DOCSLIB.ORG

PETROCHEMICALS from REFINERY STREAMS (February 2000)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PETROCHEMICALS from REFINERY STREAMS (February 2000) Abstract Process Economics Report 169B PETROCHEMICALS FROM REFINERY STREAMS (February 2000) Lyondell’s (formerly Arco’s) SuperflexSM process and Mobil’s Olefin Interconversion (MOI) process are two new secondary olefin conversion technologies that crack C4-C8 olefins to pre- dominately ethylene and propylene. Both technologies are based on a reactor/regenerator design similar to conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). Alternatively, Asahi’s Alpha process converts C4-C8 olefins to aromatics, mainly benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX). In the Alpha process, hydrogen circulation maintains stable catalyst activity for 3 days; therefore, this process can oper- ate in a two-fixed bed swing reactor system. Shape-selective medium-pore zeolite catalysts are at the heart of the three processes. Reac- tion thermodynamics determine the product slate and selectivity independent of feedstock sources. Suitable feedstocks include light cracked naphtha (LCN), coker naphtha, steam cracker C4/C5, and light pyrolysis gasoline. Olefin cracking technology offers the opportunity to decouple propylene supply from ethylene production. The quantity of polymer-grade propylene produced by either the Superflex or MOI process based on LCN from a 65,000 b/d FCC unit exceeds that recovered from a 1 billion lb/yr (world-scale) naphtha-based ethylene plant. A similar amount of LCN could produce BTX equiva- lent to that of a 44,5000 b/d catalytic reformer. Economic analyses show that it is more attractive to convert LCN to light olefins than to aro- matics, although more than twice the capital investment is required. During periods of high demand (e.g., the mid-1990s), the simple return on investment for the MOI and Superflex process could have reached 20% and 30%, respectively. Because of the volatility in commodity prices, these two processes could not cover cash costs during other times in the 1990s. Lower capital investment cost fail to make the Alpha process economically viable because paraffinic by-products constitute 40% of the process yield. By nature, aromatization reactions generate hydrogen, which in turn saturates olefinic components and downgrades them to fuel. PEP’98 169B EJC CONTENTS GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................... xiii 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1-1 REFINERY PROFITABILITY ..............................................................................................1-1 GASOLINE REGULATIONS...............................................................................................1-4 SECONDARY OLEFIN CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY....................................................1-4 2 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................2-1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS......................................................................................................2-1 Conversion to Light Olefins.................................................................................................2-1 Chemistry.......................................................................................................................2-1 Process Design .............................................................................................................2-2 Conversion to Aromatics.....................................................................................................2-3 Chemistry.......................................................................................................................2-3 Process Design .............................................................................................................2-3 ECONOMIC ASPECTS ......................................................................................................2-4 Olefins Production from LCN..............................................................................................2-6 Aromatics Production from LCN .........................................................................................2-9 3 OLEFINS AND AROMATICS SOURCES...........................................................................3-1 LIGHT OLEFIN PRODUCTION..........................................................................................3-5 Light Olefins from Steam Cracking.....................................................................................3-5 Light Olefins from Refinery Sources...................................................................................3-6 Fluid Catalytic Cracking.................................................................................................3-7 Deep Catalytic Cracking ................................................................................................3-8 On-Purpose Olefin Production.......................................................................................3-8 Propylene from Ethylene Metathesis (Disproportionation) ............................................3-8 AROMATICS PRODUCTION .............................................................................................3-9 Sources of BTX Aromatics .................................................................................................3-9 Conventional Catalytic Reforming ...............................................................................3-10 Zeolite Reforming ........................................................................................................3-11 Pyrolysis Gasoline .......................................................................................................3-12 Nonconventional Aromatics Sources................................................................................3-14 i CONTENTS (Continued) 4 CHEMISTRY REVIEW (Concluded) Monomolecular Reactions ................................................................................................4-13 Pentene Cracking ........................................................................................................4-15 Hexene Cracking .........................................................................................................4-16 Heptene Cracking........................................................................................................4-17 Octene Cracking..........................................................................................................4-19 Aromatization Mechanism ................................................................................................4-21 5 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESS REVIEW.......................................................5-1 FLUIDIZATION ...................................................................................................................5-1 REACTOR/REGENERATION ............................................................................................5-1 Reactor Riser......................................................................................................................5-5 Feed Injection ................................................................................................................5-5 Riser ..............................................................................................................................5-5 Vapor/Catalyst Separation ..................................................................................................5-6 Spent Catalyst Stripper .......................................................................................................5-6 Catalyst Transfer to Regenerator .......................................................................................5-7 Regeneration ......................................................................................................................5-7 Heat Balance ......................................................................................................................5-8 VAPOR RECOVERY SECTION .........................................................................................5-9 6 SUPERFLEXSM PROCESS ................................................................................................6-1 PROCESS REVIEW...........................................................................................................6-1 Process Conditions.............................................................................................................6-1 Catalyst ...............................................................................................................................6-2 Superflex Chemistry ...........................................................................................................6-5 Feedstocks .........................................................................................................................6-5 Product Distribution.............................................................................................................6-5 PROCESS DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................6-8 Section 100—Cracking and Fractionation ..........................................................................6-8 Section 200—Ethylene Recovery .......................................................................................6-9 Section 300—Propylene Recovery .....................................................................................6-9
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C
    Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C. Gentry, Director - Global Licensing Engineered to Innovate® Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C. Gentry, Director - Global Licensing, GTC Technology US, LLC Introduction The global trend in motor fuel consumption favors diesel over gasoline. There is a simultaneous increase in demand for various petrochemicals such as propylene and aromatics. Technology provid- ers have been successful to utilize the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit as a method to produce propylene by high severity operation, but the potential for other petrochemicals from these units has been neglected. Cat cracked gasoline contains a high level of olefins, some sulfur, and appreciable aromatics. Until now, the aromatics were not wanted due to the olefin and sulfur impurities in this stream. New technology is being commercialized to separate the aromatics from FCC gasoline in order to use them directly for downstream applications. Additionally, the olefin fraction can be converted into aromatics through a simple fixed-bed reaction system. Thus all of the gasoline components are efficiently made into high-value petrochemicals. This combination of technology is much more efficient than methods that some operators use, which recycles FCC gasoline to the reforming unit. Aromatics is a fast growing market. CMAI (acquired by IHS in 2011) in 2005 forecast benzene demand to grow at 4.1% per year between 2000 and 2020, resulting in total demand growth of 24.3 million tons.1 Mixed xylenes capacity will approximately double by 2020 to meet the strong antici- pated demand growth, mainly driven by the strong demand for polyester.
    [Show full text]
  • BTX) / Hydrotreated Pygas (HPG)
    Product Stewardship Summary Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Mixture (BTX) / Hydrotreated Pygas (HPG) The product stewardship summary is intended to give general information about the chemical or categories of chemicals addressed. It is not intended to provide an in-depth discussion of all health and safety information. Additional information on this chemical is available through the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet which must be consulted before using this chemical. The product stewardship summary does not supplant or replace required regulatory and/or legal communication documents. Chemical Identity: Benzene/Toluene/Xylene Mixture (BTX), also known as Hydrogenated Pyrolysis Gasoline (HPG), is a clear liquid with an aromatic odor. BTX/HPG is a co-product of ethylene production and is produced in closed systems that are monitored and controlled. HPG (BTX) is made by the double hydrogenation of raw pyrolysis gasoline (RPG), also known as debutanized aromatic concentrate (DAC). CAS Number: 68410-97-9 Synonyms：Pyrolysis Gasoline, High Benzene Naphtha, Aromatic Concentrate, Light Hydrotreated Distillate Product Uses: There are no consumer uses of BTX/HPG. BTX/HPG is used primarily as feedstock for benzene extraction. The remaining components are further separated into toluene and xylene. Benzene is primarily used for ethylbenzene to styrene and cumene to phenol production. The third largest use of benzene is in the production of cyclohexane, a nylon precursor. Toluene, the second largest aromatic in BTX/HPG, is used in refinery streams such as gasoline blending for its octane value. Xylenes may either be used in refinery streams for gasoline blending or further separated by isomers for chemical applications. Physical/Chemical Properties: BTX/HPG is classified by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming for Btx
    PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 129 REFORMING FOR BTX (June 1980) This report reviews the reforming of naphtha to produce benzene, toluene, and xylenes. The fundamentals of the reforming operations are discussed in detail. The economics were developed for reforming of two naphthas; a paraffinic and a naphthenic. Also, the effect of reforming severity on the economics is studied. LAC SF PEP'77 WS Fw Report No. 129 REFORMING FOR BTX by FRANK B. WEST Contributions by LESLIE A. CARMICHAEL STANFORD FIELD KOON LING RING WALTER SEDRIKS May 1980 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Menlo Park, California 94025 For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing-in marketing research. The CHEMICAL ECONOMICS UANDROOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLD PETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hydrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI DIRECTCRY OF CHEMICAL PRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, prod- uct, and plant for the United States and Western Europe. ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 SUMMARY . 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS . : .................... 9 Production Capacity .................... 9 4 GENERAL PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS ............... 17 Introduction. ....................... 17 Chemistry ......................... 18 General ......................... 18 Feed Pretreating Reactions ................ 20 Reforming Reactions ................... 21 Isomerization and Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes ..... 22 Isomerization and Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins .... 23 Isomerization, Dealkylation, and Disproportionation of Aromatics ...................... 27 Isomerization ...................... 27 0 Dealkylation ....................... 27 Disproportionation and Transalkylation .......... 28 Hydrocracking of Paraffins and Naphthenes ........ 29 Coke Formation on the Catalyst .............
