TR2014/DG/01/A1-02/137

Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Arasında TownTwinning Action BetweenTurkeyandThe EU Şehir Eşleştirme Programı

Yerel Kalite Sözleşmesi ve LocalQualityCovenantandSustainableTourism Sürdürülebilir Turizm Projesi

WP2.D.4 Creation of a synthesis of different approaches for the Action areas

Introduction

The aim of the Creation of a Synthesis of different approaches for the Action areas, Greece and Turkey, is to create a model for the presentation of the case studies that will serve as operational models, illustrating the criteria or components of sustainable tourism.

The criteria for tourism businesses to qualify as sustainable tourism are:

 a nature based product or setting  active management to reduce environmental impacts  an environmental educational component  a contribution to conservation of the natural environment  a contribution to the containment of the social pall of the area  an economic productive firm

Case studies approach should be able to contribute more than simply data. They can provide practical models to be copied if successful or avoided if not. They can also provide a form of reality check, particularly useful in a field such sustainable tourism, where recommendations abound and much of the literature refers more to potential than to practice.

Cases studies can help examine issues as:

 The successfulness of small tourism ventures  The comply of tourist firms in the sustainable tourism criteria  The protection of Natura areas and fragile ecosystems  The grade of influence by local politics, society or global tourism trends in sustainable tourism development patterns  The results of education and environmental awareness in local people, tourists, environment, economy and tourist firms

The economic, social and environmental impact of sustainable tourism in the micro- area.

1

The case studies should appear to meet all the criteria of sustainable tourism, providing valuable models for the sector as a whole. Some of them can provide examples either of a contribution to conservation, an effective environmental education program or technology and management to minimize impacts. Others indicate shortcomings associated with specific individual sustainable tourism enterprises, destinations or policies, with lessons to learn in each case. Finally, some will provide test cases of tourism operations that may or may not be consider themselves even as part of the tourism sector.

MODEL CREATION

Case studies will be arranged by geographical region and the type of operation (private enterprises, public initiatives in natural areas, tours and lodges, etc).

Each Case Study should include the above chapters:

1. Project Description (When, where, by whom, objectives, implications)

This chapter involves the presentation of the case study and its particular activities. The data should include:

 Location  Date established (year, time functioning)  Owner – Firm (legal form)  Project Objectives  Infrastructure  Problems rose during the establishment  Operation  Activities  Products and services provided  Visitors’ profile (number, age, marital status, cultural characteristics, economic background, etc)

2

2. Results

The results will be illustrated as a special reference to the benefits gained for:

 Natural Resources (climate, coasts- sea, mountains, lakes, forests, caves, natural reserves)

 Cultural Resources (historic monuments, traditions, customs, religion, traditional events and fiestas, culture, art, linguistic tradition)

 Human Resources (traditional settlements, buildings, traditional architecture, museums, historic centers, Natura sites, protected areas)

 Infrastructure and Services (hotels, travel agencies, harbors, airports, road network, athletic centers, restaurants, recreation centers)

3. Lessons learnt

This chapter is actually a small comment of the author for the case study and how the operation actually benefits the environment and the local life status of the area around.

4. SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis (Strengths- Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) highlights the special characteristics of the case study, trying also to make some suggestions for the functional improvement of the operation.

3

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

In the conclusions, issues like sustainable tourism development and monitoring are raised, which we try to connect with each case study. Recommendations are also very important in order to have more integrated results.

6. Source - Contact details

There we indicate where we found each case study and we also give some information related to the operation (address, internet site, e-mail, contact person, telephone, etc) in case someone wishes to learn more about them.

4

Case Study 1: Ecotourism in Epirus – Vikos Gorge, Aoos River, Vikos-Aoos National Park - Bourazani

Bourazani hotel

1. Project Description

Location

Vikos Gorge is located in Northwestern Greece, in the province of Epirus and its region known as "Zagorochoria" ("Mountain Villages"), a group of forty or so villages that remained largely autonomous during the Ottoman years; the uninformed visitor is free to distinguish them based simply on the "brilliant melancholy" of their roofs: instead of the usual red, you are greeted by grey roof tiles, dictated by local commerce and mineral availability rather than high level aesthetics.

5

Epirus is an area comprising lofty mountains, awe-inspiring gorges, fast-flowing rivers, thick forests, traditional villages, old pats and many other wonderful sites. The BOURAZANI HOTEL is located next to the Greek – Albanian borders, close to Vikos Gorge, Aoos River and Bourazani Environmental Park, in the Region of Epirus.

Date established

Unknown

Owner – Firm

The area of Bourazani Environmental Park has been acquired from the great- grandfather of the today’s owners, Evaggelo Tasso, in 1916.

In the beginning it has been used as a pre - winter quarters for the flocks that the family had at the time. In 1974 began, from the third race of Tassou family, the first installation paces of villous venery, by purchasing begetters from Yugoslavia, Italy and Austria.

Their first thoughts, in order to make the place visiting, have aimed at their desired target with the assistance of European Programs, self-allocation, a great amount of personal work and insistence.

Project Objectives

The objective is the preservation of nature. Their main aim is the animal's hospitality that they offer, the reservation of the animal's population balance, the animal's observation in their natural environment and the information that they can get, in terms of biological cycles.

Bourazani Environmental Park operates parallel to the Hotel Bourazani all over the year.

Infrastructure

The Bourazani Environmental Park is an area of 1200 square meters. The Hotel is a piece of traditional architecture and is located close to the Environmental Park and the bridge of Bourazani, few meters away from Aoos River. It is also 17Km away from the city of Konitsa and 58km away from the city of Ioannina. Along with the hotel and the reception rooms, the big dinning room is decorated in a special way, with wood tiles and with all the illuminative bodies are constructed by complexes of big

6

antlers. It offers 18 rooms and two (2) big suites, from sixty (60) square meters each. The Hotel’s Facilities are the following: air Conditioning, restaurant, bar-cafeteria, tennis court, basketball, pool, parking, conference centre, minibus and ability of fishing.

There is also a House called the “River’s House”, a stone building exactly over the riverbed of Aoos. It offers three (3) rooms and one (1) suite, common room of 120 square meters with a fireplace, lounge and dinning room. The building is properly harmonious with the environment, constructed with the stones of the river and offers a small library and fishing-tackle. As a result, it serves as a place for relaxation, tranquility and meditation within a scene with unique distinctiveness and beauty during the year seasons.

Problems rose during the establishment

None

Operation

Activities

Sports & Leisure

- Go for trout's fishing in Aoos River from April until November.

- Explore the rare flora of our region.

- Go for a walk in tranquil pathways with or without a leader.

- Go for Rafting, Kayaking, Paragliding.

- Visit the water mill and the water-washing mill in Bourazani which are still in use. There you can watch the mechanism and operation of the millstone, the usage of water-washing mill, as well as the operation of the dynamotor for the production of

7

electric power. Our tourist guide, after the water mill, is taking you along the Aoos river in a small pathway where you can observe the different levels of earth erosion due to the water during time, the river meanders and the irrigation system of the Bourazani basin.

- In Molivdoskepasti village visit the Monastry of Molivdoskepasti built in 7th century. There is a guide of the Monastry that you are able to acquire. The workshop (distillery) and also the exhibition room of "tsipouro" production (one type of Hellenic drink similar to "ouzo").

- You can have a look at the alembic for "tsipouro" production and be informed for the production procedures. The watch-tower of Hellenic-Albanic Frontiers. In this place the defenders-soldiers of the borderland, can inform you about the borders and the pyramids that consist the delimitation of the frontiers.

- You can also visit Vikos-Aoos National Park, The Vikos valley, Historical Monuments in Konitsa, the Bridge of Konitsa and the beautiful Zagori villages.

Thermal Baths

In the greater area of Konitsa are three hot spring spots, celebrated for the healing properties of the warm bubbling waters. The thermal baths at Kavasila, Pixaria and Amarandos are tourist destinations, ideal for an incomparable experience.

Products and services provided

Hotel’s Restaurant

The visitor of the hotel is able to taste the unique hunting dishes of wild flesh (venison- brawn- mutton- wild goats' etc.).

8

Bourazani Environmental Park

Visiting the Environmental Park is an organised task, and can be made during evening from 1 to 2 hours long. Visitors are informed during the visit for geographical and historical issues of the basin - Konista- Bourazani- Molivdoskepasti- for the National Parks, the Sites of Natura 2000 in the region and the Hellenic- Albanic frontiers.

