DECEMBER 1944

,' AMERICA•s ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD EA RL BROWDER ' I • THE ELECTipNS AND THE NEW CONGRESS ADAM LAPIN t ' r • THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY " A. TRAININ • THE POLITICA L SITUATION IN ITALY ( . PALMIRO TOGLIATTI (ERCOLI) • BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY JAMES S. ALLEN • THE A NTI-FRA NCO U PS URG~ IN SPAIN

T. G. ZAMUDIO Just Published-

MORALE EDUCATION IN THE AMERICAN ARMY BY PHILIP FONER In this new study, a distinguished American historian brings to light a wealth of material, including documents and speeches by Washington, Jackson and Lincoln, letters from soldiers, contemporary newspaper articles and editorials, .)'esolutions and activities of workers' and other patriotic organi,2ations backing up the fighting fronts, all skiijfully woven together to make an illuminating analysis of the role of morale in the three great wars of American history-the War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the Civil War. Price 20¢

MARX AND ENGELS ON REACTION ARY PRUSSIANIS·M ~ An important theoretical study which assembles the writings and opinions of Marx and Engels on the histori~ roots, .charaCter and reafclonary political and military role of the Prussian Junkers, and illuminates the background of the plans for world domination hatched by the Ge;man general staH, the modern industrialists_and the criminal Nazi clique. Prle..e iO¢

WALT WHIT MAN- POET OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY BY SAMUEL SILLEN A new study of the great American poet, together with a discerning selec- - tion from his prose and poetic writings which throws light on Whitman's views on the Civil War, democracy, labor, internationalism, culture, etc. Price $J.50 •

W ORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P.O. Box 148, Sta. D 1832 Broadway), New York 3, N. Y. VOL. XXIII, No. 12 DECEMBER, 1944 THE COMMUNIST A MARXIST MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO ADVANCEMENT OF DEMOCRATIC THOUGHT AND ACTION

EARL BROWDER, Editor EUGENE DENNIS, Associate Editor V. J. JEROME, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

America's Elections and the Teheran Concord Earl Browder . 1059

The Elections and the New Congress Adam Lapin 1067

The Strategy of "Mercy" A. Trainin 1073

Bretton Woods. and World Security James S. Allen 1078

The Political Situation in Italy Palmiro Togliatti (Ercoli) 1087

A Tribute to Wendell Willkie John Stuart 1103

Toward a National Uprising Against Franco and the Falange T. G. Zamudio 1111

Historic Documents 1124

Index-Volume XXIII, 1944 1139

Entered as second class matter Ncwember 2, 1927, at the Post Otlice at New Yqrk, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE. COMMUNIST is published Monthly btl Workers Library Publishers, Inc., at 832 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. (mail address, P. 0. Box 148, Station D), to whom subscriptions, payments and con'espondence should be sent. Subscription rate: $2.00 a year; $1.00 for six months; foreign and Canada, $2.50 a year. Single copies 20 cents. niNTBD IN TRB U.LL

P. P. 0. 0. Box Box 148, 148, Station Station D D (832 (832 Broadway), Broadway), New New York York 3, 3, N. N. Y. Y.

WORKERS WORKERS LIBRARY LIBRARY PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS

• •

by by Leonard Leonard Norton Norton

THE THE WAR WAR ELECTIONS ELECTIONS 1860-1864 1860-1864 • • .15 .15

POLITICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ECONOMY IN IN THE THE SOVIET SOVIET UNION UNION • • .15 .15

and and Earl Earl Browder Browder

by by James James W. W. Ford, Ford, Benjamin Benjamin Davis, Davis, Jr., Jr., William William Patterson Patterson

COMMUNISTS COMMUNISTS IN IN THE THE STRUGGLE STRUGGLE FOR FOR NEGRO NEGRO RIGHTS RIGHTS .05 .05

by by George George Morris Morris

THE THE TROTSKYITES TROTSKYITES IN IN THE THE LABOR LABOR MOVEMENT MOVEMENT • • .05 .05

by by Mao Mao Tse-Tung. Tse-Tung. With With an an Introduction Introduction by by Earl Earl Browder Browder

CHINA'S CHINA'S NEW NEW DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY .25 .25

by by Earl Earl Browder Browder

THE THE MEANING MEANING OF OF THE THE ELECTIONS ELECTIONS • • .10 .10

by by Earl Earl Browder Browder

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS PROBLEMS OF OF THE THE WAR WAR AND AND PEACE PEACE .02 .02

• •

by by Roy Roy Hudson Hudson

POST-WAR POST-WAR JOBS JOBS FOR FOR VETERANS, VETERANS, NEGROES, NEGROES, WOMEN WOMEN .05 .05

by by Joseph Joseph V. V. Stalin Stalin

FOR FOR VICTORY VICTORY AND AND ENDURING ENDURING PEACE PEACE • • $.03 $.03

New New and and Forthcoming Forthcoming Publications Publications AMERICA'S ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD

BY EARL BROWDER

N November 7, 1944, Franklin port of Roosevelt, and by the superb O D. Roosevelt was re-elected leadership of the President himself President of the United States for at the head of the camp of national the fourth consecutive term. At the unity. same time Congressional elections changed the composition of both The Strategy of the Hoover-Dewey House and Senate in the direction of Reactionary Camp strengthening support for the Presi­ dent's policies. Plans of the reactionary camp for This simple news, flashed around this campaign began to shape up the world in the early hours of No­ immediately after the 1940 election. vember 8, brought joy to all peoples The strategy that gave coherence in all lands fighting for freedom to all these plans had the following and democracy. For this was vic· main points: tory in one of the greatest, most fateful, political struggles of history. 1. Secure command of the Repub­ lican Party as the main base of It was America's confirmation of the Teheran Concord, established elev­ operations. For this purpose the en months earlier, by Roosevelt, main task was to eliminate Willkie; Churchill, and Stalin, the program and for the elimination of Willkie for victory in the war and a dur­ it was necessary to put forth a able, prosperous peace. candidate without a well-defined iso- The outcome of this battle, was lationist record. That is why Dewey determined through a complicated became the front man for Hoover, and bitter struggle, in which the Vandenberg, Taft & Co., the real camp of reaction, enemies of Teher­ power in the old Republican ma­ an, threw in all their resources, and chine. employed every politicai strategem 2. Penetrate the Democratic Par­ in the book. The reactionary camp ty and either capture it for the re­ was defeated by the aroused intelli- actionaries, in which case the elec­ gence of the masses, by the unity tion is won without a battle, no brought about among the most ad· matter which candidate is elected; vanced sectors of all classes in sup- or disintegrate and split that party. 1059

ing ing the the labor labor movement movement and and the the ad- everything everything to to everybody, everybody, regardless regardless

strikes; strikes; and and then then savagely savagely attack­ ment ment against against Roosevelt; Roosevelt; promise promise

bor bor political political action, action, and and encourages encourages and and combine combine them them all all into into a a move­

bill bill which which places places restrictions restrictions on on la­ grievance grievance existing existing in in the the country, country,

President's President's veto veto the the Smith-Connally Smith-Connally 6. 6. Mobilize Mobilize every every discontent discontent and and

in in Congress, Congress, in in passing passing over over the the Preside:p.t. Preside:p.t.

joined joined with with their their Democratic Democratic allies allies take take the the Negro Negro vote vote away away from from the the

past. past. To To this this end, end, the the Republicans Republicans maneuver maneuver was was depended depended upon upon to to

from from rallying rallying to to Roosevelt Roosevelt as as in in the the licans. licans. This This exceedingly exceedingly "clever" "clever"

bor bor movement, movement, and and thus thus prevent prevent it it actionary actionary colleagues colleagues and and the the Repub­

4. 4. Divide Divide and and demoralize demoralize the the la­ the the united united opposition opposition of of his his own own re­

pering pering registration. registration. had had been been moving moving to to remedy remedy against against

ballot ballot of of the the armed armed forces forces and and ham­ the the Negro Negro people, people, which which Roosevelt Roosevelt

low low as as possible possible by by obstructing obstructing the the Roosevelt Roosevelt for for all all the the grievances grievances of of

3. 3. Keep Keep the the total total national national vote vote as as had had helped helped to to defeat. defeat. They They blamed blamed

Democratic Democratic Party Party in in 1944. 1944. form form in in favor favor of of these these things things they they

figured figured on on capturing capturing or or splitting splitting the the own own Convention Convention a a beautiful beautiful plat­

ment. ment. All All in in all, all, the the Hoover Hoover camp camp turned turned around around and and adopted adopted in in their their

Roosevelt Roosevelt and and of of the the labor labor · · move­ Practices Practices Committee; Committee; then then they they

his his party party against against the the wishes wishes of of sabotaging sabotaging the the Fair Fair Employment Employment

actionary actionary candidate candidate Bennett Bennett upon upon defeating defeating the the anti-lynching anti-lynching bill, bill, and and

by by forcing forcing his his own own handpicked handpicked re­ blocking blocking the the repeal repeal of of the the poll-tax, poll-tax,

livered livered the the governorship governorship to to Dewey, Dewey, tax tax Democrats Democrats of of the the South South in in

New New York York State, State, Jim Jim Farley Farley de­ The The Republicans Republicans supported supported the the poll­

cratic cratic Party Party by by Hoover Hoover and and Co. Co. In In orate orate provocation provocation was was carried carried out: out:

had had been been secured secured within within the the Demo­ Republicans. Republicans. To To this this end end an an elab­

sue; sue; and and a a hundred hundred other other footholds footholds their their traditional traditional allegiance allegiance to to the the

the the nation nation by by the the nose nose on on this this is­ 5. 5. Bring Bring back back the the Negro Negro people people to to

and and was was leading leading the the "liberals" "liberals" of of tial tial differences differences within within labor. labor.

der der the the L. L. false false and and banl).er banl).er C.I.O., C.I.O., of of and and "reform," "reform," all all other other poten­

coalition coalition with with the the Republicans Republicans un­ and and suspicions suspicions between between the the A. A. F. F. of of

Edison Edison in in New New Jersey Jersey had had made made a a ulated ulated by by all all means means the the jealousies jealousies

away away from from lican lican the the candidate. candidate. President; President; They They Governor Governor further further stim­

for for a a coup coup to to split split the the solid solid South South coming coming out out in in support support of of the the Repub­

with with the the Republicans, Republicans, were were ready ready but but in in order order to to blackmail blackmail them them into into

anti-Roosevelt anti-Roosevelt coalition coalition in in Congress Congress to to bring bring about about reforms reforms among among them, them,

ocratic ocratic Party Party F. F. of of leadership, leadership, L. L. labor labor part part leaders, leaders, of of the the not not in in order order · ·

Daniels Daniels sector sector of of the the Southern Southern Dem­ evidence evidence of of malpractices malpractices among among A. A.

the the Garner-Dies-Byrd-Reynolds-0'­ industry. industry. The The Republicans Republicans gathered gathered

was was ripe ripe among among for for treason treason the the miners miners to to his his but but party; party; throughout throughout

the the Democratic Democratic National National Committee, Committee, strikes strikes Lewis Lewis instigated, instigated, not not only only

Farley, Farley, for for while while eight eight years years blaming blaming the the Roosevelt Roosevelt head head of of for for the the

agents agents at at L. L. hand hand Lewis Lewis ready ready under under made: made: their their Jim Jim protection, protection,

pany pany found found sulted. sulted. a a host host The The Republicans Republicans of of powerful powerful took took John John

For For this this ministration ministration purpose purpose Hoover Hoover for for the the and and strikes strikes Com­ that that re­

1060 1060 THE THE ELECTIONS ELECTIONS AND AND THE THE TEHERAN TEHERAN CONCORD CONCORD THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD 1061 of how contradictory the promises How the Hoover-Dewey Strategy may be; promise economy and Worked Out greater spending, lower taxes and higher governmental income, the As the whole world learned on abolition of all government controls November 8, to the joy of all pro­ but the preservation of the results gressive and democratic-minded of control, the continuation of all people, the Hoover-Dewey strategy Roosevelt's policies but the reversal failed to gain its supreme goal, of those policies at the same time; which was to assume power in the promise to continue the war to vic­ United States. The whole world tory, but give the wink to all the does not realize as yet, however, anti-war forces and sentiments; how critical and close was the bat­ speak for continuation of our war tle, how seriously the U.S. stood on alliances, but insult our allies and the brink of a Nazi-like abyss of gather up all the anti-ally senti­ reactionary resurgence of power. It ments; speak for post-war interna­ is therefore of more than ordinary tional collaboration but slyly inject importance to examine in some de­ policies which would make that im­ tail how the victory for democracy possible to realize; combine the Chi­ and progress was achieved. cago Tribune with the New York The inter-play of forces on these Herald Tribune. various strategic fronts outlined 7. Finally, and keystone to the. above was very complicated, and whole arch of Republican strategy, any over-simplified analysis of the was the masterpiece of Hitlerite results would falsify the picture of technique, the use of anti-Commu­ reality. What the Hoover-Dewey at­ nism• and anti:Semitism to split and tack gained on the swing on one splinter the nation, and thus dis­ front was usually offset by a lesser solve all effective opposition to Re­ or greater loss from the contrary publican seizure of power in the effects of the same factor on another elections. front, and it was never able to bring This is the main outline of the these contradictions under control. Hoover-Dewey strategy in entering With a warning against the distor­ the 1944 election campaign. If all tions that accompany over-simplifi­ these main attacks registered some cation; we may nevertheless venture results, it was assumed that the a simple outline of the main fea­ cumulative results would guarantee tures of this complicated struggle, a reactionary victory. If any single admitting that many qualifications ~ne of them gained its maximum re­ may be necessary which we have no sults, that alone would bring the space to deal with, and that there is reactionaries to power. If several room for ma:QY variations of judg­ of these attacks scored a break­ ment on particular questions. through, .then the result would be a Following the above-stated seven landslide for reaction, and the dis­ points of the Hoover-Dewey strat­ solution of progressive power in the egy, we get a picture of the battle U.S. for a long time to come. something like this: 106~ THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD 1. On the reactionary control of overcome, so that the President car­ the Republican Party: This is the ried the State with a bigger major­ front on which superficially the ity than in 1940. Hoover- Dewey camp scored its 3. On the schemes to reduce the greatest gain. It secured complete total vote: This was revealed in the dominance of the Republican Party Congressional debate on the sol­ machinery, without which it had no diers' vote bill, when the Presi­ base of operations, and completely dent's opponents openly declared shut Willkie and his friends out in they would vote for the Federal sol­ the cold. But its technical victory diers' ballot only on condition was so complete that in the result Roosevelt would promise not to be this operated as a boomerang. For a candidate. Later Dewey's support­ with the development of the fight ers publicly speculated that a na­ on other fronts, this factor prepared tional vote of 40 millions would the preconditions for the Willkie fol­ guarantee his election, a vote of 45 lowers going over to Roosevelt in millions would leave the result in large numbers perhaps exceeding doubt, while anything much over 45 the margin of the Roosevelt major­ millions guaranteed the election of ity of the popular vote, and thus F.D.R. On the basis of this theory played a major role in defeating its the Republican machine tried to own aim. The Hoover-Dewey domi­ keep down the registration by limit­ nance was so complete that, as the ing the facilities, by keeping long issues of the campaign sharpened, it lines waiting and forcing large num­ became obvious to the Willkie fol­ bers to return a second time after lowers that they no longer had a long waits, and so on. Also in New place in the Republican Party for York they made spectacular legal this campaign at least. investigations, serving su,bpoenas on 2. On the reactionary disruption first voters during the late hours of within the Democratic Party: This the night, announcing wholesale ambitious scheme collapsed entirely warrants of arrest for fraud, etc., all in that phase which had aimed to designed to scare away first voters reduce the electoral vote of the solid from the polls. But the more the South for Roosevelt, and finally pro­ Republicans tried to keep down the duced no result beyond reducing the vote, the more they stimulated the volume of the President's popular mass movement to bring out the majority. In fact the reactionary vote. A nationwide drive for sol­ camp once more overreached itself, diers' balloting, and for general reg­ and brought about the defeat of istration and voting, caught the some of their best Democratic allies public imagination and attained a in Congress, ther~by greatly volume never before seen. in this strengthening the President's posi­ country. Over the heads of all the / tion in the nation as a whole, and old party machines the people took opening the way for fundamental charge, and rolled up a total vote improvements in the South. Farley's close to that of 1940, despite the fact treason in New York State was that some 8 millions in the armed THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD 1063 services did not cast ballots. The dividing the A. F. of L. from the Dewey speculative formula worked C.I.O., the Dewey campaign as it de­ out, in the sense that the vote did veloped brought an unexampled go over 45 millions, and that Dewey unity between the two great divi­ did lose. sions of the labor movement; their 4. On the scheme to divide the rivalry became transformed into a labor movement: This hinged on the struggle to see which could do the exploitation of the rivalry between most for the re-election of President the A. F. of L. and the C.I.O., by Roosevelt. And aside from the role Republican demonstrations of warm of the top leaderShip, where the dif­ sympathy for the former and sharp ference was almost as day from attacks against the latter; by solemn night, it would be difficult to say warnings to the A. F. of L. that a whether A. F. of L. orC.I.O. really victory for Roosevelt would put: the contributed the most votes to Roo-se­ C.I.O. in a privileged position; by velt's majority, so completely were protection to John L. Lewis, promis­ the masses of membership united in ing him immunity for any and all that common cause. To climax this kinds of strikes and disruptions of sweep of labor for the President, the the war effort, striving thereby, mine workers disregarded the ad-­ with vast provocations by employ­ vice of John L. Lewis and voted for ers, to create a mass strike move­ F.D.R. almost as unanimously as in ment during the election period, etc. previous elections. The labor move­ Huge efforts were made through ment demonstrated its political ma­ corruption and intimidation "to bring turity. The Hoover-Dewey strategy labor leaders into open support of toward labor was a flop. Dewey and other reactionary candi­ 5. On the plan to swing the Negro dates; venal labor papers were paid vote: For a few weeks after the na­ to publish Dewey's divisive propa­ tional party conventions, it looked ganda. The daily press was literally · as though the Hoover-Dewey strate­ full of it for weeks, screaming its gy had registered deeply. But as the message to the rank and file of the campaign developed the realities labor movement. But, while this broke through the demagogy, and scheme had some success among a the Negro voters came through their few top leaders of the A. F. of L., so period of hesitation and· swung over­ that among the Executive Council of whelmingly to Roosevelt on election that body only Daniel Tobin, and to day. The turning point came with a lesser extent Brown of the ma­ the Philadelphia traction upheaval, chinists, Flore of the food workers in which Republicans had incited a and Harrison of the railroad clerks, "strike" to drive Negroes out of made a real campaign for the Presi­ employment, and which the Roose­ dent, while the others remained velt Administration promptly sup­ shamefully silent and gave indirect pressed with a strong hand, uphold­ aid to Dewey, it was quite different ing the authority of the Fair among the millions of members and Employment Practices Committee most of the lower leaders; "far from without hesitation. The Transport 1064 THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD Workers Union leadership played modern political life. An unprece­ the key role in smashing this provo­ dented flood of political poison was cation, and thereby also consolidated loosed upon the country. It would its authority among the very work­ be blindness to underestimate the ers who had been misled into fol­ damage to America's social and po­ lowing the Republican provocation, litical life, not only in influencing and who were tharoughly ashamed voters in the election, but in poison­ of themselves when they realized ing social and political relations how they had been victimized. The after , the election is over. This Negro voters rejected the- G.O.P. phase of the Dewey campaign was demagogy iri overwhelming major­ most damaging because it was only ity, and went with the organized half met and half answered for the labor movement for .Roosevelt. great majority of the country. It was 6. The double-talk scheme of not clearly branded with its real · Dewey: Perhaps the modern radio character, as a reversion· to barbar­ should be given some of the credit ism, as a renunciation of all civi­ for the breakdown of Dewey's little lized culture, as the negation of scheme for working both sides of human reason, but was merely dealt the street and gathering support with as an example of the "gigantic from both sides of every controver­ lie." The basic assumption of this sial question. At any rate, the fact gigantic lie, that Communists and that Dewey was. talking out of both Jews are somehow outside the pale sides of his· mouth soon became so of American national life, was not widely recognized that hard-boiled met head-on and challenged, except Republicans were blushing for him. by the Communists. The democratic There were large backward masses camp contented itself with refusing who were influenced toward Dewey to join in this huge lie, and in de­ by his special appeals, there is no claring that "the danger is being doubt; but it is equally certain that grossly exaggerated." Inside the this was approximately offset by the democratic camp, groups were toler­ numbers of intelligent men who ated and given respected positions were driven away from Dewey by who not only joined fully in the his cynical demagogy, and who were gigantic lie, but who had originated inevitably attracted by the dignified the special form in which the lie and serious level of Roosevelt's deal­ was put. forward by the Hoover­ ing with the campaign issues. On Dewey camp; it was David Dubin­ this front also the Hoover-Dewey sky and his clique who had coined strategy went on the rocks. the slogan about a "Hillman-Brow­ 7. The anti-Communist and anti­ der Communist conspiracy against Semitic incitements: It was in this America," and presented it ready phase of the Hoover-Dewey strategy made for Dewey's use, whether with that its full Hitlerite inspiration and or without fee is not known. So purpose was revealed most fully. badly armed is American democracy Never outside of Nazi Germany has against this poison that responsible anything like it been witnessed in leaders were still willing publicly to ' THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD 1065 associate with Dubinsky at the end who were nauseated by his Red­ of the campaign when he was scare, who remembered Willkie's mouthing the same main slogans as dramatic appearances before the Dewey, while still unwilling or un­ Supreme Court to argue the case able to acknowledge that American in behalf of William Schneiderman, Communists have won their citizen­ the California Communist leader, ship by their devoted services in and to win the decision establishing our nation's greatest common effort. the right to citizenship of Commu­ Such is the still remaining potency nists, and who remembered Will­ of this, the chief of Hitler's political kie's fearless call for China's unity poisons. to include the Communists. In the The effects of Dewey's anti-Com­ small towns and rural areas they munist and anti-Semitic campaign have learned little or nothing of were mixed and very. complicated. such modern political developments There can be no doubt it failed in in America and the world, and its first aim, which was to rally when a great political party they propertied, business and financial had long respected even when they circles into a fanatical drive to elect had not voted for it frantically Dewey at all costs, although it may shouted in their ears that a foreign have had effect in slowing and lim­ conspiracy was, seizing control of iting the shift of such circles to open America, there is not the slightest support of Roosevelt; when the New doubt that millions were influenced York Times and Walter Lippmann, by it. There is reason to believe that two of the most conservative and while Dewey weakened himself in responsible spokesmen of the prop­ the cities and among all intelligent ertied classes, came out against and informed people by his irre­ Dewey in the last phase of the cam­ sponsible use of anti-Communism paign, this was registration of the and anti-Semitism, he more than failure of the first aim of the Red­ compensated himself in the number scare. It failed even more complete­ of votes even though not in the ly in its second aim of splitting the quality of his support, in the small labor' movement, despite Dubinsky's towns, rural areas, ·and among the frantic efforts to assist; never before less informed voters generally. had a great national Red-scare effort It is certainly not a pleasure for found so little response within ·Or­ me to regard the judgment that ganized labor. Dewey made some profit in votes Where the anti-Communist and out of the Red-scare. I would be anti-Semitic campaign scored heav­ much happier if I could honestly ily, however, was in the small towns declare that his crime did not pay and rural areas, among the less substantially among any large part thoroughly informed and less politi­ of the population or in any form. cally alert sections of the popula­ But this issue is too threatening of tion. Here Dewey more than made future troubles for our country and up for his numerical losses of sup­ the world to justify any wishful port among the Willkie Republicans thinking or complacency in regard 1066 THE ELECTIONS AND THE TEHERAN CONCORD to the realities. The harsh truth is nese economy and put checks upon that a considerable part of America the speculators, usurers, and land­ can be influenced by unprincipled lords who are now sucking the political leadership which appeals to blood of the nation. fear and hatred of Communists and It opens the way for the Soviet Jews, by precisely the chief means Union eventually to join in the com­ whereby Hitler rose to power in mon task of the creation of a peace­ Germany. ful and progressing Asia, as the A tremendous task of mass politi­ larger half of a peaceful and pro­ cal education is required by this gressing world. fact, before our country can be ,con­ It consolidates ·the preconditions, sidered immune to Hitlerism. established at Teheran, for the world to begin to face and work out International Consequences _of peaceful paths toward the liberation American Elections of the colonial world from its bon­ The re-election of Roosevelt, with dage, and the inclusion of those a Congress purged of many of the areas within the domain of democ­ worst isolationists and reactionaries, racy and increasing well-being. is having and will continue to have It hastens the final crushing of profoUnd repercussions throughout the Hitlerite beast in his lair and the world. the defeat of the Japanese bandit It is an American national refer­ regime, and the return of the whole endum confirming the Teheran Con­ world to the ways of peace. cord, the world leadership given by It clears the way to a new era of Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt. It full employment and expanding makes possible a new meeting of the economic well-being, to be extended "Big Three" further to extend· and systematically to more and more of build on the foundations of Teheran. the world, through the united lead­ It gives American support to the ership of Britain, the Soviet Union, movement for national unity in the and America in an organized world liberated countries of Europe, ex­ family of nations. tending from Catholics to Commu­ Only in such a world can America nists, and the beginning of an or­ solve her domestic problems and derly and peaceful reconstruction of find the road to inner peace and their life upon new foundations. prosperity. It is the stamp of approval upon We have turned the corner on the the counsel Roosevelt has been giv­ historic path to that bright future. ing to China, to unite against the What Stalingrad was to the Soviet Japanese common enemy, to settle Union, the definite turning of the inner conflicts and throw all forces tide against fascism, so was the No­ into the war, to take boldly the path vember 7th election for the United of democracy, to rehabilitate Chi- States. THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS

BY ADAM LAPIN

T was a common assumption of real meaning of the 1944 elections, I newspaper and radio commen­ and make it clear beyond the shad­ tators during the election campaign ow of a doubt that the election rep­ that the Republicans would make resented fundamentally an endorse­ substantial gains in both House and ment of the President's policies on Senate even if President Roosevelt winning the war and the peace. were re-elected. The G.O.P. and its journalistic friends took it for * * * granted .that there was an irresist- Even a tentative preliminary an­ ible Republican trend which had alysis of the Congressional elections been underscored in previous elec- makes it possible to draw five ob­ tions, particularly in the 1942 Con- vious conclusions: gressional elections when the Re- First, the people showed unprece­ publicans picked up 47 House seats. dented political maturity and un­ They argued that the President's derstanding. It was on this point election would be a · personal tri- that the Republican strategists mis­ umph, that even if the voters were calculated. They did not think the reluctant to change Presidents in the people would know how to follow middle of a great war they would up after voting for the President. not follow through in the election Second, the Congressional elec­ of a Congress. Indeed, one of Gov- tions were a sweeping repudiation ernor Dewey's major campaign ar- of Senators and Congressmen .who guments was that he should be have opposed the President's foreign elected to cooperate with a Repub- policy, who have sniped at our gov­ lican Congress. ernment's policy of collaboration Well, the people reversed the with the Soviet Union and Great G.O.P.'s campaign logic. They did Britain. not elect a President who would Third, rejection of Senators and work with a presumably Republi- Congressmen most prominently can Congress. They elected a Con- known as isolationists (actually gress which will cooperate far more many of them are flagrant impe­ closely with the President. The rialists) was accomplished by vat­ Congressional returns illuminate the ers of both parties in all sections 1067 1068 THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS of the country, of all classes in the Leading Republican opponents of population, by an improvised coali­ Administration foreign policy, such tion of forces which has great sig­ as Senators Gerald P. Nye of North nificance for the future. Dakota., James Davis of Pennsyl­ Fourth, the labor movement vania, John Danaher of Connecticut, played a major role in this coati· and Reps. Hamilton Fish of New tion. Both the C.I.O. and the A. F. York, Melvin J. Maas of Minnesota of L. (despite the negative role and Stephen A Day of Illinois were of most of the members of the A F. defeated. The revulsion against of L. Executive Council) were im­ these latter-day Munichmen was portant factors in assuring the Pres­ much stronger than had been ex­ ident of a Congress which would pected by even the most optimistic support his policies. observers. The Roosevelt forces in Fiftll, the performance of the Ohio did not dream that they could 79th Congress will depend on wheth­ come within 20,000 votes of defeat­ er the loose election coalition can ing Senator Robert A. Taft, who be consolidated and can continue will undoubtedly be the leader of to function after the elections, on the opposition to the Administra· whether there is unity among the tion's policy of international col· groups supporting the President on laboration. If there had been· a bet­ a broad legislative program on for· ter understanding of the grouri.d· eign and domestic policy. swell of public opinion against the In the 78th Congress the Dem· men who stand in the path of unity ocrats had a 13-vote lead over the with our Allies, it is entirely pos· Republicans in the House, 222 to sible that Taft could have been de· 209. Death and by-elections con­ feated. tributed to whittling this down to This popular repudiation of the two seats before the end of the ses­ "isolationists" has been a non-par· sion. In the new House, the Demo· tisan affair. The Democratic vot· crats will have a lead of at least ers took care of men like Senators 48 votes; at this writing a few seats Bennett Champ Clark of Missouri, are still in doubt. In the Senate D. Worth Clark of Idaho and "Cot­ the Republicans failed , completely ton Ed" Smith of South Carolina in to improve their position at the the primaries. Senator Robert Rice short end of a 57 to 38 relationship. Reynolds of North Carolina, now But the Congressional elections chairman of the Senate Military were not determined primarily on Affairs Committee, found it expedi­ the basis of party affiliations, and ent to retire. Republican voters the statistics of party line-ups fail disposed of Senator Rufus Holman to tell the full story of what has in the Oregon primary. Thousands happened. The change has been of Illinois Republicans participated qualitative. There has been a major actively in removing Representa­ improvement in the make-up of the tive-at-large Stephen A. Day, whose 79th Congress in comparison with sympathies with Hitlerism were no· its immediate predecessor. torious; Emily Taft Douglas who ran THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS 1069 against Day even outstripped the icy: Reynolds and Clark of Mis­ President's majority. There were souri in the Democratic primaries, committees of prominent Republi­ and Nye and Davis in the elections. cans in Illinois for Mrs. Douglas and An interesting by-product of the Senator Scott Lucas who defeated elections and the primaries is that Richard Lyons, universally dubbed practically the entire personnel of as a mouthpiece for the Chicago the Dies Committee has been re­ Tribune. moved from the House. Reps. Joe The criss-crossing of party lines Starnes of Alabama and John Cos­ was seen in Connecticut where tello of California were beaten in Senator Danaher, a clever and re­ the primaries; Rep. Martin Dies de­ sourceful obstructionist, was de­ cided to quit. Rep. Fred Busbey feated but where Governor Bald­ of Illinois was eliminated in the win, a Republican whose stand on election. Without over-stating the foreign policy was generally be­ case, this does- add up to a signifi­ lieved to be more constructive, was cant repudiation of Congressmen re-elected. In Massachusetts the who made anti-Communism their voters supported President Roose­ principal stock in trade. velt and Mayor Maurice Tobin of It is not only that the all too fa­ Boston for Governor-but elected to miliar faces of some of the bitter­ the Senate on the G.O.P. ticket Gov­ end foes of the Teheran program ernor Leverett Saltonstall who is will be missing in the 79th Con­ considered a supporter of the Presi­ gress. There have been important dent's foreign policy. In Oregon, positive changes for the better. Ad­ which also went for F.D.R., many ministration stalwarts like Lucas, Democrats must have voted for Robert F. Wagner of New York, Wayne Morse for Senator; Morse, who was confronted with a particu­ who had the endorsement of the larly vicious campaign, and Elbert C.I.O. Political Action Committee, Thomas of Utah were re-elected. defeated Senator Holman in the Reps. Francis Myers of Pennsyl­ Republican primary. vania and Warren Magnuson of It is inevitable that the verdict Washington should help strengthen of the people will strengthen the Administration forces. In the House President's hand when he asks for outstanding progressives like Reps. legislation to implement his foreign Vito Marcantonio and John Coffee policy, to qpprove plans for an in­ have been returned. Among the ternational security organization new progressives . will be former mapped at Dumbarton Oaks and Lieutenant Governor Ellis Patter­ for international economic coopera­ son of California and Hugh De tion as developed at Bretton Woods. Lacey of Washington. For the first For example, there have been elim­ time in more than fifty years there inated from the powerful Senate will be two Negro Congressmen, Foreign Relations Committee four Rep. William L. Dawson and the men who would have stood firm newcomer, Rev. Adam Clayton Pow­ against the President's foreign pol- ell of New York. 1070 THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS Reps. Clare Luce of Connecticut litical education among millions of and Jessie Sumner of Illinois, both people on the issues before Con­ unfortunately re-elected, will no gress and on the records of Con­ longer have a virtual monopoly as gressmen and Senators. alleged spokesmen for the nation's Where Republican incumbents women in the House. In addition were unseated, it was invariably to Rep. ).VIary Norton of New Jer­ as a result of teamwork between sey who has long been a staunch various groups in the population Administration supporter, there will and particularly between the C.I.O. be three othe'r· outstanding women and A. F. of L. But there is no in the House, Emily Taft Douglas, doubt that the Congressional elec­ Helen Gahagan Douglas of Califor­ tions were a stinging repudiation nia and Mrs. Chase Going Wood­ of many endorsements made by house, a professor of political econ­ A. F. of L. President William Green, omy at Connecticut College, New who yielded in this respect to the London. diehard Republicans in the Execu­ It is not only that new Demo­ tive Council and by some railroad cratic Congressmen have been union leaders: Nye, Busbey, Fish, elected. In practically every case Day and other defeatists were able they can be counted on to go down to claim endorsements from Green the line for the President's entire or from the railroad unions. It program. This is largely because didn't help them much. Unlike their election came as no accident. some members of the Executive They won because the President Council, A. F. of L. workers showed brought out the voters to the polls that they do not judge members of -and because they received organ­ Congress on the basis of a narrow ized support from labor and the selection of "labor issues" but are people. There is no possible debate concerned with all the big problems about the kind of mandate they re­ of the day, including foreign policy. ceived. Green said after the elections that The new seats were won primar­ he was pleased to see the defeat of ily in large cities like Chicago and isolationists at the polls. Maybe Philadelphia or in smaller indus­ he was, but he certainly didn't do trial towns like Akron, Dayton, East much to bring it about. St. Louis. And the evidence is clear that labor played a particu­ * * * larly impressive role in strengthen­ • ing the Administration contingent There should be a real change in in the House. It was one of the the 79th Congress. There will be a signal contributions of the C.I.O. difference in personnel. And there Political Action Committee that it should be an even more important focused attention of the workers on difference in political atmosphere. the problem of electing a progres­ The people have spoken so clearly sive, forward-looking Congress, that that many middle-of-the-road Demo­ it was responsible for serious po- crats with inconsistent or indifferent THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS 1071 voting records may now swing back gress will help neither the war ef­ into line. fort nor international collaboration. This does not mean that the new What we can be sure of is that Congress will be free of major leg­ there will be an effort in the 79th islative conflicts or that everything Congress to form a new anti-Admin­ will be smooth sailing from now on. istration coalition, to form a new Far from it. Some of the cleverest anti-Roosevelt majority of Republi­ and ablest opponents of Administra­ cans and Southern Democrats. This tion policy, like Senators Taft and will not be impossible, but it will be Vandenberg will still be around much more difficult than in the past. when the new session meets. The In the last six months there was Republicans will be strongly repre­ already evident a major cleavage sented in both House and Senate. among Southern Democrats; theRe­ There will be those among them publicans could no longer count on who will be for making a fight lining up all or even most of the against the Administration on every Southern Democrats. On issues such basic aspect of domestic and foreign as soldier voting and subsidies, the policy. Southern Democrats in the House One of the real problems in the divided about equally between those new Congress will be the effort, al­ who went along with the Adminis­ ready apparent in a number of edi­ tration and those who joined with torials and in the columns of Mark the Republicans. In the primaries, Sullivan, to say that the people have Administration leaders like Senators given the President a mandate on Lister Hill of Alabama and Claude foreign policy but not on domestic Pepper of Florida won their fights policy. Some writers are gleefully for renomination, and men like Dies rubbing their hands in anticipation and Starnes and "Cotton Ed" Smith of renewed battles against the Pres­ went down to defeat. The Electoral ident on domestic policy. Just how College plot against Roosevelt fiz­ this separation is accomplished is a zled. The Administration has won bit of a mystery. Most of the Repub­ complete control over the Demo­ licans repudiated at the polls fought cratic Party of Texas, and the so­ the President both on domestic and called Texas regulars made a pitiful foreign policy. And certainly the showing in the election when they two phases of Administration policy put up their own slate of electors. are closely related. Dewey did not increase his vote in The President's objective of 60,- the South over Wendell Willkie's 000,000 jobs cannot be achieved 1940 showing. Add all these factors without a stable post-war world, to the generally improved political without international cooperation climate resulting from the Presi­ and extensive foreign trade. The dent's election victory, and the an­ President himself made this amply swer should be a more substantial clear in his Chicago speech. By the number of Southern Congressmen same token, disunity at home on and Senators in .the Administration basic issues, bitter conflict in Con- camp. 1072 THE ELECTIONS AND THE NEW CONGRESS The most effective guarantee for islative action during the 78th Con­ preventing the formation of a suc­ gress. The lack of unity in the labor cessful anti-Roosevelt coalition will movement on legislative issues was be the continued existence and func­ due partly to the petty vendetta tioning of the as yet loosely knit against the C.I.O. which still takes coalition, which took shape in the precedence in the minds of some election campaign. If the Republi­ A. F. of L. leaders, by a refusal to cans, independent voters, Demo­ identify themselves with the Admin­ crats, trade unionists and others istration-to some of the same atti­ who voted for the President and for tudes that led to endorsements of a Congress to back him up continue men like Nye and Day. The election to show unity on foreign policy, returns should strengthen the posi­ there will be little doubt about the tion of the wholesome and construc­ outcome of a Congressional debate tive forces in the A. F. of L. led by on that vital issue. Daniel Tobin .of the Teamsters. In­ On domestic policy and particu­ creased unity between the C.I.O. larly on reconversion there is need and A. F. of L. would in turn be a for a legislative program based on powerful influence for a broader al­ the broadest unity between labor, liance around the Administration's the Administration, the farmers, and legislative program. substantial sections of business, mid­ It was unity of diverse forces that dle class, and professional groups. It did the trick of Nov. 7. This unity is a fact that labor became unneces­ will have to be the keynote of the sarily isolated during the battle on legislative efforts of the people dur­ the Kilgore reconversion bill. There ing the months ahead. If there is was not a sufficiently sustained ef- 1 unity, the mandate given the Presi­ fort in the labor movement to find a dent by the people will be carried basis of understanding with other groups. out by Congress, and the 79th Con­ Nor was there sufficient coopera­ gress wil1 be able to measure up to tion between·the C.I.O. and the A. F. the enormous tasks of dealing with of L. This was one of the major ob­ the peace of the world and the stacles blocking more effective leg- shape of post-war America. THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY"*

BY A. TRAININ

HE nearer and more inescapable lighten the blow of justice have T the defeat of Hitler Germany found a certain "basis" in a state­ becomes, and with it retribution for ment made recently at a press con­ the atrocities perpetrated by the ference in London by Sir Cecil Hitlerites, the more frequently are Hurst, Chairman of the United Na­ unctuous voices raised, pleading tions Commission for the Investiga­ mercy for the butchers. The pois­ tion of War Crimes. oned and asphyxiated victims of the Sir Cecil Hurst spoke as a jurist, Germans are still writhing in their and his words naturally breathed agony; the earth is still heaving the spirit of legality. But his le­ over the unfortunates buried alive; gality is of a rather dubious qual­ mankind still stands appalled at the ity: in the majestic temple of jus­ awful fate of the innocents of Maid­ tice which he erects, he provides anek; yet the obliging commisera­ extensive bomb-shelters, dugouts tors of the miscreants are abund­ and trenches into which the indicted antly shedding well-paid tears, striv­ criminals may creep to escape the ing to avert the threatening retri­ hand of justice. bution, and whining that the butch­ Hurst, the British Ministry of In­ ers are being treated hard. formation reports, was asked wheth­ Some of these appeasers of butch­ er Hitler had been included in the ers and advocates of mercy are sup­ list of war criminals. We do not posedly n,ot opposed to the crimi­ know who put the question-nor nals being tried-they are only, so his age or intellectual capacities-­ tospeak, arguing which is the prop­ but at any rate his inquisitiveness, er court to try them. Some-reli­ for its innocent candor, is touching. gious appeasers-plead that it Everyone knows that Hitler, the should be left to the court of God; head and fount of militarized ban­ others--temporal appeasers-would ditry, has included himself in the leave it to the court of history. And list of war criminals by his heinous both are appaled only by the inevit­ war crimes. All the more surpris­ able reality and growing proximity ing is the reply: Sir Cecil Hurst of the mundane court of man. said that he was obliged to refrain Unfortunately, these efforts to from answering questions concern­ ing individual war criminals. By • From W..,. "'"' th~ Working CltUs, Moscow, No. 19, 1944. this reply Hurst demoted the chief- 1073 1074 THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY" tain of the band of international need to run ahead and hazard one's criminals to the rank of an ordinary own guesses as to the future deci­ bandit by classbg him among the sion of the Governments of the "individual war criminals." More­ United Nations. over, Sir Cecil Hurst, to do him jus­ Sir Cecil Hurst thought .other­ tice, made no secret of the motives wise. Restrained, reserved, fearing for his enforced silence: if he were publicly to include Hitler and his to give the names of the persons accomplices in the list of war crimi­ liable to trial, he explained, it would nals, he nevertheless revealed on afford them the opportunity to es­ this subjct unexpected loquacity. cape and hide from justice. "The United Nations," he said, It apears, therefore, that to speak "might decide to bring them [Hitler of the culpability of Hitler, Rimm­ and Mussolini] to trial or to deal ler, Goebbels and their ilk is to di­ with them as Napoleon was dealt vulge a profound state and, perhaps, with." Only just now when he was even an international secret, and talking of trials he demoted Hitler might be attended by grave com­ to the ranks; now when it comes to plications. Upon hearing, in the the question of punishment, he pro­ sixth year of their crimes, that they motes him' to the rank of Napoleon. were being looked upon as crimi­ More, it appears that there are a nals, Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels and couple of these Napoleons. Accord­ the rest might run away and hide ingly, the decision of the Govern­ from justice. Sir Cecil Hurst was ments of the United Nations, in accordingly forced by the circum­ Hurst's opinion, might be to seek stances of the case to keep silent in out a suitable place of residence on order that justice might triumph. islands for the two friends, perhaps However, Sir Cecil Hurst did not the Isle of Elba for Mussolini and faithfully adhere to his vow of si­ (more strictly!) Saint Helena for lence. He found. it possible to re­ Hitler.... veal something about the possible Having thus outlined the decision fate of two of the "individual war as to the fate of the major crimi­ criminals"-Hitler and Mussolini. nals, Sir Cecil Hurst is now able He said that their fate would be easily and without any mental ef­ decided by the United Nations, a fort to decide the fate of all other statement which is indisputable. war criminals. And it must be frankly stated that here the passion * * * for "legality," a "cautious" investi­ The Declaration of Churchill, gation and lenience toward the war Roosevelt and Stalin, published in criminals comes perilously near to Moscow on November 2, 1943, deliberately allowing many thou­ stated that "the major criminals sands of Nazi miscreants to go un­ will be punished by a joint decision punished. of the Governments of the Allies." It would seem then that in the case * * * of Hitler and Mussolini there is no Hurst deemed it necessary to state • THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY" 1075 that "there were many misconcep­ vestigate, investigation committees tions and misunderstandings on the examine, and the Commission de­ subject of war crimes." One would cides. But one essential thing re­ think, quite to the contrary, that mains unclear: Does this scheme there were countless numbers of really guarantee the trial and pun­ definitely established war crimes ishment of war criminals? and numerous names of culprits of these crimes. Of course, a careful * * * investigation and a well-founded Very disputable, in the 'first plact), verdict ' are essential if justice is is the fundamental principle. Ac­ really to triumph over evil. But cording to Hurst, the right to hand this is precisely what the proced­ over war prisoners belongs to the ure of the investigation outlined by Commission of the United Nations. Hurst does not provide for; on the The question naturally arises: Why contrary it promises a rich harvest should the Governments which have of "misunderstandings and miscon­ the right to demand the handing ceptions." over of criminals, lose that right in Sir Cecil Hurst says (Note: All the case of grave offenders? It may quotations from the English in this be that, on the contrary, the deci­ article have been re-translated from sions which will be adopted at the the Russian): "The investigation end of the war will specially pro­ must, in the first place, ·be carried vide that it is the duty of all coun­ out by the various Governments and tries to hand over war criminals not by the Commission. The proce­ upon the motivated demand of the dure is as follows: The authoritative countries which have suffered from bodies of each Government submit their acts. This question is all the to the Commission the cases of war more appropriate as certain parts of crimes of the culprits which, in Hurst's scheme for the investigation their opinion, merit punishment, as and handing over of criminals re­ well as the evidence on which the semble less a road to justice than charge is based. The Commission barbed-wire obstacles to the punish­ submits cases to the Investigation ment of the offenders. Committee, which examines, in the According to Hurst's scheme, be­ first place, three questions: Firstly, fore the United Nations Commission whether the commission of a war can decide to hand over the crimi­ crime or war crimes is borne out nals it must decide whether the by the evidence; secondly, whether cr,iminal "is guilty of only one there is sufficient evidence to estab­ crime." The question of recidivism lish the identity of the criminal; thus acquires extreme importance, thirdly, whether this is his only according to him. The advocates of crime." leniency toward criminals eagerly This scheme cannot be denied a cite the law on this subject. But certain harmoniousness. It reads we should like to hear where, in easily and can be grasped without what international conventions or difficulty. Authoritative bodies in- declarations of the United Nations 1076 THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY" Governments, was recidivism made of justice to y.rar criminals would a condition for the punishment of follow very soon after the capitula­ war criminals. tion of Germany to the Allies. Further, if some Nazi miscreants It should be borne in :mind that only once threw children into' a fire the turning over of war criminals, or asphyxiated civilians in murder in which the will of all peoples to wagons, does the demand that they eradicate Hitlerism should be and should be handed over lose its valid­ will be expressed, is conceived by ity? Hurst as something in the nature of Hurst is not content with this. He an act of internationa~ courtesy. He goes further: "Not all war criminals says: "If the United Nations find can be considered equally culpable. that existing treaties providing for • . . Some of them may have com­ the handing over of war criminals mitted ordinary crimes. We must do not meet the case, new measures limit ourselves to persons who are will be adopted.... However, a really responsible for major atroci­ neutral state is a neutral state, and ties." Preparations are only being there are bou11ds which even all the made to try war criminals, yet "lim­ United Nations together cannot itations" are already recommended, transgress in their attitude toward and answerability only for "major neutrals." atrocities" is set up as a corrective The Declaration of Roosevelt, criterion. Stalin and Churchill quite clearly What atrocities then deserve to stated that the war criminals would be called major-Smolensk, Kiev, be pursued by the three Allied pow­ Lublin? Are whole villages togeth­ ers to the uttermost ends of the er with their inhabitants undeserv­ earth. Yet the Chairman of the ing of the attention· of justice? United Nations Investigation Com­ Sir Cecil Hurst is not worried by mission, despite the Declaration of such questions. He is in a hurry the Allied powers, despite the great to introduce further limitations on historical changes of our era, and the answerability for war crimes. despite the new relations among He deems it necessary to exclude states in combating international from the category of war crimi­ crime, consoles the criminals and nals all quislings and persons guilty "neutrals" with the assurance that of wholesale extermination of their even all the United Nations together citizens on racial, political or reli­ "cannot always secure the delivery gious grounds. of war criminals." * * * * * Acquaintance with Sir Cecil The situation is complicated by Hurst's arguments involuntarily the fact that Hurst is not alone in leads to the presumption that if his strange concept of the answer­ limitations on the investigation of ability and non-answerability of war criminals were to develop on war criminals. It has been stated the scale he indicates, capitulation in the foreign press that on the THE STRATEGY OF "MERCY" 1077 United Nations Commission there cealed attempt to protect the war are other advocates of justice with criminals from the law, from jus­ brakes on, of justice which would tice and from p40ishment. be sympathetic to the bandits and indifferent to their victims. Not • • * burdened by the responsible posi­ And so we find mingled in one tion of their Chairman, these mem­ chorus the unctuous sermons of the bers of the Commission display ab­ opponents of trial for the criminals, solutely unbridled recklessness in and the voices of certain official devising methods of saving the Hit­ guardians of justice. lerites from answerability. The strategy of "mercy" is not a The newspaper PM states that problem of ethics, nor even a prob­ experts insist that Hitler is to be lem of trial and punishment; it is regarded as the head gf a state, the essentially a problem of war policy. Nazi gangsters as a government and The strategy of "mercy" is only one the Gestapo as a state police. of the links in the campaign for a According to this legal algebra, lenient peace launched by the Hit­ one bandit is a bandit, two bandits lerites and certain circles which are bandits, but a whole gang of support them. Accordingly, a plea bandits who employ tlie machinery for mercy to the butchers is a plea of government for rapine and mur­ for a compromise peace, a plea to der are merely "state p6lice." The leave in Germany the hotbed of fu­ newspaper considers that the source ture wars and future atrocities. of these arguments is excessive de­ The united efforts of the freedom­ votion to jurisprudence on the part loving . nations have foiled all of of members of the Commission Germany's maneuvers and artifices whose noses, it says, are buried in of strategy: blitzkrieg strategy, pro­ legal tracts. tracted war, and the strategy of di­ This is a libel on jurisprudence. viding the Allies. This inspires us Since when and under what laws with confidence that the last card is a bandit who dons the uniform of defeated Germany will also be of a police official immune from beaten-namely, ·the strategy of criminal prosecution? All this so­ "mercy" which is directed against called jurisprudence is a poorly con- peace and mankind.

1078 1078

tue tue of of consistency. consistency. He He is is opposed opposed make make impossible impossible full full employment employment

Senator Senator Taft, Taft, at at least, least, has has the the vir- litical litical or or economic economic variety, variety, would would

Bretton Bretton Woods. Woods. Isolatiop.lsm, Isolatiop.lsm, whether whether of of the the poe poe

Oaks Oaks but but opose opose the the proposals proposals of of world. world.

for for example, example, support support Dumbarton Dumbarton warfare warfare against against the the rest rest of of the the

and and the the New New Y<>rk Y<>rk Herald Herald lationism lationism Tribune, Tribune, is is a a policy policy of of economic economic

ton ton Woods. Woods. The The New New perialist perialist York York aggression. aggression. Times Times Economic Economic iso­

cles. cles. This This is is not not the the case case on on Bret- cal cal isolationism isolationism is is a a policy policy of of im­

side side isolationist isolationist and and defeatist defeatist cir- in in world world affairs affairs shall shall take. take. Politi-

among among practically practically all all elements elements out­ issue issue is is what what form form our our participation participation

plan plan one one finds finds essential essential agreement agreement omically omically or or politically. politically. The The real real

principles principles of of the the Dumbarton Dumbarton Oaks Oaks world world can can remain remain aloof aloof either either econ­

International International Bank. Bank. On On the the main main war war as as the the most most powerful powerful in in the the

ternational ternational Monetary Monetary Fund Fund and and an an that that a a country country emerging emerging from from the the

Bretton Bretton Woods Woods proposals proposals for for an an In­ fact. fact. For For it it is is nonsense nonsense to to imagine imagine

quite quite so so clear clear with with respect respect to to the the is is meant meant a a policy policy and and not not a a status status in in

Unfortunately, Unfortunately, things things are are not not By By the the term term isolation, isolation, of of course, course,

position position to to achieve achieve success. success. nomic nomic relations. relations.

people people in in an an especially especially favorable. favorable. policy policy with with respect respect to to world world eco­

placed placed the the Administration Administration and and the the adopt adopt an an isolationist isolationist or or cooperative cooperative

that that the the November November verdict verdict has has is is whether whether the the United United States States shall shall

becomes becomes a a reality. reality. But But it it is is clear clear issue issue presented presented by by Bretton Bretton Woods Woods

.. ..

.. .. -

· ·

fective fective world world security security organization organization ican ican is is concerned, concerned, the the po~icy po~icy central central

America America First First forces forces before before an an ef­ Woods Woods conference. conference. As As far far as as Amer­

the the obstructionist, obstructionist, pro-fascist pro-fascist and and central central achievement achievement of of the the Bretton Bretton

struggle struggle still still looms looms ahead ahead against against sition sition when when . . we we seek seek to to define define the the

on on this this matter. matter. Obviously, Obviously, a a bitter bitter We We get get to to the the heart heart of of this this oppo­

cult cult to to evade evade the the will will of of the the people people world world economic economic problems. problems.

of of Roosevelt Roosevelt will will find find it it most most diffi­ proach proach to to some some of of the the most most pressing pressing

barton barton Oaks Oaks plan. plan. The The opponents opponents ity ity but but opposes opposes a a cooperative cooperative ap­

ization ization along along the the lines lines of of the the Dum­ favors favors cooperation cooperation for for world world secur­

ticipation ticipation in in a a world world security security organ­ cult cult to to Understand Understand a a position position which which

popular popular support support for for American American par· par· or or economic economic sphere. sphere. It It is is more more diffi­

.1. .1. demonstrated demonstrated the the overwhelming overwhelming tions, tions, whether whether it it be be in in the the political political

November November ~ ~ elections elections to to any any have have cooperation cooperation with with other other na­

