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Palaeoenvironment in North-Western Romania During the Last 15,000 Years

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Palaeoenvironment in North-Western Romania During the Last 15,000 Years Palaeoenvironment in north-western Romania during the last 15,000 years Angelica Feurdean Dedicated to Ovidiu Feurdean Avhandling i Kvartärgeologi Thesis in Quaternary Geology No. 3 Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University 2004 1 ISBN 2 Palaeoenvironment in north-western Romania during the last 15,000 years by Angelica Feurdean Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm This thesis is based on work carried out as Ph.D. stu- Appendix III: Feurdean A. (in press). Holocene forest dent at the Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Biol- dynamics in north-western Romania. The Holocene. ogy and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania between Oct. 1998 and Sept. 2002 and later as Appendix IV: Feurdean A. & Bennike O. Late Quater- Ph.D. student in Quaternary Geology at the Department nary palaeocological and paleoclimatological reconstruc- of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, tion in the Gutaiului Mountains, NW Romania. Manu- Stockholm University 2002-2004. The thesis consists of script submitted to Journal of Quaternary Science. four papers and a synthesis. The four papers are listed below and presented in Appendices I-IV. Two of the pa- Fieldwork in Romania has been jointly performed with pers have been published (I, II), one is in press (III) and Barbara Wohlfarth and Leif Björkman (Preluca Tiganului, the fourth has been submitted (IV). The thesis summary Steregoiu, Izvoare) and with Bogdan Onac (Creasta presents an account of earlier pollenstratigraphic work Cocosului). I am responsible for the lithostratigraphic done in Romania and the discussion focuses on tree description of all sediment and peat cores, for sub-sam- dynamics during the Lateglacial and Holocene, based pling and laboratory preparation. I have done all mineral on recent results from Romania. magnetic measurements and loss-on-ignition analysis (except for the lowermost part of Preluca Tiganului, which was the topic of an examination paper by Kajsa Cinthio). Appendix I: Björkman L, Feurdean A, Cinthio K, I have analyzed all pollen samples from Preluca Tiganului Wohlfarth B, & Possnert G. 2002. Lateglacial and early and Steregoiu, except for the uppermost part of Preluca Holocene vegetation development in the Gutaiului Moun- Tiganului and Steregoiu, which was done by Leif tains, NW Romania. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: Björkman. The macrofossil analyses were performed by 1039-1059. Ole Bennike. As co-author of paper I and II I have been responsible for data collection, analyses, interpretation Appendix II: Björkman L, Feurdean A, & Wohlfarth B. and have contributed to the text. As first author in paper 2003. Lateglacial and Holocene forest dynamics at IV, I have been responsible for data collection, analyses Steregoiu in the Gutaiului Mountains, NW Romania. of the pollen samples, data interpretation, illustrations Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 124: 79-111. and text. 3 Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................7 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................10 Earlier pollenstratigraphic investigations in Romania..........................................................10 The vegetation succession in the Gutaiului Mountains.........................................................11 Ongoing palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic studies in Romania............................11 Objectives of the doctoral thesis.............................................................................................11 . STUDY AREA........................................................................................................................ 12 Climate....................................................................................................................................1 3 Geology .................................................................................................................................. 13 Vegetation................................................................................................................................13 MATERIAL AND METHODS...............................................................................................15 Fieldwork and site selection strategy...................................................................................15 Laboratory work.................................................................................................................. ...16 Pollen and charcoal analysis.............................................................................................. .16 Macrofossil analysis...............................................................................................................16 Mineral magnetic analysis.................................................................................................... 17 Loss on ignition (LOI).............................................................................................................17 Radiocarbon dating...............................................................................................................17 RESULTS...............................................................................................................................17 Summary of papers I-IV.........................................................................................................17 Paper I.....................................................................................................................................17 Paper II....................................................................................................................................18 Paper III...................................................................................................................................18 Paper IV..................................................................................................................................19 Unpublished results............................................................................................................20 Fire history..............................................................................................................................20 Macrofossil results.................................................................................................................21 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................22 Glacial refugia.........................................................................................................................22 Forest development in the study area during the last ca. 18,000 cal. yr BP and comparison to other sites in Romania ...............................................................................22 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ..............................................................................................22 Lateglacial forest development............................................................................................24 Holocene forest development...............................................................................................27 Human indicators in the study area......................................................................................33 Climatic fluctuations during the Lateglacial and Holocene as reflected by changes in the vegetation...............................................................................................................................34 >14,700 cal. yr BP..................................................................................................................34 Lateglacial (14,700 – 11,500 cal. yr BP).............................................................................34 Holocene.................................................................................................................................37 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................38 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................39 4 SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING............................................................................................39 REZUMAT IN LIMBA ROMANA..........................................................................................40 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................41 APPENDICES........................................................................................................................47 I: Björkman L, Feurdean A, Cinthio K, Wohlfarth B, & Possnert G. 2002. Lateglacial and early Holocene vegetation development in the Gutaiului Mountains, NW Romania. Quater- nary Science Reviews 21: 1039-1059 II: Björkman L, Feurdean A, & Wohlfarth B. 2003. Lateglacial and Holocene forest dynamics at Steregoiu in the Gutaiului Mountains, NW Romania. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 124: 79-111 III: Feurdean A. (in press). Holocene forest dynamics in north-western Romania. The Holocene IV: Feurdean A. & Bennike O. Late Quaternary palaeocological and
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