Within the Park of wild life there is direct visual contact with the wild animals that are guests (deers, Dama Dama, wild sheeps, wild boars, Capra Aegagrus Cretica and roe dears) and a flow of information about the animals (behavior and biological cycle etc.), from the Park's veterinarian, in the special constructed Pavilion of Environmental Education.

Pavilion of Environmental Education and Sensitivity

In this specially designed pavilion, in the centre of the Environmental Park, the visitor can be informed for the biological cycles or the attitudes of the animals that are guests within it. The vet of the Park is responsible informing the visitors through presentational tables and exhibits.

Workshop of Antlers - trophies

The outgrowth of the animals (fallen antlers etc.) is exploited in the Workshop of antlers- trophies, located next to the Pavilion of Environmental Education. It is a place where you can watch the working out of antlers and in the exhibition room the final products.

9

Conference Centre

The Hotel in 2002 operated a new building of 260 squared meters where the Conference Centre is located. Traditional materials (wood and stone) were used to decorate and built these new diggings and it also offers the appropriate technological means in order to support big conferences, professional meetings and projections.

Special Prices

The Hotel makes special Prices especially for Environmental School Teams as the reason of their visit is exclusively educational.

Visitors’ profile

Unfortunately, the Villa doesn’t have any data that will help us create a visitor profile. Nevertheless, we manage to gather opinions via internet: "Upwards and Downwards, One and the Same"--Heraclitus by Janet McGiffin1

In the 6th century BC, the philosopher Heraclitus said, "A road is, upwards and downwards, one and the same." Those who have hiked the Vikos Gorge will say this description fits perfectly. Even with the varied terrain and vistas, anywhere one walks or points a camera is the same wild beauty, changing and not changing season after season. Ask any Greek to name five beautiful gorges of Greece and the first response will be "Vikos."2 This quick name recognition may be because the bear and wild boar protected in the Vikos Aoos National Park wander out occasionally to feast on farm animals and get on the nightly TV News. The Vikos Gorge also borders popular Greek ski areas and area hotels are full during snow season.

But for hikers, the Vikos Gorge comes first because of its beautiful interconnecting footpaths of many levels of expertise that link stone villages tucked into folds of mountains. And a cool breeze that drifts through the tree-shaded Vikos gorge makes

1 Janet McGiffin lives in Athens partly because it is so easy to travel to anywhere from Greece. She is a writer of mystery novels and travel articles. She also writes grant proposals for non-profit organizations (NGO) based around the Mediterranean. Currently she is public-education publicist for a 24-partner European Union cultural project involving conservation of ancient monuments. You can e-mail her at [email protected] 2 The other well-known gorges of Greece are the Vinianis, Samarias, Vouraikou, Vothona

10

it possible to hike all summer, even when the rest of Greece is baking under blazing August sun. By the end of August, the Vikos Gorge is already tasting the crisp nights of autumn and the maples, beech, fig, and oak trees along Greek National Trail #03 that follows the Vaidomatis River through the gorge are ablaze with color.

Hikes around Monodendri besides the gorge

The abandoned Monastery of Agia Paraskevi is nearly a kilometer down the new kalderimi from the lower platia in Monodendri and makes a nice limber-up after a long bus or car journey. The view up and down the gorge are the perfect introduction to the hike ahead. Continuing around the corner of the cliff is the "Megali Spilia", a caved reached by a narrow path with a scary drop-off for those who enjoy heights. For an even better view of the gorge, follow a signposted path near the open-air theatre at the top of the gorge trail, where traveling troupes put on performances in August at the expense of the Greek Ministry of Culture. There is a pleasant stroll along the rim to a small church and long views across the Pindus mountains.

A longer day walk is to follow the road up from Monodendri to the abandoned Monastery of Profitis Ilias. A sign to the Monastery. The view of Monodendri is charming, as is the downward path through the forest to Vitsa where several establishments serve lunch under a broad plane tree overlooking a ravine leading into the gorge.

Monodendri to Vikos or Papingo: Hiking the Gorge

From Monodendri, the trail into the gorge drops steeply to the Voidomatis River. The trail turns left while still in the trees and continues through the woods in a charming, lovely, and pleasantly graded footpath that parallels the river.

Said to be the deepest gorge for its height, the Vikos Gorge measures 2950 feet (900 meters) deep and 3600 feet (1100 meters) from rim to rim. At another spot, the depth measurements are 5,927 feet (1,780 meters) deep, from

Papingo to the Panagia shrine at the springs.

With leisurely stops for photos and snacks, the hike from Monodendri to Vikos takes something over five hours. The ascent at Vikos is steep and in full sun and it's a relief to reach the vine-shaded tavernas of Vikos at the head of the footpath. Excellent wild boar stew is sometimes on the menu. Followed by thick slabs of watermelon for dessert, it's perfect for getting hikers back on their feet for the next part of the gorge-Vikos to Papingo.

After re-descending into the gorge, it's a pleasant stop at the frigid headwaters of the Voidomatis River, just right for dabbling hot feet. A short distance back toward Monodendri is the turnoff to Papingo. Late afternoon is excellent for ascending the

11

steep treeless switchbacks of the first part of the footpath as it sits in the mountain shadows formed by the setting sun. The trail is varied-breath-holding traverses of steep open hillside, narrow bits edging around cliff-hanging boulders, and long flowing passages through dense forest.

Monodendri to Kipi: the 18th Century Stone Bridges

Monodendri or Vitsa are excellent places to set off for along the dry river bed to Kipi and view the graceful arched stone bridges along the way. Sometimes referred to as "packhorse" bridges, these one-, two-,or three-arched bridges were parts of cobblestone roads that linked these remote villages until roads were opened in the 1950s. Erected in the 18th and 19th century by itinerant builders who built over 500 bridges in Greece and the Balkans, the Kipi bridges were financed by local families and generally named after them.

Armed with a map and a guidebook, one can easily spot the arching bridges and the stone "kalderimi" paths that lead upward to the various villages. The Misiou Bridge lies below Vitsa; the Kokoros is beside the main valley road; the Knododimou is between Kipi and Koukouli, and the rest are either side of Kipi. A triple span, the Plakida, is downstream and three more are upstream from the village.

Papingo to points East

For the serious hiker, Papingo is a jumping-off point for days of enjoyment pushing east into the Gamilla range. There is a pleasant ascent to the refuge on Astraka col and from there, one can choose from routes that circle back or continue onward.

Your Dining Pleasure

Epirus fare is different from the rest of Greece, and meat-eaters can sample goat soup (soupa katsikiou) or wild boar (agrio gourounou), along with the usual veal or chicken. Horopita is a satisfying full meal of thick pita covered with sliced garden vegetables and trahanas. Trahanas, a staple of the Byzantines, is emmer mixed with milk or yogurt of goat or sheep and dried. Later it is reconstituted as a sour gruel and used in horopita to thicken the vegetable sauce.

Foreign hikers predominate

Greeks may have excellent name recognition of the Vikos Gorge, but most summer tourists speak every language but Greek. Booking ahead is a good idea, possible by checking websites, but even if you arrive without a reservation, somewhere in one of those tiny villages, there will be a room for you.”

12

2. Results

Natural Resources

Due to the intermediate position between areas of predominance of the Central European and the Mediterranean floristic element, NW Greece is rich in plant species of both areas. Where Bourazani Hotel and Environmental Park is located, the dynamic presence of Aoos River, and the huge volume of Grammos, Gkamilas and adjacent Meropi mountains, which embrace the valley of Bourazani-Molivdoskepasto, determines the mountainous figure of the region. The area to be proposed a World Nature Heritage site is of extraordinary diversity both in species and habitats due to the wide altitudinal and climatically range and the variety of topographical and geological situations encountered. Moreover, there has been human influence during several thousand years which resulted in a complex mosaic of natural, semi- natural and man-made habitats promoting high diversity.

In the Environmental Park hospitality is offered in six species of animals.

As far as the plants of the National Park Vikos-Aoos and mountain Smolikas are concerned there are several references in articles, as well as in the Alpine Garden Society Journal, Vol. 68, No 3, September 2000. Mr Richard's article was one of the reasons that every year, from 20 of April to 30 of July, English botanists come and visit us to observe and photograph the plants (altitude from 400m to 2.637m) and birds.

