

of natural method. The necessary steps that needs to be followed for achieving the

most effective study results are research design, data sources, data collection, and

data analysis.

3.1. Research Methods

In this research, the writer is using Descriptive method to understand a

literary work fundamentally and in-depth with the principles of interpretation. The

main objective of this type of research is to describe the data that is going to be

studied. Researchers are able to interpret the message and purpose of the author

by looking at the inner and outer aspects of a literary work to uncover the

meanings of it. This type of research also uses Qualitative research method

because all data are analyzed in the form of words and sentences. With descriptive

research, the writer of this proposal will aim to carry out an exploration of the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA certain phenomena, which in this case is Sadomasochism and other related issues

to E. L. James’s The Fifty Shades of Grey.

3.2. Data and Sources of Data

The data of this study is primarily from the novel The Fifty Shades of Grey.

The novel is published in 2011 by The Writer’s Coffee Shop Publishing House.

The novel consists of 356 pages. The data in the novel can be in the form of words,

phrases, or sentences. However, the writer only focuses on data that indicates the

sadomasochism as it is reflected to the main character of the novel and how are

traumas or bad experiences during childhood impacting the adulthood of the

Christian Grey character. Supporting the primary data, the writer also uses some

related textbooks, articles, interviews, and film adaption of the novel in reference

to further guidance.

3.3 Research Instrument

In qualitative research, researchers are the main instrument in the research

for understanding and observation of objects. For the purposes of the interview

prepared guidelines for the interview form questions are directed to approach the

problem. At the time of the interview also used recording devices and short notes.

3.4 Data Collection Methods

In the step of data collecting procedure, the writer will need both primary

and secondary data sources. First of all, the writer starts with getting the novel The

Fifty Shades of Grey by E. L. James which is the primary data of this research and

read it over and over until the writer understands the story well. The writer will

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA also look into secondary data such as gathering data from books, articles, webs and

other supporting material that is relevant to the topic of the study.

3.5. Data Analysis Method

In analysis of this study, the writer will arrange the data in accordance to the

area of analysis. The writer will then:

1. Identify the data that suggests Sadomasochism as it is reflected to the

main character of the novel.

2. Classify the data accurately by relating it to the problems and aims of this

study within the novel.

3. Interpret the data that suggests Sadomasochism as it is reflected to the

main character of the novel.

4. Analyze the data that suggests Sadomasochism to the novel.

5. The writer then can make a conclusion from overall data analysis that

have been analyzed and interpreted.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Below is the flowchart of research design:

Source of data: a novel Researcher The Fifty Shades of Grey

Quote/selected text related to themes of Sadomasochism

Data selected: Interpreted analysis using the theories: theory of literature, sociology of literature, postmodernism, sadomasochism and also by descriptive and qualitative Conclusion method

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

BDSM upon plain definition, are the terms of erotic significance where the abbreviation expands to Bondage and Discipline, Dominant and Submissive, Sadism and

Masochism (Sadomasochism). BDSM essentially refers to the erotic pleasures of degrading role play, sadistic disciplining and masochistic submission. The idea is to explore the kinky pleasure behind the pain of flesh or moral degradation. BDSM is essentially an erotic tactic mostly used in sex as a part of foreplay. The concept of

BDSM is far beyond the simple terminology discussed above. The idea of dominance and submission, sadism and masochism are not just sexual ideas, but an ardent lifestyle choice for some. To be able to understand the practice completely, one must decode what each component means as an erotic practice.

Sadomasochism itself is part of BDSM which mainly focuses on deriving the pleasure, especially sexual gratification from inflicting or submitting to physical or emotional abuse. In doing Sadomasochism, Dominant & Submissive are the participant of its activities. Where Dominants takes part in dominating and controlling the relationship, what Dominant wants has to be fulfilled by the Submissive in order to receive pleasure of the Dominant himself.

