How Landsat Helps: BATHYMETRY

Avoiding Rock Bottom: How Landsat Aids Nautical Charting | Laura E.P. Rocchio

On the most recent nautical chart of territorial waters in the U.S. Exclusive hydrographic surveying capabilities (the Above: Chart inlay of the Dry Tortugas, a grouping of islands Economic Zone (EEZ), a combined area ability to measure and map water depths). Tortugas Harbor which that lies seventy miles west of Key West, of 3.4 million square nautical miles that The job is sizable and expensive. While the Florida, Landsat data provided the extends 200 nautical miles offshore from Army Corps of Engineers is responsible surrounds Garden Key where estimated water depths for areas too the nation’s coastline. The U.S. has the for maintaining the depth of shipping Fort Jefferson is located. shallow and difficult to be reached by the largest EEZ of all nations in the world channels, providing bathymetry everywhere The depth measurements around the key (within National Oceanographic and Atmospheric but, as of 2015, it ranked behind 18 other else in U.S. waters is NOAA’s duty. } Administration’s (NOAA) surveying ships. nations in the number of vessels with the thick purple line) were made using Landsat data. It was sometime between 1840 and 1939 that the sections of water surrounding In-page: The most recent the islands were last formally surveyed. NOAA nautical chart of Since that time, Dry Tortugas National Florida’s Dry Tortugas Park was established and the park—along (Chart 11438). The purple with its hundreds of shipwrecks, pristine polygons, including the area beaches, and clear water—has become around Garden Key where popular with recreational boat cruisers. Fort Jefferson is located, Recent and accurate depth information indicate chart regions is essential for boaters, especially in the that use Landsat-derived shallows. Using bathymetry measurements bathymetry as source data. made from Landsat between 2015 and 2016, NOAA was able to provide sailors updated depth estimates in five locations, Opposite: Recreational including the area around Garden Key boaters anchored off of where the historic Fort Jefferson, a popular Fort Jefferson. The fort, destination, is located. As the National located on Garden Key in Park Service tells visitors to its website, the Dry Tortugas National NOAA’s chart of the area is “indispensable Park, Florida, is a popular for safe boating on these waters.” destination for cruisers. Photo credit: Varina Patel In NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey, the Marine Chart Division is responsible for updating the suite of over 1,000 nautical charts that keep mariners in U.S. waters safe. Their mandate covers all U.S. 15 Landsat can be made by modeling the depth of and mission planning,” said Shachak Above: Close-up of Keeping waterways safe is light penetration based on the amount Pe’eri, Branch Chief of the NOAA Chart Bechevin Bay from NOAA a massive undertaking of reflectance measured by the satellite. Standards Group and a Research Professor Chart 16520: “Unimak The responsibilities of NOAA’s Marine And when multiple visible-wavelength at the Joint Hydrographic Center at and Akutan Passes.” Chart Division are immense. Charged spectral bands are used together, the the University of New Hampshire. with providing accurate charts for effects of seafloor reflectance variability mariners, NOAA cartographers need to and water turbidity are lessened. However, The Joint Hydrographic Center, a know when existing charts are out-of- these modeled depth measurements think-tank of researchers investigating date. To determine if charts are current, typically do not meet hydrographic technology and mapping challenges in they employ lots of tools. They monitor accuracy standards, so in the past NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey, realized navigation hazard reports submitted by SDB measurements were eschewed. that Landsat SDB could be an important mariners; they watch ship traffic patterns reconnaissance tool. A single Landsat using vessel positioning information (via “There’s been a shift in the way we think,” image is about 100 nautical miles across the Automatic Identification System); explained Lieutenant Anthony Klemm, and affords a wide overview of a coastal and, more and more, they are turning to an Operations Officer on the NOAA area. Maps of SDB can be compared satellites like Landsat for information. hydrographic surveying ship Thomas with existing nautical charts. Places Jefferson and a former NOAA Corps where depth patterns do not match are The field of Satellite Derived Bathymetry Officer with the Office of Coast Survey’s more closely examined. Has the seafloor (SDB), has been around for nearly a Marine Chart Division. “In the past, if a changed in this area? If an area looks half century, but the advent of free measurement wasn’t made by the Army shallower than what is presented in Landsat data in 2008 together with Corps or a NOAA survey ship, we didn’t the chart and if there is a reasonable the 2013 launch of the more-advanced want to use it, but now we are opening amount of vessel traffic or corroborating Landsat 8 satellite, and a shift in up to other technologies to evaluate mariners’ reports in the area, the chart thinking about SDB products, have led the health of our current chart suite.” location is tagged as a higher-priority to a reinvigorated use of satellite data candidate for hydrographic mapping— in NOAA’s Marine Chart Division. Because of this sea change in thinking i.e. sending out a hydrographic ship and faced with the daunting job of to make depth measurements using The concept of SDB is that shorter deciding which charts were most in sonar (multi-beam or single-beam). wavelengths of light penetrate water to need of updating, NOAA hydrographers differing degrees. The smaller wavelengths revisited the use of SDB using freely Multi-beam sonar provides very (e.g. blue and green light) penetrate water available satellite data such as Landsat as accurate and comprehensive bathymetry, more than longer wavelengths (e.g. near a viable tool to help them do their jobs. but for the amount of water NOAA infrared, shortwave infrared). When is responsible for charting, these “NOAA has now been using Landsat water is clear and the seafloor bottom is expensive ships are in short supply. } imagery for chart adequacy assessment 16 Landsat bright (e.g. sandy), estimates of depth How Landsat Helps: BATHYMETRY