Cultural Resources

The region, lost between mountains, is located in the west part of Epirus and is present from ancient years from Paleolithic since post- Byzantine age while it had played an important role in Recent Hellenic History. You can trace all different civilizations and generations having passed from the Region if you have time to spend observing all the features of the area.

The area's special affinity with the past is manifested today in an array of cultural heritage monuments: superlative monasteries, masterly built bridges, impressive mansions, charming cottages and conservation villages. Areas of outstanding natural beauty afford modern-age travelers with endless opportunities to explore the scenic

13

splendors of the mountainous country. For example, take into consideration the religious monuments in Molivdoskepasti village: The supported Church of Saint Dimitrios built in 11th century, Saint Sozontas built in 16th century, that of Saints Apostoloi built in 16th century, the church of Trinity built in 16th century and the other four Byzantine monuments of the village. For that purpose the Ministry of Culture (8th Internal Revenue Service of Byzantine Antiquities) has published a special guide.

Human Resources

Residents are mainly involved in the forest industry, cattle-breeding and tourism. Tourism though has been lately developed due to the interesting site found in the small villages in the area, from traditional and architectural point of view. They mostly retain their historical aspects and due to the special heritage they bear they have been characterised as to be preserved. Although you can not find much people, except the younger ones, talking in any other language except Greek, the hospitability and the warm in every resident’s heart is obvious from the first moment someone arrives in the area.

The area is characterised by the presence of traditional small and medium businesses that are mainly focused on the production of local and traditional products, including the eco-tourist development. The Hotel is only 17km away from the Municipality of Konitsa, a historical, cultural and geophysical centre.

Infrastructure and Services

Vikos Gorge lies in the North Pindus Mountains in the historic area of Epirus, 30 odd kilometres north of Ioannina and 24 miles from the Albanian border. The area, called the Zagori, has 44 villages called the Zagorohoria. The 12-kilometer gorge itself can be hiked in two or three parts: Monodendri north to Vikos; Vikos to Papingo, and Monodendri south to Kipi and its lovely arched stone bridges.

After Ioannina, it's only 16 kilometers to the first villages of the Zagori. The mountain road is steep, narrow, and winding

It is easy to get to the area and to the Bourazani Environmental Park and Hotel respectively. Furthermore you don’t have to worry neither about your accommodation nor about medical care or everything else you may need as far as Konitsa is α city were you can find everything.

3. Lessons learnt

14

The respect of the natural environment is obvious as soon as Bourazani Hotel combines a “luxurious” destination for tourists (food and accommodation), an environmental park where many species are protected and the development of a series of environmental friendly activities. Tradition is maintained and reflected in every single aspect of local people’s every day life.

4. SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Natural recourses protected and sustainable exploitation

Tradition maintained and incorporated to the services and information provided

Well equipped diggings and services provided innovative-alternative activities for the visitors

Weakness

More details should be provided through the relative Web-site as soon as many activities and services are only referred and not explained or described enough

Opportunities

Service provided 24 hours a day

Exploit the water of the area to provide with spa therapy services

Attract environmentally interested groups in order to organise an environmental conference for the area

Threats

Environmental downgrade

Development of mass tourism

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

Trekking or hiking to the area is an opportunity given to every visitor and according to experiences recorded, it is something that is better not to loose. Another equally interesting aspect of the place is to talk with local people, explore the traditions,

15

taste delicious plates and enjoy a simple way of living or passing your day. You can surely find everything you look for, if you intent to exercise eco-tourism of course.

6. Source - Contact details http://www.bourazani.gr http://www.greecetravel.com http://www.ecotour-epirus.gr http://www.oreivatein.com/page/mountains/p/pindos/ellen/vikos.htm

16

Case Study 2: Development of Ecotourist activities in the forest of Dadia

1. Project Description (When, where, by whom, objectives, implications)

Location

Dadia forest (actually it is the Dadia - Leukimi - Soufli forest) is located in the Evros prefecture (Macedonia - Thrace region) very close to the borders with Bulgaria and Turkey. It is one of the most important biotopes in Europe but it is also one of the best organized areas of Greece.

17

The forest reserve, whose rich natural and historical treasures remain relatively undiscovered by tourists, comprises two core zones spanning 7,200 hectares, encircled by a buffer zone of around 28,000 hectares. The Dadia reserve has been declared a Special Protection Area under an EU directive.

Date established

The forest of Dadia, is a protected area since 1980 and a shelter for predatory birds in Europe.

The total area of the region which has been included in the Natura 2000 network is 43.000 acres in which two "high protection areas" with a total area of 7.290 acres will be formed according to the Ministerial decision.

In 1992 the newly-founded WWF Greece office established a permanent local unit to implement activities for the scientific monitoring and conservation management of

18

the area. Nevertheless, WWF has been involved in the conservation of the Dadia Forest Reserve from 1979 when WWF International and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature - IUCN jointly commissioned a study on the ecological value of Dadia Forest and successfully lobbied for the designation of the site as a protected area.

In 2002, the European Commission approved an ambitious LIFE-Nature project, which targeted a series of threats faced by the habitat. The actions of the project included scientific monitoring, the implementation of management measures and awareness and dissemination activities.

The implementation of all of the project’s actions was successfully concluded in December 2005, upon the official termination of the project. Yet, despite the successful implementation of these actions, conservation needs for the area are still massive, while threats to the sustainability of the area’s ecological status are still present. In this context there remains a constant need for the implementation of management measures in the area.

Owner – Firm

96,8% Public and 3,2% Private

Project Objectives

The role of WWF Greece has been to establish ecotourism at Dadia as a mean of conservation embodying economic development. This has involved the creation of an appropriate strategy for ecotourism, including the establishment of an ecotourism infrastructure, data collection and management systems, and the capacity building and training of local people in environmental and conservation management. Emphasis has been placed upon the progressive transference of management responsibilities for the ecotourism project to the local community, which has now been achieved through the entity of Dadia Municipal Enterprise.

Infrastructure

The systematic development of tourism in the area of the Dadia forest began when additional measures were taken for the protection of the ecosystem in the area. Ecotourism was also directly connected with the characterization of the area as “protective area” and with the support of the birds of pray. It was specially designed a place for feeding birds and an observation post. For the same reason special equipment was bought, local residents were occupied as guards and trained on the

19

protection of rare birds. Bars were allocated in order to permit the traffic in the specific area and the surveillance of the birds of pray was an initiative so as safeguard their natural habitat. The post – place designed for the feeding of the birds of pray became the basic attraction for tourists, along with the observation post, where visitors can have a perfect view of these birds.

Problems rose during the establishment

Three major problems faced WWF Greece in their efforts to develop ecotourism at Dadia. The first was a lack of facilities to receive tourists; the second was the need to have the support of the local community to make the scheme successful; and the third was a lack of market recognition as a potential tourism destination.

Since the resource capabilities of WWF Greece could not commercially market Dadia as a destination, it concentrated its efforts on low cost promotion through word of mouth, press releases and the organisation of summer camps for volunteers. WWF also began the establishment and completion of ecotourism facilities.

Initially, two scientists of WWF Greece were located permanently in Dadia to carry out the conservation work. They also worked hard to build relationships with local people and break down potential barriers between WWF and the community. Initial suspicions of the WWF were successfully overcome over time.

Operation

Activities

Rather than impact negatively on the environment, eco-tourism has provided the means with which to effectively conserve these sites. A community-owned eco- tourism centre has been established, offering accommodation within the unassuming 60-bed Dadia Forest Eco-tourist Lodge. It comprises two buildings, a hostel and Information Centre and a café and souvenir shop . The hostel is a 20- room lodge that can accommodate up to 60 people. The whole complex is managed by the Municipal Enterprise and all staff is locally hired. Money is raised to support the conservation project through selling merchandise themed upon the raptors to visitors. The establishment of the Dadia Women’s Cooperative in 1993 was an important and tangible social and economic link to the wider community. Visitors provided an incentive for the women of the village to start small-scale entrepreneurial activity. The 34 members of the cooperative run a small restaurant serving local food in ‘Katrantzides’, a recreation area nine km away from Dadia. Additionally, their food products, e.g. marmalades, sweets and cakes are on sale in the Ecotourism Complex shop.

20

WWF operates an information desk in the centre, which organises visits to the nearby bird observation post and the forest itself. Here the visitors can find an organized Information Center, hotel, bar - restaurant and a shop selling local products. The Dadia ecotourism center is the starting point for short or long duration tours in places of special interest in the national Park and in the wider area.

