Dräger Review Technology for Life 2020

FUTURE CITY It is authenticity rather than perfection that makes a place worth living in

COLOR IN CLINICS OIL INDUSTRY IN JAPAN NEW PROTOCOL How architecture can Searching for alternatives SDC is set to simplify data have a healing effectP. 24 in the island country P. 28 exchange in hospitals P. 56 CONTENTS 121

IN THE MIDST OF LIFE Live, work,6 relax, supply, and ­dispose – cities will have to offer quite a lot in the future to remain attractive. PHOTOS: ISTOCK, PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER, PHOTOS: ISTOCK, PATRICK RONALD TILLEMAN FOR LIAG ARCHITECTS; COVER PHOTO: ISTOCK

24 IN DIALOGUE 60 SUN IN A GLASS Colors, shapes, and light – Wine is nature – and agriculture. An targeted interior design can interaction that has worked well for improve patients’ well-being. decades in the Southern ­Palatinate region.

2 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 4 42 PEOPLE GOING PLACES A LITTLE HIGH Lombardo Paredes Arenas A year after the legalization of manages a mining company. Ayako Endo cannabis, the Canadian police has works in a refinery. plenty of work on its hands. 6 46 FASCINATION AND FEAR STATE OF EMERGENCY Cities founded our culture – Hospitals still have to function in extreme now they have to be rethought situations. How do they manage it? in many respects in order to remain places worth living in. 50 THE CITY AS AN ORGANISM TANK TASKS Cities are more than just 18 Aircraft store kerosene in their wings. a soulless cluster of people and FIRING ON ALL CYLINDERS These must be inspected concrete. They are as vibrant as their residents. How is it looking Germany’s biggest fireboat is regularly – even from the inside. for the cities of the future? moored in the Port of Hamburg. 56 24 NEW OPPORTUNITIES HEALING EFFECT Standards are speeding up networks. IMPRINT A new protocol is set to simplify data When a hospital looks almost like a hotel, PUBLISHER it can accelerate the healing process. exchange in hospitals. Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, Communications EDITORIAL ADDRESS 60 Moislinger Allee 53–55, 23558 Lübeck, Germany 28 E-mail: [email protected] THE ORGANIC PIONEERS THE OIL OF THE FUTURE EDITING Organic viticulture is demanding, Björn Wölke (editor-in-chief), Simone Binder Fossil fuels are finite and their but it can also be worthwhile. Tel. +49-451-882-2009, Fax +49-451-882-2080 use is debated with some controversy. CONSULTANT An industry is looking for Nils Schiff hauer new options – also in Japan. ART DIRECTION, DESIGN,

PHOTOS: ISTOCK, PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER, PHOTOS: ISTOCK, PATRICK RONALD TILLEMAN FOR LIAG ARCHITECTS; COVER PHOTO: ISTOCK 66 IMAGE EDITING, AND COORDINATION IN GOOD HANDS Redaktion 4 GmbH 34 Gold has been mined in this Colombian FINAL EDITING department for 120 years. Lektornet GmbH DEADLY DUO PRINTING

How emergency services can Dräger+Wullenwever print+media Lübeck GmbH & Co. KG protect themselves from carbon monoxide 71 ISSN 1869-7275 and hydrogen cyanide. OUR CONTRIBUTION CODE NUMBER 90 70 462 Products from Dräger found in articles in this issue. 38 www.draeger.com JOURNEY INTO THE SPACE OF THE DEEP 72 They say we know more about the MOBILE GAS LABORATORY moon than the deep ocean. This is set to This PID gas detector is based on a change – with new submersibles. special kind of core technology.

The articles in Dräger Review provide information on products and their possible applications in general. They do not constitute any guarantee that a product has specifi c properties or is suitable for any specifi c purpose. Specialist personnel are required to make use of the skills they have acquired through their education and training and through practical experience. The views, opinions, and statements expressed by the persons named in the texts as well as by external authors of articles do not necessarily represent those of Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA. Such views, opinions, and statements are solely the opinions of the people concerned. Not all of the products featured in this magazine are available worldwide. Equipment packages can vary from country to country. We reserve the right to make changes to products. Up-to-date information is available from your Dräger representative. © Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, 2020. All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored in a data system, or transmitted in any form or using any method, whether electronic or mechanical, by means of photocopying, recording, or any other technique, in whole or in part, without the prior permission of Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA. Information on how personal data is processed in line with the provisions of the EU General Data Protection Regulation can be found here: https://www.draeger.com/en-us_us/Home/Data-Protection

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 3 FROM AROUND THE WORLD PEOPLE GOING PLACES PHOTOS: TOBIAS KÄUFER, PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER; TEXTS: PATRICK TOBIAS PHOTOS: KÄUFER, NILS TOBIAS KÄUFER, SCHIFFHAUER TACKLING POVERTY IS THE KEY!

Lombardo Paredes Arenas, CEO of the mining company Gran Colombia Gold

“Illegal mining in Latin America is one of in 2016 between the biggest guerrilla are also better paid. Everyone ultimately the continent’s biggest destroyers of the forces, FARC-EP, and the government, benefi ts from this: the companies, the environment. It is mainly the poorest of we have taken a big step in the right rural regions, and the environment, by the poor who put themselves in danger direction. Hopefully it is more than just preventing destructive practices like the at the direction of corrupt and armed a brief respite. Illegal mining is a con- use of mercury in open systems. Gran groups. The causes are rooted in the liv- sequence of poverty. People don’t do it Colombia Gold now directly employs ing conditions of the rural population. In for fun, but because it is often their only around 2,800 people, with a further the rural regions of Colombia, the remain- chance of surviving poverty. The key 2,700 people employed indirectly. The ing guerrillas and organized crime gangs diff erence between this activity and legal people in the second group were previ- still wield some infl uence. This is an ob- mining is the security and training of the ously mainly involved in illegal mining and stacle to healthy economic growth – and staff . At well-run, legal mining compa- have now been integrated into the legal thus makes it diffi cult to exploit the po- nies, the legal regulations in relation to system. Legal mining helps to tackle the tential that lies in mining. Nonetheless, occupational safety and environmental problem of poverty – but there is still a thanks to the peace agreement signed protection are observed; the employees long way to go.”

4 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 THE CHEMISTRY IS RIGHT

Ayako Endo, Deputy Managing Director of the Process Division, Wakayama Refi nery, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, Japan

“I actually wanted to study Liberal Arts after I fi nished school, but my English wasn’t good enough for it at the time. So I turned my second passion, chemistry, into my profession. At university, I fi rst completed my bachelor’s degree before writing my master’s thesis in the fi eld of catalyst chemistry. Incidentally, the ratio of women to men in my course (230 students) was ap- proximately 1:5. I very much wanted to use my area of specialization in my job, and my professor advised me to do so as well. In 2002, I started my career in the technical division of what was, at the time, the Japan subsidiary of ExxonMobil, and shortly afterwards I was seconded to the refi nery in Singapore for three years. After this experience abroad, I returned to Wakayama, where for the past two years I have been running the process division as deputy managing director with around 250 employees. We have a two-shift system to operate our refi nery 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. I am one of the fi rst generation of women who have been able to make their mark in tra- ditionally more male-dominated areas. Even though I have no problem asserting myself personally, I feel our country could provide even more support for women in the workplace. We can’t aff ord to overlook the po- tential of half of our qualifi ed population. When I get home from work after a 20-minute drive, I look for- ward to reading exciting thrillers – the more murders, the better! Even though digitalization is playing an ever greater role in my work, I prefer to read printed books. And for the past fi ve years I have been learning the art of the classical tea ceremony once or twice a week. And yes, every single detail has a deep mean- ing. Just as in real life.”

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 5 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT FASCINATION AND FEAR

Anyone who thinks about the cities of the future probably envisages dirty, noisy concrete jungles surrounded by towering skyscrapers. They may be surprised.

TEXT TOBIAS HÜRTER

INCREDIBLE EXPANSES The metropolitan region of Tokyo is the biggest in the world. More than 37.4 million people live here – and the figure continues to rise. Yet how can such megacities be kept running?

6 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 ple, the answer to this question is existential. For the first time, more than half of the global population now lives in cities. It is conceivable that this development will soon reach its natu- nyone who has ever been to a typical North Ameri- ral limit and the growth of cities will simply cease on its own. can cityA will immediately recognize the principle: There is the However, this is rather unlikely. The forces that drive the devel- business and financial district, with its skyscrapers and shop- opment are too powerful – especially the economic and cultur- ping malls. You could say that the rest is made up of suburbs al forces that are unleashed when people live together in tight where houses stand in rows – on equally sized plots, in equal- spaces. It is precisely these forces that allowed the first cities to ly sized blocks. If this city continued to grow in the same man- flourish: Uruk (in southern Mesopotamia), Jericho (in the Jor- ner, it would spill over into the surrounding region as a monot- dan Valley), Athens, and Rome; metropolises of trade, art, and onous urban mess. There would soon come a point in time education (see interview, page 16 f.). According to a UN study, when the dream of owning a home could turn into a nightmare as many as two-thirds of the global population will be living in – into an urban wasteland that looks similar from every angle, cities by 2050; not just in more cities, but also bigger ones. Pro- without real city living. Many cities are no longer that far away ductivity per capita is higher here, as are the wages. from this point in time. Things will no longer continue along City dwellers travel shorter distances to work and to do their

PHOTO: PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK the lines of “more of the same.” So how then? For many peo- shopping. And they have better opportunities to share transport

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 7 A CREATIVE APPROACH TO THE FUTURE Star architect Zaha Hadid (1950–2016) got together with Patrik Schumacher to design the Wangjing SOHO complex, which was inaugurated in 2014 as the “welcome and farewell” between Beijing city center and Capital Airport. In Asia, the design is reminiscent of the koi carp, which represents prosperity, happiness, and health in China. The 3D computer design of the office complex with its double-curvature surfaces has been copied many times as a model of a kind of architecture that offers organic form and perfect function for the cities of the future

8 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

DOES EVERYONE REALLY NEED TO HAVE THEIR OWN LAUNDRY OR FITNESS ROOM?

and equipment (such as cars and washing machines). Accord- spaces. The subject of shared spaces is also much discussed in ingly, the carbon footprint of those living in Berlin and New the area of transport: squares, roads, and crossroads that pedes- York is much lower than the national average for their respec- trians, cyclists, and car drivers are equally entitled to use with- tive countries. So there is plenty to suggest that the future of out regulating the flow of traffic with markings, signs, or traffic mankind will be an urban existence. But what form will it take? lights. You might expect such concepts to descend into chaos, There are various scenarios, designs, and forecasts – from the but trials have gone remarkably well. However, such scenari- flying taxi to the post-capitalist commune with a barter econ- os require consideration and a willingness to reach an agree- omy. In many respects, such scenarios are plausible. Certain ment among the road users – skills that ought to be better cul- aspects may be correct, but by no means all. There are good rea- tivated in big cities anyway. sons to believe that some forecasts will become reality. Here are Yet not only will spaces be more frequently shared in the theses for five of them. future, but also vehicles and other technical equipment. Car and bike sharing are already on the increase. The next evolutionary I. POPULATION CONCENTRATION WILL CONTINUE step involves private car owners making their cars available to With even more people living in an ever tighter space, they will others in addition to the large companies. The Berlin-based com- have to move closer together in the cities. Transport problems pany Getaway already offers this service via a smartphone app. cannot be solved without the concentration of populations; too This is leading to private vehicles being used more efficiently, many people and goods would have to travel too far. Yet anyone which can reduce the number of cars that need to be parked. who has ever packed too much into a small suitcase knows that And why stop at cars? Drills and other equipment can also be the success of such concentration can go either way. Those who shared using the same principle. simply throw everything in as if they had as much space as they liked must exert massive pressure at some point and will end II. MONITORING IS ON THE INCREASE up with creased clothes. On the other hand, those who think A well-functioning city is like a finely tuned machine. You have carefully and neatly fold their clothes can generally close the lid to know its condition in order to be able to control it. It is there- with little effort. It is the same with urban concentration. If we fore conceivable that the cities of the future will have millions continue to proceed as we have done until now, it will come as of sensors that not only monitor traffic flow and air quality, but no surprise to us when the pressure on the transport networks also the consumption of water and electricity and the spread and housing markets grows ever bigger – and the quality of life of pathogens. Garbage cans will send a notification when they in the cities starts to get heavily creased. The extent to which need to be emptied. Traffic lights will adapt their phases to the big cities will be nice places to live in the future will depend on traffic on the road. Streetlights will only emit as much light carefully conceived concepts. More people can live better with- as needed at any given time. This is not just about efficiency, in a tight space in a cleverly planned apartment block than in a but also safety. An urban infrastructure is especially vulnera- sprawling colony of houses. ble to natural disasters, attacks, or technical faults. A burnt- An important factor in the successful concentration of pop- out transformer can quickly cause chaos in a city. Sensors help ulations is the organization of shared spaces. Does everyone to prevent or mitigate such incidents. Technical systems will really have to have their own laundry or fitness room? It is per- play an important role. They will permit the exchange of data haps more convenient, but then there is less space for every- between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure, while

PHOTO: PHOTO: ISTOCK body else, whereas everyone can benefit from using shared also increasing the flow of traffic and improving safety. It is

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 9 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

SMALLER AND CLOSER CENTERS COULD IMPROVE RELATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE

very possible that city center traffic may only flow in the future city dwellers (see page 12 f.). Furthermore, plants improve the with the help of such systems. One journalist described this climate; they cool and humidify the air. The growing of useful sector as “red hot” in the Wall Street Journal a few months crops in cities can secure the supply of fresh fruit and vegeta- ago. Alphabet, the parent company of Google, has just founded bles for the residents without the need to transport such goods a subsidiary called Sidewalk Infrastructure Partners in order over long distances. There is a wide range of urban farming to invest in urban infrastructure projects. However, all of this concepts where plants are integrated into façades or grown sensor technology and monitoring raises questions about pri- on roofs. The American biologist Dickson Despommier has vacy. Citizens should be able to live free from surveillance in designed 30-story buildings with the floor space of entire city their own homes and walk outside their front door without blocks, in which edible food grows in fields stacked on top of somebody being able to track their movements against their one another. will. The basic means of creating the transparent citizen by linking personal data from a wide range of sources requires V. TRAFFIC WILL TRAVEL effective data protection. This is sure to become a key issue of IN THE AIR AND UNDERGROUND urban development. It feels as if we spend longer stuck in traffic with every year that passes. Figures confirm this: In German cities it is more III. BIG CITIES ARE BECOMING MORE PROVINCIAL than 100 hours each year on average. This misery cannot The traditional structure of cities – a vibrant city center sur- be solved alone by traffic restrictions, new roads, and the rounded by quiet suburbs – no longer works in big cities. The expansion of various forms of transport. People and goods distances people have to travel to work, shop, and socialize are will still need to get from A to B, especially in growing cities. becoming too great. Accordingly, smaller, closer centers, quar- The chaos cannot be tamed while traffic continues to trav- ters, and neighborhoods will become more important. Mega- el almost exclusively along the ground. It will also have to cities are evolving into metropolitan regions, which can shift vertically – either in the air or underground. Whether already be found in many places. One fear is that cities will this takes the form of goods tunnels, like the one planned by lose their face without a clear center. On the other hand, they the Swiss company Cargo Sous Terrain, or drones for parcel will provide an ambience where small stores, bars, and neigh- delivery, or even mini electric helicopters with silent rotors, borhoods can flourish. As such, they could mitigate the ano- like those being trialed by the German company Volocopter, nymity of the big cities and improve relations between people. it will take experience, testing, and errors to work out which Particularly in an ageing society, this form of decentralization technical systems are in the best position to relieve the bur- is important, because older people are generally less mobile den of traffic on the ground. One thing is certain, how- than the younger generation. ever: There is no getting around the fact that the traffic bur - den must be eased. IV. CITIES ARE GETTING GREENER For all the fascination and fear that the vision of future cit- Hong Kong is a good example of how indispensable green spaces ies generates within us, we should not forget one thing in par- are in cities. It is one of the most densely populated cities in ticular: Cities are man-made. How they look depends on wheth- the world. Wherever you happen to be, there is always a pub- er we are prepared to design them – and, of course, how we lic park within walking distance. Green spaces are incredibly design them. After all, we are not there for the cities. Rather,

important for the well-being, stress relief, and health of the they are there for us. GRAPHIC: PICFOUR (SOURCE: ISTOCK(3))

10 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 FUTURE NETWORK Bigger, denser, smarter – above all, however, more connected. That is how the future of our cities looks. How they work depends on our approach to energy, new forms of mobility, and intensive communication. All these aspects aff ect the structures of a city.

ENERGY URBAN STRUCTURE

RESOURCES MULTICENTRAL CITIES Short journeys and smaller homes Conurbations are getting ever bigger, reduce the carbon footprint of city dwellers but they produce new centers – compared to those in rural areas. like small cities within the big city.