    [Show full text]
  • Cracking (Chemistry)
    Cracking (chemistry) In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. This process requires high temperatures.[1] More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG. Contents History and patents Cracking methodologies Thermal cracking Steam cracking Fluid Catalytic cracking Hydrocracking Fundamentals See also Refinery using the Shukhov cracking References process, Baku, Soviet Union, 1934. External links History and patents Among several variants of thermal cracking methods (variously known as the "Shukhov cracking process", "Burton cracking process", "Burton-Humphreys cracking process", and "Dubbs cracking process") Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer, invented and patented the first in 1891 (Russian Empire, patent no. 12926, November 7, 1891).[2] One installation was used to a limited extent in Russia, but development was not followed up. In the first decade of the 20th century the American engineers William Merriam Burton and Robert E.
    [Show full text]
  • PACT™ Light Alkanes Upgrade to Octane and Aromatics
    PACT™ Light Alkanes upgrade to Octane and Aromatics Jens Michael Poulsen Anthony Baldridge 1 NGL production is rapidly increasing million barrels per day 70-75% of Natural Gasoline/C5+ supply historically used as gasoline blendstock Traditional C5+ Use Gasoline Petchem Exports Ethanol denaturing US natural gas plant liquids production, EIA Can traditional outlets absorb the increased C5+ Supply? 2 Excess C5+/Natural Gasoline/Gas Condensate C5+ oversupply forces exports and depress prices U.S. EIA estimates: 60% increase in C5+/natural gasoline supply within the US from 2018 to 2022 with supply continuing to outpace demand Largest Outlets: 1. Gasoline blending. Losing volume and value due to Low Octane (≈70 RON) High RVP (>12 PSIG) Sulfur (100-200 ppmw) 2. Steam cracking. Eroding market for Natural Gasoline due to low (negative) margin vs C2 Saturated markets require export of excess hydrocarbon gas liquids, at depressed prices Traditional outlets are unable to absorb the increased C5+ Supply! 3 A partnership of complementary competences World-class Refiner World-class Catalysts • 14,000 Employees • Research • 65 Countries • Development • No. 23 on Fortune 500 • Manufacturing 4 Joint Development Partnership Iterative Catalyst Design Goal Setting • Well-defined Partnership roles (P66 & HT) and existing strong relations Identify • Frequent iterative feedback loops Catalyst Design Opportunities on all organizational levels (HT) (P66 & HT) • 50 catalyst iterations tested thousands of hours in laboratory and pilot unit (≈1 barrel/day) Data Sharing Catalyst Testing (P66) (P66) Consistent feedback loop by both sides provides improved performance 5 Balancing for Optimal Results Aromatics Light Olefins Fuel Gas Controlling Factors Products • Feed Composition • Conditions • Recycle Streams • Process Design • Catalyst Choice Optimal point(s) depends on specific case (feedstock, product preferences) 6 Catalyst Development & Improvements Desired Product Selectivity Catalyst Deactivation wt% % Conversion Loss/hr.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Bio-Oil Into BTX by Bio-Oil Catalytic Cracking
    CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4 AUGUST 27, 2013 ARTICLE Transformation of Bio-oil into BTX by Bio-oil Catalytic Cracking Jiu-fang Zhu; Ji-cong Wang; Quan-xin Li¤ Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China (Dated: Received on April 11, 2013; Accepted on May 13, 2013) Production of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) from bio-oil can provide basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic conversion of bio-oil into BTX was performed by using di®erent pore characteristics zeolites (HZSM-5, HY-zeolite, and MCM-41). Based on the yield and selectivity of BTX, the production of aromatics decreases in the following order: HZSM-5>MCM-41>HY-zeolite. The highest BTX yield from bio-oil using HZSM-5 reached 33.1% with aromatics selectivity of 86.4%. The reaction conditions and catalyst characterization were investigated in detail to make clear the optimal operating parameters and the relation between the catalyst structure and the production of BTX. Key words: Bio-oil, BTX, Catalytic cracking I. INTRODUCTION as well as di®erent biomass feedstocks (husk, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) Biomass conversion into benzene, toluene and xylenes with a lanthanum modi¯ed zeolite [11, 12]. Moreover, (BTX) can provide the basic feedstocks for the petro- the catalytic conversion of biomass or its derived feed- chemical industry, and these aromatics also serve as the stocks has been widely investigated with various zeolite most important aromatic platform molecules for the de- catalysts such as ZSM-5, HZSM-5, Y-zeolite, Beta zeo- velopment of high-end chemicals [1¡3].