After visiting the Information Centre, visitors have three main options of: (1) walking along the short circular hiking path that leads to the observation post, a round trip of approximately 30 minutes; (2) following the alternative path of approximately two hours duration to a rocky hill, a very good point for bird watching; or (3) reserving a seat on the municipal bus that takes up to 14 persons at a time to the observation post (there is a fee of 3 Euros for this service, including the use of binoculars and telescopes, the bus ride and the service of a guide). The guides are hired locally and trained by the WWF, and although the quality of the guidance may vary slightly depending on the level of the individual’s technical and communication skills and experience, the guides convey a sense of local ownership of the nature and culture. A key role of the guide is to advise the visitors about proper behavior in the forest, e.g. keeping their voices low to avoid disturbance of wildlife. There is also a bilingual Visitor Code of Conduct brochure, published by WWF in 2002, obtainable from the Information Centre. \Visitors can also take a mini-bus to the observatory or view the forest on foot via pathways, two of which lead to the Gibrena Peak (520m) that presents astounding views of the entire forest. Outside the forest, nearby attractions include the Byzantine town of Didymoteicho, the Evros delta and the town of Soufli, known for its long history in silk production.

Products and services provided

The protected “core” of the forest offers an alternative ecotourism route since the visitor can find a stand and a Visitor Centre where he/she may get information about the birds. A hostel is also available for those who visit the area, a screen room, a library and a laboratory. Visitors and scientists may get in this part of the forest only if accompanied by an eco-guide or an ornithologist. Activities to be developed by a tourist aiming at exploring the ecological aspect of the area are given as follows: Visit and be guided in the Centre, visit cages with birds of pray, visit the observation post where the visitor can use a telescope in order to better view birds of pray, observe the whole ecosystem, walk spotted pathways (the spotting of these pathways is very important because aims at keeping the tourists off the breaking in the forest without any restriction or control), environmental games, guides in the nature and mountain bike.

An information centre is set up including attractive wall displays, slide and video presentations, guided tours, and a 3D model of the protected area. Regular busses with visitors are escorted to the observatory to view the feeding area through

21

telescopes and binoculars, with interpretation by local eco-guides. In addition, several hiking paths are set up inside the forest area to illustrate the important biodiversity. Construction of these paths was one of the many activities organized by the local WWF team for hundreds of volunteers. In addition, visiting students and scientists from around the world are utilising this living laboratory for their fieldwork.

Visitors’ profile

The first visitors were mainly foreigners coming to see and observe, from a scientific point of view, the nature of the forest of Dadia. Only the last decay was that the tourism developed in a more general way and the number of people visiting the forest was gradually increased. It is also remarkable that people do not visit the area only once and that each year the period from May to October is considered to be fuller of tourists.

The market for Dadia is predominantly domestic with 96%of the tourists originating from Greece, the dominant nationalities in the remaining 4% being Cypriot and German. The most common visitor age group is between 31 and 50 years old, with 36% belonging to this group: the full distribution of age groups is shown in Table 1. Numbers have risen from 10,243 visitors to Dadia in 1995 to 50,592 by 2003, a rise of 394% over the eight-year period (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Visitor arrivals in Dadia 1995-2003

22

Source: Svoronou, E., Holden, A., 2005

Table 1. Profile of the visitors’ age characteristics in Dadia

Source: Svoronou, E., Holden, A., 2005

Organized groups comprise 50% of visitors, with the remaining 50% being independent travellers. The group visits divide into those organised by the private sector, schools, environmental societies, and state-owned recreational centers for the elderly. Average group size is between 12 and 15 people, although several hundred people have been accommodated at Dadia for the purposes of congresses and meetings on several occasions.

The most important reasons for visiting the area of Evros is its extensive variety of habitats in which 316 species of birds are found. Among these species the birds of pray gain the most interest by people visiting the area and it’s worth pointing out that more than 50.000 people visit the area of Evros each year, converting the area into a popular alternative destination during the vacancies.

2. Results

Natural Resources

The Forest of Dadia is part of a highland area with short mounts known as “Mountains of Evros”. The terrain is quite rich in the whole area, hosting small rivers, closed or open valleys, forests or grasslands. At the area the hills and the mountains are not more than 650 meters in high. As a result of the climate, the unique geomorphologic conditions and the vicinity with Evros Delta – River, an excessive area is covered with forest vegetation characterized by the presence of special and unique kinds of platans (this kind of trees cover almost the 70% of the forest).

23

Furthermore, the structure of the forest and the beautiful biotopes has been strongly affected by the age-long presence and interventions of humans.

Dadia is ecologically significant as it is one of the few remaining refuges for raptors (birds of prey), in Europe, with 36 of the 38 species of diurnal European raptors having been observed in the forest. Some of these species pass briefly through Dadia during migration; others spend winter in the forest, while approximately 20 species nest here owing to the availability of carrion and the tranquillity of the forest. It is especially significant that Dadia is the only forest where three of the four species of European vultures breed (the Black Vulture, Egyptian Vulture, and Griffon Vulture), while the fourth species, the Bearded Vulture or Lammergeyer, also visits the area. All four species feed exclusively on carrion, on which they can be seen feeding simultaneously, as each species of vulture feeds on a different part of the animal. Dadia is essential to the existence of the Black Vulture, as it hosts its last colony in Greece, and is one of the only two remaining populations in Europe, the other being in Extremadura in Central Spain.

The important fauna species found in the area include 29 species of reptiles and 11 species of amphibians. Most of these species are endangered and threatened species that are protected by national or international legislation. Regarding the mammals found in the area, 48 species live and reproduce and among them many are rare species. The whole area though hosts about 219 bird species gaining ecological value especially through the presence of birds of pray, rarely found in Europe.

In 1980 the Forest of Dadia was proclaimed to be a protected area after o common ministerial decision. Two areas were considered to be protected, one of 62.000 hectares and the other of 6.500 hectares, that were characterized as refuges of rare species. A very meaningful result of the previously mentioned decision was the direct prohibition of woodcutting, especially at the strictly protected zones (cores). This meant the cessation of an important economic activity for the area.

The ecological significance of Dadia is not limited to birds of prey. Its landscape and biodiversity includes extensive mature forests of pine, notably Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra, and also oak. The forests are interspersed with streams, small fields, grazing land and rock outcrops. A total of 219 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 48 species of mammals have been observed (Skartsi & Poirazidis, 2002).

Cultural Resources

The Visitor Centre collaborates with the cultural associations of the neighbouring villages and Alexandroupoli. Additionally, the personnel participate by distributing

24

publicity material at the local feasts and events, such as the Festival of Traditional Dances of Anthia, the Book Exhibition and other events that take place every summer in Alexandroupoli, etc.

In Soufli there is the Silk Museum which it is housed in the Kourtidis Mansion (1883) and was set up in 1990.

The purpose of the permanent exhibition housed on the ground floor of the Kourtidis Mansion is to show the pre-industrial techniques by which silkworms were bred (sericulture) and silk was woven. It also deals with the socio-economic significance of these activities for Soufli and the surrounding area.

The exhibition is arranged as four units with 46 separete sets of exhibits of two - dimensional documentation and information material (texts, photographs, drawings, maps) and items traditionally associated with sericulture and silk-weaving.

Human Resources

The Dadia - Leukimi - Soufli forest includes two municipalities (Soufli, Tychero) with 11.000 inhabitants, mainly dealing with agriculture, cattle breeding, forestry (mainly timber) and ecotourism.

Although the Prefecture of Evros faces a demographic problem, it is essential to point out that in Dadia the population was increased during the last decay. This was obviously a result of Dadia forest eco tourist development that generated new job opportunities leading people to exercise traditional productive activities (forestry, agriculture, cattle breading) and expand to other operational fields connected with tourism (associations, entrepreneurship of women, selling traditional products. Even if the local community positively faces the changes and the opportunities created by this eco tourist development, they still hesitate to invest more in this field.

Infrastructure and Services

Most of the visitors in Dadia do not pass the night at the village. On the other hand, during the full season there is no availability in rooms to rent in the village. There is a hostel with 60 beds and a private enterprise with a small number of rooms to rent. There is also a hostel with 15 beds for volunteers. In Lefkimi, in Soufli and in Tihero there are lodgments as well.