In this novel, Christian Grey take role as Dominant, where he is the one in control of the relationship with his Submissive, whom clearly stated in the novel is Anastasia

Steele.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1. Fifty Shades found in Fifty Shades of Grey

The phrase ‘Fifty Shades’ as it is represents in the title somehow became

an important point of the novel. ‘Fifty Shades’ represents masculinity or passion,

therefore the phrase symbolizes about the activities of Sadomasochism that is

found in the novel. E. L. James invites us to experience the Dominant &

Submissive and Sadomasochism ideas through the ‘relationship’ of Christian

Grey as a dominant and Anastasia Steele as a submissive.

According to the novel Fifty Shades of Grey the activities of

Sadomasochism that reflected through the relationship of Christian Grey and

Anastasia Steele are bondage, handcuffs, spanking, and whipping.

4.2.1. Bondage

Bondage is the practice of consentually tying, binding, or

restraining a partner for erotic, aesthetic, or somatosensory stimulation. A

common reason for the active partner to tie up their partner is so both

may gain pleasure from the restrained partner's submission and the

feeling of the temporary transfer of control and power. For

sadomasochistic people, bondage is often used as a means to an end,

where the restrained partner is more accessible to other sadomasochistic

behavior. However, bondage can also be used for its own sake. The

restrained partner can derive tactile pleasure from the feeling of

helplessness and immobility, and the active partner can derive visual

pleasure and satisfaction from seeing their partner tied up.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Fifty Shades of Grey pictures Christian Grey and Anastasia

Steele’s version of bondage through their consentually erotic activities.

“Knit your hands together in front of you,” he orders as he peels the towel off me and throws it on the floor. I do as he asks, and he binds my wrists together with his tie, knotting it firmly. His eyes are bright with wild excitement. He tugs at the binding. It’s secure. (James, 2011: 98)

In the passage above Christian and Anastasia has just finished their sensual bath time where Ana has just performed an oral sex to

Christian, which she has never done before and it got Christian surprised because he thought Ana was really skillful in doing it. And in order to reward Ana, Christian would like to pleasures Ana and binds her hands.

Christian as he asks Ana to knit her hands and so he can bind it, make sure her hands are secure and will not touch him is one of

Christian’s way of being a dominant which is what he asks has to be obey by Anastasia—where she’s willingly give her hands to Christian.

Christian as a dominant gain pleasure from Anastasia’s restrained and he got the feeling of the temporary transfer of control and power.

He reaches down, and from his pants pocket, he takes out his silver grey silk tie… that silver grey woven tie that leaves small impressions of its weave on my skin. He moves so quickly, sitting astride me as he fastens my wrists together, but this time, he ties the other end of the tie to one of the spokes of my white iron headboard. He pulls at my binding checking it’s secure. I’m not going anywhere. I’m tied, literally, to my bed, and I’m so aroused. (James, 2011: 136)

The text above tells the readers about how Anastasia feel so nice and aroused because of her hands being binds is clearly shows how is she

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA longed being a submissive and she surrender herself to Christian as her

dominant.

4.2.2. Handcuffs

Handcuffs in BDSM are not the conventional handcuffs as we

know. The handcuffs in BDSM are normally known as bondage cuffs.

And it is designed for use in sexual bondage situations. Bondage

handcuffs are wide wrist and ankle restraints generally made of leather,

often padded with soft leather or fake fur. Bondage cuffs may be fastened

at the wrists and/or ankles by a locking mechanism, by a buckle or by

velcro. They are secured around the wrist or ankle, and the cuffs may

then be attached to each other or another object.

Handcuffs are another activity that Christian does to Anastasia

every time whenever they are in the playroom, or as Ana refers it as the

Red Room of Pain.

