Cracking (Chemistry)
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Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C
Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C. Gentry, Director - Global Licensing Engineered to Innovate® Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C. Gentry, Director - Global Licensing, GTC Technology US, LLC Introduction The global trend in motor fuel consumption favors diesel over gasoline. There is a simultaneous increase in demand for various petrochemicals such as propylene and aromatics. Technology provid- ers have been successful to utilize the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit as a method to produce propylene by high severity operation, but the potential for other petrochemicals from these units has been neglected. Cat cracked gasoline contains a high level of olefins, some sulfur, and appreciable aromatics. Until now, the aromatics were not wanted due to the olefin and sulfur impurities in this stream. New technology is being commercialized to separate the aromatics from FCC gasoline in order to use them directly for downstream applications. Additionally, the olefin fraction can be converted into aromatics through a simple fixed-bed reaction system. Thus all of the gasoline components are efficiently made into high-value petrochemicals. This combination of technology is much more efficient than methods that some operators use, which recycles FCC gasoline to the reforming unit. Aromatics is a fast growing market. CMAI (acquired by IHS in 2011) in 2005 forecast benzene demand to grow at 4.1% per year between 2000 and 2020, resulting in total demand growth of 24.3 million tons.1 Mixed xylenes capacity will approximately double by 2020 to meet the strong antici- pated demand growth, mainly driven by the strong demand for polyester. -
Naphtha Catalytic Cracking Process Economics Program Report 29K
` IHS CHEMICAL Naphtha Catalytic Cracking Process Economics Program Report 29K December 2017 ihs.com PEP Report 29K Naphtha Catalytic Cracking Michael Arne Research Director, Emerging Technologies IHS Chemical | PEP Report 29K Naphtha Catalytic Cracking PEP Report 29K Naphtha Catalytic Cracking Michael Arne, Research Director, Emerging Technologies Abstract Ethylene is the world’s most important petrochemical, and steam cracking is by far the dominant method of production. In recent years, several economic trends have arisen that have motivated producers to examine alternative means for the cracking of hydrocarbons. Propylene demand is growing faster than ethylene demand, a trend that is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Hydraulic fracturing in the United States has led to an oversupply of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which, in turn, has led to low ethane prices and a shift in olefin feedstock from naphtha to ethane. This shift to ethane has led to a relative reduction in the production of propylene. Conventional steam cracking of naphtha is limited by the kinetic behavior of the pyrolysis reactions to a propylene-to-ethylene ratio of 0.6–0.7. These trends have led producers to search for alternative ways to produce propylene. Several of these— propane dehydrogenation and metathesis, for example—have seen large numbers of newly constructed plants in recent years. Another avenue producers have examined is fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). FCC is the world’s second largest source of propylene. This propylene is essentially a byproduct of refinery gasoline production. However, in recent years, an effort has been made to increase ethylene and propylene yields to the point that these light olefins become the primary products. -
BTX) / Hydrotreated Pygas (HPG)
Product Stewardship Summary Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Mixture (BTX) / Hydrotreated Pygas (HPG) The product stewardship summary is intended to give general information about the chemical or categories of chemicals addressed. It is not intended to provide an in-depth discussion of all health and safety information. Additional information on this chemical is available through the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet which must be consulted before using this chemical. The product stewardship summary does not supplant or replace required regulatory and/or legal communication documents. Chemical Identity: Benzene/Toluene/Xylene Mixture (BTX), also known as Hydrogenated Pyrolysis Gasoline (HPG), is a clear liquid with an aromatic odor. BTX/HPG is a co-product of ethylene production and is produced in closed systems that are monitored and controlled. HPG (BTX) is made by the double hydrogenation of raw pyrolysis gasoline (RPG), also known as debutanized aromatic concentrate (DAC). CAS Number: 68410-97-9 Synonyms:Pyrolysis Gasoline, High Benzene Naphtha, Aromatic Concentrate, Light Hydrotreated Distillate Product Uses: There are no consumer uses of BTX/HPG. BTX/HPG is used primarily as feedstock for benzene extraction. The remaining components are further separated into toluene and xylene. Benzene is primarily used for ethylbenzene to styrene and cumene to phenol production. The third largest use of benzene is in the production of cyclohexane, a nylon precursor. Toluene, the second largest aromatic in BTX/HPG, is used in refinery streams such as gasoline blending for its octane value. Xylenes may either be used in refinery streams for gasoline blending or further separated by isomers for chemical applications. Physical/Chemical Properties: BTX/HPG is classified by the U.S. -
