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University of Groningen the Sustainability of Producing BTX From University of Groningen The sustainability of producing BTX from biomass. Meuwese, Anne Published in: Default journal IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Meuwese, A. (2013). The sustainability of producing BTX from biomass. Default journal. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 11-02-2018 CIO, Center for Isotope Research IVEM, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Master Programme Energy and Environmental Sciences University of Groningen The sustainability of producing BTX from biomass Anne Meuwese EES 2013-165 M Master report of Anne Meuwese Supervised by: Dr. N. Schenk (KNN advies b.v.) Prof.dr. H.C. Moll (IVEM) Prof.dr. A.J.M. Schoot Uiterkamp (IVEM) University of Groningen CIO, Center for Isotope Research IVEM, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands http://www.rug.nl/fmns-research/cio http://www.rug.nl/fmns-research/ivem Acknowledgements I would first of all like to thank my supervisor at KNN advies b.v. Dr Niels Schenk for his support throughout the process, his enthusiasm for my research and his confidence inspiring confidence. His no-nonsense mentality combined with optimism and a kind hart have greatly aided the progress of my research. Secondly, I would like to thank Professor Henk Moll for his insights and advice, without which I would have undoubtedly struggled more with this complex approach to LCA. I am once again indebted to Professor Ton Schoot Uiterkamp for his determination to make me a better researcher and his passion to inspire those around him to strive for a better world. Last but not least I would like to thank my colleagues at KNN, especially my boss Dr Cor Kamminga, who provided an energetic workplace with interesting discussions and a pleasant atmosphere that made time fly by. Summary The dependence of humans on fossil resources is not limited to fuel needs. A significant amount of petroleum feedstock is also used to produce materials, from pharmaceuticals and plastics to asphalt for roads. But just like with fuels, the use of fossil resources for these purposes leads to depletion of resources and greenhouse gas emissions. Benzene, toluene and the three xylenes (BTX) are bulk chemicals which are vital for the petrochemical industry. Their major downstream products are plastics, but they are also used for solvents, additives and other specialty chemicals. Based on the environmental impacts over the lifecycle of a BTX product, the fossil resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions make the largest impact on the environment. Because of this and the size of the market for BTX products, it is important to look for more sustainable options for BTX. One of these options is producing BTX from biomass rather than from fossil resources. A relatively new focus of research, the process is not yet commercial, but it does have the potential to be. Using woody biomass as a feedstock, yields of around 15% are already reached. Woody biomass is preferable, both for product yield but also because using woody biomass is often more sustainable than using starch and oil crops. Compared to the fossil-based process, the fossil resource inputs and CO 2 emissions are low, so based on those two parameters biomass-based BTX promises to be a sustainable option. The main question of this research was: Is production of BTX from biomass a sustainable use of the resource, considering system efficiency and macro scale effects? Since the amounts of woody or sustainable biomass available at a certain time are limited, other products from this biomass were also researched, to determine whether the environmental impact of producing BTX was lower than that of other products. Three product categories were chosen, electricity, fuel and materials, to represent a spectrum of products from woody biomass. For fuel products, both ethanol and biomass-based diesel were taken into account. For materials, ethylene, BTX, and two compounds for polyethylene polymer production. The latter two were terephthalic acid (TA, product of BTX) and a sugar based alternative for TA, furandicarboxyllic acid (FDCA), which can be produced well from corn and in theory from wood. Subsequently, the fossil resource inputs and CO 2 outputs of the biomass- and fossil-based processes for each