NEW LARGE-SCALE CONSUMERS URBANIZATION There was once heavy industry in city More than two-thirds of the global centers. Now data centers are large-scale population will live in cities by energy consumers in urban areas. 2050: around 6.7 billion people.

FLEXIBLE ENERGY WATER MANAGEMENT Local power generation from Sewer systems are being designed to renewable energy sources cope with heavy rain events. The drinking requires new, decentralized water supply also needs new strategies. storage systems. URBAN GREEN SPACES Urban skyscraper farms and planted façades are emerging alongside parks and public green spaces.

COMMUNICATION

SMART GRID / SMART HOME Intelligently managed supply networks and household appliances permit the effi cient use of energy.

CAR2X COMMUNICATION Data exchange between vehicles and their surroundings makes complex traffi c manageable. MOBILITY

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY SHARING UNDERGROUND The city monitors its status via Vehicle ownership in cities is declining. The fi rst modern subway started running digital sensors. This may include Instead, individual mobility is being in 1863. Underground transport systems facial recognition. shared with cars, bikes, and scooters. are now being heavily expanded.

CITIZEN INFORMATION AUTOMATION AIRSPACE In the event of incidents or major Autonomous railroads are increasing Forms of transport such as electric fi res, people are sent geographically passenger capacity; autonomous cars do fl ying taxis and delivery drones will use precise alarms via apps. not need parking spaces in the center. the urban airspace in the future.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 11 GROWING TALL There is room for plants and shrubs to grow vertically. Since buildings are increasingly shooting skyward, greenery is being planted on the walls and balconies. It is not only pleasing to the eye, but also helps to improve the air quality

12 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Trees and other greenery help here. They cool down cities, filter pollutants from the air, and attenuate the noise. They also promote FEVERISH mental well-being. A study conducted by Dr. Kristine Engemann Jensen from Aarhus University in Denmark revealed in summer 2019 that children who have little contact with nature while grow- CITIES ing up have a 55 percent higher risk of developing psychiatric ill- nesses than those who grow up surrounded by nature. Engemann and her colleagues have also correlated the illness figures and the vegetation index in Denmark. It is with good reason that a grow- Concrete jungles, sweltering heat, air ing number of offices are being transformed into little ecosystems ­pollution. Green spaces will also determine so that employees can benefit from the cheering effect of plants. One other thing is important: The green lungs of the city are also whether cities will remain resilient places where children can experience so much – watching animals, and ­attractive places to live in the future – becoming acquainted with flowers, and finding out how it feels to it won’t be possible without plants. play in green spaces. Where is our appreciation of nature supposed to come from if not from our own experience? It is clear that the future of cities will depend very much TEXT DR. HILDEGARD KAULEN on how strong their green lungs are. People and plants live in a multilayered community of fate. The carbon dioxide exhaled by humans is converted into oxygen and glucose by plants. A 100-year-old oak tree produces as much oxygen in a year as 11 people need to breathe in the same year. People can go with- out food for a few weeks, without water for three days, but with- aybe the heroes of the future will be Scots pine, out oxygen for just a couple of minutes. Maybe it is time to build magnolia, M elm, and wine. These trees and shrubs very efficiently more parks instead of parking spaces, plant more greenery on filter pollutants from the air. Cities need green lungs in the form of buildings and roofs, clear away the gravel from front gardens, and trees, shrubs, parks, and other green spaces to deplete pollutants, plant flowers for the animals and for us humans. but also to give oxygen and shade. An air temperature of 30 degrees Celsius can be better tolerated beneath a mighty chestnut tree than in the blazing sun. Urban living spaces may be much sought-after, but they generally suffer more from the effects of climate change than rural regions. AIR ANALYSIS EVERY MINUTE What are the reasons for this? Due to the fact that buildings Those who wish to improve something need to know the weak are so close together and large areas of soil are sealed by con- points. In the city of Lübeck, a study has been running over the crete, cities heat up more quickly and only slowly release this past few months to measure five gases in the atmosphere (including nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide) at stationary heat again. This results in urban heat islands and tropical nights measuring points and also mobile across the entire city. This when the temperature doesn’t drop below 20 degrees, even in Ger- is done on the daily rounds of a bulk garbage truck and a residual many. Since July 2019, the town of Lingen in the district of Ems- garbage truck. The measuring technology was installed by land has held the record for the highest national temperature of Dräger as part of the “EnergieCluster Digitales Lübeck” initiative. 42.6 degrees. On a clinical thermometer that figure wouldn’t be Both vehicles transmit the measured values by radio in real far away from death. Cities are also more poorly equipped to deal time to the municipal data center, where they are evaluated. “We are thus examining an extensive data network on air quality with extreme climate phenomena such as heavy rain, because so that we can draw up an air pollution map for the city,” says the rain doesn’t drain away as quickly due to the sealed surfaces. Oliver Harnack, who is the technology and innovation manager Instead, it accumulates in roads, tunnels, and basements as well in the Dräger Safety engineering division and also responsible for as on ground floors. High buildings are also a climate risk. They this project. “Since particulate matter is another air pollut- can cause dangerous turbulence in stormy weather and block ant, we have also installed the necessary measuring equipment fresh air lanes. Cities also have higher air pollution due to the for this.” The first evaluation has already been produced. “We high amount of traffic and their proximity to nearby industrial can see the familiar critical points – and how the air pollution increases near construction sites and in certain weather facilities. Particularly critical to health are nitrogen dioxide, par- conditions. This is important data for urban and traffic planning,” ticulate matter, and ozone, whose concentration is frequently over says Harnack. “The process of improving air quality should or only just under the tolerable limits and targets in many places. be a more precise task with this data.”

PHOTO: PHOTO: MAURITIUS IMAGES / ALAMY / ARCANSEL Noise is also a problem; it is rarely calm in the city.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 13 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

can take a decentralized approach to supplying its various dis- tricts. Let’s take energy as an example: Instead of depending on EVERYTHING an ever longer pipeline from a remote power station, combined heat and power plants or solar installations with ­incorporated energy ­storage systems and intelligent management software FLOWS ensure that entire streets are largely ­self-sufficient, without ­burdening the rest of the city. They can even feed surplus ener- gy into the grid. The ­savings in spite of the growth afford the urban ­planners a degree of freedom so that cities can accom- Whether in ancient or modern modate more residents in the future. Apart from the infra- times, ­cities are living networks structure, big cities have another advantage: As a living net- work of networks, the bigger they get, the more productive they that obey universal laws. become, because unlike ­transport or the supply of foodstuffs, there are virtually no limits on the exchange of material things ­(whether bright ideas or digital bits). “Social networks multiply TEXT STEFFAN HEUER one another. The more ­people I am in contact with, the more ideas can emerge as a result. This is the key to the success of ­urbanization and can be seen in income, the concentration of creative minds, and more,” says West. There is also a down- side, however, because the negative impact of millions of peo- ple ­living together in a tight space can also ­multiply – such as ­criminality and the spread of diseases.

THE FORMER HYPE CONTINUES Historians and archaeologists can document the secret of the city’s success as a super-network in excavations. ­Professor hen the British physicist and complexity research- ­Monica L. Smith from the University of California in Los ­Angeles er Prof. WGeoffrey West looks at a city, he doesn’t see its busy has studied urban development, and sees clear ­parallels with streets, stations, or pedestrian zones. Rather, he sees a living today’s megacities: “Cities were the first ­Internet for our ances- organism, which relentlessly devours resources in order to tors – a place to communicate with other people and stay in ­convert them into energy and creativity. It is a metabolism driv- contact.” If we celebrate cashless payments as an innovation en by containers, courier deliveries, telephone calls, e-mails, nowadays, says Smith, we are drawing on ancient ideas from and many other things. Fundamental questions plague the Mesopotamia and Central America. “Successful cities got by scientist: Do all cities obey the same rules? And: Can their without cash for millennia and were still very successful.” And growth be expressed in a universally valid formula? Professor something else connects ancient Rome with medieval ­cities West has presented the answers to these questions in his book and megaregions like the Pearl River Delta in South ­China: the Scale: The Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, dimension of our very personal urban network. People general- Cities, and Companies. It propounds the core thesis that all ly do not want to live more than half an hour away from their organisms obey the same laws of scale, including cities. West place of work. In 1994, the Italian physicist Prof. Cesare Marchet- also asserts that the ­universe constantly revolves around its ti described this insight, which came to be known as the Mar- ­energy balance: ­“Whether bacteria or companies, there is no chetti Constant. By foot, this equates to a distance of 2.5 kilome- life without the constant supply and conversion of energy.” In ters. Even though we have switched from sandals to horses, and other words, just like trees or animals, ­cities follow a foresee- later to trains and buses, and possibly even autonomous vehi- able and predictable growth path – and astonishingly become cles, the average journey time for commuters has remained the ever more efficient the bigger they get. Using his formula, West same across the millennia at around 30 minutes. The Marchetti can even determine how much better a large ­settlement can Constant can be seen in the way both ancient and modern cities manage its resources compared to a small settlement. When a have expanded. Every new, faster mode of transport allows cit- city doubles in size, it does not need twice as much infrastruc- ies to expand further into the surrounding region. As soon as a ture, such as filling stations or supply lines. Instead, a city of new suburb emerges, workers settle here in a 30-minute radius, ten million people can get by on 85 percent of the urban hard- thereby extending the urban network. Superfast 5G cellular net- ware that two cities of five million people need. This is also works and possible passenger drones will do nothing to change

due to the fact that a city is made up of many ­nodal points and this ­natural law of city life. GRAPHIC: PICFOUR 4 (SOURCE: FREEPIK, SHUTTERSTOCK(2), UNITED OF DEPARTMENT ISTOCK(2); AND ECONOMIC NATIONS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, POPULATION DIVISION (2018). WORLD PROSPECTS: URBANIZATION THE 2018 REVISION)

14 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 Global centers of change A growing number of people are living in cities, far more than 50 percent since 2008. As such, cities are becoming the focal points of demographic change.

100 YEARS: FROM THE COUNTRY TO THE CITY

CHINA 70.4 % 29.6 % RUSSIA +137.19 % +3 % 1950 GERMANY +9.4 % USA +55.81 % INDIA JAPAN 53.3 % 46.7 % +200.88 % +2.73 % NIGERIA +573.59% 2000

CITIFICATION Urbanization is a global megatrend 31.6 % 68.4 % of the 20th and 21st centuries. The extent of the growth varies CONGO across the regions of the world. +661.65 % 2050 BRAZIL AUSTRALIA +51.11 % +87.96 %

2000 2050 COUNTRY CITY

CIRCLE SIZE IS EQUAL TO 25,000,000 URBAN DWELLERS

DATA AS A FINGERPRINT OF A CITY: GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION, AND DENSITY Every city is diff erent. This is clearly shown by these key fi gures for fi ve big cities from the countries featured above.

URBAN EXPANSION IN KM 2

Los Angeles Rio de Janeiro Berlin Lagos/Nigeria Mumbai

4,320 1,580 984 738 484

INHABITANTS FOR 2000 | 2018 | 2030 (FORECAST) 11,798,000 12,458,000 13,209,000 11,307,000 13,293,000 14,408,000 3,384,000 3,552,000 3,606,000 7,281,000 13,463,000 20,600,000 16,147,000 19,980,000 24,572,000

POPULATION DENSITY (1,000 PEOPLE PER KM 2) 2.75 6.85 3.75 18.15 29.65

AVERAGE POPULATION GROWTH PER YEAR (2000–2018): 0.3% 0.9% 0.3% 3.4% 1.2%

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 15 ANCIENT MEGACITY Rome has experienced thousands of years of history. Archaeological discoveries and scripts provide an insight into the city’s past. At the time of Emperor Augustus, for example, a building boom got so out of hand that the authorities had to intervene – decreeing that everything had to be built in line with strict regulations and have a limited number of fl oors

6,000 YEARS OF INNOVATION

Archaeologist Monica L. Smith examines the question of what has drawn people to cities since the dawn of time.

INTERVIEW STEFFAN HEUER

16 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 FOCUS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Professor Smith, what exactly connects The connection with other people is a key ancient and ­modern cities? experience of city life. How exactly did networking Plenty! Starting with the look of them. There have always been look thousands of years ago? large public squares, administrative buildings, and living Almost the same as it does today. Cities were more or less spaces. Cities have an infrastructure that connects everything: the first Internet for our ancestors – a way of communicating roads, canals, ducts, and pipes. Then there are the social with many people, exploring new forms of work and leisure, aspects: All cities have only become metropolises as a result and staying in contact with others. Cities were places where of ­immigration. people could experiment with their identity and reinvent themselves. There was also business networking. When we Do cities follow a similar growth path? talk about a cashless society today, it is by no means new. Cities always emerge for two reasons: either because the On the contrary, we are simply seeing a return to city life before location is especially attractive, is conducive to good trade, or the invention of coins. Once upon a time, there were plenty provides access to an important production factor, or because of cities that were unfamiliar with cash and nonetheless worked it has been founded by decree and a ruler wanted to create a well thanks to barter trade and had healthy economic systems new capital. Such settlements have been less successful, with detailed accounting. because they ­generally have no natural advantages. Once the ruler died, the residents simply moved away. By 2050, almost three-quarters of the global population will live in cities. Do archaeological discoveries What other factors are needed provide us with any indication that we will have soon for a city to flourish? reached a limit in terms of urbanization? Before the phenomenon of the “city” there were only a The only really limiting factor is agricultural productivity. handful of places where many people could gather in a tight Our agriculture is increasingly being mechanized, leading to space. These were generally ritual centers such as Stone- a very small number of people producing ever greater henge in England or Göbekli Tepe in Turkey. People gathered quantities of food. There will always be people who do not want there for a feast or ­something similar. It was also about to live in the city. As such, urbanization will probably level off meeting other people, finding a few exotic souvenirs, or a at around 85 or 90 percent. And yet this model is capable partner that someone would otherwise have never met. of surviving, because things such as water supply, food, and risk However, such sites were only intended to be ­temporary management can be solved much more efficiently in a city. meeting places. Real cities created a place where a ­ permanent festival atmosphere was present for the first time, How will new technologies change with all the opportunities that go along with it: making the essence of a city? things, trading things, and falling in love. People who move to Essentially, cities will not change. Even in a smart city, cities have always hoped for a better and more exciting life. technology runs in the background to allow people to contact one another. Somebody has to program the entire technol- Do humans possess an innate urge ogy and decide on the radius in which a delivery robot operates. to create cities? It ultimately always boils down to the interpersonal Yes, I think so. All of the key elements needed for urbanization contact. Even if I book a self-­driving taxi, I will still generally were part of our cognitive repertoire very early on. We were be going somewhere to meet another person. able to communicate with one another through language, move into new regions, and constantly invent new tools. Our species is defined by continuous innovation. Then there is the architecture that made places inhabitable for many people in the first place – whether high-rise apartments, factories, or railroad MONICA L. SMITH stations. We are constantly tailoring our environment to our is a professor of anthropology. She researches needs. When the city was invented, these forms of settlement and teaches at the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at the University of California in became so attractive and interesting that it is no longer Los Angeles. Her book, Cities. The First 6,000

PHOTOS: MAURITIUS IMAGES / ALAMY / MOCKFORD & BONETTI, TACITA DEANMAURITIUS PHOTOS: IMAGES / ALAMY / MOCKFORD & BONETTI, TACITA possible to imagine our world without them. Years, was published in 2019.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 17 FIREFIGHTING FIREBOATS

EVER READY The Branddirektor Westphal waits for its next callout at the new tugboat jetty in Hamburg-Neumühlen – the new fi reboat is manned around the clock

18 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 FIRING ON ALL CYLINDERS

The three fire monitors can pump the water over distances of up to 180 meters and heights of up to 110 meters. This is no showboating, but Hamburg’s answer to the ever bigger ships in its port, where one of Europe’s most modern fireboats is stationed.

