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A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources

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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/NRR—2016/1243 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of Ibis, Mobile Bay, Alabama. Photograph courtesy of Hunter Nichols (http://www.hnproductions.com) ON THE COVER Photograph of Bald Cypress, Mobile-Tensaw Delta, Alabama. Photograph courtesy Hunter Nichols (http://www.hnproductions.com). A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/NRR—2016/1243 Edited by: Gregory A. Waselkov1, C. Fred Andrus2, Glenn E. Plumb3 1Professor of Anthropology, Director Center for Archaeological Studies University of South Alabama 6052 USA Drive South Mobile, AL 36688 2Associate Professor of Geology, Chair Department of Geological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 3Chief Wildlife Biologist National Park Service Biological Resources Division, Wildlife Conservation Branch 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200 Fort Collins, CO 80525 Design by: Tani Hubbard National Park Service 12661 E. Broadway, Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85748 July 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conserva- tion and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natu- ral resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientif- ically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Information in this report was collected, analyzed and interpreted using methods based on established, peer- reviewed protocols. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the preparation of the report. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps. gov/publications/nrpm/) on the Internet. To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Waselkov G. A., C. F. Andrus, and G. E. Plumb, editors. 2016. A state of knowledge of the natural, cultural, and economic resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/BRD/ NRR—2016/1243. Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 909/133419, July 2016 ii A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Contents Page Figures . ix Tables . xv Abstract . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii Acknowledgments . xviii List of Acronyms . xviii Foreword Edward O. Wilson, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University . xix INTRODUCTION . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 1. Introduction Gregory A. Waselkov, University of South Alabama; C. Fred Andrus, University of Alabama; Glenn E. Plumb, National Park Service . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 2. A Brief History of the Mobile-Tensaw River Bottomlands National Natural Landmark Glenn E.Plumb, National Park Service . .. 5 The National Natural Landmarks Program . 5 The Mobile-Tensaw River Bottomlands National Natural Landmark . 5 Further Study . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Summary . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Acknowledgments . 9 PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 3. Geology of the Lower Mobile River Basin Antonio B. Rodriguez, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . .. 13 Geologic Setting of the Lower Mobile River Basin . 13 Late Quaternary Sea Level Fluctuations and River Erosion . ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Transgression and Valley Fill . 16 Mobile Bayhead Delta . 17 4. Hydrology and Water Quality in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta G. Milton Ward, Amelia K. Ward, and Alex Maestre, University of Alabama . 19 Geomorphology . 20 Delta Movement during the Holocene . 21 Hydrology . 22 Hydrological Alterations . 23 Water Quality . 24 Summary . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Contents iii Contents (continued) Page BIOTIC LANDSCAPE . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 5. Paleobotany and Paleoclimate Debra Z. Stults and Brian J. Axsmith, University of South Alabama . ������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Mobile River Terrace (Late Pleistocene—85,000 to 82,000 Thousand Years Ago) . 29 The Citronelle Formation Flora (Late Pliocene—3.4 to 2.7 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������� 30 Mauvilla Flora (Late Miocene—7.3 to 6.8 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Bucatunna Formation (Early Oligocene—30.5 to 30.3 Million Years Ago) . ������������������������������������������������� 33 Gosport Formation, Claiborne Group (Middle Eocene—41 to 38 Million Years Ago) . 33 Summary . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 6. Landscape and Disturbance Ecology of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area—Geologic, Hydrologic, and Pyric Patterns and Processes William A. Finch, Earthword Services; and Glenn E. Plumb, National Park Service . 35 Overview of Ecosystems of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 35 Geological and Geomorphological Patterns and Processes . 36 Hydrologic and Precipitation Patterns and Processes . 37 Fire . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Vulnerabilities and Challenges . 41 7. Ecoregional Basis for Biodiversity Richness and Endemism R. Scot Duncan, Birmingham Southern University . .. 43 Biogeographic Realms . 43 Climate . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Ecological Change . 44 Subregions Within the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 44 Anthropogenic Change . 46 8. Vegetation Communities L. J. Davenport, Samford University . 47 William Bartram’s Lyrical Descriptions . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Descriptions of Charles T. Mohr . 47 Later Studies . 52 The Delta Today . 53 Access . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 9. Exploring the Unknown—The Insects of the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta John W. McCreadie and Peter H. Adler, University of South Alabama . .. 57 iv A State of Knowledge of the Natural, Cultural, and Economic Resources of the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Contents (continued) Page What Is Known of Insects in the Delta? . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 The Total Insect Bio-inventory Project of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta . 58 Sampling and Collecting . 58 Insects . 59 Summary—More than 800 Species and Counting . 65 Acknowledgments . 65 10. Vector-Borne Disease Systems Nathan Burkett-Cadena, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida . ������������������������������� 67 Yellow Fever and the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area . 67 Vector-borne Diseases and the Greater Mobile-Tensaw River Area Today . 68 Tick as Vectors of Human Pathogens . 69 Concluding Thoughts . 70 11. Freshwater Mollusks
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    Alabama spike (Elliptio arca) 57 mm (2¼ inches). Sipsey River, Alabama. Photo by Jason Wisniewski, GA DNR. Specimen provided by the McClung Museum courtesy of Gerry Dinkins. Common Name: ALABAMA SPIKE Scientific Name: Elliptio arca Conrad Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Unionidae Rarity Ranks: G2G3Q/S1 State Legal Status: Endangered Federal Legal Status: none Description: Typically compressed to moderately inflated shell, elliptical or elongate in shape. Maximum length is approximately 90 mm (3.5 inches). Anterior margin is broadly rounded while posterior margin is typically rounded to biangulate. Ventral margin relatively straight to slightly arcuate. Posterior ridge sharply angular to round in larger individuals. Umbos slightly projecting above hingeline. Periostracum typically dark brown to black in adults. Juveniles may be yellow to green with fine rays near the umbo. Left valve with two, triangular, stumpy pseudocardinal teeth and two low, and straight lateral teeth. Right valve with one low, serrated pseudocardinal tooth and one, typically high, straight, and long lateral tooth. Umbo cavity typically shallow and wide. Nacre variable but typically bluish white to salmon. Similar Species: Delicate spike (Elliptio arctata). The Alabama spike can be distinguished from the delicate spike by the former typically having a thicker, heavier shell and longer length. The Alabama spike is typically more inflated and has heavier teeth. Habitat: Gravel or sand shoals in medium sized creeks to large rivers. Occasionally found in sand-bottomed runs with slow, steady current. Rarely found in slack water or silt. Diet: The diets of unionids are poorly understood but are believed to consist of algae and/or bacteria.
  • A Checklist of North American Odonata