Above: Visiting Fort Jefferson on Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas, a family poses for a photo on top of the nineteenth-century fort, with the shallow turquoise Gulf waters stretching out behind them. Photo credit: Andrzej Sienko, National Park Service

A Landsat 8 image showing the location of Massachusetts’ Plymouth Bay (left). The right image shows Satellite Derived Bathymetry measurements overlaid on a chart of Plymouth Bay. The red indicates shallow waters. Here, the SDB indicates that the shoaling of Brown’s Bank has shifted since the chart’s creation. Klemm, who is currently onboard provide “quantifiable information related “These charts are considered a hydrographic vessel, knows well to the amount of change since the last intermediary, but they can be made the amount of time and effort that hydrographic survey,” as Pe’eri wrote, publicly available and used until goes into gathering bathymetry SDB information can figure prominently a proper hydrographic survey can information. He is excited about the into the determination of where new be performed,” Pe’eri explains. prospect of formally incorporating hydrographic surveys are most needed. Landsat SDB into his workflow. Landsat is good at identifying new Pe’eri and Klemm helped to craft NOAA’s shoals and mapping shallow areas “SDB products to evaluate the policy on the use of SDB. They outlined where survey vessels cannot go. NOAA current state of existing bathymetry how to use SDB to prioritize hydrographic thinking is that it is better to amend representation is pretty amazing because surveys using a chart adequacy assessment charts to tell mariners that satellites of the temporal resolution of the satellite procedure they developed. They also indicated a shoal, even though exact data—a little over every two weeks and helped formulate a policy on how to depths cannot be provided until you get a new shot of an area,” Klemm update charts with features found using the next hydrographic survey. } described. Landsat 8’s orbit places it satellite imagery, like the process used back over a given location every sixteen to updated the Dry Tortuga chart. days. Because satellites like Landsat can 17 Landsat Deriving bathymetry with the satellite’s Multispectral Scanner using the ship’s sonic depth finder. In Landsat for 46+ years System and its 100 nm-wide images— this pre-GPS timeframe, LORAN-C radio satellite derived bathymetry was born. measurements were used for locating Uncharted shoals have sunk many ships. the boat position. Divers also plunged In the late 1960s, research groups began In 1975, NASA teamed with famed to the seafloor to take in situ reflectance Above: This circular islet is in oceanographer Jacques Cousteau to a section of Alaska’s Prince to experiment with remote bathymetry measurements with a submarine using multispectral airborne data in conduct an ocean bathymetry experiment photometer. This early experiment proved William Sound known as using Landsat data to measure water depth Dangerous Passage. Accurate an effort to make measurements over the feasibility of mapping shoals in large tracts of coastal waters in search in the Bahamas and off of Florida’s eastern clear water to depths equal to or greater nautical charts are coast. Cousteau’s ship, Calypso, anchored indispensable for safe of navigational hazards and shifting than those needed for safe shipping. bathymetry. With the launch of Landsat 1 over a study site as Landsats 1 and 2 sailing. Photo credit: in 1972, these newly developed methods collected data from overhead, while they The International Hydrographic Office, Mandy Lindeberg, NOAA could be used with data collected by simultaneously took depth measurements an intergovernmental organization concerned with making the seas navigable, In-page: The second (left) had once classified shoals as navigational and third (right) editions of hazards between 0 and 17 meters (56 Defense Mapping Agency feet) below the surface, but with the chart 61610. The third advent of supertankers with drafts of edition, released on August over 20 meters (65 feet) and the capacity 28, 1976, shows the newly to carry massive amounts of oil, shoal discovered Colvocoresses definitions had to be broadened. Reef and the adjusted A year later, a Landsat 2 image acquired position of Speakers Bank. on March 29, 1976, revealed a major Landsat provided the uncharted 8-km-long reef in the Indian information needed for Ocean’s Chagos Archipelago: “There both chart adjustments. was a major reef or bank where the chart showed safe, deep water and some banks appeared to be out of position by more than 15 km relative to the nearest land,” wrote James Hammack, a participant in the NASA/Cousteau experiment and a cartographer with the Defense Mapping Agency’s Hydrographic Center (DMA)(now part of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). Within a few months, the newly found reef— named Colvocoresses Reef after } 18 Landsat How Landsat Helps: BATHYMETRY

