Super-High-Frequency Two-Port Aln Contour-Mode Resonators for RF Applications
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Chapter 4, Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Needs Pertaining to Firefighter Radio Communication Systems
NIOSH Firefighter Radio Communications CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS ISSUES Buildings and other structures pose difficult problems for wireless (radio) communications. Whether communication is via hand-held radio or personal cellular phone, communications to, from, and within structures can degrade depending on a variety of factors. These factors include multipath effects, reflection from coated exterior glass, non-line-of-sight path loss, and signal absorption in the building construction materials, among others. The communications problems may be compounded by lack of a repeater to amplify and retransmit the signal or by poor placement of the repeater. RF propagation in structures can be so poor that there may be areas where the signal is virtually nonexistent, rendering radio communication impossible. Those who design and select firefighter communications systems cannot dictate what building materials or methods are used in structures, but they can conduct research and select the radio system designs and deployments that provide significantly improved radio communications in this extremely difficult environment.4 Communication Problems Inherent in Structures MULTIPATH Multipath fading and noise is a major cause of poor radio performance. Multipath is a phenomenon that results from the fact that a transmitted signal does not arrive at the receiver solely from a single straight line-of-sight path. Because there are obstacles in the path of a transmitted radio signal, the signal may be reflected multiple times and in multiple paths, and arrive at the receiver from various directions along various paths, with various signal strengths per path. In fact, a radio signal received by a firefighter within a building is rarely a signal that traveled directly by line of sight from the transmitter. -
Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
UNIT -1 Microwave Spectrum and Bands-Characteristics Of
UNIT -1 Microwave spectrum and bands-characteristics of microwaves-a typical microwave system. Traditional, industrial and biomedical applications of microwaves. Microwave hazards.S-matrix – significance, formulation and properties.S-matrix representation of a multi port network, S-matrix of a two port network with mismatched load. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Microwaves are electromagnetic waves (EM) with wavelengths ranging from 10cm to 1mm. The corresponding frequency range is 30Ghz (=109 Hz) to 300Ghz (=1011 Hz) . This means microwave frequencies are upto infrared and visible-light regions. The microwaves frequencies span the following three major bands at the highest end of RF spectrum. i) Ultra high frequency (UHF) 0.3 to 3 Ghz ii) Super high frequency (SHF) 3 to 30 Ghz iii) Extra high frequency (EHF) 30 to 300 Ghz Most application of microwave technology make use of frequencies in the 1 to 40 Ghz range. During world war II , microwave engineering became a very essential consideration for the development of high resolution radars capable of detecting and locating enemy planes and ships through a Narrow beam of EM energy. The common characteristics of microwave device are the negative resistance that can be used for microwave oscillation and amplification. Fig 1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum 1.2 MICROWAVE SYSTEM A microwave system normally consists of a transmitter subsystems, including a microwave oscillator, wave guides and a transmitting antenna, and a receiver subsystem that includes a receiving antenna, transmission line or wave guide, a microwave amplifier, and a receiver. Reflex Klystron, gunn diode, Traveling wave tube, and magnetron are used as a microwave sources. -
Principes Et Utilisations RF Power Sources: Principles And
Alimentations RF: Principes et utilisations RF Power Sources: Principles and Use Erik V. Johnson LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, 1 LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Outline – RF Power Sources • Frequencies of operation • ITU/STM Frequency bands for RF plasmas • Amplifiers vs Power Sources • Input and Output Power • Expected impedance and matching • Gain compression • Harmonics (THD and dBc) • Classes of Amplifier • Class A – Wideband amplifier • Classes B to E – Narrow band Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique What do we mean by RF plasma excitation Technically, all frequencies at which we can generate EM waves through oscillations in a macroscopic dipole/antenna are radio frequencies. Direct current (0 Hz) does not generate an EM wave, and optical frequency waves are not generated in the same way (and physics is different). For plasmas, we are particularly interested in the band of frequencies where electrons can respond but ions are too heavy, and things are still technologically manageable. Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Radio Frequencies and ISM Bands International Telecommunications Union has split up spectrum into named bands. Frequencies of 1 GHz and above are conventionally called microwave,[7] while frequencies of 30 GHz and above are designated millimeter wave. Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique ITU Band name Abbrev. -
Radiofrequency and Microwaves
.This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of either the World Health Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Radiation Protection As- ociation, Environmental Health Criteria 16 RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVES Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Health Organization and the international Radiation Protection kssociation /o V4 o cy World Health Organization 4k Geneva, 1981 ISBN 924 1540761 © World Health Organization 1981 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protec- tion in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publi- cations, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material In this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not men- tioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN FINLAND 80/4729 - VAMMALA - 7000 CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVES ..............................................8 1. -