BY BY JAMES JAMES S. S. ALLEN ALLEN

BRETTON BRETTON WOODS WOODS AND AND WORLD WORLD SECURITY SECURITY BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY 1079 and a high standard of living at home. And, conversely, there home. To achieve the goal of 60,- would be little hope for restraining 000,000 jobs set by President Roose­ the sharp economic rivalries of velt it will be necessary to have an Britain and the United States in the expanding world economy which post-war world and attaining an will be able to absorb huge Ameri­ economy of abundance at home can and British exports. Economists without agreement between Britain, estimate that should U. S. post-war the Soviet Union and the United export trade increase by five mil­ States on .joint action to maintain lion dollars over pre-war trade, this peace. alone would account for five million Thus, the most favorable omen additional jobs. And this is a very for Bretton Woods is the high de- conservative estimate of the possi­ < gree of cooperation already attained bilities of the post-war foreign mar­ by the Big Three in the course of ket. But expanding markets can­ the war and their progress in not be obtained to any lasting de­ reaching agreement on post-war gree under world conditions in collaboration against aggression. which sharp rivalries, as between The Dumbarton Oaks conference Britain and the United States, will supplied the Bretton Woods pro­ run rampant and constantly endan­ posals with the necessary founda­ ger peace. Nor can there be pros­ tion and a favorable atmosphere pects of expansion without the guar­ for their success. antee of a long period of world security, assured in the first place * * * by Anglo-Soviet-American under­ standing and the encouragement of What are the main contributions democratic development throughout of Bretton Woods? the world. The first project is for an Inter­ World security could not long be national Monetary Fund of about maintained if a country as powerful eight and three-quarter billion dol­ as -ours were to embark upon a lars. Each of the United Nations course of cut-throat economic war­ is to subscribe an amount (not ex­ fare against all competitors as soon ceeding 25 per cent in gold and the as the war is over. That is why remainder in their national curren­ Dumbarton Oaks and Bretton cies) roughly equivalent to their Woods are so .closely related. We relative position in expected post­ cannot expect to maintain peace for war trade. Thus, the United States any length of time if there is not would be the largest subscriber, undertaken, simultaneously with the with a quota of $2,750,000,000; while setting up of an effective security Britain and the Soviet Union would organization, such measures as will be close seconds, with $1,300,000,000 , tend to subordinate existing differ­ and $1,200,000,000, respectively. ences and economic conflicts to the Each member nation is to have vot- · common need for expanding world ing power in direct ratio to the markets and full employment at amount of its subscription. 1080 BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY The main function of the fund labor from the defeated enemy would be to enable .each member to countries. buy the currencies of the other Nevertheless, the Fund is a new members through a world govern­ departure in economic policy, mental organization, which will 'at­ evolved to meet a situation in which tempt to maintain stable money the United States, Britain and the rates and make available to its mem­ Soviet Union will contribute to the bers such foreign currencies, within stabilization of world economic re­ certain agreed limits, as they may lations. need to pay for increased imports. Its main significance is that In practice, this means that at American adherence to the Fund " least for the immediate post-war would mean the initiation of a post­ years short-term loans, largely in war economic policy on the part of American dollars, will be made the United States looking toward available to the United Nations to the adjustment of differences with finance their purchase of commodi­ Great Britain and simultaneously ties for the most part from the towards cooperation with the Soviet United States. Union on such measures as will aid The long-range purpose of the world economic recovery. Fund is to stimulate world trade, The test is for the United States while eliminating such restrictions more than for any other country. on trade as currency depreciation, Britain, considerably weakened by bilateral pacts, barter, and other de­ the war, does not need much con­ vices used by competitor nations to vincing on this score. Her main obtain exclusive trade advantages. concern is to preserve what she has It seeks to help in the expansion against the encroachment of a pow­ of world markets, recognizing the erful competitor, and she hopes to prime role to be played by Ameri­ do this successfully through agree­ can production and capital, but at ment, compromise and accomoda­ the same time establishing the· tion. Other capitalist countries means for the cooperative determi­ have suffered even more severely, nation of terms upon which Ameri­ and for a long time to come they can goods 'and services are to be will need as much foreign aid as accepted. they can possibly obtain, while pre­ By itself, the Fund does not solve serving their national freedom and basic problems of world economy, completing their anti-fascist strug­ nor does it remove the prime causes gle. of economic instability. It will help On the conclusion of the war the the countries weakened and devas­ United States will be in a position to tated by the war along the road to become manufacturer and banker recovery, but even here main reli­ to the world. This is a fact which ance upon outside aid will have to cannot be altered by any interna­ be placed in the immediate future tional agreement. What can be de­ upon direct grants and relief, and termined, however, is on what terms upon reparations in materials and the rest of the world will accept BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY 1081 American products and capital. And have to be settled, including the the United States is in no position amount due on lend-lease obliga­ to dictate these terms, unless we tions, and trade barriers would have are willing to see the rest of the to be reduced between the British world banded against us. Empire and the United States. As further bait Aldrich offers Britain • • • a "grant in aid" of $3,000,000,000 to meet her immediate .post-war The real issue involved is reveal­ needs-a sum, we can rightfully as­ ed by the alternative policy advo­ sume, to be earmarked for the pur­ cated by the opponents of the Fund. pose of transferring at least a part In urging Congress to reject the of the British-held blocked balances Bretton Woods proposal, Senator to the United States as a further Taft offered the following policy: means of assuring American pene­ tration of Empire markets. "The proper course would seem One can imagine that Britain to be to reach some agreement with will not jump at this opportunity of the British regarding the relation turnin'g its best developed markets of the dollar and the pound and over to its chief competitor. then take up the other countries, On its more general merits, the one by one, and attempt · to assist them by direct credits, if necessary, Aldrich-Taft plan received a fitting until their foreign exchange can be rebuff from Sir Chunilal B. Mehta, stabilized without loss." (New York head of the Indian delegation at Times, July 12, 1944.) Rye, who said quite plainly that the key nation approach will leave A similar policy is advocated by "each individual nation to the mercy a stubborn group of anti-Roosevelt of either the United States or the bankers, who lobbied energetically United Kingdom and that would against the Administration program amount to dividing the world be­ at Bretton Woods. Their most re­ tween two great nations-the cent spokesman is Winthrop W. United States and the United King­ Aldrich, chairman of the Chase Na­ dom." (New York Times, Nov. 14, tional Bank, who led the fight 1944.) against the Stabilization Fund at the According to the New York International Business Conference Times, spokesman for certain large which just concluded its sessions financial interests, the Bretton at Rye, N. Y. He calls his policy Woods proposal should be rejected the "key nation" approach "as op­ because it "means that America posed to the global approach of the agrees in advance to lend each of Bretton Woods plan." He is more more than forty other countries up specific than Senator Taft in itemiz­ to a certain fixed amount of dol­ ing the price which Britain would lars, whether or not there is ariy have to pay for the honor of shar­ reasonable prospect of repayment, ing key nationhood with the United and regardless of the internal eco­ States. Britain's war debt would nomic policies of each country or 1082 BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY ditions for doing business which what it does with the money." In­ prevail today. stead, urges the Times, loans In answering Senator Taft, Wal­ ''should be granted only where there ter Lippmann realistically set forth is real prospect of repayment, and these conditions. "In a world where only on consideration of the adop­ there is only one great power ca­ tion of sound internal economic pol­ pable of extending large interna­ icies in each borrowing country." tional· credits," he says, "the credi­ The stabilization of the dollar, to­ tor-bol'rower relationship of normal gether with a halt to "deficit financ­ private affairs does not prevail. The ing" and the balancing of the bud­ other great financial powers are in get, "would supply not only an ex­ a position to have a very great deal ample but an anchor for other cur­ to say about the terms on which rencies." (July 18, 1944.) they will accept credit." They will The New York Herald Tribune is not accept terms "which they regard more cautious, but adopts a similar · as dictation of their domestic policy attitude: "Instead of compelling by the United States, and as hu­ debtor nations to put their affairs miliating." (N. Y. Herald Tribune, in order, as the price of participat­ July 13, 1944.) ing in its benefits, this so-called Should the United States veer 'stabilization' plan merely provides away from the policy expressed at them with a breathing spell.... " Bretton Woods, other nations would (July 19, 1944.) be forced to take measures in self­ The Taft-Aldrich position seems defense which would have the effect to be in favor of an Anglo-Ameri­ of severely limiting American parti­ can bloc, in which Britain shall cipation in world markets. Britain, gratefully assume the role of minor for example, would be impelled to partner. The Times-Tribune oppo­ push vigorously a program of bi­ sition seems to demand exclusive lateral arrangements, extreme Em­ American control and intervention pire preferences, cartel pacts on as the price for extending credit. high prices and closed markets, Both have in common opposition and other devices. The alterna­ . to any arrangements in which the tive is described rather vividly by borrowing countries will have a A. R. Guinness, a leading banker voice in regard to the terms and and Chairman of the British Na­ utilization of the loans. They want tional Committee of the Interna­ the United States to take advan­ tional Chamber of Commerce. tage of its prime power and eco­ "Bilateralism or barter trade be­ nomic position to fix the conditions tween two countries," he says, and the terms for each of the na­ "should only be used as a fire es­ tions seeking credit. cape and a last resort. . . . The methods of Dr. Schacht are not for In truth, this position not only us unless we have to use the fire fails to comprehend the new rela­ escape." (International Affairs, Lon­ tions arising from the war, but don, October, 1944.) fails to appreciate the unique con- BRETTON WOODS AND .WORLD SECURITY 1083 * "' * vance or guarantee many loans for purposes for which the "risks" are Much the same issue is involved considered too high. in the other main Bretton Woods Naturally, Senator Taft finds the proposal, the International Bank Bank no less objectionable than the for Reconstruction and Develop­ Funa, and for the same reasons. ment. With a subscribed capital And the Times finds distasteful any of over nine billion dollars, the arrangement which runs counter to Bank is authorized to make long­ its fantasy of a "free world econ­ term investments and to guarantee omy, with private lenders risking private international investments, their own funds and borrowers seek­ with special consideration to the ing to meet their requirements needs of the countries which have [where] loans would ·go to the suffered from enemy occupation and countries and projects that offered hostilities. Capital is to be con­ the most attractive terms commen­ tributed by each country in about surate with the best prospect of re­ the same ratio as to the Stabilization payment." (July 19, 1944.) Fund, to which the Bank is closely It is quite true that neither the linked. As with the Fund, voting Fund nor the Bank can be justified power is in direct proportion to the in such antiquated terms. The sig­ capital subscribed by each member nificance of the Bretton Woods pro· . nation. posals cannot be measured in terms The new element in this plan is of the percentage of interest which the joint responsibility taken by American bankers can anticipate. the governments in extending or One of the advantages of the bank guaranteeing international invest­ is precisely that investments for ments for the purposes of long-range constructive purposes-such as re­ economic development. Naturally, storing devastated industrial areas it is not envisioned that all interna­ or helping a colonial country devel­ tional investments will flow through op industry-stand a better chance the Bank or that it will be called of success when separated from the upon to guarantee all private invest­ efforts of a banking group to obtain ment. But it is clear that such a the highest possible rate of profit Bank would· tend to advance or or secure special privileges in a guarantee loans where private in­ foreign country. If the Bank does vestors would not take the risk, serve to restrain the activities of im­ such as in war-devastated areas and perialist financial groups and to in countries of a colonial economy submit at least a good part of in­ wishing to develop their national ternational investments to the scrut­ industries. iny of a world board it will have Opposition to the Bank is some- served a' good purpose. And within •what less vociferous than to the the limits envisioned by the Bank, Fund, because it is generally rec­ this can be done. ognized by private interests that Naturally, neither the Fund nor the government will have to ad- the Bank is in itself sufficient guar- 1084 BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY antee for stable economic relations tions. In connection with the Civil between countries. Aside from the Aviation Conference at Chicago, the over-all requirement of assuring Soviet Union has already estab­ peace, which is necessary fot the lished the position that it will not success of any cooperation in the join iri any body in which pro-fas­ economic field, these new ventures cist and anti-Soviet states are rep­ can cover only a small part of the resented. It is hard to conceive the whole complex of world economic Bank extending a loan to Franco relations. Many other important or helping in the stabilization of a questions can be submitted to simi­ pro-fascist or reactionary regime lar international arrangements­ anywhere. such as commerce, the allocation of The direct participation· of the raw materials, shipping and avia­ small nations and of countries with tion, tariffs, and cartel problems. a colonial economy will also serve The main thing is that countries to strengthen their position in nego­ liberated from the Axis and lands tiations for development of loans having a colonial or semi-colonial and trade. economy shall receive economic as­ The Civil Aviation Conference sistance of a kind which will facili­ serves as a sad example of what tate their evolution ' as free and happens when an alternative pol­ progressive nations and not hamper icy is followed. The Conference them with restrictions and political broke all established practice by mortgages. welcoming the participation of non­ From this aspect, the Bretton United Nations countries. The Woods proposals have distinct ad­ American delegation, the most· im­ vantages. Among these, the most portant because it represented the significant is the joint direction by leading aviation power, was under cooperating governments of the the direction of Adolph A. Berle, Fund and the Bank. This guaran­ Jr., around whom there is more tees that the policies of the insti­ than an aroma of appeasement. tutions will be subordinated to the The non-participation of the Soviet world security policy enunciated at Union led to the absence of the the Teheran conference and imple­ most effective and consistent force mented at Dumbarton Oaks. working for agreement among the The leading· participation of the main powers in the spirit of Teher­ Soviet Union, alongside of Britain an. The resuli was that the Ameri­ and the United States, cannot help can delegation could not be swerved but bring about a change from the from an obstinate grab-all policy, traditional policy of the money­ and resisted every effort at com­ lenders. The Soviet Union may not promise on key points with the always be able to carry its propo­ British. sitions in such an international com­ This experience goes to show that bination, but it will exert a de­ it is fruitless to attempt an Anglo­ cided influence upon the practices American understanding on any im­ and financial policies of the institu- portant question unless the under- BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY 1085 standing is simultaneously made This not only demonstrates t4e es­ with the Soviet Union. It is only sential inner strength of a country in the combination of the Big Three which has suffered so heavily in the that the differences between Brit­ war but, even more significant, it ain and the United States can be ad­ emphasizes the Soviet intention ac­ justed and subordinated to a broad­ tively to support and help lead all er purpose. Thus, the joint partici­ inter-governmental efforts of the pation of all three in the Fund and United Nations directed toward the Bank-as well as in any future stability. arrangement on specific economic problems---becomes a requisite for * * * the adjustment of differences be­ tween· Britain and the United The proposals unanimously States on matters directly related adopted at Bretton Woods consti­ to world economic stability and tute an auspicious beginning of ·in­ peace. ternational cooperation on economic A very significant aspect of Bret­ matters in the spirit of Teheran. ton Woods was the participation of The International Monetary Fund the Soviet Union in a conference de­ will be of aid to the countries suf­ voted to working out means for se­ fering most from the war because curing economic stability in inter­ it wil make available to them funds capitalist and capitalist-socialist re­ with which to purchase necessary lations. For one thing, this signi­ commodities from the United States fies the much greater role which and other nations. The Interna­ the Soviet Union is prepared to play tional Bank for Reconstruction and as an active participant in world Development will help not only the economic relations, on her own war-devastated countries but also rights as a great producing nation the economically backward to un­ holding a key political position in dertake long-range national proj­ the world. Even more, Soviet pol­ ects. Both institutions will contrib­ icy at Bretton Woods showed that ute to trade expansion, which is es­ the Soviet Union would employ her sentTal for the program of full em­ powerful position to encourage and ployment at home. The inter-gov­ to strengthen· all joint and coopera­ ernmental auspices of the Fund and tive action to reduce economic the Bank, under a policy committed strain and advance all possible to long-range collaboration of large forms of economic collaboration be­ and small nations, offers assurance tween the big powers, as well as that both short and long-term credits between them and the small nations, can be obtained on a basis of safe­ in the interest of world security. guarding the national sovereignties This policy was very dramati­ and developing the national econo­ cally expressed at Bretton Woods mies. Finally, the acceptance of when the Soviet Union voluntarily these proposals by the United increased .her contribution to the States would be an important vic­ capital of the International Bank. tory for the policy of world coop- 1086 BRETTON WOODS AND WORLD SECURITY eration as opposed to America First over Bretton Woods may prove the and Foremost isolationism. first real test of policy preliminary However, the opposition already to the debates on the Dumbarton expressed by anti-Roosevelt politi­ Oaks plan for a world security or­ cians, certain banking circles, and ganization. The essence of the the sector of business opinion rep­ struggle should be advanced to the resen~ed by the New York Times, forefront. It should be made clear indicates that the Bretton Woods that what is at stake is the whole proposals will not have easy sailing course of our policy, now and for the when they come up for approval future, on such central matters as in the new Congress. The fight jobs and peace. THE POLITICAL.SITUATION IN ITALY

BY PALMIRO TOGLIATTI (ERCOLI)

The following speech was deliv· no longer limits itself to criticism ered by Palmira Togliatti (Ercoli), and propaganda, but intervenes in leader of the Italian Communist the life of the country through its Party, at a Convention held by the own positive and constructive ac­ Communist Federation of Rome on tivity. Such activity, beginning in September 29, 1944. The Federation the factory and village branches, has a membership of 35,000. must be expanded by the Central Committee and the men whom we OMRADES of ~e Roman Fed­ delegate to represent the working C eration! class in the Government. It is clear, I wish, first of all, to extend to therefore, that when we speak of a your Convention the greetings of new party we mean, above all, a the Central Committee of our Par· party which is capable of translat· ty. I greet you as the representatives ing into its policies, its organization of the new Communist organization and its daily activity that profound which we are creating together change. which has occurred in the here in Rome and throughout liber· position of the working class in re· ated Italy, an organization which lation to the problems of national must beco:r;ne the fighting advance­ life. guard of all the Italian people, of all The working class, having aban­ Italy. • doned its past position of criticism and stimulus to the democratic and Meaning of a "New Party" progressive forces, today intends it- [Togliatti declares that the Feder- self to assume, side' by side with ation in Rome has already made other consistently democratic forces, considerable progress toward the the leading function in the struggle goal of creating a new party capable for the liberation of the country and of guiding all the people in the ful- for the reconstruction of a demo­ fillment of the great tasks confront- cratic regime. ing Italy at present. He then ex- The old property-owning classes plains what Italian Communists and, in particular, the most reac­ mean when they speak of a new tionary elements within them, gave party.] life to fascism, brought it and kept A new party is, first of all, a it in power for twenty years, made working class, people's party, which and approved the fascist war until 1087 1088 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY the eve of defeat, and thus brought great masses of the people. The ~ Italy to ruin. clear views, wisdom and political Today, the salvation, the resur­ ability of the advance guard party rection of Italy is not possible unless of the 'working class are necessary the working class intervenes in Ital­ to overcome such situations. ian political life as the new leading element of the whole nation; unless Elements of Dissatisfaction the great toiling masses of the coun­ Today, for example, there are try, closely bound in a united front, some difficulties inherent in a cer­ rally around the working class. tain dissatisfaction regarding the This, comrades, is the. fundamental general political leadership of the theoretical and historical position country. (I am referring to this from which we derive the concept merely because we are united here of a new party. This is the basis at a Party Congress and because it is from which we must draw a series our duty to explain the country's of conclusions regarding our politi­ situation to our militant members, cal activity as well as the forms and and not for any other motive in par­ methods to be used in our organ­ ticular). I am not speaking ization. about the artificial dissatisfaction created a month ago by sources The Liberation Committee which we well know, through the Movement launching of a stupid campaign It is not an easy task to rji!con­ which tried to undermine the gov­ struct Italy as a grE~at, free, demo­ ernment by protesting against the cratic and progressive nation. The fact that it is composed only of. the difficulties which we are now meet­ representatives of parties belonging ing and will continue to meet after to the National Liberation Commit­ the war are essentially due to the tees. There was also an order of the fact that the downfall of fascism day issued by 17 or 18 parties that occurred in such a way that it did coveted the government; but no one not permit the immediate and com­ b~came aware of it. For, a declara­ plete elimination of the elements tion signed by the representatives of responsible (or fascism. These are the six parties now in the govern­ now attempting to gather their ment sufficed completely to shatter forces and to reconstruct the back­ that campaign. bone of an anti-democratic, reac­ Today, the Liberation Committee tionary Italy, once again pregnant Movement, which we call the Na­ with fascism, just as it was before­ tional Front, has the right to govern the march on Rome. the country for national as well as For this very reason, difficult and international reasons. confused political situations are If there are democratic and anti­ sometimes created in our country, fascist parties, with a serious foun­ despite the will to work, to fight, dation and tradition, who wish to and to be united which exists among adhere to the National Front, as for the advance guard parties and the example, the Republican Party, we THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY 1089 shall always support and vote in who were given their present posi­ favor of such a step so that they tions under Fascism and are justly may become a part of the Libera­ considered as exponents of fascism. tion Committees, and may contrib­ Every good Italian is now saying ute their ideas, their men, and their that it is impossible to leave the old fighting spirit to this movement. mayor, rebaptized with the name of But we affirm that, at present, the syndic or prefectural commissioner, parties adhering. to the Liberation in the same position of authority Committees represent the Italy which he enjoyed in the past and which wants to redeem itself against surr9unded by those who, as expo­ the Germans, the Italy which wants nents of Fascism and confidential to arise as a great democratic coun­ assistants to landowners, donned a try, free, independent, progressive. blackshirt uniform and tyrannized over the people. It is untenable that Proven Traitors Still in Armed such elements are to be found in the Forces courts, the prefectures, and the po­ Another element of dissatisfaction lice force. which has arisen among the masses, Until today, we have not been finding expression through confused able to obtain the removal from the and often violent and abrupt forces, armed forces here in Rome of those is based on two fundamental mo­ elements in command of the execu­ tives, one economic, the other politi­ tion squads which, following Nazi cal, aggravated by a subsidiary mo­ orders, fired upon our patriots. This tive which is national in character. is absolutely intolerable; it is a situ­ After the downfall of Fascism, the ation which tugs at the conscience signing of the armistice, the declara­ of every good Italian crying for ven­ tion of war against Germany, the geance. creation of the first government on Yet this cleansing action which a a democratic basis, and then of the sense of national dignity and honor Government emanating directly bids us to undertake is necessary in from the Committees of National order to save the country and also Liberation, the masses of honest because a precise international Italians thought that they would fi­ pledge demands the cleansing of all nally be liberated from Fascism for­ the Fascists, of all those who collab­ ever. Instead, this process of libera­ orated with the Germans and car­ tion is proceeding with a slowness ried out their orders. that the masses do not understand. The second element of dissatisfac­ For example: the highest govern­ tion is embodied in the great eco­ mental bodies have undergone pro­ nomic hardships, in the difficulties found changes; but further down in relating to transportation, distribu­ the state apparatus, among the gov­ tion of supplies and food, etc. The ernmental institutions which have people do not have the feeling that direct control over the population, the governmental organs are speed­ such as the judicial bodies and the ily taking all measures necessary to police force, we still find elements administer the little which is left in 1090 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY such a way as to avoid famine and however, that "we should openly hunger. deplore it," we answered: We are disposed to deplore all violence; we The People Want to Fight do not want the creation of an at­ There is then a general factor, mosphere of violence and civil war, national in character, which contrib­ because we know that this would utes to creating dissatisfaction. Af­ plunge our country into further ter the Nazis had been ousted; the ruin. We also deem it probable that great mass of Italian youth, of all some provocateurs mingled with the the Italian people, wished to be crowd which killed the ex-director armed in order to carry on the war of Regina Coeli, and threw the to avenge all the evil perpetrated by match which made the flame of pop­ the Nazis in Italy. They have re­ ular hatred and wrath explode. We mained profoundly disillusioned. are well aware of all this and are If we could tell the people: pro­ ready to say it and repeat it at every duce is lacking, the bread ration is opportunity. scarce, there is no work, but the sac­ But when we think of the 320 rifices which we are called upon to Italians, Romans, who were barba­ make permit our nation to fight to rously and infamously killed and a greater extent for its liberation, abandoned like beasts in the Ardea­ we could more easily overcome the tine Caves; when we know that in reasons for dissatisfaction which ex­ the crowd present at the Palace of ist in the country. But this we can­ Justice and the Lungotevere section not say for reasons which do not there were the mothers, the parents depend on us. ·Thus the dissatisfac­ of our murdered fellow-citizens and tion is exploited by provocateurs brothers, then we are not able to and is used to create disorder whic:b. utter one single word in deplora­ is then blamed on the advance­ tion. It is necessary to accept the guard parties. Or it is pounced upon people's wrath as a reality. It must by reactionaries, ex-Fascists and not be provoked. Its explosion must Fascists who attempt to use it to be checked through rapid and ener­ their advantage and to create a situ­ getic acts of justice. ation analogous to that which exist­ ed in 1920, '21, '22, when Fascism, • The Reactionary Forces on the exploiting the difficulties of that pe­ Offensive riod, began its march to power. That The people are satisfied with the such conditions can lead to painful present government. They have occurrences, such as the lynching of faith in the government because a Nazi collaborator in Rome, is un­ they know that several men who derstandable. have always led the fight against Fascism are participating in it. But The Pe~ple's Anger the people sense that there is an I have stated that we are deeply extreme slowness which prevents pained and preoccupied by this epi­ the Government from acting with sode. When some people told us, that fullness of movement essential THE POLITICAL SITUATION' IN ITALY 1091 to lead the country on the road to side, those which are rather bound resurrection. to middle - bourgeois or bourgeois There are, of course, diffi.culties of groups. To accomplish this operation an objective type. Whenever and which now dominates their spirit, wherever we have witnessed them, they ask the following question: we Communists have gone among What right do the Communists the people, in the factories, in the and Socialists have to participate in countryside, among our comrades, the Government? ' urging them to bear those difficul~ And they answer: ties which cannot be overcome as They have no right to partici­ yet. This we will continue to do, pate in the Government. Tradition­ conscious of our responsibility and ally and by right, power belongs to our duty to maintain unity through­ the propery-owning classes, guardi­ out the nation in order to oust the ans of the sacred right of property, Germans and crush the Fascists. But and, we add, guardians of those eco­ we want the disappearance of nega­ nomic and political privileges for tive elements, those not related to whose defense Fascism arose and objective difficulties, that is, we brought us to ruin. want the strengthening of the na­ tional democratic Government. "To the pillory ..." Beneath all this, however, there is There is, for example, a Signor a profound political problem: In lib­ Zanetti, who publishes in Rome a erated Ita.ly, we are witnessing the pro-Fascist type of a sheet in which organization of an offensive by those he says, no more and/no less, that reactionary forces which gave life the participation of the Communist to Fascism more than twenty years Party in the Italian Government is ago and are disposed to give life to admissible solely because the Soviet a new Fascist movement in order to Union is. at present allied with safeg•uard the interests of the prop- Great Britain and the United States, erty-owning classes. , and we are, supposedly, the Party What do they intend to do? What which enjoys the protection of the do they want, these elements who Soviet Union. I believe that we must are the scum of a regime from nail to the pillory the man who which we want to liberate our coun­ dared to write these words. We must try forever? nail him to the pillory not so much They want to break the bloc of because of vyhat he uttered regard­ democratic forces which is the main­ ing our Party, which is strong stay of the present Government. enough to defend its political posi­ They want, instead, two mutilated tion in the country-but because he trunks; they wish to fling to one side proves with these words that he has the more advanced forces, the pro­ a cowardly, despicable, servile gressive forces, the forces of the spirit. The soul of the man who working class and the toilers gener­ wrote these lines is the soul of the ally, that is, of the Communist and old reactionary castes who domi­ Socialist Parties; and to the opposite neered and misgoverned Italy for

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some some for for used used be be to to are are which which Italy Italy

liberated liberated in in squads squads armed armed izing izing right. right. this this it it deny deny

organ­ of of us us accuse accuse further further 1rhey 1rhey can can who who one one . . no no is is there there country, country,

property., property., private private respect respect to to clined clined the the of of leadership leadership the the in in participation participation

in­ not not are are we we that that pretext pretext false false for for nomination nomination its its presents presents Party Party

the the on on Government Government the the from from and and this this and and is, is, Party Party Communist Communist our our

Front Front Liberation Liberation the the from from cluded cluded as as such such party party people's people's mass mass great, great,

ex­ be be should should we we that that effect effect the the to to a a to to bosom bosom own own their their from from rise rise give give

circulated circulated is is talk talk loose loose when when figure figure masses masses working working the the if if and and uniforms; uniforms;

this this cite cite to to right right the the have have we we But But servants' servants' wearing wearing without without live live to to

Committee. Committee. and and Liberation Liberation themselves themselves National National govern govern to to the the right right the the

by by organized organized have have people people freedom freedom for for Italian Italian the the volunteers volunteers Comrades, Comrades,

of of army army great great forever. forever. the the of of part part are are gades gades

bri­ it it These These destroy destroy and and it it eradicate eradicate to to want want Party. Party. our our by by ganized ganized

We We pow:er. pow:er. great great some some or­ of of were were wings wings Italy, Italy, Northern Northern in in fighting fighting

1 1

baldine baldine now now brigades, brigades, protective protective the the Sixty Sixty under under is is it it if if solely solely fla~

the the under under country country our our of of developed developed we we which which Government Government Gari­ the the in in

movement movement participate participate workers' workers' to to right right armed armed the the the the have have should should

by by attested attested Party Party is is a a it it that that Caves; Caves; claims claims Ardeatine Ardeatine to to which which spirit spirit

the the in in lives lives slave slave their their servile, servile, lost lost this this who who rades rades denounce denounce We We

com­ 162 162 our our by by to to attested attested is is This This development. development. civil civil

and and political political its its deeds. deeds. curbing curbing our our time, time, long long a a

and and words words such such our our for for yoke yoke between between their their under under conformity conformity country country

the· the· judge judge our our to to held held position position who who a a in in invaders invaders the the always always of of trians, trians,

thus thus are are Aus­ who who the the of of people, people, the the Spain, Spain, among among France, France, ties ties of of power, power,

activi­ political political foreign foreign its its some some of of conducts conducts it it that that protection protection the the

workers, workers, enjoyed enjoyed they they thousand thousand 200 200 that that than than and and more more by by people; people; the the

members, members, swelled swelled from from are are ranks ranks extorted extorted its its riches riches that that material material other other

militant militant its its of of sacrifice sacrifice and and blood blood and and land land the the clutches clutches their their in in had had

activity, activity, they they that that heroism, heroism, the the fact fact the the through through from from ince ince power power cise cise

prov­ every every in in exer· exer· to to rooted rooted right right the the deeply deeply derived derived become become they they that that

has has Party Party our our that that known known well well is is it it maintained maintained castes castes These These centuries. centuries.