25

3. Lessons learnt

The WWF’s proactive ecotourism policies and its commitment to economic development synchronized with conservation were vital. The two WWF members who went to Dadia in 1992 are now permanent village residents. The first priority for WWF was the construction of a focal point for visitors. There was already a half- finished hostel at the main entrance to the forest, one kilometre from the village of Dadia, originally initiated by the local authorities.

4. SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Good conservation status of the site

Local knowledge capital and good local attitudes

Solid knowledge base and experienced local personnel

Necessary structures initially put in place

Good public image

Weakness

Overall problematic operation of national protected areas’ policies

Non operational management structures

Mature programme with reduced attractiveness to sponsors

Opportunities

Finalisation of the NATURA network

Increased funding opportunities through the reformed

EU funds

Nature’s importance as a development factor

26

Gradual establishment of environment in the political agenda

Threats

Uncontrolled growth of economic activities

Possible abandonment of the protected areas policy agenda

Natural catastrophes (wild fires, extended droughts, etc)

Expansion of already existent manmade threats (poisoned baits, poaching, etc)

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

The management of all those tourists coming to the area, the planning and the readjustment of the services provided, the contemporary protection of the natural recourses, the protection of the sensitive fauna and flora species of the forest, was elements carefully designed by all stakeholders. As a result special measures were taken as follows: allow the entrance for cars only in specific locations in the forest, allow the entrance only for a limited number of visitors, impose a basic control to everybody entering the forest, for his/her protection and for the forest’s protection. Additionally, guidelines and rules are given regarding the behavior that a visitor should have during hi/her stay in the forest.

6. Source - Contact details http://www.ecoclub.com/dadia/lodge.html

The LIFE Nature Project - 'Conservation of Birds of Prey in the Dadia Forest Reserve’: http://www.wwf.gr/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=352

The Dadia Forest Reserve: Conservation Plan for the after-LIFE period http://www.wwf.gr/images/stories/docs/dadia/dadia%20after%20life%20conservati on%20plan.pdf

27

Svoronou, E., Holden, A., 2005. “Ecotourism as a Tool for Nature Conservation: The Role of WWF Greece in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest Reserve in Greece”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume: 13 Number: 5 Page: 456–467 http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jost/013/jost0130456.htm

28

Case Study 3: Avdou Villas

1. Project Description

Location

Avdou Villas are located in the village of the same name at the base of the Lassithi plateau mountain range.

From Avdou, there is easy access to the Lassithi Plateau and many local villages and nearby attractions.

Date established

Unknown

Owner – Firm

Private owner

Project Objectives

The farm gives the opportunity to the visitors to relax in a natural surrounding and explore the cultural heritage of the area.

Infrastructure

The hotel is situated in a 2.2-hectare organic farming estate at the south end of Avdou village. Olive trees, oranges, tangerines, apricot trees, kiwis and a vegetable garden grow all over the estate. The complex consists of:

2 Studios

3 One-Bedroom Apart.

1 Two-Bedroom House

2 One-Bedroom Apart. & a Loft “Ondas”

29

Outdoor Swimming Pool with Hydromassage

Problems rose during the establishment

None

Operation

Activities

The Villas offer a "holistic retreat" style of accommodation in their cozy, yet modern studios surrounded by an organic farm with a traditional taverna serving their home- grown produce. They offer training in organic farming and production of olive oil and raki, have spa-type facilities for massage, homeopathy, acupuncture, etc., and coordinate outdoor adventures with local companies (Wild Nature and The International Center of Natural Activities).

Some of the activities that Avdou Villa is offering are the following:

Animation Team Activities:

Cretan Cooking Lessons

Hands-on Training on Organic cultivation of trees and vegetables

Pioneer Achievements & Distinctions

Fine Arts School Graduates Competition

Alternative Gardening (System to Restore Ground, Gardens, Trees, Plants, etc. from Microbe Pollution)

Blood Donor Bank

MGT Maris Green Team (Environmental Support Team)

Paragliding: Avdou is the most organized area for paragliding in Crete. It has a 6- hectares area for taking-off and a 2-hectares area for landing. You can hire a trainer for a double-flight (for beginners) or hire a parachute with its accessories and also to be transferred to the takeoff area (for trained pilots).

30

Horse riding: Take horse riding lessons in an organized area (for beginners) or ride over the hills of Lagada accompanied by a guide. You can also take natural horsemanship courses (rider-horse interaction).

Trekking: Walk in recorded old horse riding paths or at the E4, alone or with a guide. Take part in organized climbing teams at the Psiloritis Mountain. There are many beautiful walks in the area.

Cave exploration: Visit the Saint Fotinis cave, 20 minutes by car over a dirt road, to see the church inside at the bottom of a cave in the mountain - at 500m above sea level.

Tennis: tennis court coming soon, in Avdou village

Products and services provided

Avdou Villas is an organic farming estate with olive, orange, tangerine, apricot and kiwi trees and an extensive organic vegetable garden.

Local and organic ingredients are the source of what someone will enjoy eating, fabulously prepared. There are also tavernas and cafes in the village itself.

This is a relaxing base, in the middle of exceptional nature. The estate's studios and houses are comfortable, with spacious rooms and modern/partly traditional style decor with a pleasing homely effect.

Their concept addresses the needs of guests who may not be able to get away from it all by offering Satellite TV, fax and internet communications. It is just steps to the well-sized swimming pool from all the houses and studios and there is space to lounge around the pool, whether taking in the sun, sunrise or sunset.

OTHER SERVICES AVAILABLE

L-shaped swimming pool (6mX11.40m) with Jacuzzi (sun beds, umbrellas and towels provided)

TV corner, BBQ, parking.

Traditional coffee house/taverna with meals available on advance request (or pre- booked as halfboard). Food comes mostly from the organic farm and most dishes are cooked in traditional wood-stove. Vegetarian dishes available.

Use of computer, fax & Internet.

Laundry and ironing facility.

31

Visitors’ profile

Unfortunately, the Villa doesn’t have any data that will help us create a visitor profile. Nevertheless, we manage to gather some opinions via internet. Thus, here what some people that visited the farm think:

Aug 27, 2004 - Smulan, Stockholm, Sweden: At the risk of gushing, I can't recommend Avdou enough! We were some of the first guests to stay at Avdou villas after a takeover of the hotel by Greek hotel chain, Maris. On arrival, we were upgraded to the largest house in the complex since we were the only guests there at the time. The house was fantastic, with large, bright rooms, and balconies/terraces to either side looking over olive fields and the generous-sized pool. The best thing about Avdou, though, was the service! I hope the Maris corporation realize what a gem they have in site manager Manolis, who has studied tourism in Manchester, speaks fluent English and also has a lively sense of humour. The maid service provided by "Miss Maria" is discrete, friendly, but very very quiet (she speaks no English). To say that we felt welcome is very much an understatement. If you stay at Avdou, don't hesitate to ask Manolis to provide dinner: everything was delicious and extremely inexpensive. We left Avdou vowing to return and are already looking into the possibility of a quick autumn break in the area. Rush there before the bookings start rolling in!

Sep 25, 2006 - Tintern, London: Broadly I agree with the first, very positive review. The studios are very pleasant and well equipped; the place is quiet and relaxing; there's a beautiful little pool; nice views. It's quite a small establishment, tucked in on the edge of the village of Avdhou - maybe a little smaller and closer to the village than I had imagined. The village is pleasant and very friendly with a couple of taverns and a Byzantine chapel. So no real complaints: it's a lovely place. From the comments book in the office it's clear that everyone who stays there loves it and that the manager Manolis is a key attraction! He does just about everything himself. The only thing I would add is that, while very friendly, he is quite laid back - a bit of a character - and doesn't do anything in a hurry! Theoretically there's a restaurant (i.e. Manolis will make breakfast and dinner on request), but it requires 24 hours' notice and is offered a little grudgingly. So ask for breakfast the previous day then expect to wait at least half an hour after the time agreed. When it comes it is excellent - made partly with ingredients from the garden - but is very expensive. After the breakfast experience we cancelled our dinner request - or we might still be there waiting!

32

2. Results

Natural Resources

The area has a beautiful nature site which you can explore easily by your own and discover the unique fauna and flora. Nearby there are two caves, Faneromeni and Agia Fotini, where findings date to the Neolithic period.

Cultural Resources

The area is very famous by its cultural heritage, the traditional villages and the old churches. You can discover all by just exploring the area by yourself.