Burton Introduces Thermal Cracking for Refining Petroleum John Alfred Heitmann University of Dayton, [email protected]
University of Dayton eCommons History Faculty Publications Department of History 1991 Burton Introduces Thermal Cracking for Refining Petroleum John Alfred Heitmann University of Dayton, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/hst_fac_pub Part of the History Commons eCommons Citation Heitmann, John Alfred, "Burton Introduces Thermal Cracking for Refining Petroleum" (1991). History Faculty Publications. 92. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/hst_fac_pub/92 This Encyclopedia Entry is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 573 BURTON INTRODUCES THERMAL CRACKING FOR REFINING PETROLEUM Category of event: Chemistry Time: January, 1913 Locale: Whiting, Indiana Employing high temperatures and pressures, Burton developed a large-scale chem ical cracking process, thus pioneering a method that met the need for more fuel Principal personages: WILLIAM MERRIAM BURTON (1865-1954), a chemist who developed a commercial method to convert high boiling petroleum fractions to gas oline by "cracking" large organic molecules into more useful and marketable smaller units ROBERT E. HUMPHREYS, a chemist who collaborated with Burton WILLIAM F. RODGERS, a chemist who collaborated with Burton EUGENE HOUDRY, an industrial scientist who developed a procedure us ing catalysts to speed the conversion process, which resulted in high octane gasoline Summary of Event In January, 1913, William Merriam Burton saw the first battery of twelve stills used in the thermal cracking of petroleum products go into operation at Standard Oil of Indiana's Whiting refinery. -
Optimization of Refining Alkylation Process Unit Using Response
Optimization of Refining Alkylation Process Unit using Response Surface Methods By Jose Bird, Darryl Seillier, Michael Teders, and Grant Jacobson - Valero Energy Corporation Abstract This paper illustrates a methodology to optimize the operations of an alkylation unit based on response surface methods. Trial based process optimization requires the unit to be operated across a wide range of conditions. This approach tends to be opposed by refinery operations as it can disrupt the normal operations of a process unit. Using the methods presented in this paper, the general direction of process improvement is first identified using a first order profit response surface built from available operating data. The performance of the unit is then evaluated at the refinery by making systematic changes to the key factors in the projected direction of process improvement. The operating results are then used to build a localized second order profit response surface to generate a revised set of optimum targets. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict alkylate yield, alkylate octane and Iso-stripper or De-Isobutanizer reboiler duty as a function of key process variables. These models are then used to generate a profit response surface for selection of an optimum target region for step testing at the refinery prior to implementation of the unit targets. 1. Introduction An alkylation unit takes a feed stream with a high olefin content, typically originating from a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, and adds isobutane (IC4) which reacts with the olefins to produce a high octane alkylate product. Either hydrofluoric or sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst for the alkylation reaction. -
Invention and Innovation in the Petroleum Refining Industry
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors Volume Author/Editor: Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research, Committee on Economic Growth of the Social Science Research Council Volume Publisher: Princeton University Press Volume ISBN: 0-87014-304-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/univ62-1 Publication Date: 1962 Chapter Title: Invention and Innovation in the Petroleum Refining Industry Chapter Author: John L. Enos Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2124 Chapter pages in book: (p. 299 - 322) Invention and Innovation in the Petroleum Refining Industry JOHN L. ENOS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AN INNOVATION is the combination of many different activities. Gener- ally an invention is made and recognized, capital is obtained, plant is acquired, managers and workers are hired, markets are developed, and production and distribution take place. As the innovation proceeds the original conception may be altered to make it more amenable to commercial realities. Accomplishing these activities consumes re- sources. At any point in the sequence failure may occur, delaying or even frustrating the innovation. In studying the petroleum refining industry I observed several pro- cessing innovations following one another in time and generating technological progress.' I then sought their origins in terms of the original ideas and the men who conceived them. In this paper I shall discuss the relations between the inventions and the subsequent inno- vations, focusing on the intervals between them, the returns to the inventors and innovators, and the changes in the proportions in which the factors of production in petroleum processing were combined. -
