DOCSLIB.ORG

Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny pathogens Review Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny Sharon Tirosh-Levy 1,* , Yuval Gottlieb 1, Lindsay M. Fry 2,3, Donald P. Knowles 2 and Amir Steinman 1 1 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; [email protected] (L.M.F.); [email protected] (D.P.K.) 3 Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 8 November 2020 Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi, is an important tick-borne disease of equines that is prevalent in most parts of the world. Infection may affect animal welfare and has economic impacts related to limitations in horse transport between endemic and non-endemic regions, reduced performance of sport horses and treatment costs. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological, serological, and molecular diagnostic data published in the last 20 years, and all DNA sequences submitted to GenBank database, to describe the current global prevalence of these parasites. We demonstrate that EP is endemic in most parts of the world, and that it is spreading into more temperate climates. We emphasize the importance of using DNA sequencing and genotyping to monitor the spread of parasites, and point to the necessity of further studies to improve genotypic characterization of newly recognized parasite species and strains, and their linkage to virulence. Keywords: equine piroplasmosis; Theileria equi; Babesia caballi; equine; genotyping 1. Current Knowledge of Equine Piroplasmosis Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of equines caused by the eukaryotic hemoparasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi, and Babesia caballi that has a considerable veterinary and economic impacts on the horse industry worldwide [1–5]. The parasites belong to the phylum Apicomplexa and to the order Piroplasmida [6]. EP is considered a reportable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (https://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/oie-listed-diseases-2020/, 15 April 2020). It is estimated that 90% of the global horse population resides in EP-endemic areas, and therefore many studies have investigated the occurrence, prevalence, risk factors, and characteristics of these parasites in different parts of the world. 1.1. Life Cycle, Vectors, and Transmission The Theileria and Babesia genera belong to the families Theileriidae and Babesiidae within the phylum Apicomplexa. The life cycles of both parasites include sexual (gamogony) and asexual (sporogony) replicative stages within the tick vector and asexual replicative stages within the equine host [2,3]. Asexual replication (merogony) in equine erythrocytes is common to both parasites, Pathogens 2020, 9, 926; doi:10.3390/pathogens9110926 www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens Pathogens 2020, 9, 926 2 of 32 Pathogens 2020, 9, x 2 of 35 and T. equi (and likely, T. haneyi) also undergoes asexual schizogony within equine lymphocytes and haneyimonocytes) also undergoes prior to invasionasexual schizogony to erythrocytes within [7 ]equine (Figure lymphocytes1). The term and piroplasmosis monocytes prior derives to invasion from the to erythrocytespear-shaped [7] appearance(Figure 1). The of the term intra-erythrocytic piroplasmosis de stagesrives from of these the pear-shaped parasites (merozoites). appearance Replicationof the intra- erythrocyticin erythrocytes stages ultimately of these parasites leads to cell(merozoites). rupture and Replication the release in of erythrocytes merozoites thatultimately invade leads additional to cell rupturecells [ 2and,3,8 ].the release of merozoites that invade additional cells [2,3,8]. FigureFigure 1. The 1. The life lifecycle cycle of Theileria of Theileria equi equi (TE)(TE) and and BabesiaBabesia caballi caballi (BC)(BC) in the in tick the tickvector vector and andin the in equine the equine host. RBC—equinehost. RBC—equine red blood red cells, blood WBC—equine cells, WBC—equine while blood while cells, blood SG—tick cells, salivary SG—tick glands. salivary glands. TheThe main main route route of of transmission transmission to to equids equids is is by by tick tick feeding. Over Over 30 species ofof ticksticks havehave beenbeen describeddescribed as asvectors vectors of of one one or or both both T.T. equi equi and B. caballicaballi,, includingincluding thethe generageneraHyalomma Hyalomma,,Rhipicephalus Rhipicephalus DermacentorDermacentor, Amblyomma, Amblyomma, and, andHaemaphysalisHaemaphysalis [8]. Transstadial[8]. Transstadial transmission transmission was recorded was recorded for both forparasites both in parasitesseveral tick in severalspecies; tick however, species; transova however,rian transovarian transmission transmission was only recorded was only for recorded B. caballi for [8].B. Therefore, caballi [8]. theTherefore, main reservoir the main for reservoirT. equi is in for theT. equiequineis in host, the whilst equine for host, B. caballi whilst it for is B.the caballi vectorit ticks is the [8]. vector ticks [8]. TransplacentalTransplacental