The Pre-Alpine Evolution of the Basement of the Pelagonian Zone and the Vardar Zone, Greece

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The Pre-Alpine Evolution of the Basement of the Pelagonian Zone and the Vardar Zone, Greece The Pre-Alpine Evolution of the Basement of the Pelagonian Zone and the Vardar Zone, Greece Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Birte Anders Mainz, Juni 2005 Erklärung: Hiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und nur unter Verwendung der angegebene Quellen und Hilfsmittel verfasst zu haben. Mainz, Juni 2005 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.07.2005 Summary iii Summary The Hellenides in Greece constitute an integral part of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain chain. They are traditionally divided into several subparallel, c. NNW-SSE trending tectono-stratigraphic zones. These zones are grouped into two large units, namely the External Hellenides (Hellenide foreland) in the west and the Internal Hellenides (Hellenide hinterland) in the east. The External Hellenides comprise the Paxon, Ionian and Gavrovo-Tripolis Zones, which are dominated by Mesozoic and Cainozoic cover rocks. The Pelagonian Zone, the Attico-Cycladic Massif, the Vardar Zone, the Serbo-Macedonian Massif and the Rhodope Massif (from west to east) form the Internal Hellenides. They are characterised by abundant occurrences of crystalline basement. The Pelagonian Zone and the Vardar Zone in Greece represent the western part of the Internal Hellenides. While the Pelagonian Zone comprises predominantly crystalline basement and sedimentary cover rocks, the Vardar Zone has long been regarded as an ophiolite-decorated suture zone separating the Pelagonian Zone from the Serbo-Macedonian Massif to the east. In order to identify the major crust-forming episodes and to improve the understanding of the evolutionary history of this region, felsic basement rocks from both the Pelagonian Zone and the Vardar Zone were dated, with the main focus being on the Pelagonian Zone. Different methods of single-zircon dating were applied, namely the Pb-Pb evaporation method, the conventional U-Pb method and secondary-ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP). The geochronological results were aided by geochemical investigations. The majority of the basement rocks from the Pelagonian Zone (variably deformed felsic and intermediate rocks) yielded Permo-Carboniferous intrusion ages, thus underlining the importance of this crust-forming event for the Internal Hellenides of Greece. Importantly, six samples formed a coherent group of Neoproterozoic intrusion ages. Moreover, three samples yielded Triassic ages whereas a single Late Precambrian/Early Cambrian, an Upper Jurassic and a Tertiary age have also been determined. The geochronological results demonstrate that the magmatic episodes during which most of the Pelagonian Zone crystalline basement formed are predominantly pre-Alpine in age. Whole- rock geochemical and Sr- and Nd-isotope composition investigations indicate that variable amounts of older, pre-existing crust contributed to the magma source. Therefore, most of the felsic basement rocks show hybrid characteristics between I-type and S-type granitoids. According to their geochemistry the basement rocks most likely formed in a subduction-related environment, such as an active continental margin. The Triassic rocks possibly originated in an extensional environment, as extension and rifting was generally suggested for the Triassic, indicated by geochemical investigations of Triassic volcanic rocks and their associated sediments. An important discovery is the identification of a Precambrian crustal unit within the crystalline basement of the Pelagonian Zone. Orthogneisses from the NW Pelagonian Zone yielded Neoproterozoic ages between 699 ± 7 Ma and 713 ± 18 Ma; these rocks are the oldest so far known rocks in Greece. These basement rocks are interpreted as remnants of a terrane, the Florina Terrane. Geochemically, the Florina orthogneisses represent granites formed at an active continental margin. Because of the Late Proterozoic ages, this arc can be correlated to a Pan-African or Cadomian arc derived from the northern margin of Gondwana. Since the gneisses contain inherited zircons of Late to Middle Proterozoic age, the original position of Florina was probably at the northwestern margin of Gondwana. Summary iv Similarly to other Gondwana-derived terranes, such as East Avalonia, Florina could have approached the southern margin of Eurasia during the Palaeozoic, where it later became part of an active continental margin above the subducting Palaeotethys. During the Permo-Carboniferous, the Florina Terrane served as the basement for the Pelagonian magmatic arc. The geochronological and geochemical investigations of crystalline basement rocks from the Pelagonian Zone demonstrate that subduction / accretion