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RESCUE and FIREFIGHTING RESEARCH PROGRAM January 2001 6 DOT/FAA/AR-00/67 Rescue and Firefighting Research Office of Aviation Research Program Washington, D.C. 20591 Joseph Wright Federal Aviation Administration Airport and Aircraft Research and Development Branch William J. Hughes Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 January 2001 Final Report This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. This document does not constitute FAA certification policy. Consult your local FAA aircraft certification office as to its use. This report is available at the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center's Full-Text Technical Reports page: actlibrary.tc.faa.gov in Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF). Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AR-00/67 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING RESEARCH PROGRAM January 2001 6. Performing Organization Code AAR-410 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Joseph Wright DOT/FAA/AR-00/67 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Federal Aviation Administration Airport and Aircraft Technology Research and Development Branch William J. Hughes Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Research 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20591 AAS-100 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is dedicated to improving rescue and firefighting services at commercial airports. The FAA’s goal is to increase passenger survivability when involved in a postcrash fire. The FAA, through its research and development (R&D) program, seeks cost-effective alternative methods to improve the efficiencies of rescue and firefighting (RFF) services provided by airports. One of the primary areas of focus for this research program will be firefighting requirements related to new large aircraft (NLA) such as the B-747X and the A380. Another key focus area will be the development of environmentally cleaner firefighting agents. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Rescue and firefighting (RFF), Aqueous film forming foam This document is available to the public through the National (AFFF), New large aircraft (NLA), B-747X, A380 Technical Information Service (NTIS) Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 17 Form DOT F1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v INTRODUCTION 1 The FAA’s Airport Rescue and Firefighting Program 1 Interior Firefighting Techniques 2 New Large Aircraft Research 3 Large-Scale Firefighting Requirements 4 Fundamental Agent Research 5 Vehicle Dynamic Stability 7 Human Elements 8 Training Facilities 9 Interfaces 11 CONCLUSION 12 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Interior Intervention Vehicle Concept 4 2 Fuselage Size Comparison 5 3 New Complementary Agent Test Procedures 6 4 Firefighters Training at a Propane Facility 9 5 Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Vehicle Fighting a Propane-Simulated Fire 10 6 Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Vehicle Fighting a Real Fuel Fire 11 iii/iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is dedicated to improving rescue and firefighting services at commercial airports. The FAA’s goal is to increase passenger survivability when involved in a postcrash fire. The FAA, through the Airport Improvement Program (AIP), provides financial assistance to airports to purchase heavy rescue firefighting equipment at FAA certified airports in the United States. The FAA, through its research and development (R&D) program, seek cost-effective alternative methods to improve the efficiencies of rescue and firefighting (RFF) services provided by airports. The FAA’s regulatory obligation includes operation of the massive airport system which includes equipment, training facility, and fire station cost offsets for providing RFF services. The FAA has primary responsibility to develop standards, criteria, and guidelines on how RFF services shall be performed. Improved firefighting training, techniques, and equipment are needed to support our airport safety and certification programs. Firefighting equipment requirements for new large aircraft (NLA) (specifically the B-747X and A380 models) must be developed and incorporated into supporting Advisory Circulars. The analysis of recent aircraft accidents involving external fuel fires has shown that, although external fires are effectively extinguished, secondary fires within the aircraft fuselage are difficult to control with existing equipment and procedures. Firefighters, in general, lack specialized equipment to gain rapid entrance and receive little training to perform this task beyond the annual live fire training requirement. v/vi INTRODUCTION The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is dedicated to improving rescue and firefighting services at commercial airports. The FAA’s goal is to increase passenger survivability when involved in a postcrash fire. The FAA, through the Airport Improvement Program (AIP), provides financial assistance to airports to purchase heavy rescue firefighting equipment at FAA certified airports in the United States (U.S.). The FAA, through its research and development (R&D) program, seek cost-effective alternative methods to improve the efficiencies of rescue and firefighting (RFF) services provided by airports. The FAA’s regulatory obligation includes operation of the massive airport system which includes equipment, training facility, and fire station cost offsets for providing RFF services. The FAA has primary responsibility to develop standards, criteria, and guidelines on how RFF services shall be performed. Industry representatives such as (American Pacific) Halotron; Crash Rescue Equipment Services (elevated boom), through Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA’s); and the United States Air Force (USAF) (Tyndall AFB), through Interagency Agreements (IA), have all shared in financial partnerships to develop cost- effective alternative RFF. Improved firefighting training, techniques, and equipment are needed to support our airport safety and certification programs. Research in equipment such as elevated booms, cabin skin penetrating nozzles, and systems used for locating accident scenes in low visibility, as well as evaluations of various chemical agents is required to keep abreast of developments. These advances will be incorporated into the various federal grant and regulatory programs that the FAA administers. Firefighting equipment requirements for new large aircraft (NLA) (specifically the B-747X and A380 models) must be developed and incorporated into supporting Advisory Circulars. In addition to overall dimensions, any special requirements introduced because of double-deck seating, location of fuel tanks in tail and lower fuselage areas, and special materials used in construction must be considered. The analysis of recent aircraft accidents involving external fuel fires has shown that although external fires are effectively extinguished, secondary fires within the aircraft fuselage are difficult to control with existing equipment and procedures. Large amounts of smoke-laden toxic gases and high temperature levels in the passenger cabin can cause delays in evacuation and pose a severe safety hazard to fleeing passengers. Firefighters put themselves at great personal risk when attempting to extinguish any interior fire using hand-held attack lines. Firefighters, in general, lack specialized equipment to gain rapid entrance and receive little training to perform this task beyond the annual live fire training requirement. THE FAA’S AIRPORT RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING PROGRAM. The central themes in this research and development effort are improvements in techniques and equipment within the context of a search for improved cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity to costs is very important, especially at small airports where manpower is low and fire protection can be a very large part of the airport’s operating costs. The policy is to maintain or improve current 1 levels of service and improve firefighting effectiveness while stabilizing or reducing costs of that service and its associated equipment. One of the principal components of the program’s efforts are early recognition of a fire potential. This requires prompt notification of the RFF services. To be successful, a rapid fire service response to the accident site is needed, including the efficient, effective use of RFF personnel, equipment, and fire-extinguishing agents. These research efforts concentrate on the development of technologies which will enhance occupant postcrash fire survivability. They evaluate advances in state-of-the-art
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