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A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/NRR—2016/1243 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of Ibis, Mobile Bay, Alabama. Photograph courtesy of Hunter Nichols (http://www.hnproductions.com) ON THE COVER Photograph of Bald Cypress, Mobile-Tensaw Delta, Alabama. Photograph courtesy Hunter Nichols (http://www.hnproductions.com). A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/NRR—2016/1243 Edited by: Gregory A. Waselkov1, C. Fred Andrus2, Glenn E. Plumb3 1Professor of Anthropology, Director Center for Archaeological Studies University of South Alabama 6052 USA Drive South Mobile, AL 36688 2Associate Professor of Geology, Chair Department of Geological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 3Chief Wildlife Biologist National Park Service Biological Resources Division, Wildlife Conservation Branch 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200 Fort Collins, CO 80525 Design by: Tani Hubbard National Park Service 12661 E. Broadway, Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85748 July 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conserva- tion and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natu- ral resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientif- ically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Information in this report was collected, analyzed and interpreted using methods based on established, peer- reviewed protocols. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the preparation of the report. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps. gov/publications/nrpm/) on the Internet. To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Waselkov G. A., C. F. Andrus, and G. E. Plumb, editors. 2016. A state of knowledge of the natural, cultural, and economic resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/ NRR—2016/1243. Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 909/133419, July 2016 ii A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Contents Page Figures . ix Tables . xv Abstract . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii Acknowledgments . xviii List of Acronyms . xviii Foreword Edward O. Wilson, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University . xix INTRODUCTION . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 1. Introduction Gregory A. Waselkov, University of South Alabama; C. Fred Andrus, University of Alabama; Glenn E. Plumb, National Park Service . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 2. A Brief History of the Mobile-Tensaw River Bottomlands National Natural Landmark Glenn E.Plumb, National Park Service . .. 5 The National Natural Landmarks Program . 5 The Mobile-Tensaw River Bottomlands National Natural Landmark . 5 Further Study . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Summary . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Acknowledgments . 9 PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 3. Geology of the Lower Mobile River Basin Antonio B. Rodriguez, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . .. 13 Geologic Setting of the Lower Mobile River Basin . 13 Late Quaternary Sea Level Fluctuations and River Erosion . ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Transgression and Valley Fill . 16 Mobile Bayhead Delta . 17 4. Hydrology and Water Quality in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta G. Milton Ward, Amelia K. Ward, and Alex Maestre, University of Alabama . 19 Geomorphology . 20 Delta Movement during the Holocene . 21 Hydrology . 22 Hydrological Alterations . 23 Water Quality . 24 Summary . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Contents iii Contents (continued) Page BIOTIC LANDSCAPE . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 5. Paleobotany and Paleoclimate Debra Z. Stults and Brian J. Axsmith, University of South Alabama . ������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Mobile River Terrace (Late Pleistocene—85,000 to 82,000 Thousand Years Ago) . 29 The Citronelle Formation Flora (Late Pliocene—3.4 to 2.7 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������� 30 Mauvilla Flora (Late Miocene—7.3 to 6.8 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Bucatunna Formation (Early Oligocene—30.5 to 30.3 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������������� 33 Gosport Formation, Claiborne Group (Middle Eocene—41 to 38 Million Years Ago) . 33 Summary . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 6. Landscape and Disturbance Ecology of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area—Geologic, Hydrologic, and Pyric Patterns and Processes William A. Finch, Earthword Services; and Glenn E. Plumb, National Park Service . 35 Overview of Ecosystems of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 35 Geological and Geomorphological Patterns and Processes . 36 Hydrologic and Precipitation Patterns and Processes . 37 Fire . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Vulnerabilities and Challenges . 41 7. Ecoregional Basis for Biodiversity Richness and Endemism R. Scot Duncan, Birmingham Southern University . .. 43 Biogeographic Realms . 43 Climate . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Ecological Change . 44 Subregions Within the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 44 Anthropogenic Change . 46 8. Vegetation Communities L. J. Davenport, Samford University . 47 William Bartram’s Lyrical Descriptions . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Descriptions of Charles T. Mohr . 47 Later Studies . 52 The Delta Today . 53 Access . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 9. Exploring the Unknown—The Insects of the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta John W. McCreadie and Peter H. Adler, University of South Alabama . .. 57 iv A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Contents (continued) Page What Is Known of Insects in the Delta? . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 The Total Insect Bio-inventory Project of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta . 58 Sampling and Collecting . 58 Insects . 59 Summary—More than 800 Species and Counting . 65 Acknowledgments . 65 10. Vector-Borne Disease Systems Nathan Burkett-Cadena, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida . ������������������������������� 67 Yellow Fever and the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 67 Vector-borne Diseases and the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Today . 68 Tick as Vectors of Human Pathogens . 69 Concluding Thoughts . 70 11. Freshwater Mollusks
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