TEXT OLAF KROHN PHOTOS PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER

t is kind of like my baby,” says Thomas Detje, driving with Ione hand on the semicircular rotary control that is used to steer the vessel. The wiry 54-year-old is not only a passionate firefight- er, but also shipyard supervisor of the Branddirektor Westphal since the keel laying in spring 2017. Detje kept his eagle eye on the construction of the vessel in Berne on the River Weser. Now he is overseeing the commissioning of Germany’s biggest fire- boat and training the crews – in his role as driving instructor, among other things. After all, a ship like this can only use its horsepower on the road – or rather the Elbe – if the crew is also firing on all cylinders. “People didn’t really used to like working on our fireboats; some of them disparagingly referred to them as the ‘Black Sea Fleet’,” says his colleague Olaf Reichheit. That is all set to change with the new boat. Anyone who wants to work aboard the Branddirektor Westphal must undertake quite a lot of training. Thomas Detje provides an idea of what is involved by listing his own qualifications: “Firstly, a professional trade, then a fireman, followed by a paramedic, and finally a ship’s master. Not forgetting the fact that every crew member must also be able to perform deck duties and work as an engineer. Just four men drive this ship while in service – and this crew holds the fort on board around the clock; there are eight bunks

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 19 FIRMLY IN HAND Ship’s master Thomas Detje is one of the first firefighters in Hamburg to know how to operate the joysticks on the bridge

HERMETICALLY SEALED The new fireboat can also operate in a toxic atmosphere. On the right is the door to the protected citadel; on the left are various stationary gas detectors to warn of any air pollutants

COLOSSAL OUTPUT: 120,000 LITERS OF WATER – PER MINUTE!

in total. Hamburg Fire Department’s new flagship is locat- immediate wake-up call that Germany’s biggest port lacked ed on the north bank of the Elbe, on the new tugboat jetty, a suitable solution for such incidents. After all, the container right next to the Oevelgönne Museum Harbor. Measuring 43 vessels and cruise ships that sail along the Elbe nowadays are meters in length and painted signal red, it is difficult to miss. not only getting bigger, but also higher, above all else. The fact It is owned by Flotte Hamburg, a subsidiary of the Hamburg that Hamburg has invested 18.5 million euros in the new boat Port Authority (HPA). is therefore not a case of showboating or craving for recogni- The new fireboat is designed to protect a city whose port is tion. “Our three fire monitors can pump the water over dis- its heart. Among the characteristic sounds of this city are the tances of up to 180 meters and heights of up to 110 meters,” banging of the riveting hammers in the docks of Blohm+Voß explains Olaf Reichelt. “The existing fireboats cannot reach and the rumbling of the container terminal. Just a glance even half that distance.” at the colossal scene on the opposite bank is enough to pro- vide an idea of how challenging firefighting can be when a PIPES UP TO 60 CENTIMETERS THICK container loaded with hazardous goods 40 meters above the The pumps on the newcomer have a colossal output of up to water ­level catches fire or even explodes. This is exactly what 120,000 liters per minute. That not only gives the experts an happened in September 2016. The cargo aboard the CCNI idea of what it must have under the hood. The pumps alone use ­Arauco exploded­ in a steel box and the fire quickly spread. It three-quarters of the engine’s power, while the ship’s propul- took the fire ­department 90 harrowing hours to extinguish sion ­system must make do with the remaining quarter, although the fire aboard the 300-meter freighter. The accident was an that is still a formidable 1,000 kW (1,360 hp). Eight Caterpillar

20 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 FIREFIGHTING FIREBOATS

generators are installed in the engine room; the exhaust fumes are scrubbed via a soot particle filter and a catalytic converter. A network of pipes and ducts runs through the entire hull, some of which are up to 60 centimeters thick. The job specification submitted to the shipyard was as extensive as it was challenging. Flotte Hamburg wanted its newcomer to be capable of maritime multitasking: Instead of water, the crew can also fight fires with foam or a mixture. Hoses are also available to pump the water drawn from the Elbe to colleagues on the quay when needed. However, the boat does not have its own extinguishing tank. On the working deck there is a crane, a small dinghy, and a special CAUTION! Pictograms warn the crew members gangway to connect to a damaged vessel. “We also undertake and help them to keep an overview of the situation the role of sea rescuers in the Port of Hamburg, because the aboard the ship during callouts German Maritime Search and Rescue Association is not active in the port,” says firefighter Thomas Detje. The equipment is designed for rescuing humans and animals from the water – and for ice-related accidents. The crew can prevent leaking ships from sinking with the aid of bilge pumps. The Branddirektor Westphal can also deploy oil booms and secure leaks. The mess and the emergency room are spacious; up to 32 rescue workers can be transported to the scene of the incident. Germany’s biggest fireboat can even operate in

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 21 GETTING SOME AIR Compressed air cylinders and respiratory masks from Dräger are part of the ­equipment on board

IN CONTROL The ship’s master uses the touchscreen on the bridge to monitor and control all parameters for the citadel mode

THE SHIP HOLDS ITS POSITION THANKS TO A DYNAMIC POSITIONING SYSTEM

a toxic atmosphere. The inner rooms can be sealed off and dur- ­control no bigger than the palm of his hand to the left and ing this stage the Dräger breathing protection system will ensure right. These movements operate the two azimuth thrusters breathable atmosphere inside. The ship can sustain this so-called ­suspended beneath the hull like gondolas. Together with the citadel mode independently of the external air for at least 30 min- two bow thrusters, they make the fireboat very agile. utes (see info box, p. 23). Everything still smells new aboard this fireboat, which seems to bear a rather unfashionable name in A NEW AGE DAWNS Branddirektor Westphal. Yet it represents the continuation of an “We also have a dynamic positioning system,” explains Detje. old tradition upheld by Hamburg Fire Department, which reached This makes it possible, for example, to keep the boat in a cer - its fine-sounding zenith with the 34-year-old predecessor Ober- tain position with meter precision during a callout, even though spritzenmeister Repsold. However, it is not just children who get the pressure exerted by the fire monitors tries to push the vessel emotional when it comes to firefighting vehicles. Detje recalls a away from the damaged ship in line with the principle of rock- careless visitor who put the first dent in the new vessel with their et propulsion. A second command panel is located behind the aluminum case. “Then I really lost my temper,” says the shipyard ship’s master on the bridge. “For the first time aboard a fire - supervisor, who knows pretty much every nut and bolt on his boat. boat, we now have a designated place for an incident command- And then there is this lever for steering the Branddirektor er to coordinate rescue workers on other boats or on land,” says Westphal, which takes some getting used to. The big ­wooden Olaf Reichelt. It is clear that a new era is dawning on the Elbe wheel has long since been obsolete, just like the tillerman. As for Hamburg Fire Department with the Branddirektor West- the ship’s master, Detje steers the vessel by moving a ­rotary phal. It has waited a long time for this moment.

22 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 FIREFIGHTING FIREBOATS

THE CITADEL

During callouts, the firefighters are positive pressure of 400 pascals, which frequently confronted with conditions keeps harmful substances outside. Gas that make breathing protection vital locks make it possible to enter and WORKING ON THE WINDLASS to their survival. The crew members leave the citadel­ during an ongoing opera- The crew members must not only be ­generally protect themselves from tion. Purge air technology and a shower competent firefighters, but also be capable of professionally managing a boat ­toxic fumes with breathing apparatus. are available here to remove harmful sub- Well, strictly speaking. stances. Four gas cylinder packages from Dräger supply the breathing air for It is different on Hamburg’s newest fire- the bridge, mess, crew compartments, boat, the Branddirektor Westphal. Here and the emergency room. There is also a

almost all important inner rooms can CO2 absorber to filter exhaled carbon be hermetically sealed from the outside dioxide from the air. Dräger sensors mea- world. This breathing air supply (which is sure the air quality on the boat. All of not dependent on external air) on the this data is fed back to the incident­ com- bridge, in recreation rooms, or in the emer- mander on the bridge, who can quickly gency room, works like a fortress in a raise the alarm and initiate citadel mode. dangerous atmosphere, which is why the Dräger first installed the concept in 2011 concept is known as the citadel. The aboard the Nordic emergency to­ wing technology comes from Dräger. “The con- vessel. “The touchscreen is completely cept required a breathing protection new on Hamburg’s fireboat, replacing ­solution for groups – and that is precisely the previous mechanical console,” explains what we have produced,” says Stephan Wiegand. Extensive tests have proved ­Wiegand, solution manager at Dräger. “In that the citadel works, as shipyard supervi- citadel mode all people on board are sor Thomas Detje confirms: “55 people ­protected for at least half an hour.” were able to breathe for one hour in the During this time, the crew can accom- citadel without anybody getting a head- modate colleagues after working on the ache.” And Dräger project manager Roman ­incident or crew members from damaged Lass adds: “We spent a good two years ships and leave the danger zone. The pro-­ working with a 12-man team as this new

GRAPHIC: FASSMER-WERFT FOR FLOTTE HAMBURG GMBH & KG CO. tected citadel is operated with an internal fireboat was being built.”

REFUGE In citadel mode all crew members are protected from toxic gases for at least half an hour

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 23 HEALING EFFECT

Bright lights, bleak walls, loud noises – it is no wonder that people feel miserable in some hospital rooms. Healing architecture is intent on changing this with appealing design.

TEXT DR. HILDEGARD KAULEN

pital is inevitably worried: What awaits tals are often only considered in terms me? Will I get well again? Will I have to of their technology and efficiency and suffer? People who ask such questions only seldom in terms of the effect they owhere is the value of a pro- also need perspectives. What if the hos- have on the human psyche. Yet it is tective N environment more obvious than pital building could inspire confidence patients in particular that need cheer- in the world of the premature baby. For through its architecture and design – ing up, because their fears can quickly these children, life begins with an inter- if people could get some kind of relief soar to absurd levels in the hospital envi- ruption, because they have to leave the merely by walking through the door ronment. For some years now, hospitals womb completely unprepared and enter of the hospital? Instead, they are often have been built that inspire confidence the highly technical world of the inten- greeted with only sadness. Dreary light- through their architecture and relieve sive care unit. Subdued light, silence, ing and a high noise level can negatively the burden on the hospital staff through and close contact with their parents help affect the mind. People quickly feel lost clever planning and features. them to mature with as little stress as and miss the view of green spaces in con- possible. It certainly isn’t a perfect envi- fusing hospital corridors. Many patients BENEFITS FOR ALL ronment, but it comes close to their orig- yearn for an intimate atmosphere and This movement, which is still in its infan- inal feeling of security. the chance to get away from it all, with- cy in Germany, is known as healing archi- It is not just premature babies that out running the risk of being forgotten. tecture. It is based on the premise that the benefit from a healing environment, but Why has this atmosphere been allowed quality of a building has an effect on peo-

PHOTO: PHOTO: RONALD TILLEMAN FOR LIAG ARCHITECTS all patients. Anyone who has to visit a hos- to continue for so long? Because hospi- ple’s bodies and minds with regard to its

24 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 HOSPITAL ARCHITECTURE

SHINING EXAMPLE The Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology in Utrecht is a place with healing architecture. The corridor resembles a rainbow thanks to its playful use of color

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 25 CHEERY ORANGE Light and color inspire hope in the reception area of the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology PHOTOS: INTERIORPHOTOS: DESIGN BY MMEK / WWW.MMEK.NL, DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAACO.

BRIGHTNESS, OPENNESS, AND COLORS ARE THE DESIGN TOOL FOR HEALING ARCHITECTURE

layout, its use of light and color, its smells, for a moment and actively embrace ­Texas A&M University. In 1984, the archi- its ambient noise, its outside views, and their surroundings. If the conversation tect and psychologist published an essay its inviting character. And it affects every- between the patient and hospital staff in the professional journal Science about body. “There is a growing recognition in begins with a few comments about the the healing effect of having a view of hospitals that good design and a corre- architecture or design, the patient can nature and green spaces. As part of his sponding infrastructure can help patients regain an element of their freedom of studies, he looked at two patient groups and staff in equal measure and ultimately thought and somewhat release them- whose gall bladders had been removed. make the establishment more efficient,” selves from the fixation on their illness. One group had a view of a wall from their says Michael Häusler, head of product Healing architecture is not esotericism, hospital bed, while the other had a view management for medical lights and sup- however. It is concerned with designing of a small forest. Ulrich was able to dem- ply units at Dräger. “Patients who feel hospitals that have a positive impact on onstrate that the patients with the view of comfortable in their surroundings have the recovery process of the patients and nature needed considerably fewer pain- a good chance of recovering more quick- the happiness of the staff. Such design killers, had fewer complications, and ly. Staff members who are happier make is based on neuroscientific insights on were discharged from the hospital more fewer mistakes and are ill less often. Ulti- stress behavior. This approach is also quickly than those who stared at the wall. mately, everyone benefits – staff, patients, known as evidence-based design. Florence Nightingale was also a pio- their relatives, and the hospital itself.” neer of evidence-based design. The found- Furthermore, architecture is a forum THERAPEUTIC NATURE er of modern nursing promoted fresh air for dialogue, through which it is possi- One of the founders of this movement as a pillar of nursing care back in 1860 – ble to start a conversation with patients. is the American Professor Roger Ulrich, and also highlighted the importance of Many of them are worried and have only who has been working as a guest scientist calm surroundings, good light, warmth, one thing on their minds: their illness. A at Chalmers University of Technology in and clean water. Calm surroundings, light, surprising room design can help them to the Swedish city of Gothenburg since hav- and views of nature are also important put this illness to the back of their minds ing been conferred emeritus status from design elements of ­healing ­architecture.

26 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 HOSPITAL ARCHITECTURE

WHAT DOES HEALING ­ARCHITECTURE CONSIDER?

Light for the internal clock: Light is vital in the truest sense of the word, because it controls the cyclical processes in our bodies. Light also lifts the mood.

Noise protection for the ears: Noise makes ­people ill. Sleep ­suffers, stress ­hormones soar, and it is not possible to ­protect yourself simply by closing your ears. PERFECTLY COORDINATED Rooms need a Feel-good smells: certain proportionality to be perceived as Smells activate our limbic pleasant. The same goes ­system and arouse ­emotions and for hospital rooms ­memories. The smell of disinfec- tant rarely evokes a good feeling.

Green for the mind: A view The architectural psychologist Dr. Tan­ create a more pleasant atmosphere, but of nature lifts the mood, ja Vollmer, scientific director at Kopvol also improve hygiene – when it comes to Architecture & Psychology in Rotterdam, cable management, for instance. Exposed boosts the immune system, and can and guest professor at the TU Berlin, lists cables and tubes are difficult to clean support the healing process. It is other factors, such as how well a patient and they are also places where multi­ with good reason that people are can find their way around a hospital, how resistant bacteria can accumulate,” con­ ­attracted to nature. pleasant they find the smell, how easy it tinues Häusler. Yet a great deal can also is to relax, and how adequate they regard be achieved through lighting solutions. Good room design for the the size of the rooms. Do they feel boxed A so-called light box that simulates day­ heart: Hospitals are highly in or lost? Do the rooms have the right light can support the natural circadi­ functional places. All the same, the dimensions? These factors are also impor­ an rhythm of patients on intensive care clever selection of colors and materials tant to the employees. Nobody wants to units. During the night, an orientation can help sick people to feel more feel lost. And the further the hospital staff light ensures that the nursing staff can have to travel at work, the less time they safely go about their work without hav­ comfortable in hospital rooms. are able to spend by the patient’s bed. The ing to wake the patient. employees also need spaces where they There is a growing interest in healing Relaxation spaces for privacy: can relax during their breaks. architecture and evidence-based design. Sometimes patients prefer Nonetheless, there is still a lack of stud­ to be alone for a while to gather their WHAT ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY? ies that examine the effects of the new thoughts. They need this distance for What consequences does all of this have design on the recovery of patients, happi­ their autonomy and self-determination. for the high demands that a hospital has ness of staff, and efficiency of hospitals. to meet in terms of its technology, func­ Only a few projects have been evaluated tionality, efficiency, and hygiene? “Since to date; no entire hospitals before and everything should essentially be realized after the redesign. It currently remains in a cozy atmosphere, we ensure that the in the hands of the architects and plan­ technology no longer appears threaten­ ners to determine how healing architec­ ing when we integrate it into our sup­ ture should ideally look and which mea­ ply units,” says Michael Häusler. “With sures have the biggest effect. There are less cluttered technology, we not only still no evidence-based rules.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 27 THE OIL OF THE FUTURE

All over the world, industries whose business models are based on fossil fuels are facing challenges. And Japan is not an exception.