transmission transmission in the in equine the equine host has host been has reported been reported for T. equi for andT. equi mayand lead may to abortion, lead to theabortion, birth of thea sick birth foal of with a sick peracute foal with neonatal peracute EP, neonatal or the EP,birth or theof unapparent birth of unapparent carrier foal carrier [9–19]. foal In [9 some–19]. endemicIn some areas, endemic T. equi areas, is consideredT. equi is considered to be a major to cause be a major of abortion cause of[20,21]; abortion however, [20,21 ];the however, role of this the parasite role of as thisa cause parasite of abortion as a cause is not of well abortion established is not well [22]. established Iatrogenic transmission [22]. Iatrogenic is also transmission possible; there is also are possible; several reportsthere of are infections several reports resulting of infectionsfrom blood resulting transfusions, from and blood from transfusions, sharing of surgical and from equipment sharing of or surgical needles [2,3,5,20].equipment However, or needles these [ 2types,3,5,20 of]. transmission However, these probab typesly do of transmissionnot have a major probably role in do the not epidemiology have a major of EP.role in the epidemiology of EP. 1.2.1.2. Clinical Clinical Disease Disease ClinicalClinical disease disease in inEP EP is ismainly mainly attributed attributed to to intravascular intravascular hemolytic anemia causedcaused byby parasiteparasite replicationreplication and and damage damage to toerythrocytes erythrocytes [2,3,20,23]. [2,3,20,23 The]. Theclinical clinical signs signs are similar are similar following following infection infection with bothwith parasite both parasite species; species;however, however, clinical presen clinicaltation presentation tends to tends be more tobe severe more in severe cases inof casesT. equi of infectionT. equi [2,3,20].infection The [ 2incubation,3,20]. The period incubation ranges period between ranges 12 betweenand 19 days 12 and for 19T. daysequi and for T.between equi and 10 between and 30 days 10 and for B. 30caballi days [2]. for CommonB. caballi clinical[2]. Common signs are clinical non-specific signs are and non-specific derive from and the derive hemolytic from theanemia. hemolytic These anemia. include These include fever, inappetence, icterus, hemoglobinuria, pale mucus membranes (MM), tachycardia, and tachypnea. Thrombocytopenia has also been described. In severe cases, edema and hemorrhage might develop and may eventually lead to organ failure. Gross pathologic findings may include hepatomegaly, Pathogens 2020, 9, 926 3 of 32 splenomegaly, enlarged kidneys, multifocal edema, and hemorrhages [2,3,20,23]. Anecdotal cases of EP-associated hyphema [24], cardiac arrythmias [25], and inflammatory myopathy [26] have also been reported. Clinical manifestations following infection with either parasite species range from unapparent infection to life threatening disease. Most infected horses remain asymptomatic [2,3,20], while clinically infected horses may develop peracute, acute, subacute, or chronic disease presentations. Peracute disease is life-threatening and has been mostly described in cases of neonatal EP [2,3,20]. Acute disease is characterized by overt presentation of characteristic EP clinical signs, subacute disease manifests milder clinical signs, and chronic disease presents with non-specific signs and mild clinical pathology abnormalities [2,3,20,23,27]. The factors associated with the severity of clinical disease are unknown. Acute disease is more often observed in infections of naïve adult horses, and is less common in equine populations in endemic areas [2,3,20,23]. Stress has been suggested to induce more severe clinical signs, although the evidence to support this assumption is limited [28]. In contrast to T. equi, the newly identified T. haneyi rarely causes clinical signs, even in splenectomized horses [29]. Regardless of the initial clinical presentation, without treatment, horses infected with EP usually remain persistent subclinical (unapparent) carriers for prolonged periods of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny and Evolution of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in Selected Wild Herbivores of Kenya
    PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF THEILERIA AND BABESIA PARASITES IN SELECTED WILD HERBIVORES OF KENYA LUCY WAMUYU WAHOME MASTER OF SCIENCE (Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 Phylogeny and Evolution of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in Selected Wild Herbivores of Kenya Lucy Wamuyu Wahome A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. 