Christian takes my left arm, stretches it gently to the left-hand corner, and attaches the leather cuff around my wrist. His long fingers stroke the length of my arm once he’s finished. Oh! His touch elicits a delicious, tickly shiver. I hear him move slowly round to the other side, takes my right arm and cuffs it. Again, his long fingers linger along my arm. Oh my… I am fit to burst already. Why is this so erotic? (James, 2011: 339)

Christian by taking Ana’s wrists and attached it to the cuffs are

the Dominant’s way of Christian. This activity is done because Christian

wants Ana to not be able to touch him, also wants Ana to surrender to

him and received everything he do willingly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.3. Spanking

Spanking is the act of strike another person especially on the

buttocks for the sexual arousal or gratification of either or both parties.

Activities range from a spontaneous smack on bare buttocks during a

sexual activity, to occasional sexual roleplay, such as ageplay, to

domestic discipline and may involve the use of a hand or the use of a

variety of spanking implements, such as a spanking paddle or cane.

Spankings are commonly combined with other forms of sexual foreplay.

The most common type of erotic spanking is administered on the bare

buttocks, but can also be combined with bondage, in order to heighten

sexual arousal and feelings of helplessness.

In the novel Fifty Shades of Grey, Christian was shown to always

spanks Ana in order to punish her. Usually when Ana rolls her eyes, or

simply just do something that Christian displeased.

He places his hand on my naked behind, softly fondling me, stroking round and round with his flat palm. And then his hand is no longer there… and he hits me – hard…… He hits me again and again, quickly in succession. Holy fuck it hurts. ……..…………………………………………………… A rhythmic pattern emerges, caress, fondle, slap hard. I have to concentrate to handle this pain. My mind empties as I endeavor to absorb the grueling sensation. He doesn’t hit me in the same place twice in succession – he’s spreading the pain.

He hits me again then he strokes me softly. The combination of the hard stinging blow and his gentle caress is so mind numbing. He hits me again… this is getting harder to take. My face hurts, it’s screwed up so tight. He strokes me gently and then the blow comes. I cry out again…… And he hits me again and again. From

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA somewhere deep inside, I want to beg him to stop. But I don’t. I don’t want to give him the satisfaction. He continues the unrelenting rhythm. I cry out six more times. Eighteen slaps in total. My body is singing, singing from his merciless assault. (James, 2011: 193)

Christian and Anastasia were discussing about the contract that

Anastasia had to sign in order to be Christian’s submissive. The contract has so many listed things that Ana had never done before and she’s negotiating it with Christian about some hard limits that Ana doesn’t want to receive. While discussing it, Ana also asks Christian about how he doesn’t want to be touched and somehow the discussion getting hot and Ana unintentionally rolled her eyes to Christian. Christian who thinks that rolling eyes is impolite and especially when Ana rolled it to him, feel so displeased and decided to punish Ana via spanking. Even though Ana hasn’t signed the contract yet, still Christian already have the feeling of punishing her because Christian feel so overly possessive towards Ana.

By the act Christian has pulled by punishing Ana, it is also one of many ways of Christian in being a Dominant. It can be seen by the feeling of wanted to be respected by his submissive. Christian thinks that getting eye-rolled is displeasing and disrespects him as a Dominant, and he dislikes it. That is why Christian choose to punish Ana by spanking her.

“It’s the way I’m made, Anastasia. I need to control you. I need you to behave in a certain way, and if you don’t – I love to watch your beautiful alabaster skin pink and warm up under my hands. It turns me on.” (James, 2011: 201)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After being spanked, Anastasia continue negotiating with

Christian about the contract and the other punishment that she would receive if she displeased him again. Then Christian answer her by saying that he had to control Ana. This is a dominant behavior that clearly showed by how he wants Ana to behave as he wanted and if Ana ever say no and try to displeased him again, another punishment will come along.

And Christian—another dominant behavior—loves to watch Ana getting punished.

Even Anastasia know how it is feel to be spanked by Christian because of the little things she did that displeased him, somehow Ana feels the enjoyment and the pleasures she got by the spanking act

Christian performed. And when Christian know that he doesn’t supposed to spank her but he had the urge to, he wanted Ana to ask him herself to get spanked. And Anastasia as an obedient submissive—down to her heart, because she hasn’t legally sign the contract Christian has offers— asked Christian to spank her.

