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The Integration of Human and Physical Geography Revisited

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The Integration of Human and Physical Geography Revisited See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311263570 The integration of Human and Physical Geography revisited Article in Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien · September 2016 DOI: 10.1111/cag.12315 CITATIONS READS 14 665 1 author: Andrew S. Goudie University of Oxford 405 PUBLICATIONS 13,392 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: environmental change View project All content following this page was uploaded by Andrew S. Goudie on 18 July 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Canadian Geographer Le Géographe canadien The integration of Human and Physical Geography revisited Andrew S. Goudie School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford Key Messages There are increasing signs of potential integration within Geography. A range of areas for collaboration exists between Human and Physical Geographers. Geography is not irredeemably divided. Although there are still gulfs between Human and Physical Geographers, in the last three decades interest has burgeoned in a whole series of closely and inextricably related areas which lie at the interface between humans and their environment. These include inter alia seven closely interweaved themes: (1) the study of hazards and disasters and of resilience and vulnerability; (2) global changes and their causes, mitigation, and adaption; (3) Earth System Science; (4) human impacts; (5) the Anthropocene; (6) environmental history and environmental influences on human history and prehistory, including migration and settlement abandonment; and (7) the study and appreciation of landscape. These areas can act as foci for a more unified and valuable Geography. Keywords: integration, Global Change, environment, human impact, Anthropocene Un regard neuf sur l’integration de la geographie humaine et physique Bien qu’un fosse divise encore les specialistes de la geographie humaine et physique, les trois dernieres decennies temoignent d’un inter et^ renouvele pour un ensemble de domaines etroitement et intimement lies se situant al ’interface de l’etre^ humain et de son milieu de vie. Ceux-ci s’articulent notamment autour de sept thematiques etroitement imbriquees : (1) l’etude des risques et des catastrophes ainsi que de la resilience et de la vulnerabilit e; (2) les sources, l’attenuation et l’adaptation aux changements globaux; (3) les sciences du systeme terrestre; (4) les impacts d’origine anthropique; (5) l’anthropocene; (6) l’histoire de l’environnement et les influences de l’environnement sur l’histoire humaine et la prehistoire, y compris la migration et l’abandon des etablissements humains; et (7) l’etude et la mise en valeur du paysage. Ces domaines peuvent constituer les fondements d’une vision plus coherente et valorisante de la geographie. Mots cles : integration, changements globaux, milieu de vie, impact d’origine anthropique, anthropocene Introduction sub-discipline would be better located within the Geosciences, and that others felt that Physical In 1986 I wrote a somewhat gloomy paper (Goudie Geography faced the dilemma that the physical 1986) on integration and the unity of Geography. I environment was becoming less and less important noted then that some reputable and rigorous geo- as a control of the nature and pattern of human morphologists (e.g., Worsley 1979) felt that their activity (e.g., Chorley 1971). Correspondence to/Adresse de correspondance: Andrew S. Goudie, School of Geography, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. Email/Courriel: [email protected] The Canadian Geographer / Le Geographe canadien 2017, 61(1): 19–27 DOI: 10.1111/cag.12315 © 2016 Canadian Association of Geographers / L'Association canadienne des geographes 20 Andrew S. Goudie Indeed, Geography remains a discipline with of leading thinkers in Human Geography (e.g., diverging or diverse components: most physical Castree 2011; Tadaki et al. 2012). As a result, geographers do not publish in mainstream geo- Geographers have been re-assessing how society graphical journals; they obtain much of their and nature are related and are exploring the funding from different and larger sources; in Britain implications that this has for the discipline (Lorimer some school syllabuses have in the past tended to 2015). Cultural ecology—a field concerned with the offer sparse amounts of Physical Geography; some interactions of cultural practices and environmental Geography departments have now split into two; or biogeophysical change (Zimmerer 2007)—has much Human Geography is perceived as essentially arisen. As Lave et al. (2014, 1––2) have argued, “The a type of sociology; Physical Geography is generally belief that Physical and Human Geographers are quantitative whereas much Human Geography has joined by historical inertia rather than any potential become largely qualitative; the language used can be or actual intellectual synergy remains common both very different (Viles 2005); the separation between inside and outside the discipline, and is important to physical and human sides of the discipline began to refute.” They argue that “there are great mutual grow “when human geography became increasingly benefits from active integration of physical and disenchanted with quantitative, positivist method- critical human geography, as demonstrated in the ologies during the 1970s” (Rhoads 2004, 749); and, work of geographers who combine critical attention say, a geomorphologist concerned with the reduc- to relations of social power with deep knowledge of a tionist study of the bedload transport in a flume has particular field of biophysical science or technology very little in common with a human geographer in the service of social and environmental transfor- studying queer identities. Demeritt (2009, 5) dis- mation.” They term this integrative intellectual cusses these problems and also notes that the practice critical physical geography (CPG). Its central heterogeneity of Geography means that the familiar precept is that “we cannot rely on explanations human––physical divide is not the only one that grounded in physical or critical human geography needs bridging. He asserts that the discipline “is not alone because socio-biophysical landscapes are as divided between two opposing camps, with envi- much the product of unequal power relations, ronmental research as the only link to the opposite histories of colonialism, and racial and gender shore, so much as it is an archipelago of specialisms, disparities as they are of hydrology, ecology, and tied to each other and, just as crucially, to other climate change” (Lave et al. 2014, 2). Debates are now places in myriad ways that the binary bridging emerging about the value and nature of CPG (see, for metaphor does not capture.” example, Tadaki et al. 2015). Other welcome debates In this new paper I reassess what I said three have emerged between human and physical geogra- decades ago and adopt a more optimistic tone, for phers with respect to ways of thinking about space there has been a burgeoning of interest in a series of and time (see Lane 2001; Massey 2001). It is also clear closely and inextricably related areas which lie at the that the often-alleged decline in the numbers of interface between humans and their environment Physical Geography papers in mainline geographical (traditionally perhaps the central focus of Geogra- journals, such as the Annals of the Association of phy) (see also, Goudie 1994), including inter alia (1) American Geographers, is spurious (Aspinall 2010). hazards and disasters and resilience and vulnera- As Viles (2005) argued, it is by no means clear that bility; (2) global changes and their causes, mitiga- Geography is “irredeemably divided.” tion, and adaption; (3) Earth System Science; (4) human impacts; (5) the Anthropocene; (6) environ- mental history and influences on human history and Hazards and disasters prehistory, including migration and settlement abandonment; and (7) the appreciation of land- The study of hazards has become an increasingly scape. These seven themes, which are a mix of important field in applied Geography (Montz and thematic foci, methodological approaches, and Tobin 2011) and there are many types of, for putative new paradigms, offer a range of routes to example, geomorphological hazards, which have and from Physical Geography. implications for development (Brunsden et al. 1982) Human-environment relationships have become a and for environmental management (Cooke and central concern of society, of many disciplines, and Doornkamp 1990), even in cities (Cooke 1984). The Canadian Geographer / Le Geographe canadien 2017, 61(1): 19–27 Integration revisited 21 Pioneer studies by White (1974) showed the impor- and biological processes that regulate the total Earth tance of human perception of hazards. Subse- system, the unique environment that it provides for quently, attention has been directed towards how life, the changes that are occurring in this system, vulnerability to hazards is related to factors such as and the manner in which they are influenced by poverty and powerlessness (see Fuchs et al. 2011; human activities” (CIESIN, n. d.). The term “global Hewett 2014) and to consideration of resilience with environmental change” has in many senses come to respect to hazards like drought (Watts 2015). be used synonymously with the more geocentric use Concurrently, physical geographers have been con- of “global change.” Appreciation
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