2016 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature………………………. Date…………………………… Wahome Lucy Wamuyu This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Signature……………………… Date…………………………… Prof. Daniel Kariuki JKUAT, Kenya Signature……………………… Date…………………………… Dr.Sheila Ommeh JKUAT, Kenya Signature……………………… Date………………………… Dr. Francis Gakuya Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Mr. Godfrey, Mrs. Naomi and my only beloved sister Caroline for their tireless support throughout my academic journey. "I can do everything through Christ who gives me strength." iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost I would like to acknowledge and thank the Almighty God for blessing, protecting and guiding me throughout this period. I am most grateful to the department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, for according me the opportunity to pursue my postgraduate studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Daniel Kariuki, Dr. Sheila Ommeh and Dr. Francis Gakuya for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through out this project. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Parasitology in Australia: Past, Present and Future
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Journal of Zoology, 2018, 66, 286–305 Review https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO19017 Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future David M. Spratt A,C and Ian Beveridge B AAustralian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BVeterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • Extra-Intestinal Coccidians Plasmodium Species Distribution Of
    Extra-intestinal coccidians Apicomplexa Coccidia Gregarinea Piroplasmida Eimeriida Haemosporida -Eimeriidae -Theileriidae -Haemosporiidae -Cryptosporidiidae - Babesiidae (Plasmodium) -Sarcocystidae (Sacrocystis) Aconoid (Toxoplasmsa) Plasmodium species Causitive agent of Malaria ~155 species named Infect birds, reptiles, rodents, primates, humans Species is specific for host and •P. falciparum vector •P. vivax 4 species cause human disease •P. malariae No zoonoses or animal reservoirs •P. ovale Transmission by Anopheles mosquito Distribution of Malarial Parasites P. vivax most widespread, found in most endemic areas including some temperate zones P. falciparum primarily tropics and subtropics P. malariae similar range as P. falciparum, but less common and patchy distribution P. ovale occurs primarily in tropical west Africa 1 Distribution of Malaria US Army, 1943 300 - 500 million cases per year 1.5 to 2.0 million deaths per year #1 cause of infant mortality in Africa! 40% of world’s population is at risk Malaria Atlas Map Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm 2 Malaria in the United States Malaria was quite prevalent in the rural South It was eradicated after world war II in an aggressive campaign using, treatment, vector control and exposure control Time magazine - 1947 (along with overall improvement of living Was a widely available, conditions) cheap insecticide This was the CDCs initial DDT resistance misssion Half-life in mammals - 8 years! US banned use of DDT in 1973 History of Malaria Considered to be the most
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: a Review
    pathogens Review Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina 1,2,* , Mohd Rosly Shaari 3, Nur Mahiza Md Isa 1, Mokrish Ajat 4, Mohd Zamri-Saad 5 and Hazilawati Hamzah 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria 3 Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.A.A.); [email protected] (H.H.); Tel.: +60-11-352-01215 (O.A.A.); +60-19-284-6897 (H.H.) Received: 2 May 2020; Accepted: 16 July 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Breeding Value of Wielkopolski Horses Belonging to Particular
    ISSN 1644-0714 ISSN 2300-6145 (online) www.asp.zut.edu.pl Acta Sci. Pol. Zootechnica 14(1) 2015, 77–90 THE BREEDING VALUE OF WIELKOPOLSKI HORSES BELONGING TO PARTICULAR STALLION LINEAGES IN THE SUCCESSIVE VOLUME OF THE STUD BOOK, AS EVIDENCED BY THEIR BODY CONFORMATION AND PERFORMANCE TRAITS Marian Kapron´1, Elzbieta˙ Czerniak1, Marek Łukaszewicz2, Agata Danielewicz1 1Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities 2Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding in Jastrz˛ebiec Abstract. The study of the body conformation and performance traits of the 11 376 Wielkopolski horses registered in the six successive volumes of the Stud book iden- tified 24 principal stallion lineages [subsequently divided into 4 origin groups (li- neage types – “Trak./East–Pruss”, (Trakehner/East–Prussian), “Han.” (Hanoverian), “xx” and “o/xo”] which comprised 10 630 horses. The particular lineages were repre- sented by highly different numbers of horses, with a tendency for some of them to gradually decline (“Trak./East–Pruss.” type), stagnate (“o/xo”) or distinctly progress (“xx” and “Han.”). A considerable number of statistically significant differences were found in the mean values of the body conformation and performance trait indices of the analysed horses (chiefly at P < 0.01) between the lineage origin groups, which suggests a high degree of breeding influence on the development of Wielkopolski performance traits. Moreover, emphasis was laid on the evident need for maintaining the existing lineages in the Wielkopolski subpopulation covered by the gene
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Theileriosis