Reforming for Btx
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 129 REFORMING FOR BTX (June 1980) This report reviews the reforming of naphtha to produce benzene, toluene, and xylenes. The fundamentals of the reforming operations are discussed in detail. The economics were developed for reforming of two naphthas; a paraffinic and a naphthenic. Also, the effect of reforming severity on the economics is studied. LAC SF PEP'77 WS Fw Report No. 129 REFORMING FOR BTX by FRANK B. WEST Contributions by LESLIE A. CARMICHAEL STANFORD FIELD KOON LING RING WALTER SEDRIKS May 1980 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Menlo Park, California 94025 For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing-in marketing research. The CHEMICAL ECONOMICS UANDROOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLD PETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hydrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI DIRECTCRY OF CHEMICAL PRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, prod- uct, and plant for the United States and Western Europe. ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 SUMMARY . 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS . : .................... 9 Production Capacity .................... 9 4 GENERAL PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS ............... 17 Introduction. ....................... 17 Chemistry ......................... 18 General ......................... 18 Feed Pretreating Reactions ................ 20 Reforming Reactions ................... 21 Isomerization and Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes ..... 22 Isomerization and Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins .... 23 Isomerization, Dealkylation, and Disproportionation of Aromatics ...................... 27 Isomerization ...................... 27 0 Dealkylation ....................... 27 Disproportionation and Transalkylation .......... 28 Hydrocracking of Paraffins and Naphthenes ........ 29 Coke Formation on the Catalyst ............. -
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Columbia University Academic Commons 76905_ch81 p1236-1246.qxd 10/4/06 9:32 PM Page 1236 MARKED SET 81 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Industry Steven Stellman, PhD, MPH Tee L. Guidotti, MD, MPH, DABT CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURES chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, fluo- rene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene, phenan- The term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) threne, pyrene) that includes a group of seven PAHs (in generally refers to a group of chemical compounds bold) that are probable human carcinogens. Figure 81.1 consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged as illustrates structures of key PAHs. The best-known PAH is planar compounds whose principal structural feature benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), due to its early identification in is fused rings. Their nomenclature has evolved over coal tar and later use as a model compound for investigat- many decades and is complex. A comprehensive listing, ing the carcinogenic properties of tobacco smoke. including traditional synonyms and chemical struc- tures, is given by Sander and Wise (1). PAHs are produced during the incomplete combustion SOURCES OF POLYCYCLIC of organic material and are among the most ubiquitous AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS environmental pollutants. The combustion processes that IN THE ENVIRONMENT release PAHs invariably produce a variety of compounds, and in fact, it is difficult or impossible to ascribe health PAHs enter the environment through both natural and effects in humans to particular members of the PAH manmade processes. The principal natural sources of family. -
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethane: a Mini Review of Recent Advances and Perspective of Chemical Looping Technology
catalysts Review Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ethane: A Mini Review of Recent Advances and Perspective of Chemical Looping Technology Danis Fairuzov, Ilias Gerzeliev, Anton Maximov and Evgeny Naranov * Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (I.G.); [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Dehydrogenation processes play an important role in the petrochemical industry. High selectivity towards olefins is usually hindered by numerous side reactions in a conventional crack- ing/pyrolysis technology. Herein, we show recent studies devoted to selective ethylene production via oxidative and non-oxidative reactions. This review summarizes the progress that has been achieved with ethane conversion in terms of the process effectivity. Briefly, steam cracking, catalytic dehydrogenation, oxidative dehydrogenation (with CO2/O2), membrane technology, and chemical looping are reviewed. Keywords: ethylene; ethane; dehydrogenation; cracking; membrane technology; chemical looping 1. Introduction Citation: Fairuzov, D.; Gerzeliev, I.; Ethylene is one of the most critical intermediates in the petrochemical industry and Maximov, A.; Naranov, E. Catalytic the global demand for this chemical is shown in Figure1; it is currently produced through Dehydrogenation of Ethane: A Mini the steam cracking of light hydrocarbon derivatives, mainly ethane and naphtha [1–3]. Review of Recent Advances and Ethylene complexes operate in 57 countries of the world. There are 215 ethylene producing Perspective of Chemical Looping facilities operating in the world. The operators of these complexes are about 100 companies, Technology. Catalysts 2021, 11, 833. and the largest are ExxonMobil, SABIC, DowDuPont [4–6]. -