“Ask me, Anastasia. I won’t say it again.” And there’s such a threat implicit in his words, and it dawns on me. He wants me to ask him to spank me. Holy shit. He’s looking at me expectantly, his eyes growing colder. Shit. “Spank me, please… Sir,” I whisper. (James, 2011: 255)

As the story goes, Christian and Anastasia get into the point where they discussing and negotiating again about the spanking. How does it feel when Ana gets it and how does it feel after Ana gets it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Was it that bad when I spanked you the first time?” I gaze back at him, blinking. Was it that bad? I remember feeling confused by my reaction. It hurt, but not that much in retrospect. He’s said over and over again it’s more in my head. And the second time… Well, that was good… hot. “No, not really,” I whisper. “It’s more the idea of it?” he prompts. “I suppose. Feeling pleasure, when one isn’t supposed to.” (James, 2011: 302)

Anastasia as the text above finally realize that the feeling she get

from being spanked by Christian is somehow pleasure her. The idea of

pain and humiliation is only in her head—just like Christian said. And

that, is the way of Anastasia being a submissive or more likely a

masochist. Because she enjoys the feeling towards the act that given by

Christian that isn’t humanist enough if it related to the normal intercourse

activity.

4.2.4. Whipping

Whipping is the act of flogging a person. Although it may sound

painful it is a common erotic activity in BDSM play. Dominant players

will often flog their submissive partners with toys like whips, cat o' nine

tails, and floggers. Flagellation is typically used as a punishment for

disobedient submissives, and the physical discomfort this act causes can

be very erotic and sexually stimulating. These toys are often constructed

from materials such as leather, rubber, nylon, hemp, and even metal.

Although an erotic flogging is rarely bloody, many kinds of

flogging implements can open the surface of the skin, either by cutting or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA scraping previously undamaged skin or by causing the weakened skin over a bruise to break. Thin whips such as bullwhips, tightly braided cats, and thin-tailed quirts are most likely to cut, nylon-tipped whips and rubber floggers to scrape (abrade), and heavy, wide-tailed rubber or leather floggers and cats to bruise, but similar effects can also be caused by other implements.

Christian through the novel Fifty Shades of Grey has shown what is whipping according to BDSM terms really like. He whipped Ana for the first time to show Ana how it is really feels, to tell Ana that the pain that she thought she might get from whipping is just a scary thought, that real feeling she get isn’t that painful at all.

At the touch of the leather, I quiver and gasp. He walks round me again, trailing the crop around the middle of my body. On his second circuit, he suddenly flicks the crop, and it hits me underneath my behind… against my sex. I cry out in surprise as all my nerve endings stand to attention. I pull against the restraints. The shock runs through me, and it’s the sweetest strangest, hedonistic feeling. “Quiet,” he whispers as he walks around me again, the crop slightly higher around the middle of my body. This time when he flicks it against me in the same place, I’m anticipating it… oh my. My body convulses at the sweet, stinging bite. (James, 2011: 226) …………………………………………………………... As he makes his way around me, he flicks again, this time hitting my nipple, and I throw my head back as my nerve endings sing. He hits the other… a brief, swift, sweet chastisement. My nipples harden and elongate from the assault, and I moan loudly, pulling on my leather cuffs. (James, 2011: 226) …………………………………………………………... He hits me again across the buttocks. The crop stings this time. (James, 2011: 226) …………………………………………………………...