Bering Sea

Above: Anthony Klemm, Bechevin Bay a NOAA Corps Officer, in New York Harbor, aboard the NOAA Ship Unimak Thomas Jefferson, a hydrographic survey ship Island based out of Norfolk, VA. Photo credit: NOAA

In-page: Landsat 8 image of In Bechevin Bay, the easternmost passageway between the Gulf of Alaska Isonatski Strait and the Bering Sea (left). This natural color, pan- sharpened image was Roundtop Ikatan Bay acquired on May 14, 2014. Image credit: Joshua Stevens Mountian and Jesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory. NOAA nautical chart of Bechevin Bay (right). the USGS cartographer who identified completeness” of its nautical chart products. which enabled ships to more quickly the feature on the Landsat image—was DMA also used Landsat data to visually travel from Australian ports to East Asian added to DMA nautical chart 61610. In verify ship-reported navigational hazards. ones. Likewise, British Admiralty Chart the interim, Notice to Mariners were 322 of the Red Sea near Al Qunfidha sent out to warn sailors in the region. Some other documented cases of Landsat had to be completely revised after it data providing critical information to was compared with Landsat data. Based on the success of the NASA/ navigation include a safe deep passage Cousteau and Chagos Archipelago through Papua New Guinea’s Star Reefs, In 2006, 75 shallow-water features experiments, DMA requested that Landsat which was first discovered using Landsat such as reefs, shoals, and seamounts data be collected globally over coastal imagery. The Australian Royal Navy ship were discovered or found mislocated areas. This data was used to “augment the Flinders confirmed this passageway, with the use of Landsat 7. } 19 Landsat Landsat aids hydrographic The GEBCO companion how-to guide penetrate water allows hydrographers offices around the world for creating bathymetric charts, called The to map shoreline change. But when GEBCO Cookbook, includes a chapter concentrations of suspended sediments The International Hydrographic on using Landsat to derive bathymetry. are great enough to thwart penetration by Above: The NOAA Organization (IHO) and the For cash-strapped national hydrographic shorter wavelengths, SDB by definition hydrographic surveying ship United Nations’ Intergovernmental offices, using free Landsat data to assess suffers. But in NOAA’s Marine Chart Thomas Jefferson at sea in Oceanographic Commission jointly the adequacy of existing charts is essential, Division, researchers are thinking outside 2010. Lieutenant Anthony create an authoritative, publicly available, allowing them to allocate scarce resources of the SDB-box. global bathymetry map known as the with maximum impact to mariner safety. Klemm is currently an Pe’eri, in a collaborative study with Operations Officer on General Bathymetric Chart of the GEBCO students also use the European Oceans, or GEBCO. GEBCO charts NOAA and the U.S. Coast Guard, this vessel. Photo Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 have been published since 1903. Despite data and some commercial WorldView has pioneered turbidity mapping as a credit: NOAA this heritage, only about a tenth of imagery. Students often like to use Landsat proxy for bathymetric measurements. the ocean floor has been mapped. data because of its deep archive, which In enclosed waterbodies with strong Opposite In-page: A they use to produce time series showing currents, such as bays and sounds, turbid natural-color Landsat 8 GEBCO is no stranger to SDB. They have shoreline and shoal trends over decades. channels show up on Landsat imagery— image of the Beaufort Sea been aware of its capabilities for decades. SDB alone does not meet IHO accuracy and these turbid channels illuminate near Point Barrow, Alaska. But now that Landsat data are publically standards, but its use as a complementary where currents are carving deeper Researchers are developing and freely available, Landsat is being used prioritization and planning tool is key. channels that are safe for boat passage. ways to estimate seafloor more often—as is data from the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 SDB measurements can also “be In the Arctic, where near-shore changes depth in turbid waters by occur rapidly because of seasonal combining suspended satellites, with spectral bands similar to used to infill regions in remote or Landsat 8. inaccessible areas where no (or poor) sedimentation and erosion, new SDB sediment swirl analyses techniques like turbidity mapping are with multi-date satellite- bathymetry data exists,” shares Stephen NOAA, as a major Landsat user, has been Sagar, an Aquatic Remote Sensing preventing maritime mishaps. In Bechevin derived bathymetry sponsoring international GEBCO students Bay, where the easternmost passageway measurements. Image credit: Scientist with Australia’s National Earth from around the world and teaching them and Marine Observation Group. between the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering NASA Earth Observatory how to use SDB to update charts in their Sea provides fisherman with a shortcut for home offices. NOAA’s fourth SDB training NOAA: thinking big about SDB three ice-free months a year, the location was held in July 2018 as part of the Chart of sand bars can shift significantly because Adequacy Workshop. The 2018 workshop Water clarity has been a limiting factor of melting ice in this narrow passage. participants—from Madagascar, Mexico, when it comes to SDB. If waters are too With the help of Landsat SDB turbidity Nigeria, Peru, Australia, Greece, Ireland, turbid (full of sediments that obscure maps, the new locations of these sandbars Japan, Latvia, Poland, St. Vincent and light reflectance from the seafloor), then can be estimated. Recently, this has led the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, bathymetric measurements cannot be to the discovery of a new, straighter, and and Taiwan—learned about SBD and made. more geologically stable channel. } how to find land-water boundaries with The inability of longer wavelengths, satellite imagery, among covered topics. 20 Landsat such as shortwave infrared light, to deeply How Landsat Helps: BATHYMETRY