processes characterised the pre-Alpine evolution of this region. In the Vardar Zone, several bodies of granites, gneisses, migmatites and felsic volcanic rocks are associated with the ophiolitic rocks and can provide additional constraints on the evolution of the suture. Single-zircon and monazite dating of felsic rocks yield accurate ages for the processes of accretion of the suture. The majority of the igneous formation ages obtained range from 155 to 164 Ma, suggesting an important magmatic phase in the Upper Jurassic. The geochemical and isotopic composition of these rocks is in accord with their formation in a volcanic-arc setting at an active continental margin. Older continental material incorporated in the Vardar Zone is documented by 319 Ma old gneisses and by inherited zircons of mainly Middle Palaeozoic age. The Upper Jurassic magmatic event overprinted such gneisses, as is evident in monazite ages of 158 Ma. The prevalence of Upper Jurassic subduction-related igneous rocks supports the conclusion from the study of basement rocks from the Pelagonian Zone that arc formation and accretion orogeny were the most important processes during the evolution of the westernmost Internal Hellenides. Zusammenfassung v Zusammenfassung Die Helleniden Griechenlands sind Teil des Gebirgsgürtels, der von den Alpen über die Dinariden bis in den Himalaya reicht. Sie werden unterteilt in die Externen Helleniden im Westen und die Internen Helleniden im Osten, wobei jede dieser Einheiten aus mehreren subparallelen, ca. NNW-SSE verlaufenden tektono-stratigraphischen Zonen besteht. Die Externen Helleniden (Paxon Zone, Ionische Zone und Gavrovo-Tripolis Zone) sind überwiegen aus mesozoischem und tertiärem Deckgebirge aufgebaut. Die Zonen der Internen Helleniden sind, von Osten nach Westen, das Rhodope Massif, das Serbo-Macedonische Massif, die Vardar Zone, das Attico-Cycladische Massif und die Pelagonische Zone. Sie sind durch verbreitetes Auftreten von kristallinem Grundgebirge charakterisiert. Die Pelagonische Zone und die sie nach Osten begrenzende Vardar Zone bilden den westlichen Teil der Internen Helleniden. Während die Pelagonische Zone zu großen Teilen aus kristallinem Grundgebirge und sedimentärem Deckgebirge besteht, ist die Vardar Zone durch Ophiolit-Vorkommen geprägt und wurde deshalb auch schon früh als Suturzone angesehen, welche die Pelagonische Zone im Westen vom Serbo-Macedonischen Massif im Osten trennt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Hauptphasen der Krustenbildung in diesen Regionen zu identifizieren und zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der regionalgeologischen Entwicklung beizutragen. Dazu wurden felsische Grundgebirgsgesteine sowohl aus der Pelagonischen als auch aus der Vardar Zone datiert, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Pelagonischen Zone lag. Für die geochronologischen Untersuchungen wurden verschiedene Methoden der Einzelzirkondatierung angewandt. Dies waren die Pb-Pb Evaporationsmethode, die konventionelle U-Pb Methode und die SIMS Methode mit der SHRIMP. Geochemische Gesteinsanalysen ergänzten die Datierungen. Für eine deutliche Mehrheit der Grundgebirgsgesteine aus der Pelagonischen Zone (Granite, Gneise, ein Meta-Rhyolit und Mylonite) wurden permo-karbonische Intrusionsalter bestimmt. Zu dieser magmatischen Phase gehört damit das wichtigste Krustenbildungsereignis in der Pelagonischen Zone. Andere Altersgruppen treten nur untergeordnet auf. So zeigen nur einige wenige Gesteine triassische Zirkonalter, und bei je einer einzigen Probe wurde ein spät-präkambrisches/früh-kambrisches, ein jurassisches und ein tertiäres Alter bestimmt. Eine etwas größere Altersgruppe (6 Proben) bilden Gneise mit neoproterozoischen Intrusionsaltern. Die geochronologischen Untersuchungen zeigen sehr deutlich, dass der weitaus größte Teil des Pelagonischen Grundgebirges während prä-alpiner magmatischer Phasen entstand. Geochemische und isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen am Gesamtgestein zeigen einen variablen, aber in der Regel sehr deutlichen Einfluss einer älteren Krustenkomponente bei der Magmengenese. Die meisten Gesteine lassen sich als vulkanischer Bogen- oder aktiver Kontinentalrand-Granitoide klassifizieren. Die triassischen Gesteine entstanden wahrscheinlich während einer Extensionsphase, da bisher generell aus geochemische Untersuchungen triassischer Vulkanite und den mit ihnen vorkommenden Sedimenten auf ein Extensionsregime während der Untere Trias geschlossen wurde. Das wichtigste Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist der Nachweis präkambrischen Grundgebirges in der nordwestlichen Pelagonischen Zone. Hier wurden für einige Gneise Intrusionsalter zwischen 699 ± 7 Ma und 713 ± 18 Ma bestimmt. Die Intrusionsalter dieser Gesteine sind damit die ältesten bislang bekannten Intrusionsalter in Griechenland.
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