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"Gli Ebrei in Italia Dalla Segregazione Alla Prima Emancipazione"

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MINISTE RO PER I BENI CULTU RALI E AMBIENTALI PUBBLICAZIONI DEGLI ARCHIVI DI STATO SAGGI 11 ITALIA jUDAICA "Gli ebrei in Italia dalla segregazione alla prima emancipazione" Atti del III Convegno internazionale Tel Aviv 15-20 giugno 1986 RO MA 1989 UFFICIO CENTRALE PER I BENI ARCHIVISTICI COMI TATO ORGANIZZATORE DIVISIONE STUDI E PUBBLICAZIONI COMMISSIONE MISTA PER LA STORIA E LA CULTURA DEGLI EBREI IN ITALIA d- VITTORE COLORNI - Universi tà degli Studi, Ferrara ni: nato Grisp o, presidente, Paola Carucci, Arnald o D' � ,-,omz,., 't a t oper le pubblicazio Re . FAUSTO PUSCEDDU - Minis tero per i Beni cul turali e ambien ta li, Roma , mualdo Gmffn'd a,L UClO L umG �, m­ d an. o, nA toni o Den toni Litta, segretario Ro .. oni Sparvol l,' L mgl P rosd' oC 1m1, L e-o GIUSEPPE SERMONETA - The Hebrew University, Jerusalem seppe Pansini, Claudi o Pav one, Vilma Picci pold o Puncuh, Isabella Zanni Rosiell o. SHLOMO SIMONSOHN - Tel-Aviv University Cura redazionale: Is otta Scandaliato Ciciani. PRO G RAMMA Domenica, 15 giuno, Tei Aviv ebrei italiani alla emancipazio­ ne e l'illuminismo». 20,30 Seduta di apertura. Saluto del­ Dibattito. le autorità. Apertura della mostra «ItaliaJu­ daica" nel Beth Hatifutsot. Martedì, 17 giugno, TeI Aviv Ricevimento. 9,00-12,30 M. Rosa (Università di Roma): «Tra tolleranza e repressione: Lunedì, 16 giugno, Tei AvÌv Roma e gli ebrei nel Sette­ cento». 9,00-13,00 M. Berengo (Università di Ve­ G. Sermoneta (Università di nezia): «Gli ebrei veneziani alla Gerusalemme): «La cultura caduta della Repubblica». ebraica a Roma nel '700 alla lu­ B.D. Cooperman (Università di ce di nuovi documenti». Harvard): «Gli ebrei di Livor­ F. Pusceddu (Ufficio centrale no e Pisa nel '600 e nel '700». per i beni archivistici, Roma): V. Colomi (Università di Fer­ «Documenti per la storia degli rara): «Nomi degli ebrei ita­ ebrei nello Stato pontificio nel­ liani». l'archivio della Camera aposto­ Dibattito. lica». Dibattito. 15,00-18,30 L. Balsamo (Università di Bo­ © 19 89 Minis tero per i Beni culturali e ambien ta li logna): «Gli ebrei ed il commer­ Trasferimento a Gerusalemme. Uffici o cen trale per i beni archivis tici cio librario in Italia». S. Segre (Università di Tel Aviv): «Gli ebrei piemontesi nel­ Mercoledì, 18 giugno, Gerusalemme ISBN 88-7125-001-X l'età dell'assolutismo». S. Simonsohn (Università di Tel 9,00-12,30 A. Tishbi (Università di Geru­ Vendita: Istituto Poligrafic o e Zecca dell o Stato - Libreria dell o Stato Aviv): «Alcune reazioni degli salemme): «Gli scritti cabbalisti­ Piazza Verdi 10 , 00198 Roma ci di Moshe Hayim Luzzatto e Stampato da Fratelli Palombi Editori Via dei Gracchi 183 00192 Roma di Moshe David Valli: « Legami Aviv): "La biografia di Moshe INDICE e punti di contatto tra il movi­ Hayim Luzzatto allaluce di fon­ mento Sabbatiano ed il Hasi­ ti inedite». dismo». U. Rathaus (Università di Ge­ G. Saccaro-Battisti (Università rusalemme): "La poesia pasto­ Comitato organizzatore di Roma): "I trattati italiani di rale in ebraico in Italia nel '600 ................................... Pago 3 Moshe Hayim Luzzatto" . e nel '700». Programma ............................ ................. » J. Jacobson (Università di Tel F. Parente (Università di Ro­ 3 In dice .........................., '," .. » Aviv): "L'etica di Moshe Hayim ma): "David Drach: un ebreo .... .... ..... ..... 5 Luzzatto in rapporto alle sue convertito bibliotecario di Pro­ teorie cabbalistiche». paganda Fide». MARINO BERENGO, Gli ebrei veneziani alla fine del Settecento ...... » 9 Dibattito. Dibattito. .. VITTORE COLORNI, Cognomi italiani a base toponomastica straniera » 31 LUIGI BALSAMO, Gli ebrei nell'editoria e nel commercio librario in Italia nel 15,00-17,00 B. Feinegold (Università di Tel Aviv): "Moshe Hayim Luzzat­ 15,00-18,00 S. Romagnoli (Università di Fi­ '600 e '700 ......................................... » 49 to come drammaturgo». renze): "Salomone Fiorentino RENATA SEGRE, Gli ebrei piemontesi nell'età dell'assolutismo ....... " 67 U. Shavit (Università di Tel tra fede, impegno civile ed ele­ MARIO ROSA, Tra tolleranza e repressione: Roma e gli ebrei nel '700 . » 81 Aviv): "Il clima ideologico del gia nel Settecento toscano». FAUSTO PUSCEDDU, Documenti per la storia degli ebrei nello Stato pontifi- dramma Sia gloria ai giusti». S. Rotta (Università di Geno­ cio esistenti nell'archivio della Camera apostolica .............. » Dibattito. va): «Biagio U golini: indagini 99 sulla redazione del Thesaurus An­ MASSIMO ACANFORA TORREFRANCA, "l canti di Salomone» di Salomone tiquitatum Sacrarum». de' Rossi: una confluenza di tradizioni italo-ebraiche ........... » 115 Giovedì, 19 giugno, Gerusalemme D. Cassuto (Gerusalemme): «Si­ FAUSTO PARENTE, Paul-Louis-Bernard Drach. L'ultimo cabbalista cristiano nagoghe piemontesi nel '700». nella Roma della restaurazione ............................. » 135 9,00-12,30 M. Benayahu (Università di Tel Conclusione. SERGIO ROMAGNOLI, Salomone Fiorentino tra fede, impegno civile ed ele- gta ................................................ » 153 DAVID C ASSUTO, Le sinagoghe piemontesi nell'era barocca ......... » 165 GINO BADINI, L'archivio dell'Università israelitica di Reggio Emilia . » 179 PAOLO CASTIGNOLI, Fonti per la storia degli ebrei a Livorno. Gli archivi locali ................................................ » 183 GABRIELLA OLLA REPETTO, La presenza ebraica in Sardegna attraverso una ricerca archivistica relativa ai secoli XI V-XV ................. » 191 ROSSANA URBANI, Gli Eccellentissimi Protettori della nazione ebrea a Ge- nova (1658-1797) .................................... » 197 Ab stracts of It alian text s................. .................. » 203 Ab stract s of Hebrew text s................ ................. » 221 MARINO BERENGO G LI EBREI VENEZIANI ALLA FINEDE L SETTECENTO 1. - Nel gennai o del 1798 il tr atta to di Camp oformi o (stipulato il 17 ottobre 1797) diveniva esecu tiv o: con ess o le truppe francesi si ri tiravan o a sud del Po e lung o una nuova fr on ti era che dai sobb or ghi meridi onali di Verona seguiva il cors o delI'Adige; e le province vene te en travan o cosÌ a far par te degli Stati aus triaci. Per otto anni, sin o a quand o la sc onfi tta di Aus terlitz e la conseguen te pace di Presbur­ gono n sospingerann o sin o all'Isonzo i confini del nap ole onic o Re gn o d'Italia, i fun ­ zi onari asburgici si tr overann o ad amminis trare l'eredità della Re pubblica di Vene­ zia: dal confr onto che all ora si aperse tr a due cosÌ diversi modi di concepire la socie ­ tà