Satellite Data Requirements:

q Point Barrow 16-day revisit

. Tapkulak Island 30 m resolution

Elson Lagoon R Vis, NIR, SWIR Martin Island / Global coverage

Kulgurak Island P Archive continuity &

2 mi consistency N Q Free, unrestricted data “SDB estimated from Landsat turbidity NOAA’s Marine Chart Division has made They are also watching traffic patterns maps can help guide NOAA charting Landsat a prominent tool in their charting using the Automatic Identification System craft when they are mapping the channel toolbox—especially Landsat 8 with its (AIS) and even light communication T each year and placing channel marking new deep blue band, improved signal-to- from recreational boaters, fishermen, Geolocation ≥ 15 m buoys. This saves time and it makes the noise, and greater dynamic range (12-bit). tugboats, and larger vessels, and—together process safer,” Pe’eri said. “With insufficient with bathymetry measurements— @ knowledge of sandbar locations, the NOAA “Landsat 8 is overwhelmingly better,” they are prioritizing which charts ≤ 5% radiance calibration craft risk running aground and crew can Pe’eri shared, citing the new satellite’s are in perilous need of revision. be thrown overboard when that happens.” additional cirrus band which helps him better account for atmospheric noise “We’re making charts safer up there,” N 12-bit data digitization Pe’eri’s team has also developed a multi- that can compromise accurate SDB and Klemm said, talking about the work done image method to help separate clear Landsat 8’s better radiometric resolution in Alaskan waters, “and that’s so exciting.” g and turbid waters using Landsat data. (which means more signal, less noise, and Techniques such as turbidity mapping will more measurement fidelity). After Landsat grow increasingly important for navigation 9 launches in late 2020, Pe’eri and others This article was originally published planning as warming waters enable more will evaluate its data and once it checks out, on July 23, 2015 on the NASA industrial development of the Arctic and set will add it to their toolbox. But it’s not just Landsat Science website. Updates to the the stage for international shipping routes. SDB that this innovative office is utilizing. article were made in August 2018. 21 Landsat