Human Resources

Within the traditional small villages you get the chance to meet interesting people who are willing to sit with you in the small café of the central square and tell you stories about the past, their every-day life and their history.

Infrastructure and Services

The Villa has access to the nearest villages and the closest towns.

3. Lessons learnt

As the visitors stated, the owners are very friendly and they prepare some very nice meals with organic fruits and vegetables, produced in their own property.

4. SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Natural surroundings

Friendly atmosphere

Services provided

Activities available

33

Weakness

Services provided – especially regarding dinner and supper – are offered after notification

Opportunities

Service provided 24 hours a day

Development of new activities for children

Threats

Environmental downgrade

Development of mass tourism

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

The Villa gives the opportunity to visitors experience a nature way of living and taste organic products. They also have the chance to take part in the agriculture activities and discover the differences among organic and conventional products.

The natural surroundings gives also the opportunity to nature lovers to Walk in recorded old horse riding paths or at the E4, alone or with a guide, take horse riding lessons and visit the caves as well as the Byzantine chapels of the are.

6. Source - Contact details http://www.avdou.com/default.asp

34

Case Study 1: BELEK - TURKEY

1. Project Description

Location

Antalya, Serik, Turkey

Date established

The process started in 1988 and is still ongoing

Owner – Firm

Belek Tourism Investors Association (Betuyab). Betuyab is a management association founded in 1988 by the investor companies of the region, supported by the Ministry of Tourism which also leads it. Every company investing in the Belek Tourism Center is obligated to be a member of Betuyab.

Project Objectives

The project aims to establish "sustainable tourism" in the Belek Tourism Centre.

Infrastructure

As the Ministry of Tourism has decided, the regions can not support any further tourism investments, new investments will not be allowed.

Problems rose during the establishment

A tourism carrying capacity should be carried out as it looks as the regions ecosystems and infrastructure can not support any further tourism investments.

35

However, tourism in the low season should be encouraged. Especially because Belek is famous as an international Golf Centre.

Operation

Activities

Betuyab's goals and activities are realized through cooperation among the investors, the local inhabitants, the official association and establishments, and the relevant ministries (Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Forestry etc.). Support has been given by the consulting services of various Universities, including Hacettepe University and Mediterranean University. An infrastructural participation share was collected from each Betuyab member at the beginning of the project, and a monthly subscription has been collected since. Projects with high costs are financed equally (1:3) by the Ministries, the public establishments, and the Betuyab investors.

2. Results

Natural Resources

Supported by the scientific consulting services of the Universities, the campaign against mosquitoes, houseflies and sand flies continues, achieving a success rate of 90%.

The universities continue to investigate the ecological infrastructure and its regional diversity, and to publish documents on biological diversity;

Awareness-raising studies have also been produced, including three books and various posters, ("100 Birds of Belek", "250 Plants of Belek" and "20 Endemic Plants of Belek");

Fire hydrants have been placed in the forests under the protection of the region, and fire fighting equipment capable of mastering the regional topography has been purchased;

Two firemen, hired and paid by Betuyab, are on duty throughout the year, reinforced by four additional men during the season when forest fire risks are high. To prevent fire and dangers, communication systems have been installed, with Betuyabs office serving as their centre.

36

Various projects, protocols and collective works have been done in cooperation with NGOs.

Infrastructure and Services

All tourism establishments are connected to three wastewater purification plants. Some of the wastewater is used for irrigation, while the remaining water is completely cleaned and released back into nature;

Infrastructure projects which required high financial costs and timely planning were finished before the completion of the Belek Tourism Center;

3. Lessons learnt

The project marks that, for the first time in Turkey, all the investors of a region have handed over the management to an establishment like Betuyab.

The success of the Belek Tourism Center is related to the new and different nature of the organization and to the consultative support from Universities.

It is important to have studies that are scientifically based and directed towards the future.

The lack of private and public separation of the investors fostered an attitude of trust by the state. The private sector and local public are very excited towards Betuyab, encouraging them to work together.

Cooperation of actors is an important tool for sustainable tourism.

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The project marks that, for the first time in Turkey, all the investors of a region have handed over the management to an establishment like Betuyab to develop the region.

37

5. Source - Contact details

Sirer Aydin, General Manager Head Office: Belek Tourism Investors Association Kuzgun Sokak no. 88/1 06540 A. Ayranc1-Ankara Turkey Tel. 0312 441 54 27 - 441 67 22-23; Fax 0312. 441 54 28

Antalya Office Belek Tourism Center Iskele Mevkii P.K. 3207500 Serik-Antalya Turkey Tel. (0242) 725 56 92-93; Fax (0242) 725 56 94

38

Case Study 2: Coastal Zone Management in Turkey and Tourism: the Cirali case

1. Project Description

In Çirali, a coastal community on the south-western Anatolian coast of Turkey, WWF has created a successful model of sustainable tourism, with the local community actively participating in conservation activities and reaping economic benefits from their environment.

The south-western Anatolian coast of Turkey, an area identified by WWF as one of the most important for nature in the Mediterranean, is also the most impacted by mass tourism development which could lead to the irreversible loss of its biodiversity by 2020. To avoid the destruction of its fragile coastline, the Government of Turkey adopted the Integrated Coastal Management approach aimed not only at nature conservation but also at preserving social and cultural integrity. Çirali was chosen as a pilot project to implement this approach.

Location

Çirali, south-western Anatolian coast of Turkey

Date established

In 1997, the project was broadened from turtle protection making the community aware and responsible for its natural environment. To achieve its goal of creating a successful model of sustainable tourism in Çirali. The "Coastal Zone Management in Turkey and Tourism: Cirali" project was implemented between 1997 - 2000 with funds from the European Union's Life Fund.

Owner – Firm

WWF Turkey

39

Project Objectives

With Çirali beach being one of the major nesting sites for the endangered loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta, on the Turkish Mediterranean coast, WWF Turkey (formerly known as Turkish Society for the Conservation of Nature - DHKD), entered the scene initially to help protect this turtle.

Problems rose during the establishment

The resulting construction of tourism facilities threatened loggerhead nesting sites. Pesticides from agricultural activities had already polluted soil and water sources, and these were further threatened by the growing presence of restaurants around the village’s main spring. Moreover, illegal construction was on the rise due to the lack of implementation of the existing land development regulations.

Operation

Activities

Ecotourism activities aim at generating awareness of and support for conservation, and create economic opportunities for the community. As part of the venture, nature guides were trained from among the community and trekking paths were identified. This activity has particularly attracted the young people of the community.

A move was also facilitated from traditional agriculture, which previously polluted soil and water supplies, to organic agriculture. A co-operative was set up by the local community to produce and market the organic agricultural products and to create a brand for Çirali products.

In its efforts to preserve the natural heritage of Çirali, WWF has also put in place several activities for the protection of the loggerhead turtle habitat. Visitor education, promotion of better turtle nesting habitat management practices, and constant monitoring of the beaches has relieved the pressure on the turtles, and the number of nests is increasing every year.

2. Results

40

Natural Resources

WWF examined the management of land resources in the area, the creation of diverse, sustainable and environment-friendly economic opportunities, the protection of biodiversity, and the process of the local community becoming guardians of their natural heritage. For the better planning and management of land resources, WWF first convinced the responsible ministry to enforce the existing Coastal Law. With the help of the Ministry and the buy-in from the locals, kiosks and restaurants built too close to the shore, thus violating the law, were moved to a legal distance from the coastline.

Human Resources

Çirali moved from an agricultural economy towards tourism in the late ‘80s. Drawn to it by the activity in the rest of the Anatolian coast, Çirali’s younger generation saw tourism as an easy source of income.

Another key for successful sustainable development is that the local community should gain sufficient revenue from their environment to value it. It is also important for the community to have income-generating activities throughout the year, instead of relying on just a seasonal one such as tourism.

All through the WWF project worked closely with the 550-inhabitant community, sensitizing them to the values of Çirali’s natural heritage and the need to preserve it. Furthermore, the community was actively involved in implementing the project. In the process of making Çirali a nature- and people-friendly tourism destination, the community has developed the sense of ownership and responsibility needed for the long-term sustainability of the project.

Infrastructure and Services

WWF also designed a land-use plan which helped define the positioning of building infrastructure in the area. A land management plan was elaborated with guidelines and recommendations for wise use of land resources.