Knowledge Check Worksheet
Knowledge check Subject area: Organic chemistry Level: 14–16 years (Higher) Topic: Cracking hydrocarbons Source: rsc.li/2SCxbLL 1. Ashley and Diane carry out an experiment to crack some liquid paraffin. Liquid paraffin is a mixture of straight chain alkane hydrocarbons containing between 5 and 15 carbon atoms in each molecule. Their equipment is shown below. Answer: Catalyst or broken pot. Answer: Product gas. Answer: Ceramic wool soaked in paraffin. a) Label the diagram by filling in the boxes. See answers above. Organic chemistry in context: © Royal Society of Chemistry Cracking hydrocarbons (H) edu.rsc.org Page 1 of 4 b) Which of the following statements are true or false about this experiment? Write your answers into the box as ‘T’ for true, or ‘F’ for false. i) A molecule of formula C6H12 could be present in the liquid TF paraffin. ii) A catalyst is added to increase the rate or speed of reaction T iii) The paraffin solidifies during the experiment. F iv) The product gas contains smaller molecules than those in T the paraffin oil. v) A Bunsen burner is used to decompose hydrocarbon T molecules. vi) A molecule of formula C2H4 could be present in the product T gas. vii) The process taking place is exothermic. F Organic chemistry in context: © Royal Society of Chemistry Cracking hydrocarbons (H) edu.rsc.org Page 2 of 4 2. The following sentences are about cracking as an industrial process. Which of the following statements are true or false about this process? Write your answers into the box as ‘T’ for true, or ‘F’ for false. -
Steam Cracking: Chemical Engineering
Steam Cracking: Kinetics and Feed Characterisation João Pedro Vilhena de Freitas Moreira Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering Supervisors: Professor Doctor Henrique Aníbal Santos de Matos Doctor Štepánˇ Špatenka Examination Committee Chairperson: Professor Doctor Carlos Manuel Faria de Barros Henriques Supervisor: Professor Doctor Henrique Aníbal Santos de Matos Member of the Committee: Specialist Engineer André Alexandre Bravo Ferreira Vilelas November 2015 ii The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. – Aristotle All I am I owe to my mother. – George Washington iii iv Acknowledgments To begin with, my deepest thanks to Professor Carla Pinheiro, Professor Henrique Matos and Pro- fessor Costas Pantelides for allowing me to take this internship at Process Systems Enterprise Ltd., London, a seven-month truly worthy experience for both my professional and personal life which I will certainly never forget. I would also like to thank my PSE and IST supervisors, who help me to go through this final journey as a Chemical Engineering student. To Stˇ epˇ an´ and Sreekumar from PSE, thank you so much for your patience, for helping and encouraging me to always keep a positive attitude, even when harder problems arose. To Prof. Henrique who always showed availability to answer my questions and to meet in person whenever possible. Gostaria tambem´ de agradecer aos meus colegas de casa e de curso Andre,´ Frederico, Joana e Miguel, com quem partilhei casa. Foi uma experienciaˆ inesquec´ıvel que atravessamos´ juntos e cer- tamente que a vossa presenc¸a diaria´ apos´ cada dia de trabalho ajudou imenso a aliviar as saudades de casa. -
Olefins from Biomass Intermediates: a Review
catalysts Review Review OlefinsOlefins fromfrom BiomassBiomass Intermediates:Intermediates: AA ReviewReview 1 1,2, VasilikiVasiliki Zacharopoulou Zacharopoulou1 andand AngelikiAngeliki A.A. LemonidouLemonidou 1,2,** 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; [email protected] 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 2 Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute (CERTH/CPERI), P.O. Box 60361 Thermi, 2 Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute (CERTH/CPERI), P.O. Box 60361 Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30‐2310‐996‐273 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-2310-996-273 Received: 16 November 2017; Accepted: 19 December 2017; Published: Received: 16 November 2017; Accepted: 19 December 2017; Published: 23 December 2017 Abstract:Abstract: Over the last decade, increasing demand for olefinsolefins and theirtheir valuablevaluable productsproducts hashas promptedprompted researchresearch onon novelnovel processesprocesses andand technologiestechnologies forfor theirtheir selectiveselective production.production. As olefinsolefins are predominatelypredominately dependent on fossil resources, their production is limited by thethe finitefinite reservesreserves and the associated economic and environmental concerns.concerns. The need for alternative routes for