ITALY ITALY IN IN SITUATION SITUATION 1092 1092 POLITICAL POLITICAL THE THE THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY 1093 comrade of ours has exchanged conditions of workers employed in blows with Catholic youths, or other the mercury mines of the Mount similar occurrences, are also de­ Amiata region. The miners earn 30 nounced. Each of these charges is lire (30¢) a day; they are barefoot, the object of rigorous investigation. their bread ration is insufficient; But we must state here that the only they are hungry and steeped in de­ prominent political leader who has spair by the sight of their children been attacked and wounded is a who bear the marks of physical de­ member of our party. You have al­ generation caused by suffering. ready understood that I am refer­ Togliatti also refers to similar con­ ring to Comrade Li Causi. ditions existing in Sardinia. And [Li Causi, leader of the Commu­ this, while there are places in Rome nist Party in Sicily, was wounded where scandalously sumptuous ban­ during a conflict provoked by Sicil­ quets are the order of the day.] ian Fascists who now call them­ This· is not national solidarity. It selves Separatists and specialize in. is no way to organize the · feeding disrupting anti-Fascist meetings.] of a country at war, impoverished They tell us that we want to es­ by twenty years of Fascist corrup­ tablish Communism, now, through tion, and faced by the prospect of a a sudden political coup. We do not terrible winter of famine and hun- place this Qbjective before the . ger. We ask that these glaring con­ masses today. But we do instill in trasts be forced to disappear. We them the desire to wage war against demand this, not because we are the Nazis and to create a democratic motivated by a desire to create a and progressive regime. We know Socialist regime, but because we that all those who love liberty and want a regime based on national democracy and wish to see the re­ solidarity, which will guarantee to birth of the country can fight for those who work the means to con­ this goal. tinue working without being struck by the insulting wealth and abun­ A Spirit of National Solidarity dance enjoyed by the speculators. Let us put the cards on the table. This is not a class problem; it is When we witness the glaring eco­ a national problem. nomic contrasts existing in our The same precept can be applied country, we have the right and the to the land question. This is also duty to denounce them, demanding connected with the destruction of that economic problems be faced the remnants of the Fascist regime. and solved, within tlre sphere of our The large land-owners, as a class, war effort, in a spirit of true and were among the creators and profi­ complete national solidarity. This teers of Fascism. The Fascist regime signifies that it is necessary to re­ distributed hundreds of millions move speculators from circulation among them. The integral solution and prevent speculation so that the of the land problem will be decided poor shall not become poorer still. by the Constituent Assembly. But . [Togliatti briefly describes the wherever the problem is particu- 1094 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY larly acute, where the masses must fects in the provinces and is not stand by, letting the land remain un­ capable of ousting from the armed cultivated while they know that forces the executioners of our patri­ next spring they will have no pro­ ots. Criticizing, stimulating, fighting duce with which to feed themselves for the correction of these errors, and the city populations, here the we carry out the only democratic problem must be solved immediate­ policy which is just and necessary to ly through governmental initiptive. maintain the strength and authority We are glad that the peasants in of the Government among the the Roman region have raised this people. question. This signifies that they be­ gin to have a more profound con­ Enemies of Italy sciousness of their rights and to un­ What does it intend to do, this of­ derstand what democratic Italy fensive of the reactionary forces must be. against us, against the Socialists, They tell us that by criticizing the against all the sincerely democratic Government we aim to create in anti-Fascist forces, against the most Italy a Kerensky type of situation advanced wing of the National Lib­ which will open the doors to some eration Front? The reactionaries revolutionary adventure. We are wish to change the political for­ part of the Government and we sup­ mula which is the basis for our port it. But especially now, when country's Government today, the there are no representative organs formula of unity of all anti-Fascist in which free, democratic criticism parties, the formula of national can develop itself, we have the right unity. By launching these stupid, and the duty, even while participat­ absurd accusations against us, by ing in the government, to exercise a trying to create a situa.tion which function of criticism and stimulus. will lead to statements claiming If this criticism were lacking at a that our Party must leave the Gov­ time when the reactionary, Fascist, ernment, an attempt is made to push and semi-Fascist groups exert pres­ the country toward another formula, sure on the Government in order to toward the formula of government lead it into a reactionary direction, by conservative forces against the we should not be rendering a serv­ opposition, the labor and progres­ ice to our country, but solely to sive forces. The formula which the Fascism. reactionaries long for is that of class The Government is weakened, not against class: the property-owning by the man who diffuses a demo­ class in control of the Government cratic spirit among the masses, dis­ against . the working class excluded cussing the problems on which from the Government. This is what depends the salvation of the coun-. the owners of L'Opinione [Opinion] try, but by him who contributes to openly preach. And there is an at­ leaving Fascist and semi - Fascist tempt gradually to infiltrate this elements in the governmental appa­ idea in those circles which have not ratus; who leaves reactionary pre- yet completely broken all ties with THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY 1095 the conservative, reactionary, pro­ Fascist forces is maintained and Fascist forces in the country. Fully strengthened. The possibility of an­ aware of our responsibility, we feel other Italian government does not that it is our right to declare that exist. And if an attempt were made those who preach such a .formula, or to create a government no longer push others in its direction, are not based on national unity, but on the only the enemies of the workers and exclusion of the vital forces of the the people, but also the enemies of -working class and the people, the Italy. We accuse those who openly country would inevitably fall, step or secretly conduct this campaign, by step, into a state of disorder and of wanting to plunge Italy into a chaos which would necessarily lead catastrophe, which, added to that to the end of our unity and our brought about by Fascism, would independence." signify the definite ruin of the country. We Do Not Wish to Provoke a As regards the Government, there Governmental Crisis is no possible alternative in Italy to­ We accuse those who speak of day to the Government of national excluding the representatives of the unity which we wanted and which working class from the Govern­ we support; the possibility of gov­ ment, of being agents for the coloni­ erning by excluding from the Gov­ zation of Italy. We accuse them of ernment the most advanced forces being slaves who, in order to safe­ of democracy, the Socialist and guard their privilege of living by Communist Parties, the parties exploiting the people, are ready to which represent the advance-guard wear any servant's uniform and to of the people struggling for their sell the nation's greatest possession: liberty, does not exist. its freedom .. Italy's unity and inde­ And to the agents of this anti­ pendence will be saved and re­ national political line, who make the gained only if all those who have rounds here and there whispering: understood the profound signifi­ "Ah! the Communists, the Socialists cance and the causes of events in are our ruin. Let us oust the Social­ Italy during the past twenty years, ists and the Communists from seriously determine to do penance; power; then you will see what privi­ only if they understand that they leges we shall be accorded: the will commit a crime against the United States will send us dollars; country by arraying themselves England will give us countless miles against the working class, and repel­ of sand in· Africa, on which we will ling popular demands and aspira­ once again be able to reconstruct a tions for liberty and justice, at the new and beautiful empire . . ." very moment in which the working To them we say: "You are ene­ class and the people are the back­ mies of Italy. Today, Italy can arise, bone of ·resistance and struggle or rather can initiate its work of . against the Germans. resurrection, only if the national We do not wish to· provoke any unity of all democratic and anti- governmental crisis. To those who 1096 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY claim that, once the North is freed, unity. There will be no more diffi­ something will have to be changed, culties, no more dissatisfaction if we answer that we do not know as the people know that the men and yef if and what will have to be the parties in the Government are changed; but it is certain that the exerting all their energy to apply political formula which is the basis such a program. First of all, we for government in our country to­ want full waging of the war; sec­ day cannot be changed. The masses ondly, we want the struggle for the of the North, the workers of Turin, destruction of Fascist vestiges to be Milan, Genoa, the laborers in the conducted in the most rapid and Po Valley, will not ask the Commu­ effective manner. Cleansing must nist Party or the Socialist Party to speedily reach the provinces, the leave the Government. On the con­ prefects, the commissioners, the po­ trary, we are certain that they will licemen, the agricultural apparatus ask us to participate more fully in -every single place still infested by the Government, to make our influ­ Fascists who dare attempt the un­ ence felt to a greater extent. They leashing of a wave of reaction will ask us to succeed in achieving against our Party. the aims of all the Italian people, To carry out. this program, the namely, speedy liberation from all Government must lean on the Com­ Fascist vestiges, and the initiation of mittees of Liberation. These must the country's reconstruCtion on the be strengthened through the adher­ basis of true, ejfective, national soli­ ence of the national parties which darity, forever shattering the hate­ want to participate in the recon­ ful privileges which were the real struction of the country. basis of the Fascist regime. It is necessary to call to the lead­ [Togliatti continues by saying that ership of the country the vital and we appreciate the speeches of the healthy forces of the people who man who is at the head of the Gov­ have earned the right to participate ernment, to whom we are giving all in it through their work and their necessary support. But political dif­ heroism. ficulties and dissatisfaction can be Together with the Socialist Party more easily overcome if all elements we have proposed that local admin­ in the National Liberation Move­ istrative electi_ons be held. We have ment will liquidate existing mis­ suggested this measure not for par­ trust of the working class parties tisan motives, but in order to extri­ and will block every plan aiming to cate the people from a situation in prevent these parties from partici­ which the administration of every pating in the leadership of the coun­ town and village is subject to try, in the reconstruction and re­ change solely because a reactionary birth of Italy.] land-owner is a friend of the prefect, A clear, political-economic pro­ or because a certain administration gram, a program of struggle against does not suit a Police Marshal or the reactionary forces, must corre­ this or that official. Every munici­ spond to the . formula of national pality needs stability and the Italian THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY 1097 people are sufficiently intelligent to parties, to the Committees of Libera­ make good use of their electoral bal­ tion and the Government. The Gov­ lot. We intend to submit Party lists ernment will gain infinite strength or coalition lists in the election, ac­ when it will demonstrate to the peo­ cording to the situation. ple that it is seriously and sincerely As regards the economic field, we working to carry out this program, believe that it is necessary to solve overcoming all the obstacles in its the food problem by creating organs path. which can ensure supplies for the The realization of this program is cities, espec).ally during the winter, closely related to the international eliminating speculation and the situation which is serious and grave. black market as much as possible. On this score, we have no illusions. To this end, we ask that the Price Control Administration assume par­ The International Situation tial control of the means of transpor­ [Here Togliatti alludes to Bene­ tation and the markets, so that at detto Croce's recent speech.] least a portion of the produce -may We have admired the idealism of reach the population without its be­ this man, his candor, the naive faith ing forced to pay the toll now im­ with which he appeals to interna­ posed by black market speculators. tional public opinion, the affection It is necessary to nominate a com­ for his own country which is re­ missioner to handle the food prob­ vealed by his every word. But we lem on a nation-wide scale, and in who are accustomed to examine do­ addition a commissioner for every mestic and international political province and every municipality. situations coldly and scientifically, The few resources which we have must necessarily affirm that our must be justly distributed, without country's _ situation is profoundly those glaring contrasts which we different from that described by are witnessing today. The other Senator Croce. We who are and problems, such as the land question, have always been seriously demo­ must also be faced in a spirit of cratic and antl.-Fascist, and have al­ national solidarity. ways given proof of this, can truly Finally, completely united, we say that we have come out of this must face the reactionary forces and war, not as the vanquished but, on block their plans to infiltrate in the the contrary, as the victors. army and in other armed services­ In the field of relations between destined for the defense of the State and State, however, it cannot country, elements or influences be denied that until yesterday, Italy tending to transform them into or­ was neither anti-Fascist nor demo­ gans which could tomorrow be used cratic and that even today it is anti­ against the people for the restora­ Fascist and democratic only to a tion of a reactionary, Fascist regime. certain degree. Italy, as a Fascist This is the general outline of the state which received every type of program which we are suggesting to support for twenty years from the the bloc of democratic, anti-Fascist property-owning classes, has really

thorities. thorities. useful useful more more much much something something plished plished

au­ Allied Allied the the accom­ of of have have mistrust mistrust perhaps perhaps and and tion tion would would Croce Croce

dissatisfac­ Senator Senator causing causing that that it, it, sources sources say say all all to to and and hesitate hesitate not not

friction friction do do I I and and eliminate eliminate to to maintain, maintain, utmost utmost I I its its do do Personally Personally

situation. situation. will will Party Party international international our our the the that that pledge pledge therefore therefore

We We country. country. our our changing changing of of in in effect effect liberation liberation the the little little in in have have will will

elements elements decisive decisive speeches speeches the the were were struggle, struggle, they they this this that that united united are are in in

Italy, Italy, to to we we came came that that armies armies demonstrated demonstrated have have Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon we we until until

the the that that proof, proof, forget forget such such never never given given can can have have We We we we Until Until

progress. progress.

Control Control ' '

and and liberty liberty of of regime regime a a of of racy, racy,

Less Less to to Allied Allied Fight; Fight;

Rig"fl:t Rig"fl:t The The

democ­ of of creation creation the the for for and and tige tige

Italy. Italy. to to ves­ service service Fascist Fascist great great every every a a of of render render destruction destruction the the

will will and and task task national national truly truly a a fill fill for for struggle struggle the the of of ground ground the the on on

ful­ will will he he solved solved be be privileges, privileges, must must and and world, world, interests interests entire entire the the of of

caste caste egotistic egotistic respect respect of of the the defense defense deserves deserves desperate desperate which which power power a a

a a from from as as origin origin Italy Italy its its of of deriving deriving resurrection resurrection discord discord the the of of lems lems

national national of of prob­ policy policy The The a a policy. policy. pursue pursue to to domestic domestic party party our our of of

his his in in elements elements these these impels impels which which ground ground the the on on solved solved be be must must policy policy

spirit spirit materialistic materialistic sordidly sordidly low, low, foreign foreign our our of of problems problems the the Today Today

the the destroy destroy and and fight fight to to it. it. authority authority uttered uttered who who

indisputable indisputable his his of of part part use use will will one one the the of of intentions intentions the the from from ing ing

Croce Croce Senator Senator if if that that believe believe I I differ­ widely. widely. sense sense a a in in terpretated terpretated

people. people. the the of of enemies enemies in­ inevitably inevitably be be will will honest, honest, most most

the the parties, parties, people's people's class, class, working working the the even even word, word, every every since since all, all, at at

the the us, us, called called but but Fascists, Fascists, the the and and politics politics international international of of speak speak to to not not

Nazis Nazis the the country, country, the the of of enemies enemies is is today today do do can can we we thing thing best best The The

the the against against word word single single a a saying saying out out destroyed. destroyed. been been

with­ editorial editorial first first their their wrote wrote -ago, -ago, has has tyranny tyranny Fascist Fascist for for basis basis the the

days days few few a a Naples Naples in in newspaper newspaper which which in in life; life; political political in in participate participate

daily daily a a of of publication publication the the ating ating fully fully masses masses popular popular the the which which in in

initi­ who, who, elements elements the the on on parties; parties; imperialism; imperialism; foreign foreign of of agent agent vile vile a a

people's people's class, class, working working the the against against death death to to condemning condemning of of arises arises tion tion

hatred hatred even even and and mistrust mistrust ment, ment, ques­ the the when when trembles trembles hand hand one's one's

resent­ of of full full are are who who those those on on ence ence no no which which in in country, country, anti-Fascist anti-Fascist

influ­ his his use use should should Croce Croce Senator Senator and and democratic democratic a a become become really really has has

Fascism. Fascism. to to rise rise gave gave which which Italy Italy it it that that proved proved have have will will Italy Italy until until

imperialist imperialist and and conservative conservative . . old old overcome overcome be be not not will will It It overcome. overcome.

the the reconstruct reconstruct to to plan plan the the nounced nounced been been not not has has regime, regime, abject abject an an ing ing

re­ yet yet not not have have which which elements elements serv­ peoples peoples of· of· empire empire an an gression gression

those those on on and and party, party, his his of of members members ag­ through through create create to to dreamed dreamed had had

reactionary reactionary and and conservative conservative the the which which classes classes imperialist imperialist trolling, trolling,

on on influence influence his his exercise exercise to to tinued tinued con­ the the of of Italy Italy the the against against exists exists

con­ and and exercised exercised had had he he policies, policies, if if which which diffidence diffidence the the And And tastrophe. tastrophe.

foreign foreign as as well well as as domestic domestic our our to to ca­ into into plunged plunged and and defeated defeated been been

ITALY ITALY IN IN SITUATION SITUATION POLITICAL POLITICAL THE THE 1098 1098 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY 1099 As regards the powers that are those same weapons and no others. now fighting in Italy, it is better to We understand their bitterness. It leave aside all big questions which is a bitterness shared by all the Ital­ cannot be solved today. To better ian people. And when they told me our country's situation now, we that the day when they surrendered must present two problems for con­ their weapons, there were certain sideration: the first is a request not very well inspired elements who which we have discussed since the asked them to give up the red shirts very beginning, launching the slo­ and kerchiefs which they had worn gan: "Let us fight for our country." while they fought for our freedom, We understand that the transporta­ I felt not only the profound bitter­ tion of weapons is a difficult task, ness caused by the disarming of the but without using one single ton of Partisan Division but also the of­ shipping, it is possible to allow our fense to our people. partisans to continue fighting I would like to remind those re­ against our enemies, once the prov­ sponsible for such acts that they can inces in which they fight are liber­ find, not only in our literature, ated. which I understand is a closed book to them, but also in other literatures The Disarming of the Partisans an explanation of what the red shirt symbolizes to Italy, of what the red The other day, I was speaking to kerchief of the Garibaldinis has sig­ the comrades of the heroic Arno nified to Italy. Let them read the Division, whose commander, Com­ works of the great, liberal English rade Potente, lost his life in battle. historian, Trevelyan; let them read These comrades had tears in their the immortal verses of Elizabeth eyes when they described the dis­ Barrett Browning. There they will arming of their unit. [The Arno Di­ find, in their own language, words vision is the partisan unit chiefly which will make them understand responsible for the liberation of what the red color of the Garibal­ Florence.] dine shirt has meant to Italy, to And I felt within .me all the bit­ Europe and to the world, and they terness, all the sorrow of these Ital­ will perhaps be ashamed of what ians who had obtained weapons by they have done. wresting them from the Nazis and We continue to ask that we be al­ the Fascists at the risk of their own lowed to fight to a greater extent, lives; who had fought for many and in particular, that our heroic months with these weapons, risking partisans be given the possibility to their lives every day, every hour; be integrally admitted to the Italian and who, today, have had to give up Liberation Corps so that they may their weapons and have been in­ continue to fight until the end of the vited to return to their homes, now, war and may act as a patriotic and while Italy is not yet free. These popular stimulus within the army. men asked nothing but to face death We maintain that the Government once again for their country, using and the popular parties must also

be be will will which which etc.) etc.) wage-increases, wage-increases, in in collaborating collaborating are are which which classes classes

question, question, land land the the problem, problem, food food social social all all of of representatives representatives the the ing ing

the the elections, elections, (the (the problems problems political political embrac­ Movement Movement Committee Committee tion tion

and and economic economic serious serious most most the the of of Libera­ the the created created has has which which way, way,

solution solution a a ensure ensure will will it it again, again, once once this this behaved behaved has has which which people people A A

arise arise and and to to attempts attempts their their all. all. by by understood understood is is r~sist r~sist urgency urgency

Crushing Crushing forces. forces. reactionary reactionary the the whose whose problems problems of of solution solution the the ing ing

·against ·against victory victory of of guarantee guarantee best best await­ patiently patiently are are they they today today Even Even

the the be be will will bloc bloc This This intellectuals. intellectuals. operations. operations. military military harm harm would would

progressive progressive which which and and situations situations employees, employees, avoiding avoiding collar collar for for cessity cessity

white white peasants, peasants, workers, workers, industrial industrial ne­ the the understanding understanding disciplined, disciplined,

workers: workers: all all of of forces forces the the resenting resenting remained remained have have they they maturity; maturity; 4litical 4litical

rep­ bloc bloc po- solid solid of of a a proof proof bloc, bloc, great great national national given given great great have have people people

the the within within create create to to wish wish thus thus We We Italian Italian the the period, period, last last this this During During

Party.] Party.] cratic cratic power. power. outside outside

Christian-Demo­ the the with with agreement agreement an an on on responsibility responsibility the the throwing throwing

political political thus thus special special .", .", a a . . . . for for but but ·act, ·act, proposal proposal to to nists' nists' wants wants ment ment

Commu­ the the of of and and particular particular in in Govern­ our our "Yes, "Yes, say: say: to to forced forced be be

Party Party Socialist Socialist the the with with made made ments ments always always should should we we people, people, the the to to ing ing

agree­ the the to to refers refers then then [Togliatti [Togliatti speak­ in in that, that, untenable untenable is is It It trols. trols.

Italy. Italy. in in solid solid thing thing con­ endless endless through through passing passing out out

some­ build build to to wish wish we we which which on on ·with­ prefecture prefecture a a in in functionary functionary est est

bloc bloc national national this this of of shattering shattering the the low­ the the change change to to unable unable be be should should

want want not not do do We We workers. workers. other other all all government government unity unity national national cratic, cratic,

and and peasants, peasants, workers, workers, industrial industrial by by demo­ a a that that inadmissible inadmissible is is It It

presented presented demands demands the the of of defense defense apparatus. apparatus.

in in activities activities necessary necessary the the ducting ducting State State the the of of true true is is same same The The pline. pline.

con­ and and people, people, the the with with ties ties closer closer disci­ and and order order creating creating of of stead stead

and and Party Party our our of of work work basic basic the the in­ disorder disorder creates creates it it Thus Thus tions. tions.

developing developing while while line, line, political political our our organiza­ control control Allied Allied varied varied most most

of of character character unity unity national national the the of of the the with with discussion discussion in in lost lost months months

sight sight lose lose never never duty duty your your tion, tion, to to three three after after scope scope and and usefulness usefulness its its

. . obliga- your your is is It It unity. unity. national national this this lose lose to to apt apt is is today, today, opportune opportune and and

maintain maintain to to fighting fighting are are We We goals. goals. wise wise is is which which measure measure a a times, times, At At

these these achieve achieve to to order order in in necessary necessary parties. parties. all all and and classes classes social social all all

is is parties parties democratic democratic the the of of Unity Unity of of representatives representatives the the of of composed composed

is is which which Government Government Italian Italian cratic cratic

be be demo­ the the to to given given Forces Forces govern govern to to Bloc Bloc erty erty National National the the Within Within

lib­ greater greater Working-Class Working-Class let let National National of of concerned, concerned, is is Bloc Bloc A A activity activity

governmental governmental general general as as far far As As

itself. itself. by by govern govern to to operations. operations. military military of of scene scene the the

power power the the have have Government Government own own its its is is which which country country a a in in necessary necessary gree gree

that that ask ask to to right right the the has has discipline discipline de­ that that to to minimum, minimum, dispensable dispensable

and and maturity maturity of of proofs proofs these these given given in­ the the to to organs organs Allied Allied by by exercised exercised

has has which which people people a a government; government; one one control control the the reduce reduce to to Allies Allies the the ask ask

ITALY ITALY IN IN SITUATION SITUATION POLITICAL POLITICAL THE THE 1100 1100 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITAL'Y 1101 favorable to the masses of the problems facing them in their every­ people. day life and the question of organ­ We will, therefore, continue our izing a democratic regime. work to achieve political collabora­ Fascism disrupted the working tion with the Christian-Democratic class and the masses of the people, Party. Such a step will be possible if while it left untouched the organi­ this party will adopt a clear policy zations of the controlling classes. based on defense of the working The working class is therefore in a masses which follow the Christian­ condition of inferiority because its Democratic Movement. organizations are only now begin­ [Having clearly defined the Com­ ning to be reestablished. This situa­ munist Party's political line, Togli­ tion can be corrected if our Party atti observes that the struggle for succeeds, through its rank-and-file these policies gives the Party the action, in making the organizations character of a new party, which of the working masses arise once fights for the unity of the demo­ again. The working class will then cratic anti-Fascist forces, and for the feel stronger and will be able to creation of favorable conditions in defend its interests in a more effec­ Italy leading to the establishment of tive way. a truly democratic and progressive [Togliatti congratulates the dele­ regime. This political line must be gates for their successful Congress, spread in all the Party's organiza­ urging them to do their utmost so tions to the very last branch, to the that the Party may rapidly progress farthest village. It is therefore nec­ and become that great mass and essary to have a profound knowl­ people's party which Italy needs.] edge of ihe Party's fundamental policies and to use the organization Rome as an instrument which will permit Rome is not a conspicuously pro­ it to mobilize all the people for the letarian city. The proletarian nu­ realization of this program.] cleus is surrounded by a mass of Such an extensive and difficult small or middle bourgeois elements policy cannot be fulfilled solely by which were profoundly corrupted the Party leaders but must be ap­ during Fascism. Extensive action is plied through the combined action therefore necessary to give this of the leadership and the rank and mass a new, fighting, democratic file. The leadership must present all spirit, class-consciousness, and above problems for consideration at the all a national spirit. The Party will right moment, attempting to main­ thus be able to gain a solid and de­ tain unity with all the political cisive base in Rome. Rome is still a forces of the country and to lead city which looks on indifferently at them in the struggle against the re­ the great process of renewal pre­ actionary forces. The rank and file dominating throughout Italy. As a must organize the masses, stimulate matter of fact, in the villages there them, and give ceaseless considera­ is greater enthusiasm, greater fire, tion to their problems, namely, the greater popular impetus toward the 1102 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN ITALY fulfillment of the tasks facing the such a city would spring a strong Italian people. It is necessary to call which would reach the entire create an identical situation in country and gather the masses of Rome. We must be able to rally the people together for the struggle around us the entire population. which we must wage, which we All the Party sections in Rome must win against the reactionary must become popular mass organiza­ forces, against Fascism, for the re­ tions enjoying the support of the birth of Italy. I am convinced that workers, the unemployed, the you will give profound considera­ women, of all the population. The tion to this problem. This confer­ people will then regard the Party ence has in itself provided clarifica­ sections as the nuclei of an organi­ tion as to how it should be solved. zation which fights for their inter­ We invite you, in the name of the ests, for their redemption. Central Committee, to work, after You must succeed in making this Congress, ten times, a hundred Rome, the present and future capi­ times better than you have worked tal of Italy, the city which not only until now, so that Rome may be the leads the country in an administra­ great city, the heart of the demo­ tive sense, but also a city which cratic anti-Fascist progressive move­ makes a bid for political leadership ment of all Italy. by being the center, the heart of a I wish you speedy attainment of democratic, revolutionary life. From this goal. A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE

BY JOHN STUART

IKE so many others, the evening how the man, and the ideas that L of last election day I sat glued possessed him, had etched their way to the radio waiting for the national into the national conscience. There returns. When they came in the was also the "grief" of his bitter quiet morning, when there was no enemies. I read their condolences longer any doubt that millions had and I thought of how jackals have again said yes to the President, I their own way. of mourning the thought of Wendell Willkie and dead lion. They believed his death what he would have thought about would relieve them of his thunder­ the refreshing news. Weeks ago he ing charges. Now that they came had privately predicted that Dew- to bury him,· they could shower ey's uneasy coalition would be him with praise. But his were doc­ "slaughtered" by an aroused, angry trines that are the legacy of our people. Now it was as he had said. times, and Wendell Willkie dead is His was a forecast that required infinitely more alive in the memory no extraordinary prophetic powers. of our people than the Republican It simply required the vision of an princes who remain after him. honest man with a deep love of It was the summit of hypocrisy country, a sense of world realities, to see a Hoover, a Herbert Brown­ a genuine affection for our friends ell, a Thomas Dewey shed tears. In abroad. The nub of the matter is their circles they made the name that the renewed mandate given Mr. of Wendell Willkie something to be Roosevelt was Wendell Willkie's uttered with hatred; their fury best vindication. against him knew no bounds. They Death produces in the living a had refused him even a minute to politeness, a reverence that has be- address the Republican convention, come known as the obituary ap- for in their ears his words would praisal.. These notices are bften be treason. And what was that vague and honeyed; they frequently treason? Wendell Willkie believed belie the writer's real feeling. But in one world; he believed in a for­ when Wendell Willkie died themes- eign policy resting on the natural sages that came from all corners foundation of enduring friendship of the country-and the world- among all the Allies; he believed were deep from the heart, and their that isolationism would make us the .overtone of shock is an index to pariah of the earth; he believed 1103 1104 A TRIBUTE '1'0 WENDELL WILLK.IE that there could be no first and sec­ door which will open outward to ond class citizens without jeopard­ an expansion of American activity izing the country's · safety; he be­ and prosperity. You cannot be lieved that the Communist political wrong on this issue and right on any other." minoritY has rights every bit as sac­ red as those of the Republican po­ * • • litical minority; he refuSed to sub­ Wendell Willkie was not stiff with mit to the insolent, rapacious im­ starchy erudition. He learned perialists comprising his party's through his eyes and on his feet, hierarchy even when it meant that and the education of Wendell Will­ his political aspiration would in con­ kie is perhaps the education of sequence be crushed. These tenets America in the last decade. He were at the core of his credo-a learned and unlearned and learned credo that found its ultimate ex­ again, with each step often painfully pression in words he spoke to a col­ made. He reached his political ma­ umnist (Samuel Grafton in the New turity in a turbulent world, in the York Post of October 16, 1944): tumult of crisis in which every­ thing was tested in the acid bath of "I .tell you that if a man is not, war. It is startling to read the deep in his belly, in favor of the speeches he made in the 1940 cam­ closest possible relations with Brit­ paign and to compare them with ain and Russia, then it does not mat­ those in the four years that fol­ ter what else he is. Such a man lowed. In 1940 Willkie was the will be anti-labor; even if he praises labor twenty-four hours a day. He hard-fisted business man who be­ will be anti-labor because he will lieved in ~fficiency instead of prin­ be working for a constricted Amer­ ciple and in the techniques of busi­ ica, a contracted America, a less ness administration instead of fun­ prosperous America. For the very damental, fruitful policy. His lan­ same reason, such a man will also guage is studded with references be anti-business, in the deepest to "bureaucracy" and that whole sense, even though he may consider political vocabulary associated with himself a servant of business, even the frigid corporation mind. He be­ though he falls on his knees before business. He will be anti-business lieved that government could be because he will be working for a manipulated not unlike the way he smaller America, a less important manipulated the pyramid of holding America. This is the touchstone to companies as president of Common­ a man's entire position in politics wealth and Southern utilities. You today. Only occasionally does it will find all the tattered phrases happen that one issue arises which about the "supremacy of private en­ is so controlling that every other terprise"-as though anyone was issue is subsidiary to it, and this is challenging it--"govemment inter­ it. But it is not enough for a man merely to repeat the right words ference," "waste," and. "over-spend­ about world collaboration. He has ing." He had no creative program to be on fire with it. He has to of his own. He played with issues. feel, in his belly, that this is the false and real, sat on both sides of A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLK.IE 1105 the fence. While he was without wealth and Southern was to create the stodginess of Landon, while he public sympathy for a monopoly had breeze and freshness about him whose wretched record in the twen­ and his apearance was something ties and early thirties made it ne­ radically different from a statue in cessary to impress the country that a museum, he contributed nothing, its motives were noble and its deal­ added nothing and was, so far as ings on the highest spiritual level. political thinking goes, very close While his convictions at the time to zero. were those of Coolidge and Hoover, , In justice to him it should be his peculiar business role made it said that during this arid period of possible for him to explore ideas his unfolding he denounced Cough­ which others in the financial com­ lin and the Coughlinites. He per­ munity would not touch with a ten­ ceived dimly what it would mean foot pole. In Wall Street, where the for the world if Hitler came to dom­ pattern of behavior was rigidly cut, inate it, or if Hitler's missionaries Willkie was frequently called a in this country gained the ascend­ brash young man, a dabbler in ancy. Yet he was the titular head books, an intellectual who delighted of a p~y to which the American in arguing about Willim Pitt or Nazis gravitated and all his per­ Veblen. sonal distaste for them was to no * * * avail. He was the prisoner of the I am wary of stories about a re­ Republican hierarchy and, while he bellious boyhood as the origin of a sensed that the totalitarian powers radical adult. There are the young threatened the United States with rebels who when they grow up be­ catastrophe, the one policy which come the adornments of torydom; would have distinguished him, · a there are the young conservatives policy of friendship for the Soviet who mature to leadership of great Union as the best defense for this progressive causes. But in the case country, was at the time still beyond of Wendell Willkie there is a back­ his understanding. ground of early dissidence which In many respects he was the cor­ may have cut into his grain and left poration chief with a wistful desire indelible marks. At Indiana Uni­ for a world long passed by. What versity he was a non-conformist; must be borne in mind, however, it is said of him that he wanted about the earlier Wendell Willkie a course in socialism with Karl is that he was not a businessman in Marx's work used as texts. But the ordinary sense, in the sense even more important, it seems to which the term can be applied to me, was the fact t~at his grand­ Henry Ford 6r E. T. Weir. He was parents had come to Indiana to es­ a lawyer without knowledge of the cape German tyranny after the un­ processes of production. He was a successful revolution of 1848. He front man for a utilities giant whose was proud of that fact, for it gave actual. services were shouldered by him a hatred of Prussianism. Then others; his job as head of Common- too his immediate family was a 1106 A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE lively, vigorous-minded group. His world was encountering. I think mother was the first woman ad­ not. He was not the man to con­ mitted to the Indiana bar; his father, template, to ruminate in a study. a school teacher and lawyer, on oc­ But the world was not a pretty pic­ casion defended the rights ·of labor. ture in the opening months of 1941 One of Willkie's aunts practiced nor would Willkie resign himself medicine and one of his grand­ to the oblivion into which unsuc­ mothers was a Presbyterian preach­ cessful presidential candidates fall. er. He refused to be an innocuous But for all that his background elder statesman: Hitler and Hitler­ was essentially easy and comfort­ ism would not let him. Wendell able. While Willkie often depicted Willkie then entered the domain himself as the Indiana farmer who of genuinely practical politics in the made good, he was hardly the bare­ interests of the nation as a whole. foot boy described by the hired Since Willkie was a Republican advertising executives in 1940. By he cast a searching light on how his own lights he was a success the Republican Party was meeting and his family tradition of non­ the imperatives of the world scene. comformity evaporated under his He had come back from London heated drive for position and power. where he saw the ravages inflicted · Nevertheless, the lords of industry on the city by the barbarous Luft­ who embraced him were always a waffe. France had fallen; Europe little worried over his "instability," was, being rapidly consumed. If he his refusal to bend the knee com­ suspected it before he knew now pletely before them. They knew, that the menace would not end on though, that whatever eccentricities the other side of the Atlantic and were his they were never menac­ that the ocean was no barrier ing. He shared their convictions against attack. He knew, in addi­ in the sanctity of the business mind, tion, that his own party chieftains in the ability of the corporation were hardly concerned with the fas­ executive to solve all the world's cist threat, that large sectors of his problems. But Willkie, after he party were ruled by men who felt had blitzed his way forward in the that they could get on with the 1940 convention and licked the lords of Nazidom just as the busi­ Dewey and Taft crowd, while he ness men of Vichy were. He saw knew that he was beholden to the how the Republican congressmen men who lifted him to the top, were fighting every measure that would banter them privately, mimic would provide the groundwork for them ever so indiscreetly without a wholesome foreign policy; he saw showing too serious a disrespect. how the Republican "big-wigs op­ I do not know whether after the posed any vigorous policy against 1940 campaign Wendell Willkie sat Hitlerism. down and took a personal inventory This was the beginning of Wen­ of himself, of his politics, of his dell Willkie's re-education. He un­ understanding of the great trials the dertook in turn what was almost A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE 1107 a single-handed struggle to re-edu­ the "in" even if it hurt the very cate the men who pulled the Re­ things in which he so dearly be­ publican switches. He pleaded lieved. Yet even this pettiness does with them to fulfill the minima of not cancel out the historical value patriotism and his appeal in essence of Willkie's acts. was to demonstrate to them that Having discovered that no class their freedom as Republican conces­ in America was safe from Hitler, sionaires, as business men, de­ Willkie's next step was dictated by pended on the complete annihilation the logical need to find allies who of Hitler. When he did that, he could be counted upon to guarantee was in effect' telling the entire victory in the war. I do not mean American bourgeoisie that except to say that this process worked in for a few genuflecting quislings the such an orderly pattern. But at unchallenged bourgeoisie of Ger­ some point he discovered the world many would pulverize them. He character of the war and when he appealed to their self-interest and in did, the rest followed in obvious doing that merged that interest with sequence. He found China, he the nation's in the struggle for its found the massive anti-fascism of independence. the colonial world-he found the I believe that here was Willkie's Soviet Union, just as millions of fundamental contribution to the others in this country discovered American cause of liberty. He her at a moment of trial and grief launched a critical battle within for thP. ;,.:•:,, i world. He found that the Republican Party-a battle be­ the u the attacked was the tween those forces seeking national only .. ns by which the attacker unity and those who opposed it. He could be destroyed. Thus born in his became the rallying center of the mind and brought forth by bitter non-professional and anti-machine need was the concept of one world elements. He provided them with -of United Nations. a political doctrine to dam the There was no halting him then. polluted stream of anti-Semitism, His forty-nine day odyssey around anti-Communism, appeasement and the globe gave substance to what isolationism. He fought for Negro were already major premises in his rights. He defended the foreign­ thinking. When you re-read his One born. And as he propounded his World you are si1;1gularly impressed doctrine he moved closer and clos­ with the transformation of a man er to President Roosevelt's policies from the provincialism of the Amer­ -except for those blatant aberra­ ican hinterland, fom a small-town tions which Willkie blindly re­ citizen to • a citizen of the world. tained in order to keep a so-called in­ His brief was in almost every re­ dependence. What was often dis­ spect consonant with the times. maying about him as he grew to He confirmed for himself that it political maturity was his pot shots would be a calamity if the war at , the White House, an aimless drifted into four separate wars. He firing of guns by the "out" against clearly challenged the dangerous 1108 A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE notion that the war was an exclu­ tween his desire for friendship with sive Anglo-American affair and he Great Britain and his thrusts at her insisted that our country must ac­ colonial keepers. cept- the friendship of the Soviet Nevertheless, Willkie did realize Union and China on terms of equal­ that the peace must have economic ity. When the strength of the go­ foundations different from those of slow camp merged with that of the the past. and he used an illuminating outright appeasers to delay an at­ phrase to describe the economic era tack from the west, Willkie spoke which victory must introduce into up forcefully for the opening of a the world, especially for colonial second front. And he saw with peoples. In One World he said: keeness that the future would be "The big house on the hill sur­ shaped solely by how well the coali­ rounded by mud huts has lost its tion would survive all the vicissi­ awesome charm.... It is also in­ tudes of the war. Willkie grew up escapably true that to raise the in the struggle to weld a world alli­ standard of living of any man any­ ance. where in the world is to raise the If there were deficiencies in his standard of living by some slight doctrine, if he did not see the mat­ degree of every man everywhere in ter whole, they revolved mainly the world." · around the ingrained prejudices of Here is a significant kernel of the a section of American big business Willkie economic philosophy which towards their British brethren. In­ distinguishes it from the rapacious stead of seeking some way, as Earl grasping of those who lynched him Browder has pointed out, whereby politically. It marked the changing British colonialism could be dis­ concept of many American capital­ solved by compensating Britain with ists of how· they were to get on a guaranteed share of the markets in the world in contrast to the out­ of Asia, Africa and. elsewhere-a look of the Deweys, Brickers, Mc­ share commensurate with her needs Cormicks and Hearsts, who in their as a great trading nation, Willkie lust for markets and world domina­ swung wildly and merely stiffened tion would take to their bosoms the backs of the diehards in their every bigoted group abroad. This fear that America wanted to rele­ dog-eat-dog program would lead to gate them to a junior position. He fighting the British, warring on the did not know how to alleviate the Soviets, conflict in the Far East, fright of the City men over Amer­ all in the effort of the reactionary ica's superior industrial and finan­ imperialists to set themselves up as cial power. It is not .surprising, masters of an American empire. then, that several of the things he They would keep the colonial peo­ said about imperialism, and his un­ ples in economic bondage, keep derstanding of it was far from com­ them weak and defenseless and plete, had· overtones of Henry Luce's make them the prey of every ag­ American Century thesis. He never gressor. It would be a continuation quite resolved the contradiction be- of the Latin-American policy pur- A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE 1109 sued by Coolidge and Hoover. And can business men looked aghast at for the United States_it would lead Dewey's foreign policy. And in very to another holocaust following in large measure this accounts for the wake of devastating economic Walter Lippmann approVing Presi­ crisis. dent Roosevelt for another term. Willkie saw things differently, In one of his columns (whose theme and ·in seeing them differently he was "I cannot feel that Gov. Dew~y mirrored the economic solutions can be trusted now with responsi­ which a dominant section of Ameri­ bility in foreign affairs") he voiced can capitalism accepted when it the troubled feelings of those Re­ suported the President's signature publicans, a large number of them on the Teheran agreement. When businessmen, who looked to Wen­ Willkie spoke of lifting the world's dell Willkie for leadership and who standard of living, particularly that felt that his presence would some­ of the colonial areas, he acknowl­ how restrain the wild men of the edged that this was the way-by in­ Republican hierarchy from commit­ dustrializing the backward areas of ting the most grievous blunders. the globe-of maintaining the Amer­ With Willike gone, they-for ex­ ican industrial machine in full op­ ample, Sen. Ball, Russell Daven­ eration. And since industrialization port, Bartley Crum, banker Frank cannot proceed among peoples Altschul, executive Albert Lasker­ held in political subjugation, he turned to Mr. Roosevelt to main­ supported their right to liberation tain that international amity by and independence. In other words, which American trade and business the needs of the American econ­ could flourish. This move from the omy could not be met without Republican Party toward the Roose­ America staunchly endorsing a pol­ velt candidacy Wi!S a major ex­ icy of equality with all peoples who ample of non-partisanship in the would join in a program of eco­ elections, of how self-interest, ex­ nomic development involving the pressed in the past by party regu­ adjustment of rivalries through in­ larity, motivated a trend to those ternational collaboration. men and movements which could This is the material foundation best protect that self-interest by for Willkie's desire to expand the merging it with the national inter­ good neighbor policy to global pro­ est as part of a world fellowship. portions. There was implicit in it This is what Willkie meant when the recognition that political and he said that a businessman is anti­ economic instability anywhere business in the deepest sense if would reverberate at home. A Eu­ he does not feel strongly the ur­ rope in disorder would mean at the gency of world collaboration-"the very least, for example, that Ameri­ door which will open outward to can manufacturers would hesitate an expansion of American activity to extend credit abroad because re­ and prosperity." payment was uncertain. It was * * * from this angle that many Ameri- If Willkie's trip around the 1110 A TRIBUTE TO WENDELL WILLKIE world marked a major turning point American democratic tradition in his economic perspective, his de­ would be used to shatter their quest fense of a foreign-born Communist's for enslavement. The fact that he right to American citizenship was defended the right of Communists of equal bearing on his outlook. to citizenship at a time when the One cannot consider his defense of nation was at war proved that he William Schneiderman* before the considered the Communists integral Supreme Court merely as the de­ to national unity, that he consid­ fense, invaluable as it was, of one ered their services in forwarding man's constitutional rights. What victory an organic part of the con­ Willkie was defending was the best tributions of the nation's patriotic in bourgeois democracy although forces. His brief on behalf of he knew that he risked his political Schneiderman was a brief on behalf future when he undertook the case. of the equality of Communists in It must have been apparent to him the life of the nation and, in effect, that he would be immediately as­ in the life of every bourgeois­ sailed by every unreconstructed tory democratic state abroad. This dominating the Republican's high­ broadly was the political symbolism est councils. But it was by far more of his participation in the Schneid­ important to him to preserve the in­ erman trial and there is no denying tegrity of American citizenship and that from that point on the Repub­ thereby preserve the American right lican reactionary hierarchy wrote a of political association, speech and political death writ for him. thought, than it was to reach high * * * office by trampling on the dearest Wendell Willkie's death is a concepts held by Lincoln. He gave grievous loss to all peoples and es­ his services without fee; he lent pecially to his native land. He be­ his accomplishments as a lawyer, lieved in American -leadership and and his prestige as a former presi­ he desired that our country's power dential candidate to right what was be used for the common good and an injustice committed by a lower not for private aggrandizement. He court. came of age politically in a moment In arguing the Schneiderman case of great stress and turmoil and he before the Supreme Court, Willkie leaves the nation with a large leg­ was in effect saying th~t his for­ acy of democratic faith. One of his ward-looking economic policies-the distinct virtues was that he could policies of an expanding American grow and keep pace with the on­ economy-would be out of joint if rush of events. He was also the they were not paralleled by a philos­ epitome of those men in the ruling ophy of expanding democracy. He class who do not tremble and be­ was telling Goebbels, he was telling come violent before the facts of the whole of Nazidom that not only life, who can accept the inevitable, would American economic might be live with it and contribute in con­ brought against the forces of terror siderable measure towards the mak­ but the whole moral arsenal of the ing of a freer world. TOWARD A NATIONAL UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE

BY T. G. ZAMUDIO

"The hour of the Second Front lated protestation of friendship for is the hour of the progressive devel· France by the Spanish Quisling. opment of a national uprising in But, the opening of the Second Spain." [From the Call of the So­ Front, the liberation of France and preme Council of National Unity the imminent defeat of Hitlerism (Junta Suprema de Union Nacio­ "are not cause only for rejoicing nal), Madrid, June, 1944.] by the Spanish people. These must also become a call to a death strug­ H~ great vi.c~orie~ of the anti­ T Hitler Coalition m Europe are gle against the survivors of Hitler having powerful repercussions in in Spain: the Falange. With the opening Spain. The recent decisive defeats of the Second Front, a new suffered by the Nazis are unques­ phase has begun, which offers us the greatest tionably the main factor in the gen­ . opportunities for de­ eral aggravation of the already_ dif­ feating these cohorts of Hitler and for liberating fi.cult situation of their Spanish co­ Spain. Failure to · take advantage horts and in the great spur to the of this oportunity means the fighting spirit and faith of all pa­ very serious danger of prolonging the Falange tyranny." triotic anti-fascist people in our country. Thus declared the Supreme Council of National Unity, the guiding organ The liberation of France by the of the Anglo-American armed forces and struggle of all anti-Franco forces by the French Forces of the Interior within Spain, in its last Call in which it stressed the pressing undoubtedly constitutes a fatal blow task that to'the Franco regime; Franco's com­ lies before our people be­ munications with Hitler-Germany cause of the new military situation in Europe. have been cut by land and sea; the divisions which Hitler maintained "The hour of the Second Front is the on the other side of the Pyrennees hour of the progressive develop­ ment of have been withdrawn, and in their a national uprising. . . ." place there are today units of French patriots whose hatred for "We call upon all workers and peasants, the industrialists and mer- the Vichy accomplice and Nazi lack- chants, the technical workers and in­ ey cannot be appeased by the be- tellectuals, ·upon all the Spanish peo- 1111 1112 UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE ple, men and women, young and has already begun on Spanish soil old, rich and poor, of all religious and which proclaims the approach beliefs, of all poltical tendencies, of the uprising of the entire nation who feel the martyrdom of Franco­ to crush Franco and the Falange. Spain in their blood, to wage an in­ cessant and tenacious struggle; we call upon the worthy officers, whose * * * patriotism must lead them perforce The political event of the great­ to .struggle for Spain, together with est importance in the last five years all the people; upon the soldiers, in the history of Spain occurred in whose duty it is to take their place, September, 1943. The most pro­ with their arms and equipment, at gressive and democratic forces-:-So­ the. side of the fighting masses; cialists, Republicans, Communists, upon the guerrillas ready for combat and for whom the hour for attack the U.G.T. and the C.N.T.*-as has already struck; we call upon well as Basque and Catalonian rep­ everybody to liberate their country, resentatives, after preVious meet­ to return Spain to its former state ings held in France, met on Spanish of dignity, to incorporate her into soil and arrived at an agreement to the family of free nations. constitute themselves as the Su­ "There is no time to lose. Failure preme Council of National Unity, to act and delay today constitutes to lead the organized struggle of treason. The struggle wil be hard, the Spanish people for their libera­ the victory fruitful for the glory of Spain and the well being of the tion and the independence of their Spanish people. country. "At this solemn hour in the life In taking this decisive step, the of Spain, we greet in the great spirit Spanish anti-fascists took into con­ of patriotism, the peoples of the sideration, in the first place, the na­ United Nations, who are in the fore­ tional, patriotic nature of the strug­ front of the struggle for the libera­ gle against Franco and the Falange. tion of the world; we greet their The program drawn up in common great leaders, Churchill, Stalin and is not a program representing ex­ Roosevelt, their glorious armies which are defeating the Nazi hordes. clusively the interests of one or "Our best greetings will be our another section of the population, own fight against the Nazi plague but the Spanish nation as a whole. spread over Spain, against the Fal- It is a national program for the lib­ ange, puppets of Hitler. · eration of the Fatherland, which all "With our greetings goes our forces who understand that Franco promise to become the worthy com­ rades-in-arms of those who are to­ * U.G.T. and C.N.T.-The Union General de day sacrificing their lives for the Trabajadores (General Union •of Labor) and the liberation of humanity from its Confederaci6n General del Trabajo (National Con­ federation of Labor), the two great trade union worst enemy: Hitlerism in all its central bodies of the Spanish working class, which manifestations." during the Spanish war of 1936-39 signed a pact for joint action, and which are being reorganized at present in joint groups with joint leade-rship, It is in the light of this brilliant and will therefore serve as the basis for the or­ call to arms that we can best evalu­ ganization of the Single Trade Union Central Labor body, an old aspiration of the Spanish work­ ate the nature of the battle which ing class. UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE 1113 represents the ruin and death of was constituted, it undertook the Spain can support without thereby task. of "establishing contacts on a g1vmg up any of their principles. national scale with th~ rest of the In the second place, these politi­ political forces of opposition in the cal forces, which in themselves rep­ country and abroad and with the resent the vast majority of the Span­ Army, the Navy and the Air Corps, ish people, took into consideration which in our opinion should be rep­ the fact that only on the basis of the resented in the Supreme Council of broadest democracy would it be National Unity" (Manifesto of Con­ possible to lift their country out of stitution, September 4). That is to its present condition. For this say, the component forces of the reason, the program is at the same Council should be in accordance time an exceedingly democratic with the national character of the one, and it was therefore these objectives and the program of the democratic forces which took the Supreme Council. initiative, which assumed the role of In November, 1943, the President leadership in the struggle for its of the Supreme Council signed an fulfillment, in the efforts to con­ agreement with political leaders of solidate the National Unity. the Spanish Catholic movement, The program of the Supreme which agreement constitutes an im­ Council consists of five points: portant step forward in attaining To break the ties that bind Spain this goal.and signifies the final sepa­ to the Axis. ration of large sections of conserva­ To clean out the Falangists from tive Spanish opinion from the Fal­ the State apparatus, especially from ange. This first agreement culmin­ the Army. ated in the official inclusion of the To achieve amnesty; freedom of Popular Catholic Party (heretofore thought, freedom of the press, free­ C.E.D.A. *) and the Catholic Agra­ dom of asso'ciation and assembly, • rian Unions, in the ranks of the Su- freedom of worship and to practice, * The C.E.D.A. (Confederacifln Espanola de privately and publicly, religious be­ Derechas AutOnomas), the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights, whose head, Jose Antonio liefs. Gil Robles, has been exiled in Portgual since the To secure bread and work for all beginning of the Franco rebellion, was defeated in the elections of February 16, 1936, by the the Spanish people, which will guar­ Popu~ar Front. It remained the most important Rightist group until July 18, 1936, when it was antee the elementary conditions of displaced from the Spanish political scene by life basic to human existence. Falange Tradicionalist Espafiola (Traditianalist Spanish Falange) and the- Falange youth- organiza­ To lay the ground for holding as tion, J.O.N.S., thanks to the help of the German quickly as possible democratic elec­ and Italian fascists. Gil Robles was part of the Government_ during the period known as the ~'black tions for a Constituent Assembly, biennial," when there took place the ferocious repression against the Asturian miners who had to which the Government of Na­ risen in October, 1934, _},ecause of the seoll~out of tional Unity will report and which the Republic by Alejandro Lerrouox to the r.eac· tionary groups of the Right. Although during the will promulgate a Constitution of war of 1936-39, Gil Robles showed. himself as an enemy of the Republican forces and thereby lent Liberty, Independence and Prosper­ considerable aid to the fascist armies, he never ity for Spain. participated directly in the Franco rebellion and has always been considered an enemy by the Fa~ As soon as the Supreme Council lange. 1114 UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE preme Council, a few days after The present agreement is not of the opening of the Second Front in a temporary nature. It must be ex­ France. tended into the period of rehabili­ "The support of the democratic tation and reconstruction of Spain, forces of the large Spanish Catholic as soon as it has reconquered its movement reaffirms the real nature freedom and independence. In fact, of National Unity of this Supreme it constitutes the guarantee that all Council, and brings into the struggle honest citizens will work together against the Falange new and power­ to carry out these great tasks for the ful forces," stated the Supreme future. Council in its declaration announc­ The principal task of the Supreme ing this important event. Council of National Unity has been The ~ity of the most important the organization and mobilization conservative patriotic group with of the anti-Franco forces. To do the democratic working class forces this it was necessary that the suc­ of the country and its acceptance cess obtained on a national scale of the program previously drawn up in the formation of the said Coun­ by the latter, constitutes an unprece­ cil, be repeated in every region, city, dented political phenomenon in the and town in Spain. recent history of Spain. It can only The organizational work carried be compared with what happened out under terrible conditions of ter­ during the first War of Independ­ rorism and at the cost of innumer-. ence (1808) against the invading ar­ able sacrifices has produced very mies of Napoleon and the "Frenchi­ positive results. There are today in fied" Spaniards, when, according to Spain regional Councils of National a contemporay historian, "the cler­ Unity in Andalucia and Levante; gy, nobility, the people, bishops, provincial Councils in almost every magnates, generals, soldiers, mer­ part of Spain (Madrid, Asturias, Va­ chants, farmers, craftsmen, labor­ lencia, Castellon, Toledo, Ciudad ers, all united into one strong body, Real, Murcia). In Catalonia, the mingled together and merged, vie­ Catalonian National Alliance has ing with one another in patriotism, been formed, which includes all pa­ and all carried along by the same triotic Cahilonians, from National­ sentiments, working toward the ists to Unified Socialists*, and mem­ same goal." bers of the C.N. T. In Galicia there In addition to what these Catho­ lic forces in themselves represent, * The working class of Catalonia, during the first months of the war of 1936-39, established its their alliance with the masses of unity through the building of the Partido Sa. the people will serve to win over cialista Unificado de Cataluffa (Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia), comprising the Socialists, other sections, such as the repre­ Communists, and other Marxist political groups. sentatives of the armed forces (who, The P.S.U.C., which was the Catalonian Section of the Communist; International, until the disso~ together with the guerrillas, will lution of this body, maintains with the Commu­ nist Party of Spain the fraternal ties fitting be­ play an important role in the ap­ tween two working parties that fight for the same proaching battles), as wel as anti­ objectives but keeps perfectly outlined the na­ tional characteristics of a party of the Catalonia Franco monarchist groups. working class, whose struggles it leads. UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE 1115 is a similar organization of the ration held in the "Parque del same nature. Oeste" in Madrid on November 7, These Councils organize and di­ 1943, in which 70,000 participated; rect acts of protest, resistance, or the storming by the women of Alba­ struggle in their region or locality. cete of the Government warehouses Springing from the people them­ during that year; the fight of the selves, they know how to intepret vendors in the Gijon market against the concrete demands of the work­ the authorities of the Supply Board; ers and peasants, of the masses of the miners' strike in Felguera, As­ the people, the merchants and indus- turias, when they demanded and . trialists, and imbue them with a real obtained an increase in their family anti-Franco content, which converts rations; and, more recently, the May the slightest manifestation of dis­ First demonstration in Bilbao, and content into action against tim re­ the ten-minute stoppage in the prin­ gime. Their initiative, which is so cipal factories in the industrial indispensable in the present situa­ Basque region. tion of our country, and their bold The military victories of the Al­ policy of national unity, have pro­ lies are cause for rejoicing through­ duced excellent results, as in the out Spain. When they learned of case of Navarra, where the pro­ the opening of the Second Front, an vincial Council has reached an immense crowd gathered before the agreement with the "Requetes" British and American Consulates (Carlist Monarchists) and have which furnished the latest news of participated with them in mass pro­ the landing. In Bilbao the Fal­ tests against the mobilization of the angist authorities asked the British youth into the Army, although such Consul to remove a large poster steps have not yet been taken on a announcing the invasion, which had national scale. been placed on the front of the The spirit of these fighting men building, since "they ·feared that dis­ and women can best be appreciated turbances might occur among the from a letter recently- sent from a population." city on the Mediterranean coast. The activities organized to ex­ After reporting the shooting of 22 press the sympathy of the Spanish of the members of the local Coun­ people with the United Nations be­ cil, it states: " ... but 22 new fight­ cause of the attacks upon them by ing men have already taken the the Falange are of particular politi­ place of tltose who have fallen .... cal significance. In Sevilla, 100,000 It is too late to check the just anger patriots marched before the British of the people by terrorism.... " and American Consulates, when the . Under the leadership of the Falangists raided the offices of those Supreme Council and of its affiliate Governments in Zaragoza and Va­ councils, important mass activities lencia. In Valencia, the number of have been carried on: some con­ visitors to the library opened by the crete E!xamples, although a few are American Consulate reached from already known, are the Commemo- 7,000 to almost 40,000 a week, im- 1116 UPRISING. AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE mediately after the Falangist prov­ Councils print, utilizing all avail­ ocation. When an exchange of war able means and forms, are being cir­ prisoners was made in the port of culated throughout Spain today. Barcelona, 5,000 Catalonian patriots In addition to these underground gathered to cheer the Americans publications of the National Unity and British and to jeer at the Nazis. movement, the political parties pub­ The Spanish people express their lish their own press. Among these admiration for the Red Army and stands out the newspaper Mundo the Anglo-American armed forces Obrero*, supported and protected by through such activities and similar the working class; it already has .a means; this is how they express long underground existence. their solidarity with and support of The first task of the Council has the cause of the United Nations, and been and' continues to be the their protest against the appease­ strengthening of the guerrilla ment policy of some of these coun­ movement which has always ex­ tries toward a fascist regime and an isted in various parts of Spain, to active ally of Hitler. At the same prepare it for performing its role time they make it clear to such as the armed vanguard· of the peo­ countries that their sole and real ple. Thanks to the political lead­ allies in Spain are the democratic, ership of the Supreme Council, the anti-Franco forces, that they have guerrillas of Asturias, Galicia and not been weakened with depression, Leon, who heretofore /liCted on their but on the contrary, they are po­ own, organized in recent months the litically well alert and ready to Federation of Guerrillas of the fight. North, which the guerrillas of Mon­ tes de Santander later joined . * * At the same time the Supreme Council has helped the development The Supreme Council is now pub­ of the guerrilla movement in the lishing underground papers which Pyrenees region, in Extremadura are distributed throughout the and in Andalucia, thus scattering country. Reconquista de Espana the guerrillas over practically the (Recpnquest of Spain), which began whole Spanish territory. The slo­ ' to be published in France more gan of the Supreme Council: than three years ago, has now be­ "Young Patriots, to the mountains come the national organ of the Council. El Patriota (The Patriot), * Mundo Obrero is the press organ of the Cen ttal Committee of the CommUnist Party of Spain. the voice of the anti-Franco youth, A few months after the temporary victory of is also increasing in circulation. Franco and the Nazis in Spain, the first issues of the illegal Mundo Obrero were wblished under Catalunya, published by the Cata­ the direction of Antonio Giron, who with groups of Communist leaders, laid the basis of the power· lonian National Alliance, which ap­ ful illegal organization which the C.P.S. has in the peared until recently as a multi­ interior of the country. Giron was shot after a public and sensational trial, soon after the fall of graphed sheet, today appears in France, when the falangists thought that fascism printed form. Leaflets, manifestoes, was established all over Europe to· last many years and dared to extinguish the life of one of the most calls which the provincial and local beloved leaders of the people of Madrid. UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE 1117 with the guerrillas," has already ~plendid help they are giving, trust­ been carried out a thousand-fold, mg that this help will evermore be and many more have joined them increased, particularly in the sphere recently. of information. . . ." The activities which the American press reported during the past With the liberation of France, the weeks (attributing them erroneously struggle against Franco has been to the Spanish "maquis" forces) strengthened by the thousands of should by no means be considered Spanish Republican refugees· who as isolated or spontaneous actions. have been in that country since Their wide scope and coordina­ 1939. tion indicate, on the contrary, that These Spanish patriots, who by the Spanish guerrilla movement is their exemplary participation in the developing rapidly toward becom­ battle for the liberation of France ing an army of liberation, under a have given a magnificent demonstra­ united command, the ,. High Guer­ tion of anti-Hitler solidarity, have rilla Command, established in Sep­ rendered direct and great aid to our tember of this year. people. Although in Nazi-occupied In its first communique, this High territory, they maintained close con­ Guerrilla Command said: tact with the anti-Franco forces in­ side the country and helped to or­ " ... the guerrilla units are com­ ganize the Supreme Council arid. the posed of Spanish patriots of every movement of national unity. political and religious creed and That is why the Spanish National they fight only the Falange enemy Unity, which includes the great ma­ and its Nazi master. Nobody ex­ cept the Germans and the falan" jority of Spanish refugees in France gists have . anything to fear from and which has more than 500 com­ the guerrillas. . . . The struggle mittees in the cities, regions and of the guerrillas against the falan­ units of the F.F.I., can today right­ gists shall end at the moment when fully be considered as the extension Franco and Falange will have been in France of the Spanish under­ defeated and the Government of ground movement. It has the same National Union will have delivered program and coordinates its work to the proper courts of justice all the betrayers of the fatherland. . . . under one leadership, that of the The High Guerrilla Command of Supreme Council. Because of this, the Supreme Council of National its aid to our people has been ini­ Union exhorts every Spaniard to mense and will reach even greater imitate the glorious deeds of their proportions. ancestors during the War of Inde­ To inject a different meaning into pendense, developing initiative in its activities, to think that the 30,- combat, combining their efforts with 000 to 50,000 Spanish members of those of our guerrilla units. . . . the F .F.I., with or without its aid, The High Guerrilla Command of the Supreme Council of National are going to "invade" Spain through Union publicly proclaims its grati­ the Pyrenees to overthrow Franco, tude to the Spanish people for the would be to fall into the dangerous 1118 UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE reasoning that the Spanish problem because of the anti-Franco activities will not be solved from within of the Spanish maquis. Spain, by the peole of Spain them­ Communications recently confirm selves, but through outside inter­ the provocative nature of the Fran­ vention, that is, of the Spanish refu­ co reports on these activities, and gees either in France, or England, state that the Falange is using for the United States, or the Soviet this purpose some members of the Union. Furthermore, to suppose notorious P.O.U.M.*, who engage in any such thing is to underestimate assaulting and plundering in order the strength of the armed forces to create fear and hatred of the pa­ at the disposal of Franco and to for­ triotic guerrilla forces in those re­ get that to the many Nazi soldiers gions. who have been kept in Spain, there have been added thousands more * * * who arrived from France with all The obvious result of the develop­ their armed equipment. ment of the struggle against the The theory of a "solution from Franco regime, as well as the politi­ without" leads to inaction and gives cal and military events in the in­ aid to Franco. ternational field, has been an in­ It does not surprise us therefore crease in the contradictions in the that Franco himself, backed by the Franco regime and an intensification Nazis, has undertaken to spread this of the insoluble crisis from which theory of "invasion" by the Spanish it is suffering. maquis, exaggerating the clashes be­ The whole Franco aparatus is tween these and the Franco troops, corrupt. The black market, which and ignoring at the same time simi­ the Spanish people call "straperlo," lar incidents in other places in is creating fabulous fortunes for the Spain. By such policy, Franco Falange magnates. To obtain em- hopes to create the impression that *The P.O.U.M., the Partido Obrero de Unifi­ the failure of the "invasion" means caciOn Marxista, the organization of the Trotsky­ the failure of the anti-Franco move­ ites in Spain, grew somewhat during the first months of the war of 1936-39, mainly in Cata­ ment, and to provoke the under­ lonia. In May, 1937, it succeeded in drawing some units of the then growing Popular Army and in ground into throwing in all their connivance with leaders .of the F.A.I., FederaciOn forces before the time is ripe, which Anarquista Iberica, and the agents of the fifth column, organized what has become known as the would enable him to crush them and uputsch of M.ay." On the_ streets of Barcelona ap­ disorganize the struggle of the peo­ peared tanks and machine-guns, which were miss­ ing from the front, and attacked the ruling agen­ ple. cies of the Republic. After this attempt -at an attack from within against the Republican forces, In playing up the activities car­ the heads of the P.O.U.M. were tried and it was ried on from France, the Falange completely proved that they had been _conspiring with the falangists and the Hitlerite Germans. hopes at the same time to compli­ They were sentenced to death but the sentell'Ce was never put into force, and today some of them, cate the political situation in France, like Gorkin and Victor Serge, are in Mexico, col­ and also to create the impression lahorating with Trotskyite and Social-Dcemocrati papers in the U.S.A. The P.O.U.M. lost prestige that if the United States and Great with the Spanish people completely when the war Britain did not heretofore recognize_ of 1936-39 came to an end and their leaders, re­ maining in Spain, ~came the leaders of the the de Gaulle . Government, it was vertical trade unions of the Falange. UPRISING AGAINST FRANCO AND THE FALANGE 1119 ployment, it is necessary to pay their businesses; while on the other from 500 to 1,000 pesetas, as a per­ hand, the Falange hirelings, taking sonal "gift," to the head of the Fal­ advantage of their official position,. angist union. The certificate of good mock at all regulations and engage conduct furnished by the Civil in the black market which yields Guard and which one needs to be them enormous profits. able to travel, to be admitted into a On the farms the situation has hospital, to obtain a ration card, etc., reached such a point that even the in addition to costing ~ pesetas, is Falange itself does not dare say worthless unless it carries on the they have prosperity, as they say inside a 25-peseta bill, which the when referring to industry. Here Falangist chief pockets without any are some figures, furnishErd by the pretense at concealment. Falange itself, which illustrates this The economic situation in the situation: Compared with the crop country is in a complete state of of 1935, Spain produced in 1943, ruin as a result of the Hitler policy ·17,000,000 metric quintals* less of followed by Franco, and not be­ wheat, 800,000 metric quintals less cause of the war as the Falange of oil; 1,500,000 metric quintals less would have one believe. The only of rice; 90,000 metric quintals less industries in Spain which have had of lentils; 90,000 metric quintals less full production during the five years of beans, etc; ... And this, despite