    [Show full text]
  • Btex (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xlenes)
    ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY FOR BTEX AND BTEX COMPOUNDS July 1, 1997 COMPILERS/EDITORS: ROY J. IRWIN, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WITH ASSISTANCE FROM COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANT CONTAMINANTS SPECIALISTS: MARK VAN MOUWERIK LYNETTE STEVENS MARION DUBLER SEESE WENDY BASHAM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS, WATER OPERATIONS BRANCH 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250 FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80525 WARNING/DISCLAIMERS: Where specific products, books, or laboratories are mentioned, no official U.S. government endorsement is implied. Digital format users: No software was independently developed for this project. Technical questions related to software should be directed to the manufacturer of whatever software is being used to read the files. Adobe Acrobat PDF files are supplied to allow use of this product with a wide variety of software and hardware (DOS, Windows, MAC, and UNIX). This document was put together by human beings, mostly by compiling or summarizing what other human beings have written. Therefore, it most likely contains some mistakes and/or potential misinterpretations and should be used primarily as a way to search quickly for basic information and information sources. It should not be viewed as an exhaustive, "last-word" source for critical applications (such as those requiring legally defensible information). For critical applications (such as litigation applications), it is best to use this document to find sources, and then to obtain the original documents and/or talk to the authors before depending too heavily on a particular piece of information. Like a library or most large databases (such as EPA's national STORET water quality database), this document contains information of variable quality from very diverse sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Aromatics Supply - Today and Tomorrow M
    New Technologies and Alternative Feedstocks in Petrochemistry and Refining DGMK Conference October 9-11, 2013, Dresden, Germany Global Aromatics Supply - Today and Tomorrow M. Bender BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany Abstract Aromatics are the essential building blocks for some of the largest petrochemical products in today’s use. To the vast majority they are consumed to produce intermediates for polymer products and, hence, contribute to our modern lifestyle. Their growth rates are expected to be in line with GDP growth in future. This contrasts the significantly lower growth rates of the primary sources for aromatics – fuel processing and steam cracking of naphtha fractions. A supply gap can be expected to open up in future for which creative solutions will be required. Introduction The three basic aromatic compounds, benzene, toluene and xylenes are produced on large industrial scale with a total volume of approx. 95 million metric tons per year in 2012. While benzene and xylenes are consumed each by about 40 million metric tons per year, toluene is used as a chemical feedstock in somewhat smaller volumes. Fig. 1: Essential Building Blocks for Tomorrow´s Petrochemicals DGMK-Tagungsbericht 2013-2, ISBN 978-3-941721-32-6 59 New Technologies and Alternative Feedstocks in Petrochemistry and Refining Benzene is mainly consumed for manufacturing polystyrene (PS) via ethylbenzene. Xylenes are mostly produced for making polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via terephthalic acid. Toluene itself is used as a solvent and to a smaller extent in the strongly growing production of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a building block for polyurethanes. Most of the toluene, however, is converted into benzene and xylenes by catalytic transalkylation, thereby adding to the volumes of the two major aromatics.