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 125 BOVINE THEILERIOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Bovine Tick-borne Lymphoproliferati Yes Parvaquone In houses ve diseases, (Parvexon) Tick control characterized by Buparvaquone fever, leucopenia (Butalex) in zoos and/or anaemia Tick control Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Theileria parva: cattle, African Buffalo* (Syncerus caffer) and Waterbuck (Kobus defassa). T.annulata: cattle, yak (Bos gruniens) and waterbuffalo* (Bubalus bubalis). T.mutans: cattle* and buffalo*. T.taurotragi: cattle, sheep, goat and eland (Taurotragus oryx- natural host). T.velifera: cattle* and buffalo*. T.orientalis/buffeli: cattle * = usually benign Causative organism Several species belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae Pathogenic species are T.parva ( according to the strain: East Coast Fever, Corridor Disease, Buffalo Disease, January Disease, Turning Sickness). T.annulata (Tropical theileriosis, Mediterranean theileriosis). T.taurotragi (Turning Sickness). Other species, i.a. T.mutans, T.orientalis/buffeli, T.velifera are considered to be less or non pathogenic. Zoonotic potential Theileria species of cattle have no zoonotic potential unlike Theileria (Babesia) microti, an American species in rodents which can infect humans Distribution Buffalo and cattle associated T.parva occurs in Eastern and Southern Africa (from S.Sudan to S.Zimbabwe). T.annulata in N.Africa, Sudan, Erithrea, Mediterranean Europe, S. Russia, Near & Middle East, India, China and Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Equine Piroplasmosis
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 119 EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Equines Tick-borne Acute, subacute Sometimes Babesiosis: In houses or chronic disease fatal, in Imidocarb Tick control characterised by particular in (Imizol, erythrolysis: fever, acute T.equi Carbesia, in zoos progressive infections. Forray) Tick control anaemia, icterus, When Dimenazene haemoglobinuria haemoglobinuria diaceturate (in advanced develops, (Berenil) stages). prognosis is Theileriosis: poor. Buparvaquone (Butalex) Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Horse (Equus caballus), donkey (Equus asinus), mule, zebra (Equus zebra) and Przewalski (Equus przewalskii), likely all Equus spp. are susceptible to equine piroplasmosis or biliary fever. Causative organism Babesia caballi: belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Babesiidae; Theileria equi, formerly known as Babesia equi or Nutallia equi, apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae. Babesia canis has been demonstrated by molecular diagnosis in apparently asymptomatic horses. A single case of Babesia bovis and two cases of Babesia bigemina have been detected in horses by a quantitative PCR. Zoonotic potential Equine piroplasmoses are specific for Equus spp. yet there are some reports of T.equi in asymptomatic dogs. Distribution Widespread: B.caballi occurs in southern Europe, Russia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America and the southern states of the US. T.equi has a more extended geographical distribution and even in tropical regions it occurs more frequent than B.caballi, also in the Mediterranean basin, Switzerland and the SW of France.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of a Theileria Mutans-Specific Antigen for Use in an Antibody and Antigen Detection ELISA
    r/v-fff::j~'" lSSS Parasite Immunology 1990, 12,419-433 ~r2-3 Identification of a Theileria mutans-specific antigen for use in an antibody and antigen detection ELISA J.M.KATENDE*, B.M.GODDEERIS, S.P.MORZARIA, C.G.NKONGE & A.J.MUSOKE International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Accepted for publication 9 January 1990 Summary Purified piroplasms of Theileria mutans were used to immunize BALB/c mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The MoAbs recognized an antigen of a relative molecular mass of 32 kDa in Western blots. This antigen was also recognized by sera from cattle which had recovered naturally from experimental tick-transmission or infections induced by the blood stages of T. mutans. The MoAbs did not react, in indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme­ linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), with the common haemoparasites of cattle, namely, T. parva, T. annulata, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax or T. brucei. An antigen capture ELISA was established with two of the MoAbs which recognized different epitopes on the 32 kDa molecule. Using this test it was possible to detect circulating antigens or immune complexes in sera collected from cattle during the acute or chronic phases of infection. When the purified 32 kDa protein was used as antigen in a micro-ELISA to detect circulating antibodies in both experimental and field cattle sera, it was found that the titres of antibodies ranged between 1: 20 and 1: 10240. Results of this study indicate that the antigen and immune complex capture assays and the antibody detection ELISA can be complementary in the immunodiagnosis of acute and chronic T.
