The History and Evolution of Music on British Royal Ceremonies
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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF MUSIC ON BRITISH ROYAL CEREMONIES Bakalářská práce Brno 2016 Autor práce: Vedoucí práce: Kateřina Zadinová Mgr. Jaroslav Izavčuk Declaration: I declare I was working on the thesis The history and evolution of music on British royal ceremonies independently, under the supervision of Mgr. Jaroslav Izavcuk, using only the sources listed in the bibliography section, in accordance with Disciplinary Regulations for Students of Masaryk University Faculty of Education and act no. 121/200 concerning the copyright, the rights related to copyright and change of laws (copyright laws), as amended. In Brno, 30th March, 2016 Signature of the author Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to the supervisor of my bachelor thesis, Mgr. Jaroslav Izavcuk, for his guidance, valued professional advice and comments, and most of all for understanding. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their patinece and belief. Of all whose help and support I truly appreciate I have to name my classmates Magdalena Kyzlinkova and Lucie Pupalova and also my close friend Nikol Paclikova. Anotace Předmětem zkoumání bakalářské práce Historie a vývoj hudby na britských královských ceremoniích je vliv historických událostí a změn na průběh koruovací, svateb a pohřbů britských monarchů a členů vládnoucích rodin, a to zejména na hudební stránku zmíněných ceremonií. Práce zkoumá období od nástupu Viléma I. Dobyvatele na trůn roku 1066, až po současnost, včetně ceremonií za vlády Alžběty II. Každá kapitola se zabývá jedním vládnoucím rodem, a je rozdělena na podkapitoly obsahující informace o historii konkrétních rodů a o jednotlivých typech ceremonií. Tyto dále uvádějí konkrétní informace o průběhu ceremonií jednotlivých panovníků, hudebnících a skladatelích, kteří se podíleli na vzniku a realizaci hudebních vystoupení, a dále informace o konkrétních hudebních dílech. Každá kapitola je zakončena krátkým shrnutím a srovnáním faktů zmiňovaných v aktuální kapitole s fakty kapitol předchozích. Cílem práce je vyzdvižení faktů a děl, která se zasadila o rozvoj hudby britských královských ceremonií. Abstract The subject of the research for the bachelor thesis The History and Evolution of Music on British Royal Ceremonies is the influence of historical events and changes on coronations, weddings and funerals of British monarchs and members of the royal families, specifically the musical part of the abouve mentioned ceremonies. The thesis probes a period since William I the Conqueror's succesion in 1066 until now, including the ceremonies within the rule of Queen Elizabeth II. Each chapter is dedicated to one Royal House, and is further divided into sub-chapters which include a brief history of the Royal House and information of each type of the ceremony. These further inform about the ceremonies of particular rulers, musicians and composers involved in performance, and particular musical pieces. Each chapter is closed by short conclusion and comparison of facts mentioned in the concrete chapter with facts of previous chapters. The aim of the thesis is an accentuation of musical compositions which marked the evolution of British royal ceremonies. Klíčová slova hudba, ceremonie, korunovace, svatba, pohřeb, Anglikánská církev, vývoj, průvod, chvalozpěv, královská rodina Keywords Music, Ceremony, Coronation, Wedding, Funeral, Church of England, Evolution, Procession, Hymn, Royal Family Table of content Intorduction 8 2 Ceremonial music in Norman times 9 2.1 The History of Normans in England 9 2.2 Music at the Coronation of William the Conqueror 9 2.3 Norman Wedding Music 10 2.4 Conclusion 10 3 Ceremonial Music in Times of Plantagenets 11 3.1 History of Plantagenets in England 11 3.2 Music at Plantagenet Weddings 12 3.3 Music at Coronations of Plantagenet Rulers 13 3.4 Conclusion 14 4 Ceremonial Music in Times of Tudors 15 4.1 History of Tudor Rulers 15 4.2 Tudor Coronation Music 16 4.3 The Music at Tudor Weddings 18 4.4 Tudor Funeral Music 19 4.5 Conclusion 21 5 Ceremonial Music of Stuart Rulers 22 5.1 History of Stuart Rulers 22 5.2 Coronation Music of Stuarts 23 5.3 Stuart Wedding Music 26 5.4 Royal Music at Funerals of Tudors 27 5.5 Conclusion 28 6 Hanoverian Ceremonial Music 29 6.1 History of Hanoverian Rulers 29 6.2 Hanoverian Coronation Music 30 6.3 Music at Hanoverian Wedding Ceremonies 32 6.4 Hanoverian Funeral Music 33 6.5 Conclusion 34 7 Ceremonial Music of House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 35 7.1 History of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family in The United Kingdom 35 7.2 Coronation Music of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 35 7.3 Royal Funeral Music of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 36 7.4 Conclusion 37 8 Ceremonial Music of House of Windsor 38 8.1 History of House of Windsor 38 8.2 Coronation Music of Windsor Family 39 8.3 Wedding