of these products were calculated. It was concluded that diesel and BTX were more sustainable uses of biomass than ethanol, ethylene and electricity. Comparing the in- and outputs of the production of biomass-based FDCA with the production of biomass-based terephthalic acid (TA, product of BTX), it was concluded that FDCA from corn had lower emissions and fossil resource requirements than TA from wood, but that FDCA from wood performed poorly. Finally, several macro effects were examined: waste stream use, other renewable resource potential, petrochemical industry trends, recycling- and cascading-potential and scale effects. Biomass-based BTX can use waste streams, does not have another renewable alternative and, will probably be more attractive in the future based on market trends. Since it is a material, there is possibility of recycling and cascading. For the other products concerned, the macro effects were either not positive or less so than for biomass-based BTX. Therefore, based on fossil resource use, CO 2 emissions and several macro scale effects, it can concluded that producing BTX from biomass is a sustainable use of the resource. Samenvatting De mensheid is niet alleen voor brandstof afhankelijk van fossiele grondstoffen. Een significant deel van de fossiele grondstoffen wordt gebruikt voor de productie van materialen, van medicijnen tot plastics tot teer. Maar net als bij brandstoffen is er bij het gebruik van fossiele grondstoffen voor deze doeleinden een verband met oprakende reserves en de emissie van broeikasgassen, die op hun beurt weer een verband hebben met klimaatverandering. Benzeen, tolueen en de drie xylenen (BTX) zijn bulkchemicaliën met een vitale rol in de olie industrie. De belangrijkste producten die uit BTX gemaakt worden zijn plastics, maar BTX wordt ook gebruikt als uitgangsstof voor oplosmiddelen, additieven en andere (fijn)chemicaliën. De belangrijkste milieu effecten van een plastic gemaakt van benzeen over zijn hele levenscyclus zijn het grondstof gebruik en de emissie van broeikasgassen. Gezien de grootte van de markt voor BTX producten, is het relevant om te kijken naar duurzame alternatieven voor de traditionele BTX. Een van deze alternatieven is het produceren van BTX uit biomassa in plaats van uit fossiele grondstoffen. Dit is een relatief nieuwe technologie die nog niet op commerciële schaal wordt toegepast, terwijl dit wel mogelijk zou zijn. Met hout als grondstof worden al omzettingen van 15% op basis van massa gehaald. Hout is een betere grondstof voor dit soort proces dan olie- of zetmeelgewassen, zowel omdat de opbrengst hoger is en omdat hout vaak milieuvriendelijker wordt geproduceerd dan langbouwgewassen. BTX productie uit hout heeft een lager fossiel grondstof gebruik en minder CO 2 emissies dan BTX productie uit fossiele grondstoffen, en is dus wat dat betreft duurzamer. Het doel van dit onderzoek was uitvinden of BTX uit biomassa duurzaam gebruik van deze grondstof was. Aangezien er maar een beperkte hoeveelheid duurzame biomassa beschikbaar is per jaar werd in dit onderzoek ook gekeken naar de duurzaamheid van alternatieve producten uit biomassa. Daarmee kon worden bepaald wat de relatieve duurzaamheid van BTX productie is in vergelijking met andere biomassa producten. Er werd gekeken naar drie productgroepen: elektriciteit, brandstof en materialen. Voor brandstof werden bioethanol en biodiesel uit hout bekeken, voor materialen ethyleen uit hout en een suiker-gebaseerd alternatief voor het plastic PET, FDCA. De laatste kan uit zowel hout als mais worden gemaakt. Voor al deze producten werd voor zowel het fossiele als het biomassa proces de CO 2 emissies en fossiel brandstof gebruik uitgerekend. Gebaseerd op deze berekeningen kon worden geconcludeerd dat BTX en diesel de meest duurzame producten uit hout waren. Het maken van FDCA uit mais had lagere emissies en grondstof gebruik dan het maken van PET uit hout, FDCA uit hout deed het het slechtst. FDCA productie uit mais is echter minder duurzaam, omdat mais ook een belangrijke voedselbron is en dus in de eerste plaats zou moeten worden gebruikt om voedselschaarste tegen te gaan. Als laatste werd gekeken naar verscheidene macro-effecten: de mogelijkheden om afvalstromen te gebruiken en om te recyclen, trends in de petrochemie, alternatieve hernieuwbare bronnen en opschaalbaarheid. Daar
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