    [Show full text]
  • First Case of Autochthonous Equine Theileriosis in Austria
    pathogens Case Report First Case of Autochthonous Equine Theileriosis in Austria Esther Dirks 1, Phebe de Heus 1, Anja Joachim 2, Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri 1 , Ilse Schwendenwein 3, Maria Melchert 4 and Hans-Peter Fuehrer 2,* 1 Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (E.D.); [email protected] (P.d.H.); [email protected] (J.-M.V.C.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Clinical Pathology Platform, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 4 Centre for Insemination and Embryo transfer Platform, Department Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-125-077-2205 Abstract: A 23-year-old pregnant warmblood mare from Güssing, Eastern Austria, presented with apathy, anemia, fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea, and a severely elevated serum amyloid A concentration. The horse had a poor body condition and showed thoracic and pericardial effusions, and later dependent edema and icteric mucous membranes. Blood smear and molecular analyses revealed an infection with Theileria equi. Upon treatment with imidocarb diproprionate, the mare improved clinically, parasites were undetectable in blood smears, and 19 days after hospitalization the horse was discharged from hospital. However, 89 days after first hospitalization, the mare again presented to the hospital with an abortion, and the spleen of the aborted fetus was also PCR-positive Citation: Dirks, E.; de Heus, P.; for T.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin
    Sierra et al. 61 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Zootechnical description of the creole goat of the Oaxaca region (Mexico) A. Sierra1, A. Molina2, J. Delgado2, J. Hernández3 & M. Rivera2 1Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Agropecuario Nº 131, Secretaría de Educación Pública, DGETA Oaxaca, México 2Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, España 3Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México Summary los censos como Criollos en general. Esta raza sin embargo tiene características productivas y morfológicas particulares que los hace muy This paper describes the zootechnical diferentes de otros caprinos criollos en el resto characteristics of the Pastoreño creole goat, del estado y del país. Se presenta en este representing the caprine population of the trabajo información sobre su distribución, Low Mixteca region of Oaxaca State, Mexico. origen, características morfológicas, manejo y These animals characteristically produce sistema productivo. fattened goats for traditional slaughter at Christmas, to elaborate a typical dry meat Key Words: “Pastoreño” goat , Creole, product known as Chito. At present the exact Zootechnical characteristics, Traditional slaughter, individual population of this breed is not Typical products, Mexico known. Those registered as Creoles in the animals census in general are known. This breed however has particular productive and Introduction morphological characteristics which make them very different from other creole caprines Rigurous scientific studies necessary for the in the rest of the state and the country. understanding of the zoothecnical potential of Information on their distribution, origin, the creole goat are extremely scarce, in spite morphological characteristics, handling and of the fact that Mexico has an extraordinary productive systems is presented in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Epidemiology and Control of cattle ticks and tick-borne infections in Central Nigeria Vincenzo Lorusso Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2014 Ph.D. – The University of Edinburgh – 2014 Cattle ticks and tick-borne infections, Central Nigeria 2014 Declaration I declare that the research described within this thesis is my own work and that this thesis is my own composition and I certify that it has never been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Vincenzo Lorusso Edinburgh 2014 Ph.D. – The University of Edinburgh – 2014 i Cattle ticks and tick -borne infections, Central Nigeria 2014 Abstract Cattle ticks and tick-borne infections (TBIs) undermine cattle health and productivity in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) including Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Ghana
    University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES OCCURRENCE OF BABESIA / THEILERIA AMONGST HUMANS, CATTLE, AND DOGS AT THE MIDDLE BELT OF GHANA BY BENJAMIN PULLE NIRIWA (10600042) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RE- QUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY JULY, 2018 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references to other people’s work, which I have duly acknowl- edged, this work is a result of my own research under the able supervision of Dr. Patience Borkor Tetteh-Quarcoo and Rev. Prof. Patrick Ferdinand Ayeh-Kumi, both of the Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Uni- versity of Ghana. This work neither in whole nor in part had been submitted for another degree elsewhere. BENJAMIN PULLE NIRIWA (STUDENT) Signed: ……………………………. Date: ……………………………… REV. PROF. PATRICK FERDINAND AYEH-KUMI (SUPERVISOR) Signed: …………………………. Date: ……………………………. DR. PATIENCE BORKOR TETTEH – QUARCOO (SUPERVISOR) Signed: …………………………. Date: ……………………………. i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This thesis is first dedicated to God Almighty for His divine protection, guidance, and divine mi- raculous favors. I also dedicate it to my church for their prayers and spiritual support. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I will first of all thank Almighty God for His divine protection, guidance, and divine miraculous favors. He protected me throughout this course, despite all the uncertainties that sometimes come my way.
    [Show full text]