Music of the Windsor Family 42 8.4 Funeral Music of the Windsor Family 45 8.5 Conclusion 46 Conclusions 47 Works Cited 49 Intorduction The subjects of the research of this thesis are Royal families of England and the ceremonies that the Royal Houses practissed since William the Conqueror. The main goal is to research each of the ruling Houses of Great Britain and to describe their history in order to realise what did their habits emerged from and what may have caused the shifts of rutine towards previously unknown customs. The thesis concentrates on certain royal ceremonies and the music used within these; namely coronations, weddings and funerals. Each of the chapters will focus on one royal family, and changes which occured in its history. The number of ceremonies covered in each chapter depends on the accessibility of information and their relevance in the context, therefore not every chapter will research all three ceremonies. In a similar way for the reason of researching only interesting and important facts not every monarch of the House discussed will be mentioned in the chapter as to avoid immoderate accumulation of unnecessary information. Each chapter will be finalized by short conclussion which will compare the newly gathered information to those gained previously. My choice of the topic of the thesis was influenced firstly by my interest in history and literature of Great Britain and secondly by both passive and active incorporation of classical and particularly choir music in my life from my childhood. The materials used consist of autobigraphies of composers and English and British monarchs, biblical texts of both Church of England and the Catholic Church, official programs of some of the royal ceremonies, magazine articles of mainly British press, studies on music during certain time periods, video footages of royal events and many others. 8 2 Ceremonial music in Norman times 2.1 The History of Normans in England On October 14, 1066, after he won the Battle of Hastings, an illegitimate son of Robert I the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror (1028 - 1087) replaced the Anglo- Saxon king Edward the Confessor on the English throne. England at that time had one of the most developed cultures in Europe but as much as William I tended to respect local traditions according to Freeman the culture had changed in many ways when Norman Barons replaced Old Saxon Earles (Freeman 215). William himself however, although illiterate and with no knowledge of the English language, was an important figure in the development of the language and the culture. Abbot states that he ordered the population and the property to be counted and the information to be formed into The Domesday Book which is a valuable source of historical information until present. William I the Conqueror was undoubtedly the most influential person of the Norman rulers in England (Abbot 272). 2.2 Music at the Coronation of William the Conqueror After the Norman invasion in 1066 the cultural situation completely changed. Anglo-Saxon aristocrats were replaced by Norman followers of the King and a lot of English traditions were replaced too. Anglo-Saxon music was mainly of pagan origin which was displayed also during their ceremonies but at William's coronation Norman habits were presented already. It was a common practice to sing laudes1 at Norman festivities and as Kantorowicz notes "[t]he Conqueror himself was crowned on Christmas in 1066. Queen Matilda was crowned at Winchester on Pentecost, May 11, 1068. Thus the first two Norman coronations in England coincided with Norman laudes days". Although the subsequent coronations may not take place on laudes days it became a common habit to present laudes at coronations in the future. Thanks to Geoffrey of Monmouth's 'Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary explain laudes as "the noun from Old French laude, the verb from Latin laudare, both from Latin laus, laud- 'praise' ("laude"). 9 testimony and the Coronation Order in the twelfth century we are provided with evidence of that (Kantorowicz 178). 2.3 Norman Wedding Music Together with other Norman innovations laudes became popular to be presented at any church festivals in England, weddings included. The vows were exchanged before entering the church to publicly introduce the dower and fortune of bride and groom. Only after they were proclaimed to be officially married, the couple entered the church where the ceremony continued. Royal weddings in the times of the Norman dynasty were often performed in Westminster Abbey and the ceremony was held according to the habits of Christian Church. However since 8th century the English branch of Roman Catholic religion evolved on its own in England and Ireland, because there was no lead of Roman soldiers. It was sometimes called Celtic Christianity and as Koch claims there were certain specifics such as a different way of styling hair of monks called tonsure, a different way of dating Easters or specific system of penance (Koch 431).