The texts of documents and state­ long and thorough preparations ments thereon, outlining tentative which were made by the Govern­ plans for an international organiza~ ments represented and, in our case, tion for the maintenance of world were the result of the untiring devo­ peace and security, as drawn up at tion and care which the Secretary of th~ Dumbarton Oaks (Was1vington) State had personally given to this Conferences held from August 21 to work for more than two and a half September 28 and from September years--indeed, for many years. 29 to October 7, 1944. The projected international organ­ ization has for its primary purpose STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT the maintenance of international ROOSEVELT peace and security and the crea­ WISH to take this opportunity to tion of the conditions that make for I refer to the work of the Dumbarton peace. Oaks convers'ations between the del- We now know the need for such egations of the United States, the an organization of the peace-loving United Kingdom, the Soviet Union peoples and the spirit of unity which and China on the plan for an inter- will be required to maintain it. Ag­ national organization for the mainte- gressors like Hitler and the Japa­ nance of peace and security. nese war lords organize for years The conversations were completed for the day when they can launch Saturday, October 7, 1944, and pro- their evil strength against weaker posals were submitted to the four nations devoted to their peaceful Governments for their considera- pursuits. tion. These proposals have been This time we have been deter­ made public to permit full discus- mined first to defeat the enemy, as­ sion by the people of this country. sure that he shall never again be in prior to the convening of a wider position to plunge the world into conference on this all-important war and then to so organize the subject. peace-loving nations that they may, Although I have not yet been able through unity of desire, unity of to make a thorough study of ,these will and unity of strength, be in proposals, my first impression is one position to assure that no other of extreme satisfaction, and even would-be aggressor or conqueror surprise, that so much could have shall even get started. been accomplished on so difficult a That is why, from the very begin­ subject in so short a time. This ning of the war, and paralleling achievement was largely due to the our military plans, we have begun 1124 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1125 to lay the foundations for the gen­ be done before a set of completed eral organization for the mainte­ proposals can be placed before the nance of peace and security. peace-loving nations of the world as It represents, therefore, a major a basis of discussion at a formal objective for which this war is be­ conference to draft a charter of the ing fought, and as such it inspires projected organization for submis­ the highest hopes of the millions of sion to the Governments. fathers and mothers whose sons and But the document which has been daughters are engaged in the ter­ prepared by the able representa­ rible struggle and suffering of war. tives of the four participating na­ The projected general organiza­ tions and has been agreed to by tion may be regarded as the key­ them as their recommendation to stone of the arch and will include their respective Governments is suf­ within its framework a number of fi~iently detailed to indicate the specialized economic and social kind of an ,international organiza­ agencies now existing or to be es­ tion which, in their judgment, will tablished. meet the imperative need of pro­ The task of planning the great viding for the maintenance of inter­ design of security and peace has national peace and security. been 'well begun. It now remains These proposals are now being for the nations to complete the' studied by the four Governments structure in a spirit of constructive which were represented at the purpose and mutual confidence. Washington conversations and which will give their urgent atten­ STATEMENT OF SECRETARY OF tion to the next steps which will be STATE HULL necessary to reach the goal of achieving the establishment of an rJ"'UIE~ proposals for an inter'nation­ effective international organiza, .1. al organization for the mainte­ tion. These proposals are now avail­ nance of international peace and able for full study and discussion by security, upon which the represen­ the peoples of all countries. tatives of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union American Part in Parley and China have agreed during the conversations at Dumbarton Oaks, We in this country have spent have been submitted to the four many months in careful planning Governments and· are today being and wide consultation in prepara­ made generally available to the peo­ tion for the · conversations which ple of this nation and of the world. have just been concluded. Those All of us have every 'reason to be who represented the Government of immensely gratified by the results the United States in these discus­ achieved at these conversations. To sions were armed with the ideas be sure, the proposals in their pres­ and with the results of thinking ent form are neither complete nor contributed by numerous leaders of final. Much work :>till remains to our national thought and opinion, 1126 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS without regard to political or other tain so great an objective without affiliations. constant effort and unfailing de­ It is my earnest hope that, dur· termination that the sacrifices of ing the time which must elapse be· this war shall not be in vain. fore the convocation of a full United. Nations conference, discussions in the United States on this all-im· REPORT BY MR. STETTINIUS portant subject will continue to be Report to Secretary of State Hull carried on in the same non-partisan submitted by Under Secretary Stet­ spirit of devotion to our paramount tinius, Chairman of the United national interest in peace and secu­ States' delegation to the Dumbar· rity which has characterized our ton Oaks conference: previous consultations. I am certain that all of us will be constantly mindful of the high I TAKE great pleasure in submit­ responsibility for us and for all ting to you the results of the ex­ peace-loving nations which attaches ploratory conversations on interna­ to this effort to make permanent a tional organization held in Wash­ victory purchased at so heavy a ington between representatives of cost in blood, in tragic suffering the Governments of the United and in treasure. We must be con­ States, the United Kingdom, ·the stantly mindful of the price which Soviet Union and China. all of us will pay if we fail to The first phase of the conversa­ measure up to this unprecedented tions, between representatives of responsibility. the United States, the United King­ It is, of course, inevitable that dom, and the Soviet Union, took when many governments and peo­ place from Aug. 21 to Sept. 28; the ples attempt to agree on a single second phase, between representa­ plan, the result will be in terms of tives of the United States, the the highest common denominator United Kingdom, and China, were rather than of the plan of any one held from Sept. 29 to Oct. 7. The nation. The organization to be results of the work accomplished in created must reflect the ideas and both phases are embodied in the at­ hopes of all the peace-loving na­ tached proposals which each of the tions which participate in its crea­ four delegations is transmitting to tion. The spirit of cooperation its respective government as the must manifest itself in mutual unanimously agreed recommenda­ striving to attain the high goal by tions of the four delegations. common agreement. I am happy to report that the The road to the establishment of conversations throughout were an international organization cap­ characterized by a spirit of com­ able of effectively maintaining in­ plete cooperation and great cordial­ ternational peace and security will ity among all participants, the .be long. At times, it will be diffi­ proof of which is evident in the cult. But we cannot hope to at- wide area of agreements covered in HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1127 the proposals. The few questions STATE DEPARTMENT NOTE which remain for further consider­ ation, though important, are not in The State Department's prefa­ any sense insuperable, and I rec­ tory note and the statement of ommend that the necessary steps tentative proposals for an interna­ for obtaining agreement on these tional security organization: points be taken as soon as pos­ sible. HE Government of the United T States has now received the re­ Agreement Sought by All port of its delegation to the conver­ sations held in Washington between It is proper to emphasize, at the Aug. 21-0ct. 7, 1944, with the dele­ conclusion of these preliminary gations of the United Kingdom, the conversations, that the proposals Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as they are now submitted to the and the Republic of China on the four governments comprise sub­ subject of an international organi­ stantial contributions from each of zation for the maintenance of peaj::e the delegations. It is my own view, and security. · which I believe is shared by all the There is annexed hereto a state­ participants, that the agreed pro­ ment of tentative proposals indicat­ posals constitute an advance over ing in detail the wide range of sub­ the tentative and preliminary pro­ jects on which agreement has been posals presented by each delega­ reached at the conversations. tion. This has resulted from a The Governments which were rep­ single-minded effort of all the dele­ resented in the discussions in Wash­ gations at Dumbarton Oaks to ington have agreed that after fur­ reach a common understanding as ther study of these proposals they to the most effective international will as soon as possible take the organization capable of fulfilling the necessary steps with a view to the hopes of all peoples everywhere. preparation of complete proposals I wish to take this opportunity to which could then serve as a bas;s express my grateful recognition of of discussion at a full United Na­ the contribution to the successful tions conference. outcome of these conversations made by the members of the Amer­ Proposals for the Establishment of ican delegation and to commend a General International the advisers and the staff for their Organization most helpful assistance. Above all, I wish to express my profound ap­ There should be established an preciation to the President and to international organization under you, Mr. Secretary, for the con­ the title of the United Nations, stant advice and guidance, without the charter of which should con­ which our work could not have tain provisions necessary to give )Jeen accomplished with such con­ effect to the proposals which fol­ structive and satisfactory results. low. 1128 HISTORIC DOCUM~S CHAPTER I the organization, to fulfill the obliga­ tions assumed by them in accord­ Purposes ance wit}l the charter. 3. All members of the organiza­ The purposes of the organization tion shall settle their disputes by should be: peaceful means in such a manner 1. To maintain international that international peace and secur­ peace and security, and to that end .ity are nat endangered. to take effective collective measures 4. All members of the organiza­ for the prevention and removal of tion shall refrain in their interna­ threats to the peace and the sup­ tional relations from the threat or pression of acts of aggression or use of force in any maner incon­ other breaches of the peace and to sistent with the purposes of the bring al;>out by peaceful means ad­ organization. justment or settlement of interna­ 5. All members of the organiza­ tional disputes which may lead to a tion shall give every assistance to breach o'f the peace; the organization in any action un­ 2. To develop friendly relations dertaken by it in accordance with among nations and to take other the provisions of the Charter. appropriate measures to strength­ 6. All members of the organiza­ en universal peace; tion shall refrain from giving as­ 3. To achieve international co­ sistance to any state against which operation in the solution of inter­ preventive or enforcement action national economic, social and is being undertaken by the organi­ other humanitarian problems; and zation. 4. To afford a center for har­ The organization should insure monizing the actions of nations in that states not members of the or­ the achievement of these common ganization act in accordance with ends. these principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of CHAPTER II international peace and security. Principles CHAPTER III In pursuit of the purposes men­ tioned in Chapter I the organiza­ Membership tion and its members should act in 1. Membership of· the organiza­ accordance with the following prin- tion should be open to all peace­ ciples: ' loving states. 1. The organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peac~-loving states. CHAPTER IV 2. All members of the organiza­ Principal Organs tion undertake, in order to insure to all of them the rights and bene­ 1. The organization should have fits resulting from membership in as its principal organs: HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1129 A. A General Assembly; peace and security which is being B. A Security Council; dealt with by the Security Coun· C. An International Court of Jus­ cil. tice; and 2. The General Assembly should D. A Secretariat. be empowered to admit new mem­ 2. The organization should have bers to the organization upon rec­ such subsidiary agencies as may ommendation of the Security Coun­ be found necessary. cil. 3. The General Assembly should, CHAPTER V upon recommendation of the Se­ curity Council, be empowered to The General Assembly suspend from the exercise of any rights or privileges of member­ Section A-Composition ship any member of the organiza­ All members of the organization tion against which preventive or should be members of the General enforcement action shall have been Assembly and should have a num­ taken by the Security Council. The ber of representatives to be speci­ exercise of the rights and privileges thus suspended may be restored by fied in the charter. decision of the Security Council. Section B-Functions and Powers The General Assembly should be empowered, upon recommendation 1. The General Assembly should of the Security Council to expel have the right to consider the from the organization any member general principles of cooperation in of the organization which persist­ · the maintenance of international ently violates the principles con­ peace and security, including the tained in the Charter. principles governing disarmament 4. The General Assembly should and the regulation of armaments; elect the non-permanent members to discuss any questions relating to of the Security Council and the the maintenance of international members of the Economic and So­ peace and security brought before cial Council provided for in Chap­ it by any member or members of ter IX. It should be empowered, to the organization or by the Security elect, upon recommendation of the Council; and to make recommenda­ Security Council, the secretary-gen­ tions with regard to any such prin­ eral of the organization. It should ciples or questions. Any such ques­ perform such functions in relation tions on which action is necessary to the election of the judges of the should be referred to the Security International Court of Justice as Council by the General Assembly may be conferred upon it by the either before or after discussion. statute of the court. The General Assembly should not 5. The General Assembly should on its own initiative make recom­ apportion the expenses among the mendations on any matter relating members of the organization and to the maintenance of international should be empowered to approve

jority, jority, the the decisions decisions of of the the General General two-year two-year terms. terms.

to to be be decided decided by by a a two-thirds two-thirds ma­ for for one-year one-year terms terms and and three three for for

of of additional additional categoriesof categoriesof questions questions chosen chosen by by the the General General Assembly Assembly

tions, tions, including including the the determinatiop determinatiop nent nent members members three three should should be be

present present and and voting. voting. On On other other ques­ the the first first election election of of the the non-perma­

. . by by a a two-thirds two-thirds majority majority of of those those diately diately eligible eligible for for re-election. re-election. In In

getary getary questions questions should should be be made made year. year. They They should should not not be be imme­

and and expulsion expulsion of of members; members; and and bud­ of of two two years, years, three three retiring retiring each each

rights rights and and States States privileges privileges should should of of be be members, members, elected elected for for a a term term

suspension suspension of of the the exercise exercise of of the the the the non-permanent non-permanent seats. seats. These These six six

cial cial Council; Council; admission admission of of members, members, bly bly should should elect elect six six States States to to fill fill

members members of of the the Economic Economic and and So­ manent manent seats. seats. The The General General Assem­

of of the the Security Security Council; Council; election election of of due due course, course, France, France, should should have have per­

and and security; security; election election of of members members lics, lics, the the Republic Republic of of China China and, and, in in

maintenance maintenance of of international international peace peace the the Union Union of of Soviet Soviet Socialist Socialist Repub­

mendations mendations with with respect respect to to the the Great Great Britain Britain and and Northern Northern Ireland, Ireland,

General General Assembly, Assembly, including including recom­ of of America, America, the the United United Kingdom Kingdom of of

2. 2. Important Important decisions decisions of of the the Representatives Representatives of of the the United United States States

eleven eleven members members of of the the organization organization .. .. General General Assembly. Assembly.

sist sist of of one one representative representative of of each each of of tion tion should should have have one one vote vote in in the the

The The Security Security Council Council should should con­ Each Each member member 1. 1. of of the the organiza­

Section Section C-Voting C-Voting Section Section A-Composition A-Composition

The The Security Security Council Council

bodies bodies of of the the organization. organization.

Council Council and and reports reports from from other other CHAPTER CHAPTER VI VI

special special reports reports from from the the Security Security

receive receive and and consider consider annual annual and and

functions. functions.

8. 8. The The General General Assembly Assembly should should

cessary cessary for for the the performance performance of of its its

such such agencies agencies and and the the organization. organization. ies ies and and agencies agencies as as it it may may deem deem ne­

cordance cordance with with agreements agreements between between be be empowered empowered to to set set up up such such bod­

relation relation with with the the organization organization in in ac­ 3. 3. The The General General Assembly Assembly should should

specialized specialized agencies agencies brought brought into into sion. sion.

national national economic, economic, social social and and other other and and elect elect its its president president for for each each ses­

ordination ordination of of the the policies policies of of inter­ adopt adopt its its own own rules rules of of procedure procedure

make make recommendations recommendations for for the the co­ 2. 2. The The General General Assembly Assembly should should

7. 7. The The General General Assembly Assembly should should may may require. require.

impair impair the the general general welfare. welfare. in in such such special special sessions sessions as as occasion occasion

and and of of adjusting adjusting situations situations likely likely to to meet meet in in regular regular annual annual sessions sessions and and

political, political, economic economic and and social social fields fields The The General General 1. 1. Assembly Assembly should should

moting moting international international cooperation cooperation in in

Section Section D-Procedure D-Procedure mendations mendations for for the the purpose purpose of of pro­

initiate initiate studies studies and and make make recom­

6. 6. The The General General Assembly Assembly should should simple simple majority majority vote. vote.

the the budgets budgets of of the the organization. organization. Assembly Assembly should should be be made made by by a a

HISTORIC HISTORIC 1130 1130 DOCUMENTS DOCUMENTS HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1131 Section B-P1·incipal Functions and cedure in the Security Council is Powers still under consideration. 1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the organization, Section D-Procedure members of the organization should 1. The Security Council should by the Charter confer on the Secur­ be so organized as to be able to ity Council primary responsibility function , continuously and each for the maintenance of international State member of the Security Coun­ peace and security and should agr~e cil should be permanently repre­ that in carrying out these duties un­ sented at the headquarters of the der this responsibility it should act organization. It may hold meetings on their behalf. at such other places as in its judg­ 2. In discharging these duties the ment may best facilitate its work. Security Council should act in · ac­ There should be periodic meetings cordance with the purposes and at which each State member of the principles of the organization. Security Council could if it so de­ 3. The specific powers conferred sired be represented by' a member on the Security Council in order to of the government or some other carry out these duties are laid down special representative. in Chapter VIII. 2. The Security Council should 4. All members of the organiza­ be empowered to set up such bod­ tion should obligate therp.selves to ies or agencies as it may deem ne­ accept the decisions of the Secur­ cessary for the performance of its ity Council and to carry them out functions including regional sub­ in accordance with the provisions of committees of the military staff the Charter. committee. 5. In order to promote the estab­ 3. The Security Council should lishment and maintenance of inter­ adopt its own rules of procedure, national peace and security with the including the method of selecting least diversion of the world's hu­ its president. man and economic resources for 4. Any member of the organiza­ armaments, the Security Council, tion should participate in the discus­ with the assistance of the military, sion of any question brought be­ staff committee referred to in Chap­ fore the Security Council whenever ter VIII, Section B, Paragraph 9, the Security Council considers that should have the responsibility for the interests of that member of the formulating plans for the establish­ organization are specially affected. ment of a system of regulation of 5. Any member of the organiza­ armaments for submission to the tion not having a seat on the Secur­ members of the organization. ity Council and any State not a member of the organization, if it is Section C-Voting a party to a dispute under consid­ eration by the Security Council, Note: The question of voting pro- should be invited to participate in 1132 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS the discussion relating to the dis­ Section A-Pacific Settlement of pute. Disputes