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Very slowly, he rains small, biting licks of the crop down my belly, heading south. I know where this is leading, and I try and psyche myself up for it—but when he hits my clitoris, I cry out loudly. (James, 2011: 226) …………………………………………………………... I shut the room out, him out… the crop out. He starts small, biting licks of the crop against my belly once more. Moving down, soft small licks against my clitoris, once, twice, three times, again and again, until finally, that’s it—I can take no more—and I come, gloriously, loudly, sagging weakly. (James, 2011: 227)

From the passage above Anastasia is not only understand that the feeling of getting whipped isn’t that painful, but the pleasure Anastasia get is also what she learned from the erotic whipping Christian has performed. She even reached out her climax as Christian keeps on torturing her with the riding crop all along through her body.

But as the story goes, Anastasia asks Christian what is his punishment really like with the riding crop or any other whipping tools.

Christian wasn’t really going to show her at first, but Ana insisted.

I close my eyes, bracing myself for the blow. It comes hard, snapping across my backside, and the bite of the belt is everything I feared. I cry out involuntarily, and take a huge gulp of air. “Count, Anastasia!” he commands. “One!” I shout at him, and it sounds like an expletive. He hits me again, and the pain pulses and echoes along the line of the belt. Holy shit… that smarts. “Two!” I scream. It feels so good to scream. His breathing is ragged and harsh. Whereas mine is almost non-existent as I desperately scrabble around my psyche looking for some internal strength. The belt cuts into my flesh again. “Three!” Tears spring unwelcome into my eyes. Jeez – this is harder than I thought – so much harder than the spanking. He’s not holding anything back.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Four!” I yell as the belt bites me again, and now the tears are streaming down my face. I don’t want to cry. It angers me that I am crying. He hits me again. “Five.” My voice is more a choked, strangled sob, and in this moment, I think I hate him. One more, I can do one more. My backside feels as if it’s on fire. “Six,” I whisper as the blistering pain cuts across me again, and I hear him drop the belt behind me, and he’s pulling me into his arms, all breathless and compassionate… and I want none of him. “Let go… no... ” And I find myself struggling out his grasp, pushing him away. Fighting him. “Don’t touch me!” I hiss. I straighten and stare at him, and he’s watching me as if I might bolt, gray eyes wide, bemused. I dash the tears angrily out of my eyes with the backs of my hands, glaring at him. (James, 2011: 350- 351)

Anastasia finally realize how does it really feels to be

whipped by Christian—who doesn’t hold back his whipped just like

the first time he whipped Ana. Surprisingly enough, Anastasia

doesn’t get the pleasure feeling like she got the first time when

Christian whipped her. She even hates Christian after what he did to

her.

4.2. The Role of Dominant and Submissive in Fifty Shades of Grey

A dominant is the partner in a BDSM relationship or in a BDSM scene

who takes the active or controlling role over that of the bottom or submissive

partner. A person who submits control of a large percentage of his or her day-to-

day life to a dominant partner, or who submits within a formal set of rules and

rituals, is the slave, and the person who assumes power over the slave is the

master or mistress. A dominant is a partner who takes the role of giver or

controller in such acts as bondage, discipline, humiliation, or servitude. Such acts

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA are performed on a sub. While a dominant will take care of his submissive, he will be giving orders or otherwise employ physical or psychological techniques of control. He might instruct the submissive to perform the act on him. The relationship between a dominant and his submissive may be very transitory or can be permanent. Some dominants are married to their submissive. Long term relationships are known as D/s (Dominant/submissive) relationships. A dominant might be a sadist but is unlikely to be a masochist.

While the partner, submissive is wanting to or being willing to submit to orders or wishes of another. Showing an inclination in this way. An overriding desire to be pleasing. Willingly submitting without resistance to authority. Being subservient or servile. Enjoying erotic activities in feeling powerlessness or under the control of another. Submissives vary in how seriously they take their position, training, and situation. Motivations for engaging in submissive behavior may include relief from responsibility, being the object of attention and affection, gaining a sense of security, showing off endurance, and working through issues of shame. Others simply enjoy a ‘natural’ feeling when they are in the presence of their more dominant partner. What are known as service-oriented submissive may also have a deep seated desire to be “of use”. Submissives also vary in the extent to which they engage in play, in how often they play, and even in whether they consider their role “play” at all. Within a S&M-only context particularly, submissive is often considered synonymous with bottom while others opine that a submissive is specifically pursuing a D/s power exchange as a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA key element, whereas a ‘bottom’ may or may not be interested (or even willing) to engage in a power exchange relationship.