    [Show full text]
  • Refining/Petrochemical Integration – a New Paradigm Anil Khatri, GTC Technology Coking and Catcracking Conference New Delhi - October 2013 Presentation Themes
    Refining/Petrochemical Integration – A New Paradigm Anil Khatri, GTC Technology Coking and CatCracking Conference New Delhi - October 2013 Presentation Themes Value Relative to Component • Present integration schemes focus Unleaded Gasoline on propylene, and miss the potential Naphtha 0.87 to capture added value from aromatics Unleaded Gasoline 1.00 Toluene 1.13 • Valuable components exist in FCC Benzene 1.15 gasoline – heavy olefins & aromatics Ethylene 1.24 • Patented GTC purification and Mixed Xylenes 1.26 conversion technology can upgrade Paraxylene 1.43 traditional fuel components to high Propylene 1.55 value petrochemicals Styrene 1.63 CH3 CH3 CH3 Benzene Toluene Mixed Xylenes Propylene Page 2 Presentation Overview Gasoline demand and clean fuel regulations around the world Process for recovering aromatics from FCC Gasoline - GT-BTX-PluS® Processes for utilization of FCC olefins Case study – No gasoline, only p-xylene and benzene Page 3 World Gasoline Demand – Stagnant or Decreasing Major Regions Gasoline Supply/Demand Unit: 1,000 B/D 2006 2008 2010 2012* US Gasoline Demand 10,929 11,120 11,340 10,850 Gasoline Surplus (Deficit) (1,135) (1,100) (870) (200) EUROPE Gasoline Demand 2,546 2,430 2,334 2,250 Gasoline Surplus (Deficit) 902 1,000 1,200 1,150 MIDEAST GULF Gasoline Demand 1,193 1,368 1,545 1,750 Gasoline Surplus (Deficit) (250) (120) (200) (300) ASIA PACIFIC Gasoline Demand 3,966 4,210 4,505 4,800 Gasoline Surplus (Deficit) 150 250 300 200 Source: Asian Pacific Energy Consulting * Estimated Page 4 Gasoline Specification Limitation Imposed on Aromatics 1993/1995 2000 2005 CURRENT Vehicle Emission Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • BTX Removal from Open Aqueous Systems by Modified Cellulose
    water Article BTX Removal from Open Aqueous Systems by Modified Cellulose Fibers and Evaluation of Competitive Evaporation Kinetics Antonio Tursi 1, Francesco Chidichimo 2,* , Rita Bagetta 1 and Amerigo Beneduci 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs), Italy; [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (R.B.) 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs), Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (A.B.) Received: 20 October 2020; Accepted: 10 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: BTX stands for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes, which are volatile organic compounds contained in petroleum products such as gasoline. They have negative health effects and are sadly known for soil, air, and water contamination. This paper provides an investigation on BTX removal from open water systems like those represented by natural water bodies. In such systems, the evaporation process takes place, stealing the pollutants from the aqueous matrix by transferring them into the air, resulting in a secondary pollution. To prevent this situation, adsorption of these organic compounds on cellulose fibers, extracted from Spanish Broom vegetable, was studied. Raw and surface modified cellulose fibers were used for this purpose. The second ones were hydrophobized by two different green and low-cost functionalization systems (no solvent urethane functionalization and low pressure plasma treatments). Batch experiments were performed in an open system where BTX underwent two competing removing mechanisms: volatilization, and adsorption/desorption on/from the fibers dispersed in the water system. A mathematical model was implemented for the interpretation of the observed time-varying pollutant concentrations and the estimation of the kinetic constants for adsorption, desorption, and evaporation.
    [Show full text]
  • How Non-Conventional Feedstocks Will Affect Aromatics Technologies E
    New Technologies and Alternative Feedstocks in Petrochemistry and Refining DGMK Conference October 9 – 11, 2013, Dresden, Germany How non-conventional Feedstocks will affect Aromatics Technologies E. Köhler Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, Munich, Germany Abstract The abundance of non-conventional feedstocks such as coal and shale gas has begun to affect the availability of traditional base chemicals such as propylene and BTX aromatics. Although this trend is primarily fueled by the fast growing shale gas economy in the US and the abundance of coal in China, it will cause the global supply and demand situation to equilibrate across the regions. Lower demand for gasoline and consequently less aromatics- rich reformate from refineries will further tighten the aromatics markets that are expected to grow at healthy rates, however. Refiners can benefit from this trend by abandoning their traditional fuel-oriented business model and becoming producers of petrochemical intermediates, with special focus on paraxylene (PX). Cheap gas from coal (via gasification) or shale reserves is an advantaged feedstock that offers a great platform to make aromatics in a cost-competitive manner, especially in regions where naphtha is in short supply. Gas condensates (LPG and naphtha) are good feedstocks for paraffin aromatization, and methanol from coal or (shale) gas can be directly converted to BTX aromatics (MTA) or alkylated with benzene or toluene to make paraxylene. Most of today’s technologies for the production and upgrading of BTX aromatics and
    [Show full text]
  • OCCASION This Publication Has Been Made Available to the Public on The
    OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box
    [Show full text]