Radio Spectrum
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice IN SHORT ➞TOWARD CRIMINAL JUSTICE SOLUTIONS www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij AUG. 06 NCJ 214962 Radio Spectrum Key Points ❋ Radio communications use radio waves at dif ❋ The spectrum is an increasingly scarce ferent frequencies, grouped within bands, that resource, and public safety competes with are part of the radio spectrum. commercial interests for this resource. ❋ The Federal Communications Commission ❋ Most recent spectrum allocations intended (FCC) regulates use of the non-Federal spec to help meet increasing public safety spec trum, including that used by State and local trum demand include parts of the 700 MHz public safety agencies. and 4.9 GHz bands. ❋ Narrowband channel migration will increase efficient use of the current frequency allocations. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS UHF band are often referred to as “800 MHz sys tems” and are distinguished from systems in the Radio wave: the basic building block of radio com other parts of the UHF band. Frequencies above munications. Like waves on a pond, a radio wave is 1 GHz are often referred to as “microwave” bands. a series of repeating peaks and valleys. The entire A radio wave is generated by a transmitter and then pattern of a wave, before it repeats itself, is called detected by a receiver. An antenna allows a radio a cycle. The number of cycles, or times that a wave transmitter to send energy into space and a receiver repeats in a second, is called frequency. Frequency to pick up energy from space. Transmitters and is measured in the unit hertz (Hz), referring to a receivers are typically designed to operate over a number of cycles per second. -
Vlf Lf Mf Hf Vhf Uhf Shf Ehf
RESONANCE In a circuit with both capacitive and inductive reactance, at some frequency the two types of reactance will be equal. At that frequency, the effects of the capacitor and inductor cancel. The ac current and voltage are brought exactly back in step with each other—a condition called resonance. The frequency at which resonance occurs is the resonant frequency. When a circuit is resonant, opposition to the flow of current, ac or dc, is as if only resis- tance was present—no reactance. At resonance, impedance is said to be purely resistive. Depending on how the circuit components are connected, the cancellation of capacitive and inductive reactance at resonance can result in very high or very low impedance to ac signals. If a resonant circuit is used to optimize a circuit’s performance, that is a tuned circuit. If variable capacitors or inductors are used, the resonant frequency of the circuit can be varied. By placing tuned circuits at the right point in a circuit, they can be used to block or pass ac signals. Signals that have a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz) are radio frequency or RF signals. The range of frequencies of RF signals is called the radio spectrum. It starts at 20 kHz and continues through several hundred GHz, a thousand million times higher in frequency! Signals below 20 kHz are audio frequency or AF signals. For convenience, the radio spectrum of Figure 2-20 is divided into ranges of frequencies that have similar characteristics as shown in Table 2-3. -
Satellite Communications Overview
ATP 6-02.54 TECHNIQUES FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS NOVEMBER 2020 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes ATP 6-02.54, dated 5 June 2017. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil/), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard). *ATP 6-02.54 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 6-02.54 Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 05 November 2020 Techniques for Satellite Communications Contents Page PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS OVERVIEW........................................................ 1-1 The Information Environment .................................................................................... 1-1 Satellite Communications Fundamentals .................................................................. 1-2 Types of Satellite Communications ........................................................................... 1-4 Chapter 2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................... 2-1 Joint and Department of Defense .............................................................................. 2-1 Army ......................................................................................................................... -
Super High-Frequency Scandium Aluminum Nitride Crystalline Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators
Super High-Frequency Scandium Aluminum Nitride Crystalline Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators Mingyo Park Jialin Wang Rytis Dargis Department of Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer IQE Plc Engineering Engineering Greensboro, NC, USA Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected] Atlanta, GA, USA Atlanta, GA, USA [email protected] [email protected] Azadeh Ansari Andrew Clark Department of Electrical and Computer IQE Plc Engineering Greensboro, NC, USA Georgia Institute of Technology [email protected] Atlanta, Ga, USA [email protected] Abstract—This work presents promising results of overtone thickness resonance modes of film bulk acoustic resonators Ti/Au TiScAlN/Au Mo cREO Si (FBARs) operating at Ku band, traditionally perceived Top Electrode unachievable by acoustic devices. We take advantage of the epitaxial growth of the bottom metal electrode, as well as the Epi-Sc0.12Al0.88N piezoelectric layer to improve thin-film crystal quality and hence Piezo-layer Bottom Contact quality factor (Q). This work is the first demonstration of a multi- EpBottomi-Mo Electrode GHz FBAR realized on single-crystalline Sc0.12Al0.88N/Mo stack. Buffer Layer cREO Keywords—5G mobile communication, Films bulk acoustic (a) (a) (b) (b) resonators, Acoustic filters, Single crystalline, Scandium aluminum nitride, Epitaxial molybdenum, Molecular beam Fig.1. (a) SEM imag of the fabricated Sc0.12Al0.88N apodized FBAR. (b) epitaxy. Resonant stack with a total stack tickness of ~550 nm. I. INTRODUCTION the crystallinity of the metal layer for the bottom electrodes Emerging next-generation wireless communication devices plays an important role in supporting the formation of a well- call for high-performance filters that operate at 3-30 GHz oriented piezoelectric layer with surface uniformity [7]. -