Christian Grey as a dominant is the exact same reflection of a person as what dominant has been described above. He takes the role of controller in most of all Anastasia’s life. He told her what to eat and what not to, how many times does Ana had to exercise in a week, and even sometimes he even wants Ana to wear the dress he chose. He also buys Ana’s a lot of precious and luxurious things because he wants her to get attached to him and therefore Anastasia couldn’t stay away from him.

“Why do you need to control me?” “Because it satisfies a need in me that wasn’t met in my formative years.” (James, 2011: 302)

Anastasia was asking Christian about why she has to obey every word of

Christian saying and what is the urge of him that he had to control her. And

Christian answered that he just had to control her because it satisfying and it fulfill his desire as a dominant.

“Sit.” He points to one of the bar stools at the breakfast bar, and I obey his command. If I’m going to do this, I’m going to have to get used to it. I realize he’s been this bossy since I met him. (James, 2011: 74) …………………………………………………………... “I have them written down. We’ll go through them once we’ve eaten.” Food. How can I eat now? “I’m really not hungry,” I whisper. “You will eat,” he says simply. Dominating Christian, it all becomes clear. (James, 2011: 75) …………………………………………………………... “I think you need to learn to manage my expectations. I am not a patient man. If you say you are going to contact me when you finish work, then you should have the decency to do so. Otherwise, I worry, and it’s not an

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA emotion I’m familiar with, and I don’t tolerate it very well. Call me.” (James, 2011: 213)

The passages above tell us about how Christian tells Anastasia what to do and what not to through the simplest thing such as picking her up from work, finishing her meals, had to call him right after she finishes her work. By the act

Christian pull and being not pleased is a complete act of a dominant whom likely to control everything and if Anastasia choose to not obey Christian’s wish, he would likely be delighted to punishes Ana in every way Christian pleasures for.

“You’re a sadist?” “I’m a Dominant.” His eyes are a scorching gray, intense. “What does that mean?” I whisper. “It means I want you to willingly surrender yourself to me, in all things.” I frown at him as I try to assimilate this idea. “Why would I do that?” “To please me,” he whispers as he cocks his head to one side, and I see a ghost of a smile. (James, 2011: 72) …………………………………………………………... “I have rules, and I want you to comply with them. They are for your benefit and for my pleasure. If you follow these rules to my satisfaction, I shall reward you. If you don’t, I shall punish you, and you will learn,” he whispers. (James, 2011: 73) …………………………………………………………... “The ownership thing, that’s just terminology and goes back to the principle of obeying. It’s to get you into the right frame of mind, to understand where I’m coming from. And I want you to know that as soon as you cross my threshold as my submissive, I will do what I like to you. You have to accept that and willingly. That’s why you have to trust me. I will fuck you, any time, anyway I want – anywhere I want. I will discipline you, because you will screw up. I will train you to please me.” (James, 2011: 155) …………………………………………………………... “It’s the way I’m made, Anastasia. I need to control you. I need you to behave in a certain way, and if you don’t – I love to watch your beautiful alabaster skin pink

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and warm up under my hands. It turns me on.” (James, 2011: 201)

From the texts above Christian is telling Anastasia about all the agreements and terms that she has to follow and agree in order to be with

Christian. Whether Anastasia has to follow any rules Christian gives and when she chose to rebel, punishments for her is waiting.