3. Lessons learnt

Based on Çirali’s success, WWF is now exploring possibilities to replicate the model in similar small scale tourism areas along the 200 km coast in south-west Turkey. If the replication is strategically planned, it would give nature breathing spaces along the developed coast. The creation of a network of sustainable tourism examples

41

could pave the way to an application on a larger scale. Finally, viable alternatives to mass tourism could lead to a positive change in tourism trend.

4. SWOT Analysis

Strengths natural heritage

Weaknesses soil pollution by agricultural activities water pollution

Opportunities conservation awareness raising creation of economic opportunities for the community

Threats construction of tourism facilities growing presence of restaurants illegal construction

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

WWF has created a successful model of sustainable tourism, with the local community actively participating in conservation activities and reaping economic benefits from their environment.

6. Source - Contact details

Sampreethi Aipanjiguly, WWF Mediterranean Programme, Ph: +39 06 844 97 224, [email protected]

42

43

Case Study 3: Ecoregional Conservation and Responsible Tourism on the Lycian Coast

1. Project Description

Location

The Lycian Coast, Turkey

Date established

The Ecoregional Conservation and Responsible Tourism Project on the Lycian Coast started in May 2002 along the 200 km shoreline between Antalya and Patara.

Owner – Firm

WWF Turkey in cooperation with WWF MedPO

Project Objectives

The project has been based upon the successful example of the "Coastal Zone Management in Turkey and Tourism: Cirali" project implemented between 1997 - 2000 with funds from the European Union's Life Fund . The basis of the project was to adapt the Çıralı Project to larger areas on the ecoregional scale and enhance the conservation / sustainability aspect. The aim of the Lycian Coast Project is to create a holistic approach to the coasts of Lycia taking into account all its natural, cultural and socio-economic dynamics, identify the areas of conservation value both on land and in the sea, and together with experts in the field, conserve the natural resources of the region as well as improve the quality of life for its inhabitants and shape the future of the region in light of the information. In order to achieve the objectives of the Project, cooperation with all the relevant parties is imperative: pertinent

44

ministries, experts working on the biological diversity and socio economic structure of the region, and all those actually facing the problems in the region: the tourism sector, farmers, fishermen, managers, scuba diving facility owners, and most significantly, the inhabitants of the region.

Infrastructure

Already existed. Development of alternative tourism activities like diving, trekking in order to preserve the natural environment.

Problems rose during the establishment

The biggest problem with the project is that it has not succeeded in preventing uncontrolled and illegal construction in the area.

Operation

Activities

Research conducted in the Project's scope has identified the characteristics of the terrestrial and marine biological diversity of the coast, the threats against this biodiversity and the reasons for the diminution. Furthermore, a study has been conducted to analyze the socio- economic structure of the region and the tourism activities.

2. Results

Natural Resources

Teke Peninsula which has hosted one of the oldest and most exceptional civilizations of ancient Anatolia called Lycia, stretches from Fethiye in the west to Antalya on the east. The two most important rivers of the region are the Esen and Alakir streams. In the area displaying great diversity, the mountains Akdaglar and Beydagları rise, and deep valleys formed by the riverbanks are in plain sight. There is no flat land save for the overflowing plains on the shore, formed by the rivers filling up the old gulfs. The coastline presents significant habitats and exhibits a great variety, ranging from the huge coastal dunes of Patara to the steep rocky shores of Cape Gelidonya. The coastal dunes are especially significant in terms of their plant diversity. The Kekova region is the only example of the dalmatian shore formation in Turkey. The

45

undulating and diverse surface formations of the region are the most important reason for the biological diversity.

In terms of plant diversity the two richest areas in the project scope are the Patara Dunes and the Tahtali Mountain.

The Patara Dunes stretch over a 12 km shoreline and go 3 kms inland. The largest dune ecosystem in Turkey, Patara Dunes have endemic (only growing in that area), rare, endangered species and habitats, which are of conservation value according to the Bern Convention. There are 4 endangered species on the global scale, 17 endangered on the European scale and 20 rare species on the national scale in the region.

The 2366 meter high Tahtali Mountain is the highest mountain of the coastal ridge of the Beydaglari mountain chain. It hosts a total of 91 endemic plant species. The area stretching from the high skirts of the Tahtali Mountain to the dunes of Phaselis, Ciırali, Adrasan (Cavuskoy) and the steep Gelidonya coastal cliffs, is an Important Plant Area. The area contains rare and endangered plant species and habitats on global, European and national levels. 23 of the plant species on Tahtali Mountain are endemic. The mountain has 20 endangered flora species on the global scale, 72 endangered species on the European scale and 6 rare species on the national scale.

Lycian coast also hosts significant species in terms of wildlife. These include lynx, mountain goats, wild boars and Anatolian leopards, a species, which is still thought to exist.

The area encompassing Olympos, Besadalar and Ucadalar is an Important Bird Area. This area hosting marine, forest and alpine species contains rare and endangered species like Eeonora's falcons, golden eagles, lammergeier (sakallı akbaba) and shearwater also under protection by the Bern Convention.

46

The significant species in terms of biological diversity identified in the region include the Mediterranean monk seal, loggerhead turtles, the green turtles, pina and groupers.

Cultural Resources

The abundant natural resources of the region have contributed to Lycia's dense inhabitation and the development of the Lycian civilization. The first human dwellings in the region date back to 8000 B.C., and many ancient cities exist from the shores to the deep valleys and mountains. These important cities including Patara, Xanthos, Limyra, Myra, Olympos and Phaselis now present ruins in harmony with nature and are one of the most important characteristics of Lycia that need to be preserved. The traces of the ancient civilization can still be observed in the contemporary life style, architecture and traditions of the region. The region's rich cultural inheritance comes from civilizations ranging from the Lycians to the Turkoman nomad tribes. The preservation of Lycia's natural and cultural assets with traditional production methods will contribute to the sustainability of tourism in the area.

3. Lessons learnt

47

The socio-economic survey carried out in the region showed that there are many possibilities for the protection of these areas. The fact that local population is not in favor of the large tourism investments jeopardizing biodiversity and their inclination to implement responsible/sustainable tourism approaches including alternative tourism activities as in the case of Cirali presents a major opportunity. Furthermore the different natural and archeological protected areas in the region such as the Olympos-Beydaglari National Park, Kekova and Patara Specially Protected Areas also offer a key opportunity for the sustainability of biodiversity.

4. SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Existence of different ecosystem types like forests, scrubs, coastal dunes, wetlands, alpine grasslands, marine

Diversity of flora and fauna,

Cultural and historical assets

Existence of numerous protected areas

Great tourism potential with the long summer season

Weaknesses

Problems of implementation at protected areas under different protection statuses

Opportunities

Development of alternative tourism activities like diving, trekking, etc

Threats

Uncontrolled and illegal construction

Mass tourism pollution due to heavy use of chemicals from farming

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

48

WWF Turkey aims to develop an awareness of responsible / sustainable tourism and protect the region's rich biodiversity and cultural richness with the Ecoregional Conservation and Responsible Tourism on the Lycian Coast Project.

6. Source - Contact details

WWF Turkey (http://www.wwf.org.tr/en/denizkiyi_likya_main.asp)

49

Case Study 4: Ecotourism and Sustainable Development of Forests and Forest Villagers in Turkey

1. Project Description

Forest resource or ecotourism planning must take many ecological, social and economic variables into account. Social and economic variables consist of the characteristics of forest villagers. According to Turkish Forest Law numbered as 6832, villagers who live within or near forest areas, has legal status as forest villagers and they can get financial and technical support concerning that status by General Directorate of Forest-Rural Relation (ORKOY) and General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) under Ministry of Forestry. In this paper, villagers who has legal status, are defined as forest villagers. They may affected by decisions in ecotourism planning. However, they can also affect the results and implementation of the plans by using their legal rights, lobbying activities etc.

Location

Project villages selected which are located in the south part of Turkey.

The project aims improvement of the income levels of the people living in Daran, Kocaslý, Dumlugöze by means of the ecotourism application, using their own natural, cultural and historical resources.

Owner – Firm

In order to develop the forest villages, and hence, prevent pressures on forests and rural migrations, ORKÖY was founded under the Ministry of Forestry. This general directorate provides incentive credit facilities and technical support services to expand various income-creating activities such as breeding, poultry, beekeeping, fishing, green houses, carpet weaving, medical and aromatic plant cultures, etc. in the forest villages, but the governmental subsidies remain short, as the resources are scarce and limited.