TEXT NILS SCHIFFHAUER PHOTOS PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER

28 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 INDUSTRY ENERGY

he vista from the panoramic windows of the JX Build- 127 million inhabitants, but studies forecast that the 100 mil- THE OIL OF Ting in Tokyo is spectacular: A view of the grounds of the Impe- lion mark will be reached between 2040 and 2050, depending rial Palace. “You can even see Mount Fuji when the weather on the success of the nation’s efforts to increase the birth rate. is fine,” says Tomohide Miyata. Japan’s biggest mountain is THE FUTURE 100 kilometers away from here. As director and senior vice pres- TRUST IS A RESOURCE ident, Miyata is responsible for safety, health, and the environ- Both factors are exerting pressure on every company whose clas- ment as well as quality assurance and the central research lab- sic business model is based on oil. “On top of that, there is the oratory of the Japanese oil and energy giant JXTG. The industry fact that it is not clear as to where the world is heading in terms is facing a challenging future, and Japan is not an exception. On of renewable energy,” adds Miyata. It goes without saying that All over the world, industries whose business the one hand, there is global warming, which is blamed on the any society can only function with energy, he says. Yet there is models are based on fossil fuels are facing challenges. rising level of CO2 in the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil currently no certainty with regard to how it will be produced in fuels such as oil. Emissions totaling 1,205 megatons of CO puts the future and how industrial and private consumers will use it. And Japan is not an exception. 2 Japan in fifth place worldwide. Climate targets can only be met However, that is only the situation from a technical by reducing consumption. On the other hand, the population and economic perspective. After all, as a convinced Miyata TEXT NILS SCHIFFHAUER PHOTOS PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER of the island nation is shrinking. Japan currently has almost explains: “Only the forms of energy on which an agreement

HIGH PROFILE The Wakayama refinery – situated between sea, tangerine groves, and the city – sets high standards in the areas of occupa- tional safety and environ- mental protection

29 INDUSTRY ENERGY

RESPONSIBILITY Tomohide Miyata thinks deeply about a world and an economy in which renewable energy sources play an even greater role

SAFETY AND ACCEPTANCE ARE THE CRITICAL FACTORS OF NEW FORMS OF ENERGY

has been reached within society in terms of how they are used and which the population trust will gain acceptance.” And he should know, because he has a master’s degree in nuclear energy. Today, he is making efforts to make progress in the areas of renewable energy and alternative business models. In addition to his company conducting research in both areas, he is also actively seeking proposals and cooperation partner- ships worldwide in this regard and making the case for them at a number of international congresses. “We are still a high- ly monocultural country.” A country that has been content to be both producer and consumer for a number of decades and whose philosophy on efficiency and quality has tended to be exported rather than imported. In the early post-war years, for example, Toyota developed what is essentially now known as Six Sigma, the standard for virtually all production processes and one of the drivers behind the considerable jump in ­global productivity and quality. Safety and social acceptance are critical factors for an ener- gy company, although the latter represents new territory with- in the industry. Yet his education informs Miyata that new tech- nologies are frequently only hesitantly accepted, and a safety failure can spell their abrupt end. That is why JXTG has always made a particular effort to increase safety and acceptance, which is also evident at its Wakayama refinery, south of Osaka.

SHORT CHANNELS: FROM THE TANKER TO THE REFINERY “We are nestled between a sensitive farming region and the population here,” explains Atsuji Yamaguchi, head of the refin- ery. It was built during the Second World War to produce avia- tion fuel. After being bombed by the US Air Force it was rebuilt and supplies resumed in 1950. Its location by the sea means that the crude oil doesn’t have far to travel from the tanker to the oil tanks, most of which are situated on newly acquired land and occupy over half of the total area of 2.5 square kilometers.

30 “SAFETY IS A MANAGEMENT MATTER”

When it comes to safety, JXTG has triggered an industry-wide rethink in Japan. Board member Tomohide Miyata explains how this came about.

You are promoting a new approach for Japan in order to prevent serious process safety incidents. What does this involve? We take a risk-based process safety (RBPS) approach, a concept well-known globally through CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety), a non-profit corporate membership organi­ zation that identifies and addresses process safety needs for a variety of facilities involved with hazardous materials. Up to now, the prevailing culture in Japan has dictated that talking about risk is taboo, and all risks and incidents must be eliminated. However, investing limited business resources toward the elimina- tion of all risks is unrealistic and ineffective. Meanwhile, the basic premise of RBPS lies where risks are identified, assessed, and quantified, and resources are input effectively to eliminate risks with a higher probability of causing serious incidents, in order to prevent them.

How is it actually implemented? We reintroduced our newly adjusted RBPS system in 2017 and have been doing a considerable amount of persuading within the industry and in political circles for the implementation of an RBPS approach. Recently, the government began to encourage the implementation of a risk-based approach and more advanced risk assessments and introduced the “SUPER” certification which enables more flexibility in plant operations based on RBPS. The key requirements for this new certification are the introduc- tion of RBPS and advanced technology, i.e. digital. Our refiner- ies in Kawasaki, Sakai, and Mizushima were the first to receive this certification. And we continue to work on it – because RBPS relies explicitly on the management’s strong and visible responsibility when it comes to the subject of safety.

TRAILBLAZING Dräger gas detectors can be relied upon for protection in Wakayama – and not just during shutdowns

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 31 INDUSTRY ENERGY

SAFETY FIRST The Dräger safety shop on the refinery site is a hive of activity during the shutdown

JXTG HAS GEARED ITSELF UP FOR ALL POSSIBLE ­SCENARIOS

A total of about 400 employees – back in 1975 there were more than 1,200 – produce various kinds of oils and chemicals includ- ing lubricants under original equipment manufacturing agree- ments. “In the case of special oils,” says Yamaguchi, “we are in an especially strong position thanks to our flexibility – and export them to other parts of the world.” The fact that the number of employees has continuously dropped in spite of the constant rise in capacity is due to the increasing automation of the process landscape. “We want to fur- ther increase efficiency, profitability, and safety here by continu- ing to boost digitalization,” adds Yamaguchi as he opens the door to the Dräger shop, which has been relocated to his section during a shutdown. This is where the employees obtain equipment such as gas detectors (Type: Dräger X-am 2500/5600 and Pac 6000/7000).

HYDROGEN: AN ACE FOR THE FUTURE They form part of an overall safety, health, and environmental protection concept provided by the Safe Operations Management System (SOMS) whose function extends to the environment. What about the future? “We are prepared for every foreseeable scenario here,” says director Tomohide Miyata. “Back in 2015, a large-scale solar plant was built on our site right next to the refinery.” JXTG is entering into offshore wind farm cooperation partnerships in which the project will commission a plant with a capacity of 640 megawatts off Taiwan’s shallower west coast in 2021. “And with our patent to efficiently generate methylcyclo­ hexane (MCH), a hydrogen carrier, from toluene and water using electricity – based on the so-called direct MCH process – we have another ace up our sleeve,” says Miyata. The company has suc- ceeded in lab-scale production of MCH from solar energy in Aus- tralia and extracting CO2-free hydrogen from MCH in Japan. It was the first technical verification in the world. They are cur- rently focusing on developing this new process technology to commercial scale – enabling storing, transporting, and using renewable energy at hand, targeted at 2025.

32 ABOUT JXTG NIPPON OIL & ENERGY CORPORATION JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation was founded in 1888 and is now number one in Japan with about 50 percent of market share in fuel oil. With a network of about 13,000 ENEOS-branded retail sites located throughout­ the country, it is also active in the coal and gas industry and generates power and hydrogen. Wind and solar power are among the growth sectors. JXTG is present in more than 20 countries and is one of the three core companies belonging to JXTG Holdings, Inc. based in Tokyo, whose shares are traded in the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

CONSERVATION IN WAKAYAMA The refinery was built on an area used for agriculture. Even today, it is surrounded by groves of the endemic Arida tangerine. This citrus fruit is grown on terraces and is considered a delicacy far beyond the region itself. Representatives of tangerine orchard owners and refinery supervisors regularly monitor the fruit and leaves in season. A work ship also regularly moni- tors the waters by the refinery in Wakayama Bay with its fishing harbor. Great importance is also attached to protecting the residents who live in the immediate vicinity of the refinery from noise and odor emissions. And volunteers from the refinery clean washed-up PHOTO: PHOTO: JXTG HOLDINGS, INC. detritus from the beach on the upstream island of Jino every year.

RICH HARVEST JXTG takes nature conservation seriously in Wakayama, where the coveted tangerine, a mandarin orange, is cultivated in the immediate vicinity of the refinery

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 33 FIREFIGHTING HARMFUL SUBSTANCES DEADLY DUO

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are among the most dangerous gases in fire smoke. Particularly treacherous is the fact that their effects are accumulative.

TEXT PETER THOMAS

CO

34 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 ach substance in itself is dan- hydrocarbons and alcohol, among other gerous, E but when they combine, car- things. Hydrogen cyanide is used in met- HCN bon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cya- alworking and plastic manufacturing. nide (HCN) present an even greater Emergency medicine is aware of other risk, because the effects of the gases, sources of poisoning from both substanc- also known as “toxic twins,”, are accu- es. In the case of CO, this may be defective mulative. In high concentrations – dur- heating systems or the incomplete com- ing building fires, for example, this can bustion of carbon compounds in enclosed quickly lead to poisoning and eventual- spaces, such as charcoal in hookah pipes. ly death through internal asphyxiation. The unique nature of fires is that the sub- “There are two mechanisms behind stances can occur together. The presence the term,” explains Dr. Guido Kaiser. The of hydrogen cyanide, also known as prus- toxicologist works at the GIZ-Nord Poisons sic acid, was established in fire smoke Center at the University of Göttingen and around 100 years ago – it has also been is head of specialist training at Göttingen possible to quantify the amount since the Fire Department. “CO binds to the hemo- end of the Second World War. “Awareness globin in the blood with an affinity up 300 of hazardous substances in fire smoke times that of oxygen in the blood, thereby has risen enormously in recent decades,” TOXICITY restricting the transport of oxygen in the says Rüdiger Weich. The mechanical and blood and thus the supply to the tissue. safety engineer is product manager for Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) HCN, meanwhile, binds to iron-contain- gas measurement technology at Dräger. is more toxic than carbon monoxide (CO): The ing enzymes, inhibiting the processing of The number of people killed by fires German Fire Protection oxygen in the mitochondria of the cells.” is declining in most industrialized coun- Association’s (GFPA) tries as a result of various measures, technical rule 10-03 cites an HAZARDOUS AND RAW MATERIALS such as the installation of smoke detec- air concentration of 280 Fires are not the only source of “toxic tors. Yet this trend is stagnating. It is cer- ppm HCN as “immediately twins”; they are also important raw mate- tain, however, that most victims of fires fatal” – the fi gure for CO is 8,000 ppm. Just one or rials in the process industry. Carbon mon- die as a result of the fumes. The precise two milligrams of HCN oxide, for instance, is used in the chem- number cannot be established, because per kilogram of body weight ical industry and in mining for smelting many suffer from both smoke intoxication can be life-threatening ore, producing hydrogen, or synthesizing and burns or thermal inhalation injury.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 35 FIREFIGHTING HARMFUL SUBSTANCES

SIGNIFICANCE For fi refi ghters, there are three main components in fi re smoke: hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide. Even though the smoke contains many more substances, these three must be tested in order to assess the danger – either using single or multi-gas detectors or Dräger tubes. Other sensors, which are often used in the gas detectors of fi re depart- ments, measure explosive gas-air mixtures, oxygen, chlorine, ammonia, and sometimes also carbon dioxide

COMBINED SIGNAL OFFSETTING FOR BETTER RISK ASSESSMENT

“The estimate that fire fatalities are most- inventory of such devices tenfold over permissible concentration in the work- ly due to smoke intoxication is correct,” the past five years. This change also pro- place for an eight-hour shift) and 1.9 ppm says toxicologist Kaiser. The GIZ-Nord Poi- vides new occupational safety opportu- HCN. Alarm threshold 2 is set at 60 ppm sons Center has examined the role played nities, because until now it was consid- CO and 3.8 ppm HCN. By way of compari- by CO and HCN in a nationwide study, ered standard practice to measure CO and son, the current acute exposure guideline which has recently been completed. The HCN separately. “This is where our sig- levels (AEGLs) for firefighters according to data consists of 100 blood samples, 700 nal offsetting comes in, which evaluates rule 10-01 laid down by the German Fire questionnaires completed by the emer- both gases and raises the alarm when the Protection Association (GFPA) are 83 ppm gency services, and 5,000 press releases. individual alarm thresholds have not yet (AEGL 1) and 33 ppm (AEGL 4) for CO “We want to use the study to help improve been reached,” explains Rüdiger Weich, and 7.1 ppm (AEGL 1) and 3.5 ppm (AEGL therapeutic treatment for those injured by who himself has worked as a volunteer 4) for HCN. The fact that there are two fire smoke,” explains Kaiser. firefighter in hazardous material teams AEGLs for different exposure times is due for a number of years. The “toxic twins” to the frequency with which it is possible MEASURING TOGETHER function is available on the Dräger X-am to work with both hazardous substances in The concentration of the “toxic twins,” in 5000/5600 and 8000 with single or dual less than an hour. “Firefighters can better the atmosphere can be established with sensor; the Pac 8500 is set to follow in the assess the risk at the incident scene with detector tubes or electronic gas detectors. first six months of 2020. The devices’ indi- our solution – it is also for their own safe- Fire departments are increasingly using vidual alarm threshold 1 is set at 30 ppm ty,” says Rüdiger Weich. The same goes for the latter as standard. Some professional CO (equivalent to 0.003 percent in the cold fire scenes, where there may be fur- fire departments have increased their atmosphere and represents the maximum ther gas emissions.

THERAPY Cases of CO poisoning are treated by administering oxygen; in more serious cases, this is done in pressure chambers under positive pressure. There are various drugs to combat the eff ects of HCN. In the event of poison ing with both substances, it is important that the emergency services do not use the methemoglobin generator 4-dimethylaminophenol, because this amplifi es the eff ect of CO poisoning. Hydroxy cobalamin is frequent- ly used instead. In France, for example, this is standard practice in serious cases of fi re smoke intoxication

36 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 DATA CAN SAVE LIVES Firefi ghters are able to conduct more successful rescue network coverage. “We can meet precisely these demands operations in burning buildings if they can get their with Smart Rescue,” says Timm Wallrodt. The business IT spe- bearings from the building layout beforehand. cialist is project manager of the Smart Rescue system at Dräger. The main idea here is to ensure that the emergency Just 60 seconds can be the diff erence between life and death workers are given the right information about a building in when fi refi ghters have to rescue people from smoke-fi lled good time. rooms. Whether and how well they are familiar with the situation beforehand is critical to their reaction time. “If we know the Firefi ghters need fundamental digital data layout, we can get a clearer picture in our minds while driving to “Firefi ghters are interested in fundamental digital data rather the incident and we can handle the situation more quickly and than small fragments of information,” says Wallrodt. This accurately,” says Hartmut Ziebs, until December 2019 president includes the layout of various rooms and emergency exits and of the German Fire Services Association (DFV). the type of building insulation. The principle applies to both small apartment blocks and large hospitals. Smart Rescue Almost one minute faster works intuitively. If an alarm is activated, fi refi ghters are given A study conducted by the University of Bamberg has examined access to the relevant information while making their way to the relationship between knowledge and reaction times. To the scene. They can download it on mobile end devices from a this end, a wide range of data was gathered in the fi re training protected cloud or a locally stored and encrypted data set. house of the fi refi ghting school in Würzburg during exercises. The latter is also possible in the event of poor network cover- “There is an awareness of a lack of building information among age; the digital code can also be transmitted and entered fi refi ghters, but we wanted to prove it statistically,” says Julian via radio. The Smart Rescue system should display as much Weidinger, who conducted the study in his role as research building information as possible. In the fi rst step, this is assistant at the University of Bamberg. The test subjects were primarily the fi re department’s own data (e.g. fi re plan drawings, divided into three groups. The control group was sent into a incident information). The fi refi ghters themselves upload basement fi re simulation with verbal instructions on the layout. the existing knowledge to the cloud for intuitive access. The The other groups, meanwhile, were given information in opportunities provided by the smart city should be used graphic form – one of them received limited instructions during later on and third-party data should also be integrated via a briefi ng of the location and the other was allowed to take city administration offi ces and home building companies. the drawing with them to the incident. “The result was statisti- The potential for digitalization in fi re protection is consider- cally signifi cant,” says Weidlinger. While the control group able. Yet the path towards networked hazard control has took an average of 340 seconds to complete the task, the two only just begun. “If smartphones or tablets were already standard other groups (with additional information) were between 51 at the incident scene, it would signifi cantly simplify some and 55 seconds faster. For the purposes of the study, the layout processes,” stresses the retired DFV president Harmut Ziebs. was drawn on paper, although this would be less suitable for real callouts. Keeping large fi les of building data on paper in AT A GLANCE every emergency vehicle would be too complex, too insecure Digital building information saves fi refi ghters precious time during a callout (in terms of data protection), and too infl exible – in the case of callouts where fi refi ghters assemble at rendezvous points, for example. A digital infrastructure is needed to convey build- Converted attic ing information quickly, securely, and precisely. “Firefi ghters Photovoltaic system are essentially open to this idea,” says Hartmut Ziebs. “We Facade insulation material Styropor should also implement it as a matter of urgency.” However, the 32 residential units requirements are complex. Ziebs lists application security, Gas single story even in adverse conditions, minimal installation and training, heating system Constructed 1982 and redundant systems for data transfer in the event of poor SKETCHES: COLOR SKETCHES: CREWCOLOR FOR DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAA;CO. PHOTO: DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAACO. Continuous basement fl oor Floorplans available

37 DIVING DEEP SEA

and the oceans to people. Visitors will experience the underwa- ter world close up and can discuss it right there on board,” says Salvador, who had previously worked in aerospace for six years. his submersible is a minor miracle that can reach the depths of the sea. It is a highly sensitive tool – a metal capsule, TOURISTS OF THE DEEP yet so ingeniously built that it can carry two people to the ocean The new submersible was pressure-tested on the open sea just bed, 11 kilometers down. The plant where it was serviced after a few days ago. It was a success. None of the interior fittings the successful Five Deeps Expedition is in San Cugat del Vallés have been put in yet. Metal, acrylic glass, and a massive, bolt- near Barcelona. Hector Salvador, general manager of the Span- ed-on porthole give clues to what it will eventually look like. ish branch of the American submersible manufacturer Triton Tourists will spend their leisure time travelling beneath the Submarines, is there when we arrive. He opens the door of the water in it at speeds of up to three knots (5.5 km/h). The loca- production facility and a loud roaring and hammering greets tion for building these submersibles is interesting: “When we us. Every step brings us closer to the beating heart of the plant started on Deep View back then, we looked for the best suppli- with its 15 workers. The latest Triton project is standing there on ers. Surprisingly, we found almost all of them right here around a pedestal: the body of Deep View 100/24. This submersible will us.” Hector Salvador looks pleased about how quickly it all pro- soon be carrying 24 tourists and two crew members to depths gressed. He says it was partly thanks to suppliers like Dräger.

of up to 100 meters. “We want to open people up to the oceans – ­ Rafael Mur, the sales manager responsible for the project at STUBBSPHOTO: TAMARA

38 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 SUCCESS DSV Limiting Factor re-emerges. Places unvisited by humans have become rare – except in the endless expanses of the deep sea

JOURNEY INTO THE SPACE OF THE DEEP

Jules Vernes’ book 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, or the diving saucer Denise built by Jacques-Ives Cousteau and Jean Mollard – people have always been attracted to the bottom of the ocean. And lately, one such person has established an unusual record.