CHAPTER VII 1. The Security Council should be empowered to investigate any An International Court of Justice dispute or any situation which may lead to internati~nal friction or give 1. There should be an Interna­ rise to a dispute in order to deter­ tional Court of Justice which mine whether its continuance is should constitute the principal ju­ likely to endanger the maintenance dicial organ of the organization. of international peace and security. 2. The Court should be consti­ 2. Any State, whether member of tuted and should function in ac­ the organization or not, may bring cordance with a statute which any such dispute or situationt to the shouid be annexed to and be a part attention of the General Assembly of the charter of the organization. or of the Security Council. 3. The statute of the Court of 3. The parties to any dispute the International Justice should be continuance of which is likely to either (a) the statute of the Perma­ endanger the maintenance of inter­ nent Court of International Justice, national peace al\d security should continued in force with such modi­ obligate themselves, first of all, to fications as may be desirable or seek a solution by negotiation, (b) a new statute in the prepara­ mediation, conciliation, arbitration' tion of which the statute of the Per­ or judicial settlement or other manent Court of International Jus­ peaceful means of their own choice. tice should be used as a basis. The Security Council should call 4. All members of the organiza­ upon the parties to settle their dis­ tion should ipso facto be parties to pute by such means. the statute of the International 4. If, nevertheless, parties to a Court of Justice. dispute of the nature referred to 5. Conditions under which States in Paragraph 3 above fail to settle not members of the organization it by the means indicated in that may become parties to the statute paragraph they shoufd obligate themselves to refer it to the Secur­ of the International Court of Ju~­ tice should be determined in each ity Council. The Security Council case by the General Assembly upon should, in each case, decide whether recommendation of the Security or not the continuance of the par­ Council. ticular dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of inter­ CHAPTER VIII national peace and security and, ac­ cordingly, whether it should take Arrangements for the Maintenance action under Paragraph 5. of International Peace and Security, 5. The Security Council should Including Prevention and Suppres­ be empowered, at any stage of a sion of Aggression dispute of the nature referred to HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1133 in Paragraph 3 above, to recom­ be empowered to determine what mend appropriate procedures or diplomatic, economic, or other meas­ methods of adjustment. ures not involving the use of armed 6. Justiciable disputes should for­ force should be employed to give mally be referred to the Interna­ effect to its decisions, and to call tional Court of Justice. The Se­ upon members of the organization curity Council should be empow­ to apply such measures. Such meas­ ered to refer to the Court, for ad­ ures may include complete or par­ vice, legal questions connected with tial interruption of rail, sea, air, pos­ other disputes. tal, telegraphic, radio and other 7. The provisions of Paragraph 1 means of communication and the to 6 of Section A should not apply severance of diplomatic and eco­ to situations or disputes arising out nomic relations. of matters which by international 4. Should the Security Council law are .solely within the domestic consider such measures to be inade­ jurisdiction of the State concerned. quate, it should be empowered to take such action by air, naval or land forces as may be necessary to Section B Determination of maintain or restore international Threats to the Peace or Acts of peace and security. Such action AggTession and Action With Respect Thereto· may include demonstrations, block­ ade and other operations by air, 1. Should the Security Council sea or land forces of members of deem that a failure to settle a dis· the organization. pute in accordance with procedures 5. In order that all members of indicated in Paragraph 3 of Section the organization should contribute A, or in accordance with its recom­ to the maintenance of international mendations made under Paragraph peace and security, they should un­ 5 of Section A, constitutes a threat dertake to make available to the to the maintenance of international Security Council, on its call and in peace and security, it should take accordance with a special agree­ any measures necessary for the ment or agreements concluded maintenance of international peace among themselves, armed forces, fa­ and security in accordance with the cilities and assistance necessary for purposes and principles of the or­ the purpose of maintaining interna­ ganization. tional peace and security. Such 2. In general the Security Coun­ agreement or agreements should cil should determine the existence govern the numbers and types of of any threat to the peace, preach forces and the nature of the facili­ of the peace or act of aggression ties and assistance to be provided. and should make recommendations The special agreement or agree­ or decide upon the measures to be ments should be negotiated as soon taken to maintain or restore peace as possible and should in each case and security. be subject to approval by the Se­ 3. The Security Council should curity Council and to ratification by 1134 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS the signatory States in accordance peace and security, to the employ­ with their constitutional processes. ment and command of forces placed 6. In order to enable urgent mili­ at its disposal, to the regulation of tary measures to be taken by the armaments, and to possible disarma­ organization there should be held ment. It should be responsible un­ immediately available by the mem­ der the Security Council for the bers of the organization national air strategic direction of any armed force contingents for combined in­ forces placed at the disposal of the ternational enforcement action. The Security Council. The committee strength and degree of readiness of should be composed of the Chiefs these contingents and plans for of Staff of the permanent members their combined action should be de­ of the Security council or their rep­ termined by the Security Council resentatives. Any mt:mber of the with the assistance of the Military organization not penr.anently rep­ Staff Committee within the limits resented on the committee should laid down in the special agreement be invited by the committee to be or agreements referred to in Para­ associated with it whE>n the efficient graph 5 above. discharge of the committee's respon­ 7. The action required to carry sibilities requires that --uch a State out the decisions of the Security should participate -,n its work. Council for the maintenance of in­ Questions of commanrl of forces ternational peace and security should be worked out ~ubsequently. should be taken by all the members 10. The members c f 'he organiza­ of the organization in cooperation tion should join in d1 ording mu­ or by some of them as the Secur­ tual assistance in ca "fY [ng out the ity Council may determine. This measures decided upon by the Se­ undertaking should be carried out curity Council. by the.members of the qrganization 11. Any State, whether a mem­ by their own action and through ber of the organization or not, action of the appropriate specialized which finds itself confronted with organizations and agencies of which special economic problems arising they are members. from the carrying cut of measures 8. Plans for the application of which have been deciC:ed upon by armed force should be made by the the Security Council should have Security Council with the assist­ the right to consult the Security ance of the Military Staff Commit­ Council in regard to a solution of tee referred to in Paragraph 9 be­ those problems. low. 9. There should be established a Section C-Regional Arrangements Military Staff Committee the func­ tions of which should be to advise 1. Nothing in the Chapter should and assist the Security Council on preclude this existence of regional all questions relating to the Security arrangements or agencies for deal­ Council's military requirements for ing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international the maintenance of international HISTORIC DOCUMENTS 1135 peace and security as are appropri­ mote respect for human rights and ate for regional action, provided fundamental freedoms. Responsi­ such arrangements or agencies and bility for the discharge of this func­ their activities are consistent wi,th tion should be vested in the Gener­ the purposes and principles of the al Assembly and, under the author­ organization. The Security Coun­ ity of the General Assembly, in an cil should encourage settlement of Economic and Social Council. local disputes through such regional 2. The various specialized eco­ arrangements or by such regional nomic, social and other organiza­ agencies, either on the initiative of tions and agencies would have re­ the States concerned or by refer­ sponsibilities in their respective ence from the, Security Council. fields as defined in their statutes. 2. The Security Council should, Each such organization or agency where appropriate, utilize such ar­ should be brought into relationship rangements or agencies for enforce­ with the organization on terms to ment action under its authority, but be determined by agreement be­ no enforcement action should be tween the Economic and Social taken under regional arrangements Council and the appropriate author­ or by regional agencies without the ities of the specialized organization authorization of the Security Coun­ or agency, subject to approval by the cil. General Assembly. 3. The Security Council should at all times be kept fully informed Section B--Composition and Voting of activities undertaken or in con­ templation under regional arrange­ The Economic and Social Coun­ ments or by regional agencies for cil should consist of representatives the maintenance of international of eighteen members of the organi­ peace and security. zation. The States to be repre­ sented for this purpose should be CHAPTER IX elected by the General Assembly for terms of three years. Each such Arrangements for International Eco­ State should have one representa­ nomic and Social Cooperation tive, who should have one vote. De­ cisions of the Economic and Social Section A-Purpose and Relation­ Council should be taken by simple ships majority vote of those present and 1. With a view to the creation voting. of conditions of stability and well­ being which are necessary for Section C-Functions and Powers of peaceful and friendly relations the Economic and Social Council among nations, the organization should facilitate solutions of inter­ 1. The Economic and Social national economic, social and other Council should be empowered: humanitarian problems and pro- a. To carry out, within the scope 1136 HISTORIC DOCUMENTS of its functions, recommendations of cies to participate without vote in the General Assembly; its deliberations and in those of the b. To make recommendations, on commissions established by it. .its own initiative, with respect to 3. The Economic and Social international economic, social and Council should adopt its own rules other humanitarian matters; of procedure and the method of se­ c. To receive and consider reports lecting its president. from the economic, social and other organizations or agencies brought CHAPTER X into relationship with the organiza­ tion, and to coordinate their activi­ The Secretariat ties through consultations with, and 1. There should be a secretariat recommendations to, such organi­ comprising a secretary-general and zations or agencies; such a staff as may be required. d. To examine the administrative The secretary-general should be 'budgets of such specialized organi­ the chief administrative officer of zations or agencies with a view to the organization. He should be making recommendations to the or­ elected by the General Assembly, ganizations or agencies concerned; on recommendation of the Security e. To enable the Secretary-Gen­ Council, for such term and under eral to provide information to the such conditions as are specified in Security Council; the Charter. f. To assist the Security Council 2. The secretary-general should upon its request; and act in that capacity in all meetings g. To perform such other func­ of the General Assembly, of the Se­ tions within the general scope of its curity Council, and of the Economic competence as may be assigned to and Social Council and should make it by the General Assembly. an annual report to the General As­ sembly on the work of the organi­ Section D-Organization and Pro­ zation. cedure 3. The secretary-general should 1. The Economic and Social Coun­ have the right to bring to the at­ cil should set up an economic com­ tention of the Security Council any mission, a social commission, and matter which in his opinion may such other commissions as may be threaten international peace and se­ required. These commissions should curity. consist of experts. There should be a permanent staff which should CHAPTER XI constitute a part of the secretariat Amendments of the organizatioB. 2. The Economic and Social Coun­ Amendments should come into cil should make suitable arrange­ force for all members of the organ­ ments for representatives of the ization when they have been specialized organizations or agen- adopted by a vote of two-thirds of HISTORIC DOCUMENTS ~137 the members of the General As­ 1943, the States parties to that dec­ sembly and ratified in .accordance laration.. should consult with one wlth their respective constitutional another, and as occasion arises with process by the members of the or­ other members of the organization, ganization having permanent mem­ with a view to such joint action on bership on the Securizy Council and behalf of the organization as may by a majority of the other members be necessary for the purpose of of the organization. maintaining international peace and security. CHAPTER XII 2. No provision of the Charter should preclude action taken or Transitional Arrangements authorized in relation to enemy States as a 'result of the present 1. Pending the coming into force war by the governments having re­ of the special agreement or agree­ sponsibility for such action. ments referred to in Chapter VIII, Note: In addition to the question Section B, Paragraph 5, and in ac­ of voting procedure in the Security cordance with the provisions of Council referred to in Chapter VI, Paragraph 5 of the four-nation dec­ several other questions are still un­ laration signed at Moscow Oct. 30, der consideration.

INDEX-VOLUME XXIII, 1944

AUTHOR INDEX

Allen, James S.-The Soviet Nations and Chen Pai-Ta...... Critlque of Chiang Kai­ Teheran, 206-216, March; Bretton shek's Book: "China's Destiny," 31- Woods and World Security, 1078-1086, 62, January. December. Communist Party, U.S.A., National Com­ Benes, Eduard-Garmany's Decline, 351- mittee-Statement- to the Press (on 362, April. plenary meeting January 9), 99-101, February; Decisions at the Plenary Berger, Han~oncerning A Charge of Meeting January 9, 1944, 107-108, Betrayal, 431-439, May; A Company February, Union of Nations?: a review of Wal­ ter Lippmann's "U. S. Wair Aims," Communist Party, U.S.A., California State 846-856, September; Notes on the Committee-Draft Statement on Issu~s Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 911-918, and Tasks. in the Primary Elections, October. 457-460, May. Bittelman, Alex--Government Interven­ Communist Political Association-Pre- tion in the National Economy, 893- amble to the Constitution, 506, June. 910, October. Communist Political Association, Natioftal Briehl, Fred-National Unity and the Convention - Resolutions, 601-505, Farmers, 275-281, March. June; 663-672, July; 761-768, August; 857-861, September; Greetings to Gen­ Browder, Earl-Teheran, History's Great eral Eisenhower, 483, June; 681, July; Turning Point, 3-8, .January; The Ne­ Greetings to Stalin and the Red Army, groes and the Right of Self-Determi­ 483-484, June; Greetings to Marshal nation, 83-85, January; Marxism Arms Tito, 48 4• June; Tribute to Those Communists to Meet and Solve rs·sues Who Have Given Their Lives In De­ Today, 102-106, February; Partisan­ fense of Our Country Against the Fas­ ship, a Luxury America Cannot Af­ cist Foe, 582, July; The Twenty-fifth ford!, 195-200, March; U~ity for Vic­ Anniversary of the Founding of the tory, for the Elections and for Post­ American Communist Organization, War Security, 485-500, June; That 778-781, September. Americans May Think Together, Act Together, 594-597, July; What Marx­ Cotnmunist Political Association, National ism Contributes to America, 782-787, Committee-Back- the Attack! Every­ September; America's Elections and thing for Victory!, 579-580, July. the Teheran Concord, 1059-1066, De- cember. · Dennis, Eugene-The Outlook for a Dur­ able Peace, 109-121, February; For Buck, Tim-Canada's Choice: Unity or Victory In the War and the Elections, Chaos, 369-381, April. 598-607, July; A Resolute Non-Par­ tisan Policy to Strengthen National Budenz, Louis F.-May Day for Victory Unity, 806-812, September. and the Teheran Goal, 387-396, May; Notes on the Democratic Convention, 813-818, September; Fuehrer Lewis Digby, Robert-"Talking Spokane" Is Runs a Convention, 1043-1051, Novem­ "Talking Teheran": a review of Eric ber. Johnson's "A,merica Unlimited," 763- 760, August. Cadogan, Alexander-Speech at Dumbar­ ton Oaks Conference, 955-957, Octo­ Don, Sant-Leninism and Foreign Policy, ber. 13-24, January. 1139 1140 INDEX-1944

Duclos, Jacques-Communist Participation Hofman, K.-Internatlonal Monopolies and in the French National Committee of the War, 410-414, May. Liberation, 363-365, April; The Source of Communist Courage, 919-929, Oc­ Hudson, Roy-Teheran and the Wage Pol­ tober. icy Issue, 140-147, February. Editorials--Labor Day in 1944, 771-772, Hulr, Henry P.-The Seattle Municipal September. · Electl<>ns, 450-456, May. Eisenhower, Dwight D.-To the Allied Hull, Cordell-Statement on U. S. Foreign Expeditionary Force, 583,. July; A Polley, 382-384, April; Developments Statement to the Peoples of France in American Foreign Policy, 469-479, and Western Europe, 584-585, July.. May; Speech at Dumbarton Oaks Con­ ference, 952-955, October; Statement Ercoli-See Togliattl, Palmlro on Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1125- 1126, December. Field, Frederick V.-china's Real Des­ tiny, 830-845, September. ''Izvestia"-The Teheran Dectsions Prom­ ise Mankind a Durable Peace, 9-12, Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley-International January; The Most Important Stace Women's Day, 1944, 262-259, March. In the Development of Friendship Be­ tween the U.S.S.R. and CzechGSJovakia, Ford, James W.-Teheran and the Negro 170-173, February; The Armistice People, 260-266, March. ·Agreement with Roumania, 937-940, October. Foster, William Z.-The Ho<>ver-Dewey­ McCormlck Electl<>n Threat to Teher- · .Jerome, V. J.-The Communist Vanguard, an, 614-619, July; Labor Day In 1944, 310-318, April; 558-572, June. 771-772, · September; Dewey and Teheran, 1001-10i4, November. Johnson, Arnold-The Ohio Membership Campaign, 319-326, April. Franklin, Francis--Tho.mas .Jefferson and National Unity, 327-335, April. Landy, A.-Three Years of the Soviet Na­ tional Liberation War, 507-520, June; Galaktionov, M.--0n the Eve of the In­ The Great Invasion, 675-680, August; vasion of Europe: Greater Vigilance A Lesson in Democracy, 798-805, Sep­ Against Vacillators and Enemies of tember; The Twenty-seventh Anniver­ Teheran, 291-295, April; Some Fea­ sary of the October Revolution, 979- tures <>f M<>dern Warfare, 773-777, Sep­ 987, November. tember. Lapin, Adam~Trends in the Two Major Gavrilov, E.-Hungary's Occupation by Parties, 397-409, May; The Republican Hitler, 461-464, May. Convention, 696-704, August; Repub­ lican Campaign Strategy, 880-892, Oc­ Gayev, V.--The Plan for Post-War Em­ tober; The Elections and the New ployment, 737-744, August. Congress, 1067-1072, December. Gold way,· David-On the Study of Brow­ Malinin, N.-An International Security Or­ der's Report, 232-240, March. ganization, 988-1000, November.

Gordon, Mac-The Battle Over Subsidies, Marty, Andr~-communist Participation 72-82, January; The President's Mes­ in the Provisional Government of the sake to Congress, 241-251, March; French Republic, 632-645, July. What Is Behind the Attack on the C.I.O. Political Action Committee, 667- Minor, Robert-Not "In Spite Of" but Be­ 662, July. cause, 122-130, February; The Heri­ tage of the Communist Political Asso­ Green, Gilbert-American Capitalism and ciation, 788-797, September. Teheran, 148-152, February; Post-W•ar Economic Perspectives, 296-309, April; Molotov, Vyacheslav M.-Report to the New York In the 1944 Election Line­ Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., 223- Up, 620-631, July. 231, March. Gromyko, Andrei-Speech at Dumbarton Morris, George-The Trotskyite Fifth Col­ Oaks Conference, 957-959, October. umn in the Labor Movement, 713-723, August; As WQ Face Reconversion, Historic Documents-92-96, January; 182- 1027-1038, November. 192, February; 382-384, April; 469-479, May; 573-576, June; 862-864, Septem­ Morton, J. K.-The May Meeting of the ber; 952-959, October; 1124-1137, De­ A .. F. of L. Executive Council, 533- cember. 640,'' June. INDEX-1944 1141

North, Joseph-Review of "The Temper­ Thompson, Robert-Enemies of Teheran, ing of Russia," by Ilya E:hrenberg, 425,430, May; The "Reuther Tactic" 941-947, October. and the l<'ight tor Labor-Servicemen Unity, 1039-1042, November. North, Steve-United Nations Monetary Polley, 745-762, August. Togliatti, Palmiro (Ercoli)-The Political Situation in Italy, 1087-1102, Decem­ Novick, Paul-Thomas' ••socialists'' Aid ber. Fascism. 705-712, August. Pittman, John-A Perspective for Forging Tolchenov, Col. M.-Germany's Military Negro-White Unity, 86-91, January; Situation, 586-593, July. Forging Negro-White Unity, 174-181, Febru~ry. Toohey, Pat-Some H.econversion Problems in the Automotive Industry, 641-667, "Pravda"-Armistice Agreement with Fin­ June. land, 1062-1065, November. Trainin, A.--certain Lessons of Versailles, Roca, Bias--The Cuban Elections, 724-736, 1015-1017, November; The Strategy of August. "Mercy," 1073-1017, December. Rochet, Waldeck-A New French Democ­ racy, 366-368, April. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-Dec­ laration on Soviet-Polish Relations, Roosevelt, Franklin D.-Message to Con­ 190-191, February; Soviet Statement gress January 11, 1943, 182-189, Feb­ on Poland, 191-192, February. ruary; Statement on Diln1barton Qa.ks Conference, 1124'-1126, December. United States State Department-Note and Statement of Proposals for an Inter­ Ross, Carl~George Washington-Patriot national Security Organization (Dum­ and Statesman, 153-162, February; barton Oaks Conference), 1127-1137, 'l'eheran and the Young Generation, December. 336-346, April. Varga, Eugene-Plans for Currency Sta­ Ryerson, Stanley-The Lesson of the Que­ bilization, 282-283, March. bec Election, 930-933, October. "War and the Working Class"-The Sig­ Schneiderman, William- Charting Our nificance of the Teheran Decisions, Path in War and Peace: a review of 217-222, March; The Polish Question, Earl Browder's "Teheran, Our Path 347-360, April; Where is Finland Go­ in war and Peace," 646-666, July~ ing-Toward Peace or Catastrophe, 465-468, May; The Armed Struggle of Scott, Marcia T.-The Soviet Union and the Polish People Agahtst the Hitler­ the Small Nations, 963-978, November. lte Invaders, 686-693, August; Five Years of War In Europe, 934-986, Oc­ Smirnova, Zinaida-Lenln and the Soviet tober. Peoples' Patriotic War, 163-166, Feb­ ruary. ¥lest, James--Teheran and the Younc Generation, 336-346, April. Soviet Information Bureau-Three Years of the Soviet Patriotic War, 681-685, Wilkerson, Doxey A.-The Maryland-Dis­ August. trict of Columbia Enlilrhtenment Caln­ palgn, 440-449, May; The Negro and Sparks, N.-The Two Party System, 415- the Elections, 819-829, September; Re­ 424, May. view of "Freedom Road," by Howard Fast, 947-951; November. Stalin, Joseph-Qrder of the Day, 201- 205, March; Order of the Day, May 1, Williamson, John-Urgent Questions of 1944, 573, June. Party Growth and Organization, 63- 71, ·January; New Problems of Com­ Starobin, Joseph-A Great Summer ot munist Organization, 131-139, Febru­ Coalition Warfare, 867,879, October. ary; Perspectives on the Functioning of the Communist Political Associa­ Stettlnius, Edward-Report on Dumbarton tion, 521-532, June; The Role of the Oaks Conference, 1126-1127, December. Club in the Communist Political Asso­ ciation, 608-613, July; Problems of Stuart, John-A Tribute to' Wendell Wlll­ Democracy and Club Leadership in the kie, 1103-1110, December. C.P.A., 1018-1026, November. TarM, Eugene-Poland and the Coming Wortis, Rose-The I.L.G.W.U. at the Stage of the War, 167-169, February. Crossroads, 267-274, March. 1142 INDEX-1944

Zamudio, T. G.-Toward a National Up­ Zhukov, A.-Japanese-German Relations rising Against Franco and the Fal­ During the Second World War, 284- ange, 1111-1123, December. 287, March.

SUBJECT INDEX

The following table shows the pages covered by eack issue: 1-96, January 289-384, April 577-672, July 865- 960, October 97-192, February 385-480, May 673-768, August 961-1056, November 193-288, March 481-576, June 769-864, September 1057-1152, December

Africa, iuvasion of, 611. Appeasers, and 1944' election, 114, 502f; Agriculture, see Farmers. and punishment of war criminals, 10731'f. Aldrich, Winthrop, 879, 984, 1081. Argentina, 857. America First Party, 860. Armed forces, see Servicemen; Veterans. American Farm Bureau Federation, 280, Arnold, Benedict, 155. American Federation ot Labor, and inter- national labor unity, 391t;and 1944 Asia, 649. elections, 408, 772; and youth, 340; Atlantic Charter, 383f, 476, 970. Executive Council Meeting, 533ff; see "Atlantic Community," 849f. also names of individual unions. Atrocities, German, 687, 1073ff. A1nerican Labor Conference on Interna- tional Affairs, 63 7f. Austin, Warren, 995. American Labor Party, 62'1. Automobile industry, reconversion in, 541ff. American-Soviet l<'riendship; 978f. Avery, Sewell, 1033. American Youth for Democracy, 343. Aviation, 293f, 410f; international confer­ ence on, 1084., Anglo-American antagonisms, how ca.n they be dissolved, 49011'. Anglo-Soviet-American Coalition, 19, 474f, 678; and international security, 99al'f; Baldwin, Hanson, 869. and Roumania, 937ff; Dumbarton Oaks Baldwin, Roger, 723. conference, 911tf; successes of, 867ff; Baltic coUntries, 213. see also Teheran agreement. Baruch, Bernard M., 542f, 740. Anti-fascist coalition, 122f, 353. Beveridge, William, 740. Anti-Semitism, 88, 497, 504, 654, 967, 1061, 1064f; C.P.A. resolution on, 858f. Benton, William B., 1035. Anti-Sovietism, 196, 400, 517, 538, 854ft, Biddle, Francis, 174f, 658. 9831'f; decline of, 20f, 220. Big busii!ess, and 1944 election, 114f. INDEX-1944 1143

Bill of rights, second, 188f, 248, 278, 435f, growth in U. S., 490, 492!; role of 1029f. State . in developing, 894f; see also Billoux, Francois~ 634. cartels; imperialism: monopolies. Bisson, T'. A., 837. Capitalist-socialist collaboration, 122ff. Bolivia, 857. Carroll, John F., 450. Bolshevik vigilance, 643f. Cartels, 41011; 608, 649, 652, 757. Book Reviews, "America Unlimited," by Catholics, 504f; in Spain, 1113f. Eric Johnson, 753ff; "China's Destiny/' Chang Ti-fel, 25f. by Chiang Kai-shek, 31ft; "Freedom Chiang Kai-shek, 834f; "China's Destiny" Road," by Howard Fast, 947ff; "Teher­ (review), 31ft. an: Our Path in War and Peace," by Earl Browder, 646ff; "The Tempering Child care problem, 257. of Russia," by Ilya Ehrenberg, 941ft; Childs, John L., 596. "U. S. War Aims," by Walter Lipp­ Childs, Marquis, 508. mann, 846ff. China. as market, 303; Browder's discus­ Border regions, of China, 26, 57. sion of, 650; C.P.A. convention resolu­ . Bourassa, Henri, 931. tion on, 670ft; history, 37ft; need for Branch Work, see Communist Party, unity in, 25ft; political conlllcts In, U. S. A. 489; real destiny of, 830ft; review of Chiang Kai-shek's "'China's Destiny," Bretton Woods Conference, 878ft, 1078ft. 31ft; U. S. relations with, 1066. Bridges, Styles, 400. Chou En-lai, 839. Browder, Earl, leadership of, 796f; on Christianity ,Engels on, 922. China, 832, 803; on Cmomunist edu­ cation, 133f, 139; on economics and Citizen's committees, 86f. politics, 904; on expansion of markets, "Citizenship training," 338f. 552, 908ft; on leadership, 1019; on Civil Aviation Conference, 1084. monopolies, 436f; on nature of Party, 67, 525; on nature of the war, 18; on Civil Service Com·mission, 786. Negroes, 261, 264f; on 1944 elections, Civil war (U. S. ), 260. 409; on role of Communists in the Clausew1tz, Karl von, _690. election, 623; on Roosevelt, 249f; on Second Front, 427f; on "two-party sys­ Clubs, see Communist Political Associa- tem, 415f; on use of theory, 23 7f; re­ tion, club work. view of his "Teheran: Our Path in Coal Miners. In C.P.A., 523. War and Peace," 646ft; study of his Coalition warfare, 501, 867f, 935. report on Teheran, 232ft. Cohu, La Motte T., 550. Broz, Joslp, 484. Collaboration of nations. See Anglo-Soviet­ Bukharin, Nikolai, 128. American Coalition; Bretton Woods Bulgaria, 97f. Conference; Dumbarton Oaks Confer­ Bullitt, William C., 511, 868, 874f, 985. ence; International security; Teheran Agreement. Burr, Aaron, 236. Colonial peoples, 384. Colonial system, 302, 649. Committee for Economic Development, 298, 1035. e.I.O. Political Action Committee, 407f, 657ft, 817f, 887f, 1070f. Commodities, in socialist society, 900f. Cacchione, Peter V., 6Z&. Commodity Credit Corporation, 73. Cadogan, Alexander, 955f. Committee on International Economic Polley,. 759f. Cairo Conference, '182, 475, 488f;oftlclal statement, 93f. Communist discipline, 643, 928. California,. primary elections In, 457ft. Communist International, 563f. Canada, and International monetary pol­ Communist League, 31511. icy, 748ft; choice confronting, 3691!; Communist Manifesto, 316. foreign policy, 377f; public works pro­ Communist National Election and Politi­ gram for, 373; see also Quebec. cal Action Committee, 107t. Canadian Commonwealth Federation, 91!0ft. Communist Party of China, 25ff, 32, 836f; achievements, 54; and Kuomintang, Cannon, James P., 718f. 47ft. Capital, decline In export of, 151. Communist Party of France, 36311, 63211, Capitalism, and Teheran, 148ft; basic con- 874, 919f. tradiction remains, 309f; crisis of, 301; Eric Johnston's views of, 753tf; Communist Party of Italy, 108711. 1144 INDEX-1944

Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 164. Democratic Party, and California primar­ Communist Party, U. S. A., and Califor­ ies, 469; and two party system, 416ffi nia primaries, 457tr; and 1944 elec­ defeatists in, 623; Ploover allies in, tions, 409; and Seattle elections, 455f; 10591f; ill New York State, 6251I; in U. S. A .. al)d the war, 17f; and trade Seattle elections, 453f; in southern unions, 446f; 5671f; and youth, 340f; states, 1071; 1944 convention, 813tr; branches, 69, 4401f, 5691f; Browder on, trends in, 404ff; wide support for, 67f, 525; change In name, 118f, 31ltr; 810f; see also Two Party system. educational work, 133f, 232f't, 32lf, .Dennis, Eug-ene, 917. 440f; formation of, 565f, 794f't; Max Dewey, Thomas E., and Negroes, 827; at­ Lerner's attack on, 43lff; membersliip. tack on Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 319ft; National Committee decisions, 876f; and Teheran, l001tr; character (Jan.), 99tf, 107f't; organization, 63f't, of campaien. 88lf; anti-Sovietism of, 105, 13lf't; program, 64; recruiting, 68, 98311; demagogy of, 1064; domestic 138tr; twenty-fifth anniversary, 778f't; policy, 8841f; nature of support for, see also Redbaiting. 401, 771; pro&"ram of, 615f, 69811; Communist Political Association, and Ne­ reasons for opposing, 807; strategy of, groes, 829; and 1944 elections, 499f, 1059f't. . 623; Browder's closing convention ad­ Dies committee, 1069. dress, 594tr; club work, 524, 530f, 608tr; composition of; membership, 522; Discipline, of Communists, 643, 928. educational work, 529f, 611; heritage Dies, Martin, 659. ot, 788f; In New York State, 620tr; Dogmatism, 783f. membership qualifications, 612f; or­ ganization, 621ft; Preamble to Consti­ Douglas, Donald, 550. tution, 506; problems of club leader­ Downey, J. 0.. 304. ship, 1018tr. Dubinsky, David, 2691!, 628f. Communists, and democracy, 798ff; and Duclos, Jacques, 633, 636. national unity, 42lf; as vanguard, 121, 310f't, 558tr; leader.ship by, 389f; led Dulles, John Foster, 876f. in light for s6cial security, 804; role Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 875tr, 9111!, in American life, 505, 784f; source of 962tr; statements and notes on, 1124tr. courage, 919ff. Confucius, 61. Congress, see U. S. Congress. Economic bill of rights, see Bill of rights, Congress of Industrial Organizations, and second. election campaign, 808tr; and Youth, Economic planning, 1010. 340; see also National Citizens Politi­ Economics, and politics, 904. cal Action Committee; names of Indi­ vidual unions. Edmundson, Ray, 1047ff. Cost of living, 78; see also price control. Ehrenberg, Ilya, ."The Tempering of Rus- sia" (review), 94llf. Coughlin, Charles E., 860. Eisenhower, Dwight D., 483, 581. Counts, George S., 596. Elections, see 1944 elections. Croce, Benedetto, 1097f. Employment, post-war, 298, 7371f, 1028. Crowley, Leo T., 296, 304. Engels, Frederick, on American politics, Cuba, elections In, 724tf. 790; on Christianity, 922; on Commu­ Currency, stabilization of, 282tr, 3731f, nist League, 315; on development of 1078tr. American working class, 660; on Czechoslovakia, relations with u,s.S.R., "Neue Rheinische Zeitung, .. 31'1; on 94tr, 170tr, 354ff, 515, 975. socialist society, 921. England, see Great Britain. Equal rights amendment, 266. European Advisory Commission, 870. "Daily Worker," 71, 108, 609, 611. European war, see World War I. Davis, Benjamin Jr., 263, 626. Exports, see Foreign Trade; Mar.kets. Defeatists, 2Uf, 292, 426f; activities of, 623f't, 679; and 1944 elections, 502f, 599; in Republican Party, 399!, 6991f; see also Appeasers; fifth column. Fair Employment Practices Committee, De Lorenzo, Thomas, 715. 262, 825, 889. Democracy, and national unity, 496f; in Falange (Spain), 1111f. China, 44, 60, S36tr; lesson in, 79811; Farm bloc, 276. Stalin on, 20; strengthening of, 618. Farm Bureau, 280. Democratic centralism, 325f. Farmer-Labor party (1924), 419f. INDEX-1944 1145