civile, e quindi la stessa qu otidiana prassi di govern o, nacque una serie di rela ­ zi oni, di inchies te e di dibatti ti . Tra i molti problemi che in quegli anni venner o emergend o, e fur onoall ora vagliati e discussi, ne seguirem o og gi uno: quell o della condizi one giuridic o- p ol itica degli ebrei vene ti e, in particolare, veneziani. Alla fine del Settecen to en tro i confini del ghe tto di Venezia risul ta stanzia ta una popolazi one che da alcuni decenni è stabile in torn o ai 1600 abi tan ti e che ha conosciu to, in manifes ta concomitanza con la ric on d otta del 1777, una flessi one di pocoinferi ore al 10% che, negli anni seguen ti, si viene lentamen te riassorbend o. 1 Nell'Italia che sta per vivere l'esperienza napole onica, e con essa quella della prima emancipazi one, ques ta è una delle cinque comuni tà più cospicue: a grande dis tanza da Liv orn o e da Roma è inferi ore (di un bu on 18% ) a Man tova e di pocoa Ferrara, men tre supera anc ora Torin o di 150 unità. Ma racc oglie cer tamente più di me tà degli ebrei vene ti: è stata per il govern o aris tocra tico e continuerà a esserl o per quell o aus triac o, l'effe ttiv o polodi atte nzi on e e l'interl ocu trice privilegia ta della ques tione ebraica. La Re pubblica era cadu ta da poche se ttimane, quand o la Municipalità dem o­ cra tica richiedeva ai «D epu tati ci ttadini ebrei", ossia all'Università, di compilare un'anagrafe del ghe tto. Vi atte ndeva nell'estate il gi ovane «coadiu tor al scrivan o 1 Sulla base delle anagrafi venete, a Venezia risultano 1673 ebrei nel 1766; 1521 nel 1780 (meno 9,08%); 1570 nel 1785. Cfr. G. TABACCO, Andrea Tron (ì 712-1 785) e la crisi dell 'ari­ stocrazia senatoria a Venezia, Trieste 1957, p. 181. 9 Marino Berengo Gli Ebrei veneziani alla fine del Settecento dell'Univer sità» , il ventottenne veneziano Saul Levi Mortera, che il 5 ottobre del za dagli Stati asburgici, dove è si gnificativo il diverso apporto di Mantova (con le 1797 portava a compimento la su a fatica, manife stamente basata su lle dichiar azioni comunità minori del ducato) e di Trie ste, rispettivamente di 7 e di 2 persone: dalla dirette dei capifamiglia. Dell'eccezionale sp accato, che venne co sì emergendo (e che prima area la popolazione ebraica è in via di lenta e continua emigrazione, mentre non aveva avuto eguale in passato, né lo troverà in futuro), ha già scritto Gino ver so la se conda il su o afflu sso è destinato a farsi, negli anni futuri, se mpre più ir­ Luzzatto 2. Ma richiamare ora alcuni dei tratti che il mondo ebraico veneziano ci ruento. Il quadro degli italiani nati fuori dai vecchi confini veneti si completa con ha co sÌ improvvisamente rivelato di sé , ci aiuterà meglio a comprendere quale fo sse 11 piemonte si (5 vengono da Casale e 3 da To rino) e con altri oriundi dell'area du­ la realtà cui i nuovi governanti au st riaci si trovarono di fronte. cale padana (6 so no reggiani). Gli 820 uomini e le 806 donne che vivono in ghetto so no raccolti in 421 nuclei I veri fore stieri so no però gli allo glo tti: 3 p�lacchi, 1 unghere se, 1 di Am st er- • familiari con una con sistenza media di neppure quattro persone, inferiore cioè a dam che fa il sacre st ano «<nonzolo») alla Scuola del Sovvegno e che - a ricordarne quella della popolazione cri stiana 3.
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