TEXT MATTHIAS LAUERER

Dräger, explains: “Our central theme, Technology for Life, real- diving depth in feet – almost 11 kilometers. The second refers ly comes into its own here. We’re part of a project that’s push- to the number of passengers. It is the first commercial sub- ing the limits of the known world – it’s almost like we’re help- mersible to have explored such depths. It is also certified for ing on the Apollo 11 mission.” an “unlimited” diving depth by DNV-GL, the world’s largest General manager Salvador wears a blue polo shirt brand- ship classification association by gross registered tonnage. A ed with another corporate venture. A small, white logo: The 5 glance at the specifications of TRITON 36000/2 shows that the Deeps – In Profundo Cognitio. That expedition took US inves- vessel was something completely new. Its titanium hull does tor and explorer Victor Vescovo to the deepest point in each of not have a single weld in it. The submarine can reach the deep- the five oceans – helped by Triton Submarines and EYOS Expe- est point of the ocean in a matter of hours. It weighs just 12.5 ditions. It all began with a call in summer 2015. Vescovo had metric tons and is powered by ten electric thrusters. The ener- the idea of exploring the depths of the world’s seas – the five gy needed for that is supplied by a new kind of lithium poly- deepest parts, to be precise. He had already climbed all the mer batteries. Even the smallest components were tested over eight-thousanders and gone to both poles. Now he was think- and over again for the five record dives, and some of the test- ing of building a two-man submersible at a cost, including sup- ing was done in two massive pressure chambers. One of these, port vessel, of 48.7 million US dollars. The idea became real- the Triton PC 550, is filled with water, its little sister, the PC 150, ity with the submersible DSV Limiting Factor, also known as with dielectric oil. General manager Salvador explains: “You TRITON 36000/2. The first number represents its maximum can use them to test components at any pressure you might

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 39 UNDER CONSTRUCTION Carrying 24 tourists and two crew members, the Deep View 100/24 is designed to dive to depths of up to 100 meters

DEEP SEA: LESS EXPLORED THAN THE SURFACE OF THE MOON

encounter when diving.” The tests can last days. Even elec- Failure could be catastrophic. That is why crews debrief after tronic components can be accurately examined hundreds of every dive. They ask themselves questions like: was the latest times under huge pressures. trial successful, and how did the components perform under- The depths of the ocean are less well explored than the sur- water? With them on board the Limiting Factor: a Dräger Oxy- face of the moon, which has already been examined by 12 peo- Line pressure reducer, whose task is to reduce a pressure of ple and numerous unmanned probes. Yet the ocean make up 200 atmospheres to four atmospheres at the outlet of the tanks, 70 percent of the Earth’s surface. Exploring the depths is made while an O‰ flow meter controls the flow of this essential gas more difficult by the fact that it is always dark at the bottom into the cabin and adjusts it to match the crew’s consumption. and only around two degrees Celsius. Then there are enormous pressures of up to 1,100 bar. Anyone who wishes to explore this FIVE DIVES IN NINE MONTHS world has to be able to rely on their materials and instruments. When Victor Vescovo talks about the world beneath the waves, you immediately want to go there with him. “We hope this expe- dition will make history. I have always looked for physical and technical challenges. Now I want to explore the limits of ocean technology.” Biologists, geologists, and cartographers are cur- rently working their way through quantities of recorded data. The team collected samples of sediment and discovered new forms of life. For example, during the four-hour exploration of the seabed in the Mariana Trench, they saw eels with trans- parent heads, and grenadiers. The journey to the five deep- est points in the world’s oceans took the DSV Limiting Factor first to the Atlantic, at a depth of almost 8,400 meters. When Vescovo communicated with his colleagues on the mother ship, it took a good five seconds for the ultrasound signal to reach the modem at the surface. In the Southern Ocean, the submarine descended to around 7,400 meters. In April 2019 they succeeded in touching down on the bottom of the Indian Ocean (around 7,200 meters). The fourth dive took them to the deepest point in the Pacific – almost 11,000 meters below the water’s surface. Then, in August, the adventurer took on the Arctic Ocean – a walk in the park by comparison (5,550 meters). These dives FOCUS The tour of the Mariana Trench took at least 12 hours. No mean feat, glued earned him a place in history. Never before had one person vis-

to monitors the whole time ited and reported on all these places in one go. REEVEPHOTOS: JOLLIFFE, PICTURE FIVEALLIANCE / MELCHOR SANGRO, DEEPS EXPEDITION (2)

40 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 DIVING DEEP SEA

DYNAMIC DUO The expeditions would not have happened without the supply ship. Using a crane, the crew help the mini-sub into the water from the 68-meter-long DSSV Pressure Drop

DREAM OF HUMANKIND Diving to the depths of the sea has long been a dream of humankind. Achieving it first came within reach when Robertus Valturius (1472) designed a submersible vessel. The first actual submarine was built by Cornelius Zacobszoon Drebbel in 1623. It could dive to a maximum depth of 3.6 meters. The general assembly of Germany’s Shipbuilding Engineering Association praised the German Imperial Navy at the end of 1899, “because it had not yet succumbed to costly, time- consuming trials with submarines.” Five years later, however, marine engineer Gustav Berling was commissioned to build an undersea vessel, despite considering submarines “a great folly.” Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel manu- FISH FOOD factured the “U 1,” which set off on its Bait helps lure some of the maiden voyage in 1906 (see also Dräger unusual creatures of the deep Review 120; page 26 ff.). sea towards the camera lens

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 41 DRUGS LEGALIZATION A LITTLE HIGH

Ever since cannabis was legalized in Canada, the population and the police have been learning how to deal with the consequences of this new freedom.

TEXT STEFFAN HEUER

nabis-based products that are incon- sistently labeled and often, but not always, intoxicate the user. The gray n October 17, 2018, Canada made area is also too big. That’s because, ­history O when it became the first economy unlike for alcohol, there is still no among the Group of Seven (G7) to legalize legally defined limit for establish- the possession and use of cannabis. Since this ing when the presence of the psy - date, Canadian citizens have had the right to choactive substance THC (short for possess and consume up to 30 grams of the tetrahydrocannabinol) impairs a dried plant and share it with other adults. person’s ability to drive. In contrast That is enough grass to roll dozens of joints. to the breathalyzer, portable devices In most parts of the country, every citizen such as the Dräger DrugTest 5000 – also has the right to grow up to four canna- which can detect the presence of drugs bis plants. Canada is thus leading the way, like cannabis, cocaine, and ­others –

because even though more than 30 countries are still not part of the standard equip- PHOTO: PICTURE ALLIANCE / NURPHOTO / ARINDAM around the world, including Germany, have ment found in every patrol car. licensed the use of cannabis for medicinal lation of 37 million regularly use canna- use, politicians are finding it ­considerably DRUG-IMPAIRED DRIVING bis products, this would equate to more more difficult to legalize a plant for recre- One thing for certain is that a growing than one million intoxicated drivers on ational use that has until now been classi- number of Canadians are driving while the road. The Canadian agency respon- fied as a controlled subs­ tance. high. In a survey conducted in 2016, one sible for the prevention of substance While advocates of cannabis celebrat- in four cannabis users admitted to hav- abuse also reported that the number ed October 17, because they argued that ing already driven under the influence of of traffic fatalities with controlled sub- it would relieve the burden on the jus - drugs. Since statistics show that around stances in their body (40 percent) has tice system, help patients, and crush the five million people out of the total popu- now surpassed the number of victims shadow economy, it is not only road traf- with alcohol in their bloodstream (33 fic experts who are concerned about the percent). Grass has an illustrious his- effect it may be having on traffic and pub- tory and a large fan base. Cannabis lic safety. There are simply too many can- is the world’s most consumed “ille- gal drug” and was grown in almost every country in the world in 2017.

42 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 HIGH ON GRASS Canadian advocates of the legaliza- tion of cannabis, like those pictured here in Toronto, celebrated with a slightly altered national fl ag when the government in Ottawa approved the possession, growing, and consump- tion of the drug in October 2018. Many observers have drawn parallels with the end of Prohibition in the USA, the historical ban on alcohol that was lifted in 1933

The United Nations Office on Drugs nabinoid system, which regulates tired- acquire cannabis. People openly carry it and Crime (UNODC) estimates that at ness, stress, mood, and memory. Above on their person and in their vehicles, but least 271 million people worldwide use all else, the non-psychoactive, but anti- they find it difficult to judge the effect it drugs, with 188 million of them using inflammatory cannabidiol (CBD) has has on their body,” says the Drug Rec- cannabis. The medicinal use of the caught the attention of users and entre- ognition Expert (DRE). “The issue of Cannabis sativa plant can be traced preneurs, who add it to all kinds of pills driving while under the influence of back to at least the fourth century BC, and balms. It becomes problematic when drugs has always been on our radar. because in addition to THC it con- cannabis products contain variable mix- Until now, however, we didn’t even tains dozens of other molecules that tures of THC and CBD and users have to have a device for detecting the pres- all activate the body’s own endocan- work out their personal tolerance thresh- ence of drugs, let alone measuring olds for themselves. the concentration.” Since May 2019, For police officers like Constable Paul the officer with South Simcoe Police Catling, intoxicated drivers are therefore a Service, one hour north of Toronto, big and growing problem – especially since legalization. “It has become much easier to

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 43 SALIVA TESTS: IDEAL FOR CHECKS IN THE VEHICLE OR BY THE ROADSIDE

has been able to provide greater For officers like Catling, the portable devic­ able suspicion. The officer says that ­certainty whenever colleagues call es make the job so much easier. “The device the DrugTest 5000 is incredibly easy him out to an accident or traffic detects THC and cocaine in a saliva sample, to use. “We explain to the driver how check. His police service current­ enabling us to arrange further investigations to provide the saliva sample on the ly uses five Dräger DrugTest 5000 if necessary. It is a useful tool for making our test strip, which is then inserted into devices, the first mobile device to roads safer,” says the police officer, after hav­ the device.” After around four or five be officially approved in Canada for ing used the device for six months. His patrol minutes, the device reveals wheth­ reliably and accurately testing driv­ area in particular keeps him busy, because er somebody has THC or cocaine ers for cannabis and cocaine on the even though only 65,000 people live in this in their saliva. “The driver is giv­ basis of a saliva sample. Compared to area on the outskirts of Toronto, Highway en a printout so that they can see other drug tests, it has one consider­ 400 passes right through it from north to the results of the test in black and able advantage: The swab taken from south – one of the main traffic arteries in white. The whole procedure doesn’t the mouth is non-invasive (unlike a the province of Ontario. “We have a con­ take any longer than a normal traffic blood test) and does not have to be siderable amount of through traffic. Even check, but we can now identify driv­ ­performed by medically trained per­ truck drivers often make a detour on the ers who have recently taken drugs. sonnel. In addition, the officer can eas­ side roads in our area when there are They often do not appear to be affect­ ily perform the saliva test in the vehi­ traffic jams and are then stopped and ed at first glance.” If the test result is cle or by the roadside, which is not the checked by us.” If Catling and his two positive, it is up to a professional like case with a urine test. DRE colleagues in South Simcoe do not Catling to decide whether to take fur­ stop a driver themselves and carry out the ther measures, such as a blood test. IN USE NATIONWIDE check, they are called by the police offi­ Ever since the devices have been in South Simcoe is just one of over 80 cers on patrol in the event of any reason­ use in South Simcoe, Catling and his police forces in the country that is colleagues have been conducting two attempting to tackle the threat on the tests a day on average. They especially roads using innovative technology. Doz­ target young drivers, those who have ens of such devices are now being suc­ recently passed their driving test, and cessfully used nationwide as reported by commercial drivers, because despite Canadian Dräger business development 25% legalization there is still a zero-toler­ manager, Einat Velichover: “The police of cannabis users in Canada have ance rule for these groups. are rolling out this new technology with driven while high at least once a degree of caution. There is much to be TESTS ALSO FOR TRUCKERS done in terms of training. implementa­ Initial figures show how much catching- tion as well as legal precedence.” 33% up there is to be done in terms of per­ forming reliable checks: The officer­ s of the drivers tested positively for THC and/or cocaine were able to detect the presence of THC and/or cocaine in the bloodstream of one in three drivers thanks to the sali­ va sample analysis. Those who test posi­ 40% tive for something for the first time, but of all traffic fatalities had drugs are not exhibiting any adverse effects, in their bloodstream will get away with having their driver’s license suspended for three days and must pay a fine to have their vehicle released. If it happens again, the suspension can last up to 30 days. The DRE would ideally like to see every patrol car that is driven by

his roughly 100 colleagues in South Sim­ SHUTTERSTOCK,PHOTOS: DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAA(2) CO.

44 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 DRUGS LEGALIZATION

QUICK TEST The Drug Recognition Experts who work for the Canadian police also use the Dräger DrugTest 5000

coe equipped with a mobile testing device. ucts worth 8.7 billion US dollars. Overall, “This has long been standard with alcohol experts expect that more than 47 billion tests, but there is, of course, a cost factor US dollars could be earned with pot in to consider,” he admits. The decision to the whole of North America by 2024. Cit- buy such devices rests with the individu- izens have spotted the potential down- al police forces and the relevant province. sides of the boom, as revealed by a survey At the same time, the need for such safe- conducted by the Toronto-based charita- ty measures is likely to increase, because ble foundation Arrive Alive in summer experts are predicting significant growth 2018. According to the survey, 91 percent for the cannabis industry – and thus ever of Canadians are of the opinion that can- more users across all strata of society who nabis impairs the judgement of drivers, merely wish to relax or combat symptoms while 80 percent consider the risks to such as insomnia and aches and pains. be at least as high as those associated The consulting firm Deloitte esti- with alcohol. Nine out of ten citizens mates Canada’s legal market to be worth told the pollsters that they would wel- MOBILE AND PRECISE 4.34 billion US dollars in 2019 – already come the introduction of saliva tests if The officers praise the easy operation and the making it bigger than the still existing they increased road safety. reliable results after just a few minutes illegal market. By way of comparison, Random checks like those con- California, a US state with a similar ducted on the outskirts of Toronto number of inhabitants, also legalized are merely a drop in the ocean, admit its cannabis economy in 2018 and officers like Paul Catling. However, reckoned on a legal market worth 3.1 more frequent and regular testing has billion US dollars the following year. a long-term effect. Word gets around However, the legal grass business con- in the area and on social media tinues to be overshadowed by a flour- that the Canadian police now have ishing black market for cannabis prod- mobile drug tests – not least because the officers publish the names of all those who have tested positive. “This has an educational effect and acts as a deterrent,” says Catling.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1/ 2020 45 STATE OF EMERGENCY

Railroad accidents, pandemics, or other major incidents: Hospitals still have to function in extreme situations. Emergency concepts are designed to establish the necessary structures.