Farmers, a.nd national unity, 276tr; and lshment of war criminals, 107SI'f;· re­ 1944 elections, 403; C.P.A. convention lations with .Japan, 2841'f; war doc­ resolution on, 76211; In Canada, 376. trine, 775. Fascism, in China, 45; would be strength­ Gold, as money, 746. ened by Republican victory, 61811, Goldman, Albert (Trotskyite), 719. Fascist elements, in U. S., 425f, 780. Good Neighbor policy, 816, 858. Fast, Howard, uFreedom Road., (review)., Government intervention in National ECon- 94711. omy, 8931'f. Federation of Chines

German atrocities. 687, 10731'f. Imperialisn~ effects in China, 43; see also Germany, and International security body, Cartels; Finance-capital; Monopolies. 999f; attitude toward Versailles treaty, Industrial branches, 69, 5671'f. 1016f; crisis in, 3511'f, 676f; delaying tactics, 8681'f; Lippmann's views on, Industrial expansion, In U. S., 149. 85111'; military situation, 5861'f; pun- Industrial RecoD.version. See Reconversion. 1146 INDEX-1944

Inflation, 79. fight for subsidies, 80; and nat'! unity International Bank for Reconstruction and after the war, 118; and 1944 elections, Development, 1083ff. 1060, 1063, 1068f; and struggle for Negro rights, 448; and 1944 elections, International Federation of Trade Unions, 407, 704; Dewey and, 886f; in Canada, 394. 379f, 930ff; must be strengthened, 506; International finance, 383. peculiar features in U. S., 788f; re­ International Labor Office, 536, 999. sponsibilities of, 430. See also Trade International Ladies Garment Workers unions; Working class; Names of par­ Union, 267ff, 628. ticular organizations. International Monetary fund, 7 45ff, 1079f. Labor Party (Great Britain), 739f. International organization, outline of pro­ Labor Productivity, 298f, 648. posed at Dumbarton Oaks Conference, Labor Progressive Party of Canada, 369. 1124ff. Labor unity. See Trade· union unity. International security, 195, 382f, 913ff, 935, La Follette, Robert M. Sr., 417. 953, 9881'f, 1078ff; and national unity, 493ff, 501ff; Democratic Platform and, Lash, Joseph, 3 40f. 816f; foundations for, 361, 382f; les­ Latin America, 816; C.P.A. convention res­ sons from Versailles, 1015ff; national olution on, 857f. See also Names of self-determination and, 214f. See also particular countries. Duznbarton Oaks Conference; Teheran Lattimore, Owen, 968f. agreement. · Leadership, in C.P.A. clubs, 1018ff. International Women's Day, 252ff. League of Nations, 988ff, l007ff. International Workingmen's Association, 5581'f. Lend-lease Act, and Canada, 37lf. Internationalism, proletarian, 66, G65. Lenin, V. I., and Soviet patriotic war, 163ff; on growth of working class. Iran, 11, 265; Teheran conference on, 93. 791; on monopolies, 301f; on nation Isaacs, Stanley, 6 26. and working class, 15; on self-criti­ Italy, crisis In, 684; political changes in, cism, 926; on syndicalism, 792; on use 871f, 1087ff; Soviet relations with. 518; of theory, 237ff; on violence, 12S; U. S. policy towards, 473f, 487. teachings on war, 13ff. "Izvestia," on Anglo-Soviet-American coa­ Leninism. See Marxism-Leninism. lition, 8 7 4f. Lerner, Max, 210, 431ff. Lewis, John L., 633, 1.043ff. Liberals, 784. Japan, relations with Germany, 284ff. Liberal Party, 627. Jefferson, Thomas, 161, 235f, 337f. Lindsay, Michael, 841. Jews. See Anti-Semitism. Lippmann, Walter, 697, 699f, 799ff, 1004, 1082; review of his "U. S. War Aims," Jim Crow. See Negroes, discrimination. 846ff. Johnson, Gerald W., 946f. Little Steel wage formula, 81, 143, 666. Johnston, Eric, 306, 490ff, 968, 981; Review Long Island, industrial expansion in, 630. of his "America Unlimited," 7531'f. Luftgarten, Larry, 624. .Jugoslavia. See Yugoslavia . .Juvenile Delinquency, 339.

Kaiser, Henry, 650, 1034. l\IIachine tool industry, 548. Katyn Massacre, 690. Mao Tze-tung, 42ff, 836ff. Kautsky, Karl, 127. Irlarkets, after the war, 1028; Browder on Kerr, Robert S., 814. expansion of, 552; Europe in, 127; expansion of, 303f, 493f, 604, 742f. Keynes, John Maynard, 282. Martin, Joseph W., 881. Kilgore Bill, 666, 808, 885, 906ff, 1031. Marx, Karl, and Anierican Civil War, 803; Ku Klux Klan, 860. and national question, 16; on dogma~ Kung, H. H., 833. tism, 317; on First International, 558ff; Kuomintang, 27f, 32f; and Communist on violence, 130. Party of China, 47ff, 838ff. Marxism, as guide, 102f, 197, 315, 780, 1025; contribution to America, 782ft; education in, 133, 240, 444ff, 529; fur­ ther development of, 129; on role of Labor aristocracy, 313. State in economic life, 896ff; origin of, Labor Day, 771!. 802. Labor movement, and farmers, 278f; and Marxism-Leninlt;~m, and foreign policy, INDEX-1944 1147

13tr; and possibility of averting war, Nazism. See Fascism. 111f; function of, 67; power of, 925f; Negrin, Juan, 1123. study of Browder's report on Teheran, 232tr. Negro-white unity, forging of, 174tr, 861tr. 1\Iaryland, Communist educational work in, Negroes, an(l 1944 election, 81911; 1060, 440tr. 1063; an~ post-war economic expan­ sion, 308; and Republican Party, 70~ May Day, 387ff; Stalin's Order of the Day 889tf; and Teheran agreement, 260rr; on, 573tr. and right of self-determination, 83tr; May Fourth Movement (China), 42ff. discrimination, 178, 497f; 767; In Mexican-American Commission for Eco­ armed forces, 176, 262, 820; In Com­ nomic Cooperation, 304. munist Party, 323, 444; In Communist Political Ass'n, 523; In trade unions, Michigan Commonwealth Federation, 421, 147, 181, 314; political activity, 262, 527. 320. Military training, 345. 'New York Herald Tribune," 215, 595f, 625, Minor, Robert, 612. 1082. Molotov, V. M., 211 New York State, and 1944 elections, 620ff. Money, in socialist society, 900f; Interna­ "New York Times," 439, 920f, 1081f. tional stabilization, 282ff, 878ff, 1078f; Newspapers, neglect Teheran agreement, United Nations policy on, 745ff. 195!< Monopolies, 148ff, 410ff, 436tr, 606, 897. 1944 elections, 8, 64; and new Congress, See also Cartels: Finance-Capital; Im­ 1067:ff; and trends in major parties, perialism. 397tr; attack on Political Action Com­ Montgomery Ward and Co., 622, 715. mittee, 657ff; Communist contributions Morrison, Herbert, 994. to, 100, 119!, 598!; danger of partisan­ ship, 806f; farmers and, 277f; Impor­ Moscow conference, 9, llOf, 364, 970. tance of, 113ff, 420, 680; importance Murray, Philip, on Roosevelt, 246f; post- of political clarity, 133; International war economic proposals, 130f. significance, 1013; issues In, 502f; na­ tional unity and, 435tr, 498; Negroes and, 819ff; New York State and, 620tr; pro-fascists and, 198; Republican Party and, 614ff, 88011; results of, Nation, defined, 35. 1059ff; trade unions and, 395; youth National Association for the Advancement and, 337ff. See also National unity; of Colored Peoples, 177. Primaries; Registration; Names ef National Association of Manufacturers, 669. candidates and Parties; Soldiers' vote. National Citizens Political Action Commit- North Africa, 642. tee, 470f, 657ff, 817f, 887f, 1070f. National debt, 299. National Grange, 279f, 403f. October Revolution, 356, 793ff; 27th anni- National income, 549. versary, 963tr, 979tr. See also U.S.S.R. National Negro Congress, 177. Ohio, Party membership campaign in, 319ff. National Question, in Canada, 932ff; Soviet Oil. See Petroleum Industry. solution of, 206tr, 223ff, 963ff. See also O'Neal, Edward, 75. Self-determination. Opportunism, 662. National Service bill, 186ff, 242ff. National sovereignty, 384. National states, working class and, 15. National Unity, and Democratic Party, PM (newspaper), 431tr. 814; and foreign policy, 479, 493!; and P.O.U.M.; 1118. 1944 election, 114ff, 485ff, 602; and security, 501ff; and Southern states, Pacificism, 345. 766; attacks on, 621; Browder on, Paine, Thomas, 158. 594ff; business groups and, 907; cl3.ss Paris Commune, 661. content of, 606f; Communists and, 310; democracy and, 496f; farmers and, Partisans. See Guerrillas. 275tr; in Canada, 374, 930; in China, Partisanship (in war-time elections), 195tr, 831f; in Cuba, 728f; ih Italy, llOOff; 498, 624, 699, 880. in Jefferson's administration, 235f; in Party-building. See Communist Party, Post-War period, 241, 491, 651f; main U.S.A. issue, 423f, 779; Republican sabotage of, 888; Roosevelt on, 184; strengthen­ Peace, prospect for durable, 109ff. ing of, 806ff; trade unions and, 809. "Peace Now" movement, 426, 707ff. Nationalism, In China, 33ft, Peri, Gabriel, 645, 920, 1148 INDEX-1944

Persia. See Iran. Reconversion, 117, 504, 606!, 755, 906f; Petroleum Industry, Hlf. C.P.A. resolution on, 663ff; in automo­ bile Industry, 6411'1'; Negroes and, 821; Pettus, Terry, 464. problems of, 10271'1'; Republican sabo­ Plata.kov, Y. L., 721f. ta.re of, 808!; tlmlnK of, 544f. Poland, and new stage of the war, 167.tf; Red Army, achievements, 21, 166, 588, 675f, crisis In, 872!; foreign relations, 615f; 681; national formations in, 226; C.P.A. political changes, 347tf, 487, 648!; re­ National Committee greetings to, 483f; lations with U.S.S.R., 190tf, 687f, 862tf, Stalin's order on anniversary Gf, 201ft; 973tf, 984!; resolution of Union of Po­ strategy of, 509, 776. lish Patriots, 694t; struggle of people Redbaitin.r, 326, 497f, 504f, 625, 664, 785, against Hltlerltes, 686tf. 798l'f, 856; by Republicans, 887, 1061, Political Action Committee. See National 1064!; by Socialist Party, 705, 707tr; Citizens Political Action Committee. by Trotskyites, 714; In I.L.G.w.u., 270. Political Economy, In Soviet Union. 8961'1'. Registration (for election), 255, 629, 808, Political parties. See Two-Party system; 891. Names of particular parties. Renegotiation of war contracts, 185, 242ff. Politics, and economics, 904. Reparations, 852!. Poll Tax, 606, 669tf, 767. Republican Party, after Civil War, 790; and Negroes, 83, 90; and attack on Porto Rico. See Puerto Rico. Political Action Committee, 660f; at­ Post-war world, Canada and, 3721'1'; eco­ tack on Anglo-Soviet-American ce>ali­ nomic perspectives, 2961f, 868, 10091'1'; tion, 874ft; campaign strategy, 880tf; employment In, 7371'1'; Eric Johnston defeatist forces In, 114; demagogic use on, 754; France and, 366tf; monetary of "Free Enterprise" slogan, 893ft; fi­ policy for, 7461'1'; national unity and, nance capital and, 810f; 1944 conven­ 485tf; need for unity In, .f; 1944 tion, 696ff; program of, 614tf, 1002f; elections and, 826t; outlook for durable sabotages reconversion, 906; strategy peace, 109tf; problems of, 100, 471, of, 1059l'f; trends in, 379l'f; Wendell 477; Republicans and, 885f; youth and, Willkie and, 1106f; and two-party sys­ 344. tem. Post-war world. See also Dumbarton Oaks Reuther, Victor, 1039. Conference: International security; Reuther, Walter, 556. Moscow Conference; Reconversion; Te­ Revolutionary war (U. S.), 154ff. heran agreement. Powell, Adam Clayton, 628. Riots, 86. Powell, Mrs. F. F., 450. Ripka, Hubert, 916. Presidential election. See 1944 election. Rochester, Alfred R., 450. Price control, 72l'f, 242l'f. Romm.ey, George W., 549. Prices, In Soviet Union, 898tf. Roosevelt Administration, and Negroes, 826f; and reconversion, 103lf; and Primaries, 117, 825; In California, 467tf. wages, 145. See also "White primaries.u Roosevelt, ~.,ranklin D., Browder on, 249; Productivity of labor, 298f, 648, illljportance of reelection, 199, 614ft, Profit, declining rate of, 149. 806f; message to Congress, 182tf, 2411'1'; on race contlicts, 8 7f; on second bill of Proletarian Internationalism, 66, 565. rights. 278 ;, policies summarized, 402f; Purchasing power, distribution of, 496. popular suppOrt for, 115, 771; problems Puerto Rico, 816f, 858. facing, 498f; Socialist Party attack on, 710. See also Fourth term for Roose­ velt. Roumanfa, armistice agreement with, 937l'f; Quebec, elections in, 930tf. political changes in, 872!; Soviet rela­ tions with, 975f. Russia. See Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ publics. Race riots, 86. Ruthenberg, C. E., 796f. Radek, Karl, 720. Radio broadcasting, Communist use of, 445. Salter, Arthur, 994. Reconstruction, (post-Civil War, 947f. San Martin. See Grau San Martin, Dr. Reconstruction (World War). See Post-war world. Schapper, Karl, 318. Heconstruction (World w·ar II). See Post­ Schneiderman, William, 1110. War world. Scott, Earl M., 550, INDEX-1944 1149

Scott, Frank, 931. Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Seattle, municipal elections· In, 450t'f. Republics. Second Bill of Rights. See Bill of Rights, Spain, 393f; economic conditions in, 1119t'f; second. political situation In, 1111t'f. Second Front, 510t'f; Browder on, 427f; Spheres of Influence, 383. Eisenhower's Order of the Day on Stalin, Joseph, Mro.y Day Order of the Day, opening of, 68.3; C.P.A. National Com­ 6~3t'f; C.P.A. National Committee mittee Manifesto on opening of, 579f; Greetings to, 483f; on Bolshevik vigi­ on the eve of, 291t'f; opening of, 675t'f. lance, 643; on democracy in Britain Second International, 562. and U. S., 20; on prospects for victory, 10; on Soviet national policy, 229; on Second world war. See World war II. war alms, 970. Security. See International Security; So- Standard Oil Company, 417. cial Security. State, economic role· of, 893t'f. Self-criticism, 926. Stettinlus, Edward, 371f. Self-determination of nations, 7, 83f. Stowe, Leland, 946. Seniority, In employment, 665. Strikes, 136, 142f,. 713. Sj>rvlcemen, C.P.A. convention resolution on, 668; trade unions and, 1039t'f. See Subsidies, battle over, 72t'f. also Veterans. Sun Yat-s6n, 39. Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsla border region, 26. Sullo Yat-sen, Madame, 841. Shop branches (In C.P.U.S.A.), 567t'f. Syndicalism, 792. Simms, William Philip, 123. Skepticism, 123. Sloan, Alfred P., 549. Small nations, 846!, 916, 998; and U.S.S.R., 'raf.t, Robert H., 398, 878, 1032f, 1068, 1081. 963t'f. Tao Hsl-sheng, 31f. Sm1th, Gerald L. K., 624, 812, 860, 887f. Taxation, 185, 242t'f, 742. Smith, Howard, 658. Teheran agreement, American capitalism Smuts, Jans Christian, 995. and, 148ff; and future of American democracy, 241f; and labor's tasks, 13f; Social-Democracy, 313, 875; and Interna- and monetary policy, 748f; and 1944 tional labor unity, 393; Lenin's fight elections, 1059ff; and prospect for against, 16. peace, 109t'f, 196; and wage policy, 146; Social Security, C.P.A. convention resolu­ and economic expansion, 1029; and tion on, 860!. small nations, 912, 970f; antithesis to Socialism, economic laws under, 898; not power· politics, 601f; attempts to dis­ an Issue In the election, 491f, 616; In tort, 432f; Dewey and, 1001t'f; enemies one country, 120f. of, 291t'f, 425t'f, 614t'f; history's turning point, 3lt; Importance of, 3t'f, 104!, Socialist-capitalist collaboration, 122t'f. 271t, 3lOf, 485f; "Izvestia," on, 9t'f; Socl~~~::r.Democratic Coalition (Cuba), Negroes and, 260ff; Republican attacks on, 888; Soviet national policy and, Socialist Party, U.S.A., founding of, 791t'f; 206ff; strength of, 354; texts of decla­ 1944 convention, 105t'f. rations, 92ft'; review of Browder's book "Teheran: Our Path In War and Socia list Society, defined, 8 99. Peace," 646ft; Roosevelt on, 182f; Sojourner Truth Housing project (Detroit), Youth and, 336t'f, See also Anglo­ 174. Soviet-American ro.lllance; Dumbarton Soldiers. See Servicemen; Veterans. Oaks Conference; Post-war world. Soldiers' vote, 187t'f, 247, 405!, 629f, 703f, Testu, Jeannette, U1. 807, 1062. Theory, function of, 22, 237. See also Soong, T. V., 833. Marxism. Third party, 120, 419, 603!. Sosnkowskl, Gen., 690f. Thomas, Norman, 622, 706f. South America. See Latin America. Thompson, Dorothy, 6, 423. Southern States, and Democratic conven- Thorez, Maurice, 637!, 924. tion, 814f; C.P.A. convention resolution Tito (Joslp Broz), 484. on. 765ff; economic conditions. 308f; Political trends in, 406. Tobin, Daniel, 408, 716f. Trade Union U'n!ty, 772; and Calif. pri­ Sovereignty, 384, 915. See also Self-Deter­ maries, 453f; and 1944 elections, 1072; mination; Small nations. International, 39lf, 767f. Soviet-Germro.n Wro.r, Three Years of, 5071t, Trade Union Unity League, 568,' 1150 INDEX-1944

Trade unions, and May Day, 388f; and U.S.S.R., 7, 601f, 980!; Revolutionary national unity, 809; and Negroes, 181, war, 154ft; State Department, 1127ff; 821; and 1944 election, 619, 1053; and two-party system in, 415ff. See also reconversion, 644ff, 1037f; and veter­ Foreign Trade; National unity; 1944 ans, 1039ff; Community Party and, elections; Roosevelt administration; 446, 567f; In Canada, 380!, 931f; par­ Taxation; Names of federal agencies. ticipation in· national policy, 663; Re­ "United States News," 292. publican Party and, 701; weaknesses in, 630!. See also Labor movement; United States Student Assembly, 343. Working class; Names of particular unions _and national federations. Trotskyism, 264f, 711; in China, 29; In Value, in Soviet Union, 898ft. labor movement, 713ft. yandenberg, Arthur, 877. Two-party system, 100, 105f, 120, 397!, 604, Versailles treaty, lessons from, 1015ff. 790. Veterans, C.P.A. convention resolution on, 668f; trade unions and, 1039ft. Violence, Communist position on, 67, 126; Ultra-Imperialism, 127. Marx on, 130. Unemployment, 737ft, 1033. Union of Polish Patriots, 694f,' Wages, 80; C.P.A. convention resolution Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on, 666f; in Canada, 379; in post-war achievements, 163ff; and international period, 495; need for adjustment, 116, monetary policy, 282ft, 748f, 1085; and 140f. See also Little Steel wage for­ League of Nations, 9~2f; and Ron­ mula. mania, 938; and small nations, 963ft; economic role of state in, 896ff; Eric Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill, C.P.A. Reso­ Johnston on, 757ff; foreign relations, lution, 860f. 19f, 226ft; foreign trade, 305f; in Wallace, Henry A., 968; at Democratic United Nations. 122ff; Lippmann's Convention, S13f; on China, 846; on views on, 854f; national policy, 206ft, farmer-labor cooperation, 275f. 223f, 963ft; relations with Czechoslo­ Wang Ching-wei, 61f. vakia, 94ft, 170ft, 354ft, 515, 975; rela­ tions with Finland, 1052ff; relations War, features of modern, 773tr; just and with Poland, 190ft, 687f, 862ft, 973ft, unjust, 14f; Lenin on, 15ft; possibility 984!; relati<>ns with Spain, 1121; rela­ of avertln~. 111. tions with U. S., 7, 601f, 980; source of \Var contracts, renegotiatioll, 185, 242ff. strength, 24, 112, 514f; Three Years of War criminals, 1073ft; in 1918, 1015ff. National Liberation War, 507ft, 681ft; 27th anniversary, 979ft. See also Anti­ War Industries. See Reconversion. Sovietism; October Revolution; Red· War of 1812, 236. Army; Stalin. War Veterans. See Veterans. United Automobile Workers of Am,erica, Warren, Earl, 458. 555f. Washington Commonwealth Federation, United Mine Workers of America, 1043ft. 453f. United National Construction League Washington, George, 331; on U. S. foreign (China), 841f. relations, 164, 156, 162; patriot and United Nations, 474f; monetary policy, statesman, 163ff. 745ft; place of U.S.S.R. in, 122ft. See Watt,, Robert J., 536, 1034. also Anglo-Soviet-American coalition; Bretton Woods Conference; Dum.bar­ Welles, Sumner, 489f. ton Oaks Conference; Teheran Agree­ White collar workers, 80, 116f. ment. White, Harry D., 282ft. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation "White Primaries," 419, ~25. Administration, 400!. Wiegand, Carl H. von, 985. United States, and League of Nations, 992f; capitalism and Teheran, 148ft; Civil Wilhelm II, 1015ft. war, 260; Congress, 10671r; foreign Willich, August, 318. policy, 382ft, 469ft; 697; govern­ Willkie, Wendell, 401f, 702f; tribute to, ment participation in economic life, 1103ff. 903ft; Jefferson and national unity, 327ff; lessons from history of, 235; Wilson, Charles E'. (General Motors), 547. must lead program of international Wilson, Charles E. (W.P.B. official), 248. economic expansion, 494f; post-war Wilson, Morris w., 374. economic perspectives, 296ft, 740tr; problems of reconversion, 1027t'f; rela­ Woll, Matthew, 393. tions with Britain, 490ft; relations with Women, C.P.A. Convention Resolution on, Czechoslovakia, 354f; relations with 761f; equal rights amendment, 255; INDEX-1044 1151

in automobile industry, 6\8: in Com­ munlst position on, 17f; five years of, munist Party, 323: in Communist :Po­ 934ff; German-Japanese relatione, litical Association, 622; in Congress, 284ff; Germany's military situation, 1070; in industry, 256ff; in Ruseian 586ff; military features of, 773rt; mon­ revolution, 252; in trade unions, 147; opolies and, 410ff; Negroes and, 820!; International Women's Day, 262ff; summer of coalition warfare, 867ff; need for o·rganizing, 117. Three Years of Soviet National Libera­ "Worker," The, 71. See also "Daily tion War, 681f. See also Dumbarton Worker." Oaks Conference; International Secur­ ity; Moscow Conference; Post-war Working class. attacks on, 75; and for­ world; Second front; Teheran Agree­ eign policy, 23f; and the nation, 16, ment; United Nations; Veterans: 312f; development in U. S., 560; his­ Names of particular countries. toric task, 312f; in Italy, llOOff; re­ sponsibilities of, 13f, 387. See also Labor movement; Trade unions. World Labor Congress (proposed), 391f. Young Communist League, 342f. World markets. See Markets. Youth, and Teheran Conference, 336tr; in Canada, 376; in China, 62. See also World politics, 13ff. American Youth for Democracy, World War I (1914-18), 1006. Yugoslavia, political chan.:es, 678, 871; World War II, character of, 300; Com- U. S. policy toward, 486.

il STATEMENT OF THB OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACTS OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AND M..1.RCH 3, 1933, OF THE' COMMUNIST, published monthl:M at New York, / N . Y., for Octolter 1, 1944. State of New York County of New York } as. Before me, a Notary Public In and tor the Statq and county aforesaid, per­ sonally appeared- Wallace Douclas, who havinc been d-plif sworn, according to la.w, deposes and says that he Is the ·Business Ma..nas-er of THE COMMUNIST and that tbe following ls, to the best of his knowled~:e and be!Jef, a ttue statement of the ownership, management (and If a dally paper, the circulation). etc., of the a>fore­ aald publication for the date shown In the above caption.. required by the Act of Au~:ust 24, 1912, as amended bY the Act ot March 3, ljl33, embodied In S!>ctlon 6371 Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the revtirso side of this form, to wit: 1. That the .names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing edltor.- and business managet:'s are: Publisher, Workers Library Publishers, Inc., Jl32 'Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. Editor, "Earl Browder, 36 East 12th Street, New York 3, N. ¥. Mana~:in~r Editor, V. J. Jerome. 36 East 12th Street, New York 3, N. Y.. Bualness Mana~rer, Wallace Douglas. 832 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. 2. That the owner 1s: \It owned by a corpora.tlon. Its name a.nd address must be stated and also Immediately thereunder tho names and alidresses of stock­ holders owning or holdlnc one per cent or more ot. total amount ot stock, It not owned by a corporation, the names and addrosses -or the lndlv~ual owners 1 must be clven. If owned ' by a tlrtn, Company or other unincorporated COJ)Cern, lls name -!Lnd 1lddress, as well as those of each fndfvldll.41 me1nber. must be atl ven.) Workers Library Publishers, Inc.. 832 Broadway, New 'York 3. 'N. Y. Wallace Douglas, 832 Broadway, New York s. N. Y. 1 l ( Joseph Felshin, 832 Broadway, New York 3, N. y. ,, 3. That the known .Qondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or bQ.Jdlng 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages. or o ther securities are: Q! t)lere are ,none, _so sta.te.) None. "- 4. That the two paragraphs next above. civing the name!;J ot tbe owners, ~~~~~~~~~~~t' se':.~~it~e'i,u~;~~~rsh~lsd~~~Y i~P':!~ ~~~t;~~hen~t00~U,.ly0 f t~~e ~~~,hora;;o~~ also, 1n cases where the stockholder or security\ holder a.ppea.rs upon t~e books of the con1pany as trus~e or tn any other flduclary rela.tton, the name of the person or corporation J for wljlom such trustee is actin ~ . l~ c lven; al.13o that th e • aid two paragraphs contatq.l stat8ments --.embra.cln~ amant's tun knowledge and belief as to the circumstances anl;l cond1tlons under which stock,holders a n d sec urity holders who do not appear u pon the hoolu ot the company as t rustees, h old ..stock and securities in a capacity other than tha.t ot a bona fide owner ; and this amant has no reason to belle"Y e that any other person, association. pr corporation has any interest direct or tndtrect ln the said stock, bonds., or othe r securities than. as so stated by him.

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By EARl BRqWQER I 'We eccef+ed our review copy a ~ en opportunity to learn at first­ " hand something about Mr. Browder's own ideas instead qf whet _ other peOple think he think ••• The book has bee'n read fro.,:; c~v~r . to cove~refully , we believe--and we find ourselves in agreement 'r ' with ' very one of his main PQintst • •• Clear thinking, moderation, true patriotism ·hcl vision characterize this small v~ ume that fur- ·' ' ' \ l ni~es en excellent fou ~ datien for 1 a better .un

11 • • I e ' \ r The Herjtage of the Communist Political (' .. Associatio.n I . r By RO~_ERT MINOR I ·· A brilltant study' of the hiStory of the ~ommunist movement in the United Stat! s from its earliest inception Op to t he present stage of the gr~at worldwide war of li beration Price $.1 0

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WOIICERS ~l uAI.Y PU.I ,LISHEIS , P.O. lo~ 148,' Stati-on D (132 lroaclway_J. Newl York 3, N.Y.