    A Checklist of North American Odonata

    A Checklist of North American Odonata Including English Name, Etymology, Type Locality, and Distribution Dennis R. Paulson and Sidney W. Dunkle 2009 Edition (updated 14 April 2009) A Checklist of North American Odonata Including English Name, Etymology, Type Locality, and Distribution 2009 Edition (updated 14 April 2009) Dennis R. Paulson1 and Sidney W. Dunkle2 Originally published as Occasional Paper No. 56, Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound, June 1999; completely revised March 2009. Copyright © 2009 Dennis R. Paulson and Sidney W. Dunkle 2009 edition published by Jim Johnson Cover photo: Tramea carolina (Carolina Saddlebags), Cabin Lake, Aiken Co., South Carolina, 13 May 2008, Dennis Paulson. 1 1724 NE 98 Street, Seattle, WA 98115 2 8030 Lakeside Parkway, Apt. 8208, Tucson, AZ 85730 ABSTRACT The checklist includes all 457 species of North American Odonata considered valid at this time. For each species the original citation, English name, type locality, etymology of both scientific and English names, and approxi- mate distribution are given. Literature citations for original descriptions of all species are given in the appended list of references. INTRODUCTION Before the first edition of this checklist there was no re- Table 1. The families of North American Odonata, cent checklist of North American Odonata. Muttkows- with number of species. ki (1910) and Needham and Heywood (1929) are long out of date. The Zygoptera and Anisoptera were cov- Family Genera Species ered by Westfall and May (2006) and Needham, West- fall, and May (2000), respectively, but some changes Calopterygidae 2 8 in nomenclature have been made subsequently. Davies Lestidae 2 19 and Tobin (1984, 1985) listed the world odonate fauna Coenagrionidae 15 103 but did not include type localities or details of distri- Platystictidae 1 1 bution.