TEXT PETER THOMAS

46 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 PANORAMA HOSPITALS

operations – as is the case at University Hospital Leipzig, a maximum care hos- pital with almost 1,500 beds, around obody knows when and where 700 doctors, and 1,900 staff in nursing it willN happen, nor do they know exact- and functional roles. A radiology wait- ly what will happen. Yet the risk of sud- ing room can be turned into a treatment denly being confronted by a large num- area for six patients in just ten minutes. ber of injured or sick people is certainly Ventilators stand behind each bed; con- not without foundation for emergency secutively numbered ­metal cases bear- services and hospitals. Such situations ing the inscription “Emergency space” are known as mass casualty incidents stand in front of them. This is where the (MCIs) whenever they cannot be man- hospital teams would ­triage patients in aged with regular resources. When this an emergency, explain Dr. Felix Girr­ threshold has been reached depends bach and Dr. David Haase. “The area is on a region’s medical infrastructure perfectly situated between the approach as well as the day of the week and time road, clinical diagnostics, and the trau- of day. A distinction is made between ma rooms,” says anesthetist Girrbach, MCI I (between five and 50 people; reg- who is a member of the hospital incident ulated by the Emergency Services Act command (HIC) team. of the relevant federal state in Germa- The equipment is stored on the floor ny) and MCI IV (more than 1,000 peo- immediately above. The aim of an ini- ple affected; regulated by agreements tial triage is to grade the patients by between the federal government and the type and severity of their injuries or the states). But what triggers such situ- ill­nesses in order to establish the next ations? Terror attacks and killing sprees steps. The young doctors calmly and are particularly present in the public intently go through the steps that have consciousness nowadays as possible been planned for an emergency situa- scenarios. It wasn’t just the attacks in tion. A simulation mannequin is lying New York, Nice, Berlin, and Paris that on the bed. Around its neck hangs a stan- led hospitals to focus on the subject, says dardized card for injured/ill patients. Peter Schmiedtchen. The physicist is The red section at the bottom end shows PLANNING AND PRACTICE professor of hazard prevention at Mag- the condition of the virtual patient: Major operations in the event of a deburg-Stendal University of Applied “acute, vital threat.” Three other col- mass casualty incident (MCI) are Sciences and is head of safety and emer- ors are used for triage: Yellow stands highly complex, so it is all the more important that cooperation be­­tween gency management at Dräger. “The for “seriously injured/ill,” green for everyone involved runs smoothly plane crash in Ramstein in 1988 and the “injured/ill,” and blue for “no current high-speed train crash in Eschede ten chance of survival.” The field of disas- years later were turning points,” says ter medicine borrowed the concept from Schmiedtchen. the military. This has all been laid down in the hospital’s major incident plan OPERATIONAL IN TEN MINUTES (MIP) in Leipzig. The ho­ spital has been When an MCI occurs, the medical care drawing up the concept in conjunction machinery switches over from everyday with Dräger since 2006. It was initiat- operations to processes laid down in ed by a basic staff exercise ­combined emergency concepts. This will only work with elements of a full exercise back in with the right preparation. Most patients the same year. At the time, it was nec-

PHOTO: PHOTO: GERO HELM / FUNKE FOTOSERVICES aren’t even aware of this during normal essary to establish how well ­prepared

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 47 RESCUE In this exercise, patients FIRST AID The emergency are brought to a secure location near services take immediate action the site of the accident and perform an initial triage

THE HIC MANAGEMENT TEAM NEEDS CLEAR ­PROCESSES IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY

Germany would be if there were a major states take care of the details by enact- sor Josten. The incident command man- incident ­involving many people during ing disaster control and hospital design agement team now has a greater focus on a sports event in the run-up to the FIFA laws, which is why there is no standard factors such as fire protection, IT, ener- World Cup. directive governing how a major inci- gy supply, and security. Christoph Josten dent plan should look. However, the also feels it is important to talk about the PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Federal Office of ­Civil ­Protection and possible risks for the hospital’s own staff. “It was a very big exercise – including Disaster Assistance (BBK) wants to work “Even though there is an awareness of actors playing injured people. It clear- with professional medical associations hazards such as contamination, radia- ly showed us that considerable improve- to publish a major incident plan hand- tion exposure, and infections, people ment was needed in terms of our organi- book this year. must also talk about them and seek solu- zation,” says Professor Christoph Josten. What exactly were the initial results tions.” The same also goes for possible Josten has been the medical director of of the work carried out in conjunction acts of aggression committed by patients University Hospital Leipzig since Octo- with Dräger on the major incident plan? or relatives on hospital staff. There are no ber 2019 and has handed over the reins “We identified a few weaknesses and designated treatment rooms in Leipzig for the role of hospital incident com - turned them into strengths,” says Profes- for major incidents. “We consciously mand chairman to his previous dep - uty, Professor Sebastian Stehr. “Even INTERFACE The injured are triaged once they arrive at the hospital. more effective are the internal HIC exer­ University Hospital Leipzig has mobile spaces for this purpose cises where we can regularly practice and improve our processes. The neces- sary degree of calm throughout all pro- cesses can only be achieved if the team works efficiently and ­professionally in the event of a major incident,” says Jos- ten. German hospitals must prepare for such incidents. The individual federal

48 PANORAMA HOSPITALS

“SOMEBODY MUST MAKE A DECISION”

Professor Benedikt Friemert is the medical director of the trauma surgery and orthopedic clinic at the Federal Armed Forces Hospital in Ulm. He is also head of incident, disaster, and tactical surgery at the German Association of Trauma Surgery.

Prof. Friemert, what can hospitals learn from military medicine in the event of a mass casualty incident (MCI)? It starts with the fundamental things. If I have considerably fewer therapists than usual to deal with seriously injured patients, for example, I must use my resources

PHOTOS: IMAGO / EIBNER(2), PETERIMAGO / EIBNER(2), PHOTOS: THOMAS(2), PRIVATE differently. Military doctors know this; they have gained important experience while deployed abroad in particular. It is always about how we can give all patients the best possible treatment with the available resources. In extreme cases, you have to accept the maxim “the must for the most” – and risk an amputation that would be preventable under normal circumstances in order to save a person’s life. integrate the processes into the existing infrastructure with which the employ- ees are familiar,” says Britta Naumann. How does the management change within the team during an MCI? The engineering economist is head of Clear structures are indispensable. This especially includes the hospital the hospital’s facility management. She incident command (HIC) team and roles such as the lead triage doctor and is responsible for the “site” in the hos- the central cooperative emergency coordinator. The coordinator keeps an pital incident command management overview of all patients and establishes the next treatment step – in such situations, team. However, the hospital structures there must be someone who decides. change when the HIC team gets togeth- er after a major incident and decides that Can digitalization help? it falls into the category of a mass casu- Digital solutions essentially have the potential to help, if they can be managed alty ­incident. The logistics then also fol- quickly, easily, and safely. There have already been some initial approaches. low their own rules. Patients are no lon- ger admitted by medical disciplines. But if the information has to be entered manually, this is a potential source of Instead, they are accommodated in des - errors and simply takes too long. ignated areas of the hospital, depending on the seriousness of the injury or illness. What challenges must hospitals confront when preparing for an MCI? Britta Naumann says that major One factor is the typical injury pattern, as in the case of terror attacks, for example. incidents are also taken into consider- These are often perforating and penetrating injuries and capacity must be ation when undertaking new building prepared accordingly. Surgeons in Germany also generally have little experience projects (the current building develop- of gunshot wounds and explosion injuries. This is where the “Terror and ment plan extends to 2025). She cites Disaster Surgical Care” intensive training course comes in, which has been the ongoing expansion of the ambu - developed by the German Association for Trauma Surgery in conjunction lance approach road for stretcher ­cases and the restructuring of the associat- with the medical service of the ­Federal Armed Forces. ed bay. The MIP at University Hospital Leipzig is no abstract concept: Britta Naumann takes a printed version from the shelf. The folder shows some signs of wear; between the pages are numer- ous ­bookmarks.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 49 ECONOMY AIR TRAFFIC

RAMP CHECK The Lufthansa Technik maintenance crews work shifts around the clock

TANK TASKS

Repairing the tank on an aircraft not only requires technical skill, but also strong nerves. Every job is a rehearsal for an emergency.

TEXT CONSTANZE SANDERS PHOTOS PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER

50 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 round the Airbus A340-313 adis, occupational safety consultant. The laborated with Dräger to develop the new Görlitz is a spacious area cordoned off. Görlitz has three large fuel tanks in the measuring kit (Type: Dräger GDK 3200) Crowbar, jigsaw, and suction lifter are wings. These tanks must be pumped emp- for LHT. “The kit, equipped with two sen- already in place. In Hall 5, at Lufthansa ty and extensively ventilated before an sors, measures the oxygen concentration Technik (LHT) in Frankfurt am Main, a employee can climb into the inside of the while also monitoring the content of ker- maintenance mechanic has discovered a wing. The problem: “A residual amount osene in the air.” A plastic ball is attached leak in the course of a visual inspection of kerosene always remains behind,” to a 25-meter-long hose. The ball floats of Golf Mike. Kerosene is dripping where says Kluge. This is aided by the many if there is more liquid in the tank than the fuselage sits on the right-hand wing. dead spots and ribs – supporting struc- usual. It is possible to choose between a “When there is a leak on the wing root, tures to reinforce the fuselage. When the visual or acoustic warning signal. If the we have to perform a tank inspection fuel tank access cover is opened, a stream measurements show at least 19.5 percent and seal the spot,” says Thomas Kluge, of hydrocarbon gases could escape. He oxygen and a kerosene saturation level aircraft mechanic for long-haul planes. wears respiratory protection as a precau- of less than 70 ppm, clearance is given “Even the process of opening the tank is tion. “This is where the sensors come to work without breathing protection. a delicate matter,” says Simeon Dimitri- into play,” says Andreas Tietz. He has col- Tietz is also an aircraft mechanic and

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 51 ECONOMY AIR TRAFFIC

HIGH STANDARDS Simeon Dimitriadis, occu- pational health and safety consultant, ensures that these standards are met in the hangar

occupational safety specialist. “Respon- plane isn’t going anywhere,” says occu- nately, that has never happened,” says sibility and diligence are our principles. pational safety consultant Simeon Dimi- Tietz. “But we always have the neces - The bar is set high,” he says. triadis. The further toward the outer tip sary equipment on standby.” Standard Commercial aircraft transport fuel of the wing people work, the lower and regulations have been laid down across in both wings, in the center tank beneath narrower it gets. Frames with narrow all 61 LHT locations around the world. the passenger cabin, and – depending on openings make it difficult to access the Following the crash of a Trans World the type – in a small trim tank in the tail spot where the defect is located. They Airlines plane in 1996 off the coast of unit, like Golf Mike. For the Airbus 340- restrict the movement of the kerosene New York, everything linked to the air- 313, a full tank means 111 metric tons of during flights. The kerosene must not craft fuel system was carefully scruti- kerosene; around 140,000 liters. How- be allowed to form waves, otherwise this nized. The cause of the disaster, which ever, the captain only takes on as much may unbalance the aircraft. claimed 230 lives, was said to be an explo- as is needed for the next flight, depend- sion in the center fuel tank of a Boeing ing on weight, weather, and drag, plus TANK SAFETY 747. It is likely to have been the result the reserve fuel. Sensors in the tank “Anyone who reports not feeling well on of heated kerosene vapors catching fire continuously measure the density, fill any given day must not enter the tanks,” in the almost empty tank shortly after level, and temperature of the fuel, and says occupational safety expert Dimi- takeoff. Sparks ignite kerosene vapors in convey the data to the cockpit. The nec- triadis. Even if the employee has been combination with oxygen at +38 degrees essary power units, cables, and pumps cleared to work in tanks in the course of Celsius. International aviation has com- are located in the tanks. “If one of these regular health checkups, how they are mitted itself to the inspection of every components develops a fault, we have to feeling on the day is the decisive factor. aircraft using an Aircraft Fuel System go in,” says Kluge. On Golf Mike, how- People tense up when they are anxious. Safety Program (AFSSP). As a result, we ever, the problem is with the wing root. There are four tank categories for the have examined the entire engineering “That is why we are opening the tank inspections: The first category involves and identified potential ignition sources for the airframe mechanic.” His col- only the upper body entering the tank. on every single aircraft,” says Dimitria- leagues specialize in sheet metal; they Category four is the trickiest, because dis. Cables have been relaid, fixtures and repair the airframe, dents, and cracks. the mechanic is then out of view and insulation systems have been optimized Outstretched, arms first, an engineer has no personal contact. The worst-case and secured, and some components have climbs into the aircraft through the nar- scenario is an unconscious colleague been replaced. Special Federal Aviation row opening beneath the wing. His cot- deep in the isolated chamber system. Regulation (SFAR) 88 deals with the ser- ton overall is antistatic. It also has no A tank guard at the plane maintains vicing and maintenance of every compo- pockets that could get caught on aircraft the connection via radio. Before each nent in the fuel system. All procedures, components. Tools such as flashlight, job, trained colleagues mark the upper qualifications required by the engineer, lighting, and drill are explosion-proof. side of the wing at a specified location and acute safety precautions are set Everything the engineer takes with him between the frames in order to create an out in detail in a job order. Newer air- is logged in the workshop computer so emergency exit (with circular saw and craft and those that have been updated that nothing is left on board later on. suction lifter) to immediately return accordingly can feed nitrogen into the “If logged parts remain on board, the the employee to the fresh air. “Fortu- emptying fuel tanks during the flight.

52 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 EVERY PROCEDURE IN SET OUT IN DETAIL IN THE AIRCRAFT’S WORKSHEET

TANK CHECK Pumping fuel around to check for leaks: Operating the cockpit instruments is part of the job. The repair is only complete once it has been recorded in the service document and signed off. The captain will find every detail in the paperwork

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 53 CHECKS, FAULT FINDING, AND REPAIRS: NO PLANE CAN TAKE OFF WITHOUT THE AIRCRAFT MECHANICS

FILLER CAP Aircraft mechanic Thomas Kluge has opened the tank of the Airbus A340-313. The narrow access doors below the wing can only be used by well-trained engineers to work in the tanks

54 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 ECONOMY AIR TRAFFIC

SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT The Dräger GDK 3200 measuring kit for oxygen and kerosene concentrations

A nitrogen generating system (NGS) then MT level. The maintenance teams work least one authorized colleague, signed blows air through a membrane, which around the clock in shifts. Precise work- for, and approved with the stamp bear- separates the oxygen and draws it away manship is required here. It also calls for ing their individual staff number. toward the wing tips. Only the nitrogen a certain passion for aviation engineer- remains. This cuts the oxygen concen- ing. “After 30 years, I still enjoy the job. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE tration in the tank to about 12 percent, Every day is different,” says Kluge. He “Every detail is entered directly into significantly reducing the combustibili- and his colleagues are part of the dense the computer system,” says operations ty of the kerosene vapors. Only specially safety network responsible for global manager Thorsten Lehmberg. “This trained staff can maintain such tanks, flight operations. Every aircraft comes to ensures that the information is quick- because gaseous nitrogen is not percepti- the apron or the hangar for a daily ramp ly available for the cockpit and resource ble by humans. A reduced oxygen concen- check before the pilot undertakes a visu- scheduling.” The computer keeps an tration can be fatal. “Besides measuring al inspection prior to takeoff. The ser- overview of the various components. In the inner spaces and granting clearance vice check, which is performed at least the future, the data is set to flow from ­prior to inspection, we also use measur- once a week, involves checking the oil the aircraft in the sky directly to a cen- ing devices on the upper arm,” says Dim- level, hydraulic fluid, tire pressure, and tral platform. IT specialists will evalu- itriadis. A Dräger Pac 7000 continuous- brakes. The regular pit stops are embed- ate real-time and maintenance infor- ly monitors the oxygen content near the ded in various service intervals. Every mation – and establish when individual breathing air and raises the alarm if the commercial aircraft is sent for a thor- components need to be replaced to avoid gas concentration exceeds a preset limit. ough inspection every two months and breakdowns before they occur. Mean- again after approximately two and eight while, the fault on the Görlitz has been NO WORK WITHOUT years (known respectively as the A, C, rectified. “My colleagues have replaced DOCUMENTATION and D checks), depending on the num- a rivet,” says Kluge. Now they will test “Not everyone can do what we do here,” ber of flight hours as well as takeoffs and whether the leak is sealed. In the cock- says shift manager Holger Raab. “The landings. In the course of the D check, pit, he switches the pump over from the career path is long.” A maintenance several hundred engineers dismantle the center to the tank on the right wing. mechanic (MM) is assigned to the simple aircraft into its individual components. It starts ­dripping again from a height service. Aircraft mechanics like Thomas Then the tank chambers are also open. of four meters on the underside of the Kluge, with the highest qualification lev- Cables and insulation systems are then wing. Kluge remains unruffled. The el of maintenance technician (MT), can examined carefully. The mechanics are unexpected is the rule here. “We test also replace engines, operate controls, looking for signs of wear, hairline cracks, everything that has to enter service and inspect other people’s work. Every and corrosion points in the structure. again, even after the smallest adjust- aircraft type requires a specific qual- Every step is meticulously ticked off and ment,” says shift manager Raab. Once ification, for which proof must be fur- countersigned. “Lufthansa Technik has Kluge has sunk the screws specified by nished that the relevant training course even enhanced SFAR 88,” says Dimitria- Airbus into the cap, the tank is sealed. has been passed. Following the exam at dis. The repair is only deemed complete Golf Mike leaves Frankfurt that evening the end of the apprenticeship, it takes once it has been recorded in the main- with a good 100,000 liters of kerosene on

PHOTO: PHOTO: LUFTHANSA TECHNIK AG between eight and ten years to get to tenance document and inspected by at board, bound for Bangkok.