Application Notes
APPLICATION NOTES GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS INSULATION RESISTANCE: Resistance greater than 2 Giga-ohms at 50 Vdc is required between the chassis and all switch terminals. SPECIAL TESTING: Is available upon request. Please contact factory. FINISH: Electroless Nickel, Contact Factory if different finish is required. RF CONTACTS: Beryllium Copper, Gold plated over a Nickel undercoating. STORAGE TEMPERATURE: -55°C to +100°C. TOLERANCES: Unless otherwise specified. Dimensions are in inches. XX: +/- 0.03 XXX: +/- 0.005 ANG: +/- 1° INTERNAL TERMINATION RF POWER: 3WCW @ +85°C INTERNAL TERMINATION VSWR: 2.00 VSWR max. typical. REPEATABILITY: 0.1 dB max. between positions. AUXILIARY CONTACTS: (Indicators) rated at 250mA, 100 Vdc, 5W max. (switching). Must use a series current limiting resistor. RF CONNECTOR TORQUE: Apply no more than 8 inch pounds of torque to install mating connectors. SUPPLY VOLTAGE: +/- 10% nominal. MAGNETIC SENSITIVITY: SPDT switches - electromechanical switches can be sensitive to ferrous materials and external magnetic fields. Allow mounting no closer than 1/8” for neighboring ferrous materials. ACTUATION: DTI Microwave switches are RF devices, the impedance match is lost if more than one position is actuated simultaneously. Simultaneous actuation of more than one position is not recommended and under certain circumstances may damage the switch. Please consult factory. DC TERMINAL FUNCTION LEGEND N/A Not Applicable AV Actuation Voltage C Actuation Voltage Common, Plus (+) or Minus (-) +V SW Positive Switch Actuation Voltage C RTN Common Return for Actuation & Logic Voltage Supplies L Logic Input (1= 3.5 - 5.5 Vdc; 0= 0 - 0.8 Vdc) PV Pulse Voltage with specified polarity for latching operation (20 msec min.) IND COM Indicator Common F/S Failsafe Position (when applicable) +1, -2 SPDT/Transfer Failsafe version, indicates positive & negative actuation terminals N/C Normally Closed Position N/O Normally Open Position +A TTL Control, Indicates Postive Coil Voltage Terminals -B TTL Control, Indicates DC Return SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. -
Sensusrf Radio Safety
WHITE PAPER SensusRF Radio Safety Electromagnetic radiation is a natural phenomenon that is vital to human existence. It is everywhere around us, be it the visible light illuminating all we see, and natural or man-made radio waves. However, while it is an inherent part of the universe, some are concerned about potential detrimental effects, which has led to confusion and unsubstantiated claims, with little repeatable evidence or scientific rigour to support them. It is beholden on any organisation to be guided by the best evidence available and to conform to the most rigorous limits set by scientists who have carried out extensive research subject to a rigorous peer review process. It is understandable that some people are apprehensive over what cannot be tangibly experienced or felt. The aim of this document is to show that as a responsible organisation Sensus takes these concerns seriously, and always ensures its products conform well below the permitted limits set throughout the world. What is Radio? Radio is the wireless transmission of information by means of electromagnetic waves, often referred to as ‘signals.’ It is the same natural phenomena as light, and can be thought of as a stream of mass-less particles, called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of light. The frequency at which the signal oscillates can be used to partition the radio waves into various spectrum bands covering low, medium and high frequencies. Band name Abbreviation ITU band number Frequency / Wavelength High Frequency HF 7 3 – 30MHz / 100 – 10m Very High Frequency VHF 8 30 – 300MHz / 10 – 1m Ultra High Frequency UHF 9 300 – 3000MHz / 1 – 0,1m Super High Frequency SHF 10 3 – 30GHz / 100 – 10mm Extremely High Frequency EHF 11 30 – 300GHz / 10 – 1mm High-frequency signals, in the HF, VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF bands, have a frequency between 3 megahertz and 300 gigahertz (where 1 hertz = 1 oscillation per second). -
Lesson 16: Communications Systems, EM Spectrum, and Signals
Lesson 16: Communications Systems, EM Spectrum, and Signals Objectives: (a) Describe the four components of a communications system and the impact on security of using free space as a communication medium. (b) Identify communication applications for various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) to extremely high frequency (EHF). (c) Explain the basic properties of a sinusoidal electromagnetic signal (period, frequency, wavelength, phase, and amplitude) and describe their mathematical relationship. (d) Define and calculate bandwidth of transmitted signals. (e) Plot simple (sinusoidal) electromagnetic signals in the time and frequency domains; interpret time- and frequency-domain plots to determine the associated signals. Connection to Cyber Security This chapter marks the beginning of the third part of EC312. In Part I: The Host, we examined how data are stored and accessed in memory at the machine level and examined the resulting threats against a specific computer, focusing on the buffer overflow attack. In Part II: Networks, we concentrated on understanding how the Controller Area Network ( CAN) works and how networks are just as important and vulnerable as the individual host computers that reside on them. In Part III: Wireless, we will gain an appreciation for communicating in an environment without physical connections to every computer, router, etc. in the network, leading up to how wireless communication systems can be hacked. 1. Communication Systems The purpose of a communications system is to transmit information over a distance. This “information” could be audio (such as speech or music), video, sensor data (temperature, pressure), or other data (e.g., text, stock prices, photos, etc.).