“What do you want to do with the fourteen thousand dollar books?” Kate asks. “I’m going to return them to him.” “Really?” “It’s a completely over-the-top gift. I can’t accept it, especially now.” I grin at Kate, and she nods. (James, 2011: 114) …………………………………………………………... “What is it?” Kat says inquisitive, bright eyed and bushy tailed. “It’s a laptop from Christian.” “Why’s he sent you a laptop? You know you can use mine,” she frowns. Not for what he has in mind. (James, 2011: 126)

The passages above are the conversation of Kate and Anastasia about the first edition of Ana’s favorite book which Christian bought for her as an unexpected gift. Christian also bought her a laptop for her to use in doing the research of what is submissive according to the contract he gave her to sign.

Buying Anastasia a lot of pricey things is one of a dominant act Christian pull.

He just had the urge of buying pricey things and when Ana asks why he bought all of those things, he just simply said that he could buy it because he wanted it and he’s just very wealthy. It can seen by the passage below:

“I will buy you lots of things, Anastasia. Get used to it. I can afford it. I’m a very wealthy man.” (James, 2011: 177)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Christian’s habit of buying Anastasia things is an act of a Dominant who uncontrollably shower his submissive with luxurious things just because he can and somehow it had him pleasured seeing his submissive using the stuff he gave her.

“Miss Steele?” the courier asks. I frown questioningly at Mr. Clayton, who shrugs, as puzzled as me. My heart sinks. What has Christian sent me now? I sign for the small package and open it straight away. It’s a BlackBerry. My heart sinks further. I switch it on. (James, 2011: 210) …………………………………………………………... “You graciously accept my graduation present to you.” “Oh.” And deep down I know what it is. Dread spawns in my belly. He’s staring down at me, gauging my reaction. “Come,” he murmurs and rises, dragging me up. Taking his jacket off, he drapes it over my shoulders and heads for the door. Parked outside is a red hatchback car, a two-door compact Audi. “It’s for you. Happy graduation,” he murmurs, pulling me into his arms and kissing my hair. He’s bought me a damned car, brand new by the looks of it. Jeez… I’ve had enough trouble with the books. I stare at it blankly, trying desperately to determine how I feel about this. I am appalled on one level, grateful on another, shocked that he’s actually done it, but the overriding emotion is anger. Yes, I’m angry, especially after everything I told him about the books… but then he’d already bought this. Taking my hand, he leads me down the path toward this new acquisition. “Anastasia, that Beetle of yours is old and frankly dangerous. I would never forgive myself if something happened to you when it’s so easy for me to make it right,” he trails off. His eyes are on me, but at the moment I cannot bring myself to look at him. I stand silently staring at its awesome bright red newness. “I mentioned it to your stepfather. He was all for it,” he murmurs. Turning, I glare at him, my mouth open in horror.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “You mentioned this to Ray. How could you?” I can barely spit the words out. How dare he? Poor Ray. I feel sick, mortified for my dad. “It’s a gift, Anastasia. Can’t you just say thank you?” “But you know it’s too much.” “Not to me it isn’t, not for my peace of mind.” I frown at him, at a loss what to say. He just doesn’t get it! He’s had money all his life. Okay, not all his life – not as a small child – and my world-view shifts. The thought is very sobering, and I soften towards the car, feeling guilty about my fit of pique. His intentions are good, misguided, but not from a bad place. (James, 2011: 183-184)

By the way of Christian buying all of those things to Ana is somehow to control her, stating under the false pretend that he worries about Ana is not what the truth really is. He just have to control Ana in every way, including intense communication and that’s why he bought her a Blackberry, to make her reply all of his emails immediately than the usual reply from laptop. Also buying Ana an

Audi and saying that he’s worried about Ana’s old car is also the same thing as mentioned above, he controls Ana in every way.

Anastasia Steele as a submissive is also the exact same reflection of a person as what submissive has been described in earlier pages. No matter how hard-core Christian control her, no matter how is her inner self dislike it,

Anastasia still accept it and somehow crave for the control Christian gave. From the relationship itself, Anastasia like to be tortured and humiliated by the way of she being spanked. She even asked Christian to spank her because she like the feeling of getting it. She feels the pleasure of it and craving it more and more.

