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Computergrundlagen Graphikbearbeitung Inkscape – GIMP – Xfig

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Computergrundlagen Graphikbearbeitung Inkscape – GIMP – Xfig Computergrundlagen Graphikbearbeitung Inkscape – GIMP – Xfig Institut für Computerphysik http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Universität Stuttgart Wintersemester 2017/18 Was ist ein digitales Bild? http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Bilder selber am Computer gestalten • Bilder am Computer bearbeiten (z.B. von einer Kamera) Wie speichert ein Computer Bilder? Computergrundlagen 2/23 Graphikformate Graphikformate Rastergraphik (Bitmaps) Vektorgraphik SVG, PDF, (Enhanced) verlustfrei verlustbehaftet 3D-Modelle http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Postscript, ... VRML, BMP, TIFF, JPEG POVRAY, PNG, GIF, ... DXF, ... Computergrundlagen 3/23 Unterschiede zwischen Vektor- und Rastergraphik Vektorgraphik Rastergraphik • speichert Objekte (Kreis, • Matrix von Farbinformationen Polygon,...) z.B. von Kamera http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • für Skizzen, Graphen, ... • für Photos, Icons, Logos, ... • beliebig vergrößerbar • begrenzte Auflösung • geringer Platzbedarf bei • Speicherbedarf hängt nicht von geometrischen Objekten der Komplexität ab • verlustfreie Speicherung braucht Platz Computergrundlagen 4/23 Beispiel — ein Graph 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 10 5 0 5 10 PDF, 6.7 KByte PNG, 16.1 KByte http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • typischer Graph aus matplotlib • exakt als Vektorgraphik • Artefakte in JPEG Skizzen oder Graphen als Vektorgraphik! JPEG, 6.7 KByte Computergrundlagen 5/23 Beispiel — ein Photo JPEG, 0.6 MByte PNG, 2.8 MByte http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Photo sind Rasterdaten • Auflösung durch Sensor begrenzt • ohne Tricks sehr groß Photos als JPEG! • PNG bei kleinen Größen (Icons) PDF, 4.4 MByte Computergrundlagen 6/23 Kommandozeile – convert (Image Magick) • Kommandozeilentool zur Graphikbearbeitung • Nützlich vor allem zum schnellen Konvertieren Beispiele • PNG in JPEG konvertieren: convert beispiel.png beispiel.jpg • Qualität in Prozent einstellen http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de (hier das schlechte Beispiel von der vorigen Folie): convert beispiel.png -quality 10 beispiel.jpeg • Vergrößern oder verkleinern convert beispiel.png -resize 10% beispiel.pdf • Einen kleinen Film aus Einzelbildern erstellen convert beispiel*.png beispiel.mpg Computergrundlagen 7/23 Inkscape • Freier Editor für Vektorgraphik, Alternative zu CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator, ... • http://www.inkscape.org • Für Linux, Windows, Mac OS X http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Natives Format SVG • XML-basiert • Die meisten Webbrowser können SVG darstellen Computergrundlagen 8/23 Inkscape – Leinwand • Hier werden Objekte platziert • Bewegen per Maus oder durch Ctrl-Cursortasten • + und - zum Zoomen • Nur was auf der Leinwand liegt, ist später sichtbar • Unter „File!Document Properties“ http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de läßt sich • die Größe der Leinwand einstellen • ein Gitter (Grid) zum Ausrichten der Elemente anlegen • Objekte rasten an anderen Objekten oder am Grid ein Computergrundlagen 9/23 Inkscape – Werkzeuge Auswahlwerkzeug (F1): 1x klicken markiert Objekt zum Verändern der Größe und Position 2x Klicken zum Drehen Knotenwerkzeug (F2): zum Verschieben von Objektecken/-punkten http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Rechteck (F4) Ellipsen (F5) (Bezier-) Kurven (Shift-F6) Text (F8) Computergrundlagen 10/23 Inkscape – Objekteigenschaften Aktuelle Füll- und Stricheinstellungen Status und Benutzungshinweise Aktuelle Koordinate und Zoom http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Objektfarbe setzen (Fläche, Rand mit Shift) Computergrundlagen 11/23 Inkscape – Menüs • File • Laden/Speichern (SVG, PDF, ...) • Import (auch Bitmaps) • Properties: Größe, Grid • Edit • Clone: Kopien, die immer wie das Original aussehen • Mehrfachklone auf Gitter • Object http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Group: Objekte zusammenfassen • Raise/Lower: Objektstapelung • Path – erzeugen komplexer Formen durch Mengenoperationen • Filters und Extensions – jede Menge Effekte Computergrundlagen 12/23 GIMP http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Freier Editor für Bitmapgraphik, vergleichbar Adobe Photoshop • Für Linux, Windows, Mac OS X • Rasterbildbearbeitung und -erstellung • http://www.gimp.org Computergrundlagen 13/23 GIMP – Werkzeuge Auswahlwerkzeuge: Rechtecke, Ellipsen, Lasso, intelligente Schere Verschieben und Verzerren Textwerkzeug Füllen der Auswahl Radiergummi http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Zeichenwerkzeuge Stempelwerkzeuge Farbwahl Vorder-/Hintergrund Werkzeugoptionen Computergrundlagen 14/23 GIMP – Auswahl http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • wird über Werkzeuge erstellt (Kreise, Rechtecke, Lasso,...) • ist unscharf – Punkte können anteilsweise dazugehören • Shift fügt zur Auswahl zu, Ctrl zieht ab, Shift-Ctrl bildet Schnittmenge • Menüpunkt „Select“: Weichzeichnen, Ausweiten, ... Computergrundlagen 15/23 GIMP – Farb- und Pinseldialoge http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Verschiedene Farbauswahlpaletten, HSV, CMYK (Druckstufe) • Farben können gespeichert werden • Verschiedene, teilweise semitransparente Pinsel • Über die Werkzeugoptionen zu erreichen, wo verwendet Computergrundlagen 16/23 GIMP – Ebenen • Ebenen • Wie ein Stapel von übereinander- liegenden Folien bzw. Papierbögen • Ermöglichen Arrangieren von Elementen und separate Anwendung von Effekten • Verschieben und Drehen usw. wie Auswahl • Ebenendialog über Ctrl-L oder Menü „Windows!Dockable Dialogs“ http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Transparente Ebenen brauchen Alpha-Kanal („Layer!Transparency!Add Alpha Channel“) • Vereinigen von fertigen Ebenen über „Layer!Merge Down“ • Augensymbol: Sichtbarkeit der Ebene Kette: gekettete Ebenen zusammen bewegen Computergrundlagen 17/23 GIMP – Effekte Blur – Unschärfe Bumpmapping – 3D-Effekt http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Colorize – Einfärben Edge detect – Randerkennung Viele Effekte unter „Tools“ und „Filters“! Computergrundlagen 18/23 Xfig • Vektorgrafik-Zeichenprogramm, läuft unter dem X Window System mit offenem Quellcode. • Zeichnungen, Objekte (Kreise, Rechtecke, Linie, Polygone, Splines, Text usw.). • Bilder sind importierbar. • Objekte können erzeugt, gelöscht, bewegt, oder verändert werden. http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Farben oder Linienstil • Text: Auswahl der Schriftart • Xfig speichert die Grafiken in eigenem, textbasierten Fig Format; zugehöriges Transfig Programm exportiert in verschiedene Formate. Computergrundlagen 19/23 Xfig-Dialoge • Benutzung von ’Dialogen’ zur Bearbeitung • Der Schreibfokus wird ohne Anklicken automatisch auf ein Textfeld gelegt, sobald sich der Mauszeiger darüber befindet. • Zeichnungen mit LATEX-Beschriftungen. Ausgabe http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de (durch Transfig) in zwei Dateien: ein graphischer Teil (PostScript/PDF) und ein textueller Teil mit LATEX-Kommandos. Computergrundlagen 20/23 Xfig-Display • Main Menu: globale Operationen (importieren, speichern, usw.) • Drawing mode panel: Tasten für Objekte (Kreis, Box, Text, usw.) • Editing mode panel: Bearbeitung (kopieren, löschen, usw.) • Attribute panel: Tasten für Farbe, Linienart Textausrichtung, usw. • Mausfunktionen: Funktion jeder Maustaste (ändert sich mit Operationsmodus). • Rulers: Einheit wählen (in oder cm); horizontales und vertikales Lineal. • Depth: Tiefe der Objekte auf der Leinwand • Einheiten (units): Skala der Zeichnung http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de • Message panel: verschiedene Meldungen • Leinwand: Bereich zum Zeichnen. Computergrundlagen 21/23 Xfig-Bilder • Auf ’Picture’ klicken und einen rechteckigen Bereich definieren • Im Dialog die Eigenschaften des Bildes auswählen http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Computergrundlagen 22/23 Xfig-aktualisieren http://www.icp.uni-stuttgart.de Alle Eigenschaften und Objekte jeder Zeit aktualisieren Computergrundlagen 23/23.
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