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 55 HOSPITAL DATA NETWORKING NEW OPPORTUNITIES

Standards are speeding up networks. A new protocol is set to simplify data exchange in hospitals in the future, for the benefit of everybody – patients, staff, and management.

TEXT FRANK GRÜNBERG

he train journey from Paris to Moscow is legendary. pitals. “SDC provides new opportunities for cross-manufacturer Czars, poets, and composers traveled between both cities back in data exchange,” says Jens Altmann, head of the IT and systems the 19th century. Today, it takes around 39 hours to complete the business unit at Dräger. “In the future, our patient monitors, 2,800-kilometer journey without even having to change trains. anesthesia machines, and intensive care ventilators should be One thing that hasn’t changed to this day: At Brest station on the able to share information with other equipment on the patient Polish–Belarusian border, there is a break of gauge. This is due side – thereby helping professionals to make even better ther- to the fact that the tracks are 1.52 meters apart in the East, while apy decisions.” Since April 2019, Dräger has had products on in the West they are around ten centimeters narrower. The gauge the market that have incorporated the principles of the new change is now performed automatically within a matter of min- SDC standards. utes. One continuous track would render this measure superflu- ous and make the journey quicker. In such cases, specialists talk FASTER DATA EXCHANGE about a lack of interoperability. The phenomenon of different Interpersonal communication is shaped by content and protocols. track gauges is due to the origins of the railroad. Cross-border The protocols determine who can convey their message and when travel barely played a role back then. Many countries also weren’t and how they can do it. The importance of protocols becomes interested in agreeing on one uniform standard with their neigh- especially clear during state visits. They regulate procedures, bors. However, anyone who thinks that such matters are a relic conduct, dress code, and seating arrangements in minute detail. from former times is very much mistaken. In the age of digita- It is no different with machines. Before both sides exchange the lization, a growing number of stand-alone solutions are emerg- actual data, they start by sorting out the technical matters, such ing, which prevent the flow of data within networks – including as the channel, the security level, and the frequency they wish to in hospitals. Operating rooms and intensive care units are pri- use to communicate with one another. Only then can the relevant marily affected here. information flow. Several network protocols have already found “Interoperability in the operating room is not just a tech- their way into hospitals, such as HL7 and FHIR. However, they nical issue,” says Dr. Michael Czaplik, anesthetist and senior have been optimized for the sharing of master data and labora- doctor at University Hospital Aachen. “It also means that every tory data rather than for the transfer of commands or operations team member – whether in surgery or anesthetics – knows pre- between individual devices. Yet this transfer must occur without cisely where potential dangers lie, what step is coming next, and delay so that the professionals lose no time between assessment which specific aspects need to be taken into consideration.” and therapy. SDC has been developed for precisely this purpose. Leading manufacturers of medical equipment therefore pre- By way of comparison, people who want to send large sented a new standard protocol at the beginning of 2019, which amounts of data generally do so by e-mail. Those who are expect- goes by the name of service-oriented device connectivity (SDC). ing an immediate reaction to a brief message prefer to use a

PICTURES: DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAACO. It is designed to simplify and accelerate work processes in hos- chat app. In short, the medium must be suited to the content.

56 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 PATIENT MONITOR  SDC / Service-oriented device connectivity makes it possible to harmonize the communi- cation protocols of medical equipment from diff erent manufacturers by means of a bidirectional data connection

INTERACTION In the future, patient monitors, anesthesia machines, and intensive care ventilators should also be able to share infor- mation with other equip- ment on the patient side, thereby helping profes- sionals to make even better therapy decisions. Yet this transfer must occur without delay so that the professionals lose no time between assess-  ment and therapy. SDC has been developed INTENSIVE CARE for precisely this purpose. VENTILATOR

PATIENT DATA ANESTHESIA MACHINE



/

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 HOSPITAL DATA NETWORKING

PROTOCOLS GOVERN COMMUNICATION – WITH PEOPLE AND MACHINES

Until now, all existing protocols have had a format that is spe- cific to the company using them – they are proprietary, i.e. only designed for communication between devices made by the same manufacturer. The problem is, however, that the communica- tion between devices made by different manufacturers within a network becomes difficult, because it then requires an addi- tional solution, like the one used for the trains at the station in Brest. Such interpreters are expensive. And the more complex the networks, the greater the risk of there being no interpreter

for individual players. Then the data misses its connection in PHOTO: DRÄGERWERK AG & KGAACO. the literal sense of the word. In many situations, data conges- tion of this kind may be annoying, but in the operating room or on the intensive care unit it can cost lives. tem and image databases in order to take appropriate measures. SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION An emergency would also automatically be escalated to the blood In his role as a physician, Dr. Czaplik has been helping to develop bank and operation management, allowing them to take imme- the SDC standard for a number of years. He has also set the pace diate action. Of course, Dr. Czaplik admits that such scenarios as a board member of the OR.NET association. The association are still a long way off, but research projects aimed at network- was founded in 2016 in order to bring users and manufacturers ing surgical and anesthesia workstations are once again being around one table and establish SDC as an international standard publicly funded. In addition, SDC now provides an internation- belonging to the IEEE 11073 series, which actually happened at ally recognized basis for straightforward networking. “Now it’s the beginning on 2019, authoritatively defining the basis for the all about motivating the manufacturers to develop SDC-compat- interoperability of medical devices worldwide for the first time. ible products and raise awareness of the advantages of the stan- Dr. Czapik highlights the problems using the example of an acute dard in hospitals,” says Dr. Czaplik. hemorrhage, which can occur at any time during a surgical pro- This commitment may seem strange to laypeople. Our cedure: “Since surgeons and anesthetists obtain their data from everyday lives are shaped by digital networks that connect var- different sources at their workstations, they do not have the same ious end devices wirelessly and often at the touch of a button. information about the condition of the patient if any complica- The reality is often different in the operating rooms, where tions arise.” There can even be communication problems getting the players mostly record procedures on paper, while the de- in contact with the blood bank, because this is usually done over vices write non-synchronized protocols in isolation. Experience the phone, sometimes resulting in people losing sight of the gen- shows that even though everyone involved is working on the eral operation management. “The professionals then have little same patient, their recorded times sometimes differ by min- chance of postponing a subsequent operation in time or moving utes. At the ISAR Hospital in Munich, people are therefore hop- it to another room.” In the case of a networked operation, on the ing that SDC represents a turning point. As IT manager, Rich- other hand, the flow of information doesn’t have to cease. Sur- ard Herdlein has already conducted initial tests with the new geons and anesthetists see the same data at their workstations – protocol in conjunction with Dräger. Laboratory tests involved coordinated between the devices. Using smart glasses, it would remotely controlling the monitoring systems at the bed of an not only be possible for the surgeon to display the patient’s cur- intensive care patient from the ward’s central support point in rent blood pressure and heart rate, but also a checklist to work order to switch off alarms, for example. His summary: “SDC is through based on the figures. In the meantime, the anesthetist a successful collaboration between medical engineering and views preoperative test results via the hospital information sys- IT. The protocol is secure, does not devour network resources,

58 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 “ESTABLISH SDC AS A BRAND”

The new SDC standard protocol is set to accelerate data exchange in operating rooms. But how do those involved wish to market the standard? Dr. Stefan Schlichting, system architect at Dräger and board member of the OR.NET association, has some suggestions.

Dr. Schlichting, Dräger supports the new protocol through its OR.NET membership RESEARCH and its own product development activities. ­PROJECTS The new standard will only start to be aimed at networking surgical and anes- of value when many manufacturers use it. thesia workstations How do you intend to help it achieve its are once again being publicly funded breakthrough? By completing as quickly as possible a number of reference projects that show how SDC can be used. We will approach the relevant and reduces the complexity of the IT infrastructure, because companies through OR.NET in order to it can be integrated into existing IT networks.” He says that it find out what we can do and how we can do it. is important to publish further practical examples, because they would show the benefits that can be achieved with SDC. SDC has been presented as an open standard. The same also applies from an economic perspective. Back in What does this mean in concrete terms? 2013, for example, a study revealed that more than 30 billion Every manufacturer can use the SDC protocol dollars a year could be saved in the US healthcare system alone by using functionally interoperable medical devices. This is the without having to pay the license fees. It will equivalent to one percent of all costs. Yet only now is it possible only cost for obtaining the specifications from to gain any kind of reliable budget-based experience with SDC, OR.NET, around 100 euros per document, although it will be years before this information is available. which will primarily go toward funding the asso- ciation’s standardization work. GREATER TRANSPARENCY, LOWER COSTS Andreas Arbogast, managing director of the ISAR Hospital, doesn’t Users will also ask themselves why want to wait that long. He views SDC as an opportunity to accel- they should occupy themselves with SDC. erate digitalization in his hospital. The aim is to give employees What arguments can you present? access to all relevant data anytime and anywhere. “If we man- OR.NET wants to establish SDC as a brand that age to speed up processes, reduce workloads, and save storage space as a result of doing this, we can also cut costs in the medi- keeps its promise. The aim is to ensure that um term.” He is also hoping for greater transparency from SDC- SDC-compatible devices can be integrated into compatible devices in the future: How do the teams work togeth- a network virtually by means of plug and play er? How much anesthetic is used? Are the patients sufficiently in the future. A conformity test is currently being sedated? Arbogast also admits that all of this is still a long way developed for this purpose, which manufactur- off. For now, it’s about developing applications that deliver pre- ers can successfully pass. This should promote cisely the data that is relevant from the perspective of the man- the most secure interoperability. agement. “The implementation will involve plenty of work,” he says, “but as soon as everything functions as it should, I see clear advantages above all else.”

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 59 AGRICULTURE VITICULTURE

GOOD REASON TO LAUGH Klaus Rummel has been producing organic wine since 1987. He has since secured a firm place on the German organic vintner scene. He harvests ­dozens of tons of grapes on his 16-hectare estate in good years – enough for around 90,000 liters of wine

60 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 LANDWIRTSCHAFT WEINBAU THE ORGANIC ­PIONEERS

Some vintners suspected it decades ago: Top wines can also be produced organically! This vineyard in the Southern Palatinate region has been setting the trend ever since.

TEXT BJÖRN WÖLKE PHOTOS PATRICK OHLIGSCHLÄGER

and has been committed to organic viti- culture since 1987, rising to the top of the German organic vintner scene over the he average native of the Palati- decades. He even has a greening mixture nate region, in simplistic terms, is consid- for organic farming named after him. This ered good-natured, cheerful, and chatty. outlaw vine anarchist sometimes lives by In highly generalized terms, the Palatinate his own rules, with around 16 hectares vintner, meanwhile, is seen as innovative, of grapevines (production in 2018: more adventurous, and inquisitive, with a rus- than 120,000 bottles; 50% white, 50% tic character and pithy sayings; a person red). For centuries, the Rummels were who is bursting with ambition, given the just simple farmers in Nußdorf, a com- location of his vineyard, which is positive- munity of 1,500 souls, located around a ly spoiled by the climate. Under these con- 30-minute drive from Karlsruhe on the ditions – and perhaps exaggerating some- idyllic wine route. Klaus Rummel is now what – the Palatinate winegrower Klaus the third generation to run the business; Rummel can be described as something his oldest son Karl is already in the start- of a mixture. He not only meets all of the ing blocks. “Our family is actually pro- aforementioned criteria, but even surpass- foundly boring,” laughs Klaus Rummel. es them – sometimes effortlessly. Perhaps “We have always been winegrowers; even he can be regarded as a stroke of good for- my wife comes from a family of vintners!” tune – for Germany’s vintner communi- ty and for wine lovers all over the world. MORE ROBUST Rummel is pretty much the enfant terri- A team of fifteen people still select the ble of the wine region in the southeastern- grapes by hand. The batches can be most tip of the Palatinate. He is a skilled demanding and the selection process is winegrower, who started back in 1979 at often as strict as that used by some elite the age of 16 under the watchful eye of universities to select their students. The his father, quickly acquired his own style, Rummels not only celebrate viticulture,

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 61 AGRICULTURE VITICULTURE

ALCOHOL INTERLOCK If the alcohol limit is VITICULTURE is a demanding job, which is why there are machines that exceeded, the tractor’s engine is blocked help with the work. Yet even they sometimes reach their limits, not least …

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE ALTERS THE WINE

but also experiment with new grape vari- Rummel. Current enemy number one like the sun. The higher the surface tem- eties. One of their most recent achieve- is the Asian spotted-wing drosophila, perature, the more difficult its life gets. ments is Sauvignac, which is thanks to which experts call Drosophila suzukii. Grapevines, on the other hand, love the Valentin Blattner, a friendly Swiss grape The adventive insect from the Far East heat. It is safe to say that wine is a winner winegrower. You can taste the results. is giving both fruit farmers and vint- when it comes to climate change. Problems The 2018 California dry is a young white ners a headache. Rummel is also find- with unripe grapes are a thing of the past wine, still a little reserved, yet with a ing the fly a challenge. While the native in Germany, but there are new challenges, complex taste: green mini bananas skip species of this fruit fly only infest fallen including considerable weather fluctua- across the palate, accompanied by peach fruit with damaged skin, the new pest tions, hailstorms, and extended dry peri- and floral notes. The cross between a prefers intact fruit, piercing the skin and ods. “We struggle with the drought, which Sauvignon Blanc and a Resistenzpart- laying its eggs inside. This also goes for is why we are simply reversing things that ner has a multi-genetic makeup, which red wine grapes. “We have been seeing a used to be considered standard in viticul- makes it more robust at resisting harm- huge amount of this species since around ture,” says Karl Rummel. The 26-year-old ful fungi such as Peronospora, the downy 2014. The beast is incredibly stubborn,” son of Klaus Rummel, a trained viticul- mildew. “We have to deal with a grow- says Klaus Rummel. Early defoliation of ture engineer, is set to take over the fate ing number of more invasive species as the fruit zone primarily helps to combat of the estate at some point. In the mean- a result of climate change,” says Klaus it, because Drosophila suzukii doesn’t time, he is also responsible for the strategy

62 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 … WITH DEMANDING BATCHES. Then the pickers still select the grapes by hand, often using a selection process that is as strict as that used by some elite universities to select their students. The ability of the harvesting machines to sort the grapes is generally very close to that of the meticulous manual work, but it will probably never be quite as good

in the wine cellar and cites one example: subject of protecting resources – or hab- wines that have been grown in an eco- “Instead of going to a great deal of trouble itat management, as he likes to call it. friendly manner, as Klaus Rummel ob- just to get the grapes as sweet as possible, Rummel carefully tends to his soil. The serves. Yet mildew and rot present eve- it is now more about assessing them on the wild greenery around the grapevines and ry vintner with similar problems. “New basis of other criteria – and making them the numerous insect hotels on the estate and robust fungus-resistant grapevines ripen later if necessary.” There are differ- are part of it. One declaration of intent may be one solution and save nature ent ways of doing this. For instance, the follows another in some places, but Rum- from being exposed to a huge amount of grapevines can be cut in a way that delays mel has been getting down to business chemicals,” he says. In conventional viti- the ripening ­period. for three decades. He has provided cap- culture, various fungicides can be spray- ital for natural spaces and invested his ed to destroy fungal spores. Even though PATIENCE AND BRAWN money, patience, and brawn in mono- they contain active agents that are con- With the higher average temperatures cultures so that he can work in harmo- sidered harmful to health and the envi- in Germany, it is now possible to grow ny with nature. His maxim is biodiver- ronment, they ensure that the powdery grape varieties that are usually only seen sity – not on account of any ideology, mildew does not overrun the grapes with in more southern climes, such as Caber- but because he sees it as the only way its typical fungal spores, causing them to net Sauvignon. “The water shortage will in which wine will remain economical- harden and split open. Even as an organic probably be one of our biggest problems ly viable in the future. There is also the farmer, Rummel is allowed to use sulfur. in the future,” says Klaus Rummel. “For protection of groundwater. If it were up Mostly, however, he resorts to unconven- this reason alone, we must rethink how to him, there would be neither chemical tional means. “We no longer use pow- we protect our resources and give the fertilizers nor pesticides. dered sulfur at all and we have been reduc- grapevines more chance to survive the This is in tune with the needs of con- ing the use of liquid sulfur year on year. dry summers.” His eyes light up on the sumers, who are increasingly asking for We spray rather crazy things, primarily

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 63 AGRICULTURE VITICULTURE

FOURTH GENERATION Karl Rummel is set to AIRTIGHT Many wines age to perfection in steel tanks – others take over the fate of the estate at some point are consciously finished in wooden barrels

SILENT WITNESSES TO CONVIVIAL WINE ­TASTINGS AND DRINKS AFTER WORK

baking powder and orange oil.” Even he wooden boxes as outer packaging.” The from all the theory. The effects of alco- cannot manage completely without cop- oldest are now 53 years old. He takes the hol on the body, meanwhile, are clear to per. The controversial heavy metal is the bottles back to use them again. “That is an everybody: Reactions are impaired, while only agent an organic winegrower can use important aspect for us in terms of sus-tai- the readiness to take risks increases with to combat the downy mildew. “We have nability.” Two-thirds of the clientele use a blood alcohol content (BAC) starting at now reduced its use to a minimum. The this service. just 0.03 percent. Statistics show that the whole operation can be run with less vul- seriousness of accidents on the road and nerable grape varieties.” Rummel is cer- PREVENTIVE MEASURES in the workplace rises with the alcohol tain that the more that people realize how Anyone who visits the organic vineyard in level. Drink-driving increases the risk of much fungus-resistant grapes are better Nußdorf will not only see state-of-the-art an accident. And the residual alcohol in for the water, the soil, and the insects, technology, but also rows of empty bot- the body the following morning should the greater the acceptance will be on the tles, all neatly arranged. They are silent also not be underestimated. Klaus Rum- consumer side. In any case, he contin- witnesses to convivial wine tastings and mel has taken preventive measures and ues to champion the approach and is also drinks after work, which are enjoyed regu- had two alcohol ignition interlock de- working on reducing the packaging waste larly with customers, friends, and employ- vices (AIIDs) installed to ensure that step by step. “On the sales side, including ees – not just for pleasure, but also to com- nobody gets behind the wheel under the home deliveries, we almost exclusively use plement the ongoing education, detached influence of alcohol. One is in a trac -

64 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 “I KNOW WHAT I’M TALKING ABOUT” One in ten employees drinks too much alcohol. The problem affects professionals across all hierarchy levels. Ulrich Süßner, divisional manager at the German Accident Prevention and Insurance Association for Trade and Distribution of Goods (BGHW), explains how alcohol interlocks can prevent accidents in the workplace.