And it can be seen by the passages below:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Ask me, Anastasia. I won’t say it again.” And there’s such a threat implicit in his words, and it dawns on me. He wants me to ask him to spank me. Holy shit. He’s looking at me expectantly, his eyes growing colder. Shit. “Spank me, please… Sir,” I whisper. (James, 2011: 255) …………………………………………………………... “Was it that bad when I spanked you the first time?” I gaze back at him, blinking. Was it that bad? I remember feeling confused by my reaction. It hurt, but not that much in retrospect. He’s said over and over again it’s more in my head. And the second time… Well, that was good… hot. “No, not really,” I whisper. “It’s more the idea of it?” he prompts. “I suppose. Feeling pleasure, when one isn’t supposed to.” (James, 2011: 302)

When Christian and Anastasia were intercoursing, Anastasia was exhausted from all of the sadomasochism activities Christian has given her, but despite of the tiredness she feel, she still obey Christian whom likely to exhaust her even more. And when Christian threaten her with punishment if she didn’t do what he want, Ana surrender easily. That is one of many of submissive act

Anastasia has pull and that show us how she really is inside. It can be seen by the text below:

“But I’ll make this quick. You’re tired. Hold on to the post,” he says. I frown. Not on the bed then? I find I can part my hands as I grasp the ornately carved wooden post. “Lower,” he orders. “Good. Don’t let go. If you do, I’ll spank you. Understand?” “Yes, Sir.” “Good.” (James, 2011: 229)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

After analyzing the novel, the writer has conclusion and suggestion that related

to the result of the previous chapters. In this chapter, the writer presents the

conclusion based on the whole analysis and the suggestion to the further researcher

related to this study

5.1 Conclusions

1. ‘Fifty shades’ from the title of the novel Fifty Shades of Grey can be

defined as the activities of Sadomasochism that has been a main theme of

the novel itself. It shows how Christian pulls the activities towards

Anastasia of how he ‘does’ his submissive in order to receive pleasure he

longed for. Christian as a dominant isn’t easily pleasured by the ‘normal’

intercourse activity, he likes to torture and humiliate Anastasia through

bondage, handcuffs, spanking and whipping.

2. Christian as a Dominant is the person who submits control of large

percentage of his or her day-to-day life to dominant partner, or who

submits within a formal set of rules and rituals, is the slave, and the

person who assumes power over the slave is the master/mistress. He

controls Anastasia in every day, every time, and in every way he could.

He tells Ana what to wear, and what to do. He buys Ana luxurious things,

he tells Ana what not to do and if she disobey, she has to accept the

punishment he gives. Anastasia in the other side, is a submissive who

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA wanted or willing to submit to orders or wishes of another. Showing an

inclination in this way. An overriding desire to be pleasing. Willingly

submitting without resistance to authority. Being subservient or servile.

Anastasia potentially submits to Christian, even though she might not

accept what Christian tell immediately, but in the end she’ll do.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the overall analysis, the writer would like to suggest for those

who are interested in BDSM-themed idea especially in the form of novel. E. L.

James is one of the writers that demonstrate the theme of BDSM in the modern

context. It pictures how the participant of BDSM relationship—especially

Dominant and submissive—what they really like. Although from the novel it

may seem to look like romantic, but in fact it is humiliating enough for a normal

human being. This topic may be too taboo to be talked about especially in our

culture where sex is something you keep inside and be learn ‘non-openly’, but it

is important to be studied in order to avoid any further displeasing sexual

relationship. Because this kind of relationship is unhealthy and it is definitely

damaging and harms the people who are being tortured or roled as the slave in

the relationship.

Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful and be a precious

knowledge for all, in developing and enhancing critical thinking skills and ability

to analyze and interpret literary themes and also becoming more comfortable

with examining abstract concepts and ideas especially BDSM-themed literary

work for the students of English Department, University of Sumatera Utara.

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