50

For the project implementation was applied for financial support of European Community. OR-KOOP as applicant plan to realize the project with collaboration of private sector and public administration.

Project Objectives

The project covers the ecotourism applications aims at improving the socio- economic conditions of the forest villagers of low income level living in the forest villages by means of using their own natural, cultural and historical resources without damaging the natural environment, but letting the villagers know such beauties and resources can provide them a constant income. Introduction of home boarding business by restoring the village houses and the promotion and marketing of the regional home and handicrafts to tourists makes it possible to offer the beauties of natural environment and rural life and various sportive activity facilities to the utilisation of the urban tourists, so that the living standards of regional people could be improved with the protection of natural environment.

Infrastructure

Forest area in Turkey covers 20199256 million hectares, which corresponds approximately 26 percent of the country surface. However, as a result of destructive utilizations and interventions over centuries, productive forests cover only about 44 percent (8,9 million ha) of total forest area, or 11 percent of the country, and remaining 56 percent (11,3 million ha) carries only degraded or severely degraded unproductive forest cover presently. On the other hand, as a result of great range of climatic and topographical conditions prevailing in the country, forest ecosystems show great diversity (Dogru,1997).

Problems rose during the establishment

The term ecotourism is not well known in Turkey. Many mass tourism agencies collect their activities such as trek tour, safari tour or resting in national park under ecotourism title. But, it is arguable to call as ecotourism.

2. Lessons learnt

51

Lack of social and economic infrastructure in the forest villages leads to social pressure on forest resources, which should be reduced for the sustainable management of forest resources. The local people have the right to live in their environment, but not at the cost of destroying natural resources. Forest planning should take account of the demands of the local people in terms of social needs and forest resources. In particular, opportunities for income-generating activities should be offered to rural people. Ecotourism implementations in suitable forest villages may be the best income-generating activities that are also ecological. Such ecotourism projects should aim for direct and indirect improvement of income levels and living standards of the local people. Reduction of pressures on the natural resources, protection of the ecological balance, cooperation among regions and countries, and acceleration of information and experience exchange between rural and urban people can be ensured by ecotourism project in forests villages.

3. SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Natural and mixed forests which are contain rich biodiversity

Existence of the tourism facilitators

Existence of the infrastructure on natural resource

Authentic and rich cultural structure in forested area

Labour capacity which has well knowledge needed for ecotourism activities can be employed in ecotourism at local level

Weaknesses

Insufficient experience on natural resource for tourism facilitators

Low cooperation's among tourism agencies and forest resource managers

Criteria and planning problems in ecotourism planning concerning its social, cultural and ecological aspects

Low interest to improve decision models on ecotourism planning

Low support for ecotourism project in local or governmental level

Insufficient experience and interest of the forest villagers to jobs out of the timber production

52

Opportunities

Growing markets both in Turkey and global manner

Contemporary advantages concerning geographic position of Turkey

New job and income possibilities generated by ecotourism

To improve the awareness on nature conservation in local and cultural level

New financial sources for protected areas

Threats

Increasing of the visitors which are misdirected and uncontrolled to protected areas

Illegal trade on endemic species

As a result of missplanned and directed eco-tours, degradation of natural resource and local cultures

Transformation of the ecotourism from nature friendship activities to new product for market

Instability of national market on ecotourism and macroeconomic risks

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

As a result of great range of climatic, topographical, cultural, religion and economical conditions prevailing in the country, forest villages show great difference. Because of that all regions and all forest villages are not suitable for ecotourism application. According to relevant surveys, it is essential to interview the villagers firstly and to investigate of the village profile must be conducted for the formulation of the ecotourism project.

If well planned ecotourism projects are implemented, most remarkable change could be seen in the forests. The villagers don't demolish the forests to open cereal- growing fields, as they have enough money to buy cereals from commercial market. They don't breed excessive number of animals, since they earn money from the boarding business. The young people of villages don't migrate to big cities. The improved living standard in villages could be also reflected on the education of young people who could not continue school education due to insufficient income level. The ecotourism covers information and culture exchange. While the urban

53

population learns something from the villagers on nature and farming, they can open newer horizons to the villagers boarding them in their homes.

Ecotourism benefits especially to women. The women meet their urban fellows, learn many things from and establish friendship with them. Female villagers gain a higher self-confidence as a result of such communications. This is a very important development for the country.

5. Source - Contact details

Gülzade Kahveci[1], Kenan Ok and Ersin Yýlmaz

[1] Forest engineer, Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Forest Economics and GEF II Igneada PAMA Team, Turkey. Email: [email protected]@yahoo.com

54

Case Study 5 Participatory Activity Selection of Ecotourism Planning: A Case Study of the Cehennemdere Valley, Turkey

1. Project Description

Location

Cehennemdere Valley

Date established

The duration of this research project is 2 years.

Owner – Firm

The project owner Institutes are Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute- Tarsus and Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Economics- Istanbul.

Project Objectives

The aim of this research project is to apply the "Analytic Hierarchy Process", which is one of the operations research techniques for solving complex multiple criteria decision problems, for taking decision makers-the public-stakeholders and experts' preferences into account in choosing alternative activities of ecotourism planning for Cehennemdere Valley.

2. Lessons learnt

55

In this research project, assessment forms for determining alternative ecotourism activities and capacity of the region will be prepared and apply to Cehennemdere Valley firstly. So alternative ecotourism activities in study area will be determined. Secondly the representatives of decision makers, the public, stakeholders and experts will be defined and questionnaire forms of Analytic Hierarchy Process technique will be filled by representatives. Thus by using this technique decision maker, the public, stakeholders and experts' preferences will be clarified.

3. Conclusion and Recommendations

Alternative ecotourism activities of the Cehennemdere Valley can be evaluated with respect to judgments made by decision makers, the public, stakeholders and experts. Decision makers should take account that such planning, implementing and monitoring process of ecotourism is only for conservation of the natural resources and community well-being.

4. Source - Contact details

Gülzade Kahveci[1], Kenan Ok and Ersin Yýlmaz

[1] Forest engineer, Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Forest Economics and GEF II Igneada PAMA Team, Turkey. Email: [email protected]@yahoo.com

56

Case Study 6: Ecotourism in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management Project in Turkey

1. Project Description

Location

The project will be implemented in four sites in different regions. These sites have a significant capacity for ecotourism activities. They have interesting components of the flora and fauna besides ecosystems and also undisturbed areas concerning their local cultural structures.

Date established

Project started in 2000 and will be terminated in 2006.

Project Objectives

Project objective is reported in project document as "to establish effective, intersectoral, participatory planning and sustainable management of protected areas and natural resources at four selected biodiversity conservation demonstration sites and build capacity at the national level to facilitate replication of these activities at priority conservation sites throughout Turkey" (GEF II, 2000). As seen from objective of the project, GEF II in Turkey is a conservation project

2. Lessons learnt

Expected benefits of the ecotourism in project is not yet seen. In first two year of the project could realized only inventories. Aim of the inventories is to determine the alternatives, which can be candidate ecotourism activities and clarify social and economic constraints or opportunities. Some specific check lists and questionnaire forms were prepared using the guide books such as (McIntyre. 1993) to implement inventory activities. Also, some social assessment activities were applied in each

57

project sites. As a result of the social assessment, It is seen that local people has labour and hosting facilities, but they used to work based on forest cutting and they don't believe to earn money from ecotourism. Level of the awareness of local people on ecotourism and its benefits is the most important constraint of the project.

3. Conclusion and Recommendations

In order to develop an effective ecotourism management in Turkey, following suggestion could be carried on:

A feasibility study should be realized, which identifies potential ecotourism development areas, including mountain, forest, wetland, coastal and island environments. Categorization determination of medium and high potential areas should be carried out under Law based criteria's.

Public awareness of the ecoturism is an important part of ecotourizm application. This should be realize under defined strategy and policy.

Local and national ecotourism development strategies and policy (increasing investment on tourism facilities, creating of employment opportunities, enhancing the public-stakeholders and experts' participation, etc.) should be developed.

Although ecotourism have some advantages for rural development and conservation of natural or cultural heritages, lack of the experience on ecotourism planning, decision making and finance problem for researches and model implementations are the significant constraints for ecotourism development.

4. Source - Contact details

Gülzade Kahveci[1], Kenan Ok and Ersin Yýlmaz

[1] Forest engineer, Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Forest Economics and GEF II Igneada PAMA Team, Turkey. Email: [email protected]@yahoo.com

58