Mr. Süßner, you have purchased 180 alcohol interlocks* since 2014, which you make available to your member companies free of charge. Why did you want to raise awareness of “alcohol in the workplace” among employers in particular? The subject is a problem across the whole of society. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to dependency and cause illnesses. This increases the risk of absences or even accidents in the workplace. Many businesses are now interested in addiction prevention initiatives within their companies. We estimate that 20 to 25 percent of reportable workplace accidents are caused by alcohol or other drugs.

How do you convince the companies to use the alcohol interlocks? Devices in return for data – that’s the deal! Around ten percent of employees in Germany drink alcohol at levels that are linked to a higher risk of illness. However, we do not know how many people reach for the bottle in the workplace. After installing the devices, we read out the data once or twice a year and provide the participating companies with a summary, although we only state the number of incidents and do not MORE THAN 120,000 BOTTLES of organic reveal which devices or vehicles are involved. wine were filled in Nußdorf in 2018, a record year What has changed in the companies since? They have a much greater awareness of the subject. Many appreciate how easy it is to use the devices as a preventive measure. The in-house discussion is also more straightforward. People now have a handle on noticeable problems.

What are the consequences for the employee? Some companies have escalation levels and state precisely what will happen after the first, second, or third incident – right through to the termination of the employment contract. tor, the other is in a delivery vehicle. The Some take their employees out of the work process and give them menial tasks or send them Dräger Interlock 7000 seems to be made straight home. Others just inform them of the situation. A few of them prescribe a technical for the job: Before starting a journey, the measure, such as alcohol interlocks. The devices can effectively prevent people from driving driver blows into the device, which pre- under the influence of alcohol – whether a forklift, car, or truck – because the driver must vents the engine from starting if a set blow into the interlock for clearance. In other words, if a set limit is exceeded, the engine will limit is exceeded, thereby halting any- body from driving under the influence of not start. There are many companies, however, that completely ignore the issue. alcohol. “We wanted to engage better with How does your employer approach the matter? this issue. After all, we work with alco- We are currently working on a new internal risk assessment. We have almost 300 hol here, so I see it as my duty as a busi- people working in the field alone. They also represent a cross section of society, nessman! Turning words into deeds has been made much easier with these devic- two to three percent of which is said to have a serious alcohol problem. I know what es,” says Rummel. The 56-year-old pours I’m talking about. I grew up in an alcoholic family. himself another glass of the 2018 Califor- *Type: Dräger Interlock XT and Interlock 7000 nia dry, beholds his estate, and enjoys the evening sun. Who can get away with that these days? Vintners like him!

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 65 IN GOOD HANDS

The Mina El Silencio in the Colombian department of Antioquia has been mining gold for 120 years. The owners, Gran Colombia Gold, offers its employees an attractive working environment with high safety standards. This is not a given in this rural region .

TEXT AND PHOTOS TOBIAS KÄUFER

SWORN TEAM The members of the rescue team listen carefully to the instructions prior to an exer- cise deep underground. In the event of an emergency, every maneuver must be right

66 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 INDUSTRY PRECIOUS METALS

GRAN COLOMBIA GOLD An important employer in a structurally weak rural region – IN GOOD HANDS here: the site of the gold mine in Segovia, about a four- hour drive from Medellín

The Mina El Silencio in the Colombian department of Antioquia has been mining gold for 120 years. The owners, Gran Colombia Gold, offers its employees an attractive working environment with high safety standards. This is not a given in this rural region .

TEXT AND PHOTOS TOBIAS KÄUFER

is also a school and a kindergarten. Any- started out in the mine, before switch- one who works here should feel comfort- ing to production. For the past five years, able and also a little proud. she has been monitoring a labyrinth of he big sign is both a reminder cables, systems, computers, and machin- and a motivation: “Accident-free: 41 days. MINING CREATES JOBS ery. Gomez is not the only woman from Our record: 114 days.” It stands on the One of them is Monica Maria Gomez. the region who has managed to work site of a gold mine in Segovia in the She comes from Yolombó, a neighbor- her way up to a management position Colombian department of Antioquia. It ing town, situated between Segovia and through hard work and a good educa- is roughly a four-hour drive from the bus- Medellín. Gomez is responsible for the tion. Jenny Palacio works as a shift man- tling city of Medellín, the department’s electrical systems on the entire produc- ager, while Viviana Arismendi­ is respon- capital, to the small town – if a broken- tion site. “I make sure that everything sible for occupational safety. For the down truck or landslide is not blocking works. If there is a problem somewhere, women in the region, the mine provides the road. They are two completely differ- I investigate what has happened and rec- the opportunity to determine their own ent worlds: The economy is booming in tify it,” says the Colombian. The above- career path. This is not a ­given in this Medellín; a growing number of interna- ground part of the site – where every- rural region of the South American ­coun- tional technology corporations are mov- thing that comes from deep below the try. And it is one of the many and con- ing there. People in Segovia earn their ground is processed – is a huge complex siderable differences between the legal living from the things the earth yields – of formidable machinery and state-of- and illegal mining industry in Colombia. from agriculture and mining. The Mina the-art (yet tried-and-tested) technology. Illegal mining is one of the biggest El Silencio owned by the company Gran Gomez keeps her eye on all of this. If the destroyers of the environment in the Colombia Gold is as important to the electrical systems do not work, nothing country. The reckless use of mercury in people here as coal mining once was in can be produced. A great deal of respon- particular is a disaster for the ecosystem. the Ruhr region – in a structurally weak sibility rests on her shoulders. She was The heavy metal poisons rivers and con- region, it is a driver of economic growth, trained at SENA, an important part of the taminates the groundwater, thereby end- an employer, and the center of people’s Colombian education system, which is ing up in the food chain. These illegal lives. On the site there is a swimming available to the entire population. Then mines are often found in environmen- pool, soccer pitches, lounges, a fitness she seized her opportunity and success- tally sensitive areas like the Amazon rain studio, and even a medical center. There fully embarked on her career. Gomez forest and its offshoots. And the precious

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 67 HEAVY MACHINERY Gold is not only mined, but also GIRL POWER Monica Maria Gomez (center) and processed at the complex in the Colombian town of Segovia her colleagues also monitor the processing plant

opportunity to grow. His company plays The men move closer together on the ECONOMIC its part in driving economic growth, way to the mine. There is room for two ­FACTOR FOR AN ­creates jobs, and does everything it can people in each of the carriages that trans- to invest in safety on the site. The jobs are ports them underground at high speed. ENTIRE REGION secure because the demand for gold con- Today they are carrying out an exercise tinues unabated worldwide. Incidental- 200 meters underground. A march leads ly, the workers involved in illegal mining the group, equipped with state-of-the- also benefit from this certainty. art Dräger breathing apparatus and res- tree population is simply cut down almost cue equipment, to a gallery. An “uncon- everywhere. A bird’s-eye view reveals how HELP IN TIMES OF NEED scious” casualty is waiting there for help. illegal mining is inflicting wounds on the It is also not unusual for the rescue team A plan of action is initiated that Bland- rain forest. Dark forces are mainly behind from the Mina El Silencio to be called on’s men execute perfectly: They stabi- the activity; illegal armed groups, whose upon by desperate relatives of an ille- lize the injured colleague, establish an motivation is purely profit, often closely gal mine in the neighborhood, although oxygen supply, and bring him to safety. linked to the drug trade, the country’s Franck Blandon’s team is actually Everything goes so well because the team second scourge. No consideration is giv- trained and equipped to deal with res- members can rely on each other and the en here to the safety of the employees, cue missions following accidents in the technology. “We are in an uncontrolled human rights, environmental protec- mine itself. “We are a well-rehearsed situation here – gases have caused our tion, social achievements, career oppor- team – in an emergency we have to be colleague to lose consciousness. Now he is tunities, or life chances. There are also able to rely on one another,” he says. lying injured on the floor,” says Blandon, no environmental guidelines, no site Exercises are performed outdoors and explaining the task. Now every maneuver security, and no training. “Illegal mining underground. “The modern equipment counts – not to mention functioning gas is a consequence of poverty,” says com- is a blessing for our job. When you con- detection equipment (Type: Dräger X-am pany boss Lombardo Paredes Arenas. “If sider the environment in which people 2500/5600), which analyzes the ambient we fail to tackle poverty, illegal mining used to have to work and how the con- air. The unconscious colleague has been will not go away.” Legal mining has the ditions used to be for the rescue teams, stabilized on a stretcher within a matter potential to give those regions of Colom- then it is clear that we have a real advan- of minutes, given an oxygen supply, and bia that are not among the privileged an tage nowadays.” led past heavy machinery to a safe zone.

68 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 INDUSTRY PRECIOUS METALS

DRY RUN The crew initially practice rescuing a casualty outside before entering the mine. Unwritten rule: Everyone must be able to rely on one another underground

DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 69 INDUSTRY PRECIOUS METALS

TAKING A BREATHER The workers gather for a brief break PROTECTING Carlos Blandón Ospina is head of the occupational before heading underground health and safety division at Gran Colombia Gold

tus. All areas benefit from this and now mine once or twice a month, because TECHNOLOGY have the latest technology.” The mine it’s not just about their own safety, but DRIVES has thus prepared itself for the two most also that of their colleagues,” says Rodri- likely causes of accidents: falling rocks guez. Anyone who operates the machin- GROWTH and a lack of ventilation. “It is essentially ery underground or controls the plant the same in every industry. Every invest- above ground in the production process, ment made in the employees’ quality of must be 100 percent fit for work. Those life is repaid in the form of an increase who are not fit must take a break – until “We trained for these kinds of in­cidents in production. We also operate on this their values have returned to normal. with colleagues from Canada and principle.” An investment in the tech- Preventing accidents before they happen familiarized ourselves with the ­latest nology for the rescue teams is thus not is one of the key philosophies in Segov- ­technology while we were there. The just an objective improvement in perfor- ia. The medical concept is also part of fact that we are now using it here in mance capability, but also a message to the mine’s overall concept. The work- ­Colombia is a big step forward,” says the workforce: “We will not let you down force should be confident that they are Blandon. if something happens.” in good hands when it comes to health “The mine has gone through a matters. This is a location factor for a developmental process,” explains Car- ACCIDENT PREVENTION company in a small town a four-hour los Blandón Ospina, head of the occupa- In terms of prevention, the medical cen- drive away from the city of Medellín and tional health and safety division at Gran ter managed by Dr. Rafael Rodriguez its medical infrastructure. After all, a Colombia Gold. “There is a big tradi- performs the relevant tests. This is also fair number of skilled workers come to tion,” he says. “Gold has been mined where colleagues are checked to estab- Segovia from Medellín and expect to be here for 120 years and the safety con- lish whether they have consumed alco- looked after there. For safety chief Car- cept has improved step by step over the hol or even illegal drugs within the past los Blandón Ospina, this is all part of course of time.” He says this is only pos- few hours. The drug test (Type: Dräger the overall concept: “All the things that sible with investment: “We have invest- DrugTest 5000) shows whether sub - improve our employees’ quality of life ed in the ventilation and lighting systems stances such as cocaine or marijuana ensure that they identify more with the as well as in maintenance procedures, are still present in the saliva. “We have company – and are motivated and pro - safety clothing, and breathing appara- to prevent someone from entering the ductive every day.”

70 DRÄGER REVIEW 121 | 1 / 2020 SERVICE INFORMATION Technology for Life

Here you will find an overview of the PRODUCTS featured in this issue. The QR codes lead to the information for each product. If you have any questions about a particular product or Dräger Review, write to us: [email protected]

PSS BG 4 PLUS POLYTRON 8100 This closed-circuit breathing An explosion-protected transmitter that ­apparatus supplies its wearer with detects toxic gases and oxygen with the air for up to four hours in a toxic aid of an electrochemical Dräger sensor. environment. Page 69 Page 20

CLINICAL ASSISTANCE PACKAGE INTERLOCK 7000 Demographic data from the patient Alcohol ignition interlock device. records can be accessed directly on the The driver blows into the anesthesia machine or intensive care device, which prevents the engine ventilator with this software. Conversely, from starting if a set breath data can also be directly exported to alcohol limit is exceeded. the patient records. Page 57 Page 62

X-AM 5600 DRUGTEST 5000 GEMINA DUO This robust and waterproof device is ideal An analysis system for establishing This wall supply unit facilitates the for personal protection. It measures up the presence of drugs in saliva. efficient and flexible design of to six substances simultaneously, including It detects up to eight substances, medical workspaces with numerous explosive, combustible hydrocarbons, such as THC and cocaine, options and configurations.

toxic gases, and oxygen. Page 32 with predefined limits. Page 42 Page 27 DRÄGERWERK AG PHOTOS: & KGAACO. DRÄGER REVIEW 71 121; PAGE

Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, manufactures the following products: Polytron 8100 (p. 20), Pac 6000/7000/8500 (pp. 32, 36, 55), X-am 5000/5600/8000 (pp. 32, 36, 68), Smart Rescue (p. 37), Oxyline pressure reducer (p. 40), DrugTest 5000 (p. 42 ff., 70), GDK 3200 (p. 51), Interlock 7000 (p. 64), PSS BG 4 plus (p. 69), X-pid 9000/9500 (p. 72). ­Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, manufactures the Gemina DUO (p. 27) and the Clinical Assistance Package (CAP) (p. 57). INSIGHT GAS MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY THE MOBILE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DEVICE

Selectively measuring gases and determining their concentrations is a routine procedure in the chemical industry, in refineries, and on drilling platforms. The Dräger X-pid combines incredibly precise measurements with robustness and ease of operation.

SMART

It is operated using an equally intrinsically safe smartphone, which connects ROBUST to the sensor unit (below) via Bluetooth. Free updates can be added (such as new target compounds) via an Internet Environmental infl uences on measure- connection – dozens of compounds ment results – due to temperature are currently available. fl uctuations, for example – have been reduced to a minimum. The sensor unit is heated to a constant temperature above the ambient temperature and separates water vapor infl uences A GOOD NOSE from the relevant target compounds in “Analysis” measuring mode. As soon as the gas is fed into the integrated gas chromatography device for one second, it separates the mixture DETECTOR into its constituent components within a short space of time. The results and recorded ppm values then appear imme- A photoionization sensor detects diately afterwards on the control unit hazardous substances such display (above). Benzene can be measured as benzene, butadiene, and other within around 30 seconds and volatile organic compounds in repeated again after 60 seconds. the ambient air, and shows their con- centrations in parts per billion.

PROTECTION DRAWN IN! The sensor unit is intrinsically safe so that it really can measure A hose up to ten anywhere without a problem. meters long can be attached to this Luer connector with anti- ro tation device – for clearance measure- ments, for example. The ambient air is sucked into the sensor

unit via this hose. DRÄGERWERK AG PHOTOS: & KGAA / DRÄGER CO. REVIEW 72 121; PAGE