Learning Environments in Contrast
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University of Greifswald Department of Educational Science Dissertation to obtain the academic degree of the doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Greifswald Learning Environments in Contrast — How Adolescent Students Differ in their Self, Emotions, Motivation, and Learning Behavior in Teacher-Directed Learning and Student-Centered Learning Classes presented by Stefan Kulakow Defense: February 5, 2021 Dean: Prof. Dr. Margit Bussmann (University of Greifswald) Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Dr. Diana Raufelder (University of Greifswald) Prof. Dr. Ursula Kessels (Freie Universität Berlin) Prof. Dr. Kathrin Mahlau (University of Greifswald) i Cumulative Articles This dissertation was submitted as a cumulative work, which is based on the following publications: Kulakow, S. (2020). How autonomy mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and approaches to learning. The Journal of Educational Research, 113(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2019.1709402 Kulakow, S. (2020). Academic self-concept and achievement motivation among adolescent students in different learning environments – Does competence-support matter? Learning and Motivation, 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101632 Kulakow, S., & Raufelder, D. (2020). Enjoyment benefits adolescents’ self-determined motivation in student-centered learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101635 ii Contents Cumulative Articles ................................................................................................................ ii 1 General Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 2 Different Learning Environments in German Secondary Schools .............. 4 2.1 From TDL to SCL .............................................................................................. 4 2.2 Learning and Instruction with Competency Matrices ........................................ 7 3 Theoretical Background ................................................................................ 11 3.1 Motivation ........................................................................................................ 11 3.1.1 Self-determination theory ................................................................................ 12 3.1.2 Achievement motivation .................................................................................. 14 3.1.3 Stage-environment fit theory ........................................................................... 16 3.2 The Self ............................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Academic self-concept ..................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Self-efficacy ..................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Achievement Emotions .................................................................................... 21 3.4 Approaches to Learning ................................................................................... 23 3.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 24 4 Desideratum and Hypotheses ....................................................................... 24 5 General Design and Methodology of the Present Thesis ............................ 25 5.1 Participants and Procedure ............................................................................... 25 5.2 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................... 27 5.3 References ........................................................................................................ 28 6 Study I: How Autonomy Mediates the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Learning Strategies ................................................................................ 46 iii 6.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 46 6.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 47 6.2.1 Self-efficacy and learning strategies ................................................................ 48 6.2.2 Autonomy support as a potential mediator ...................................................... 49 6.2.3 Student-centered learning with competency matrices ..................................... 51 6.2.4 Current study and hypotheses .......................................................................... 52 6.3 Method ............................................................................................................. 53 6.3.1 Participants and procedures ............................................................................. 53 6.3.2 Measures .......................................................................................................... 55 6.3.3 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................... 56 6.4 Results .............................................................................................................. 58 6.4.1 Descriptive statistics and intercorrelations ...................................................... 58 6.4.2 Confirmatory factor analyses: Latent mean comparison ................................. 58 6.4.3 Multigroup multilevel modelling ..................................................................... 60 6.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 66 6.5.1 Practical implications ....................................................................................... 70 6.5.2 Strengths, limitations, and future directions .................................................... 71 6.6 References ........................................................................................................ 74 7 Study II: Academic Self-concept and Achievement Motivation among Adolescent Students in Different Learning Environments – Does Competence-Support Matter? ...................................................................... 88 7.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 88 7.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 89 7.2.1 Current study and hypotheses .......................................................................... 94 7.3 Method ............................................................................................................. 96 iv 7.3.1 Participants and procedures ............................................................................. 96 7.3.2 Measures .......................................................................................................... 97 7.3.3 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................... 99 7.4 Results ............................................................................................................ 101 7.4.1 Descriptive statistics and intercorrelations .................................................... 101 7.4.2 Latent mean comparison ................................................................................ 102 7.4.3 Multigroup structural equation modelling ..................................................... 104 7.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 111 7.5.1 Theoretical implications ................................................................................. 115 7.5.2 Practical implications ..................................................................................... 117 7.5.3 Strengths, limitations and future directions ................................................... 118 7.6 Appendix A .................................................................................................... 121 7.7 References ...................................................................................................... 123 8 Study III: Enjoyment Benefits Adolescents’ Self-Determined Motivation in Student-Centered Learning .................................................................... 134 8.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 134 8.2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 135 8.2.1 Enjoyment and self-determined motivation ................................................... 136 8.2.2 Reciprocity or unidirectionality ..................................................................... 137 8.2.3 Role of the learning environment .................................................................. 138 8.2.4 Student-centered learning with competence matrices versus teacher-directed learning .......................................................................................................... 139 8.2.5 Research aims ................................................................................................ 140 8.3 Method ........................................................................................................... 142 8.3.1 Participants and procedure ............................................................................