Grafika Rastrowa I Wektorowa

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Grafika Rastrowa I Wektorowa GRAFIKA RASTROWA I WEKTOROWA Grafikę komputerową, w dużym uproszczeniu, można podzielić na dwa rodzaje: 1) grafikę rastrową, zwaną też bitmapową, pikselową, punktową 2) grafikę wektorową zwaną obiektową. Grafika rastrowa – obraz budowany jest z prostokątnej siatki punktów (pikseli). Skalowanie rysunków bitmapowych powoduje najczęściej utratę jakości. Grafika ta ma największe zastosowanie w fotografice cyfrowej. Popularne formaty to: BMP, JPG, TIFF, PNG GIF, PCX, PNG, RAW Znane edytory graficzne: Paint, Photoshop, Gimp. Grafika wektorowa – stosuje obiekty graficzne zwane prymitywami takie jak: punkty, linie, krzywe opisane parametrami matematycznymi. Podstawową zaletą tej grafiki jest bezstratna zmian rozmiarów obrazów bez zniekształceń. Popularne formaty to: SVG, CDR, EPS, WMF - cilparty Znane edytory graficzne: Corel Draw, Sodipodi, Inscape, Adobe Ilustrator, 3DS LISTA PROGRAMÓW DO GRAFIKI BITMAPOWEJ Darmowe: CinePaint , DigiKam , GIMP , GimPhoto , GIMPshop , GNU Paint , GrafX2 , GraphicsMagick , ImageJ , ImageMagick , KolourPaint , Krita , LiveQuartz , MyPaint , Pencil , Pinta , Pixen , Rawstudio , RawTherapee , Seashore , Shotwell , Tile Studio , Tux Paint , UFRaw , XPaint , ArtRage Starter Edition , Artweaver , Brush Strokes Image Editor , Chasys Draw IES , FastStone Image Viewer , Fatpaint , Fotografix , IrfanView , Paint.NET , Picasa , Picnik , Pixia , Project Dogwaffle , TwistedBrush Open Studio , Xnview Płatne: Ability Photopaint, ACD Canvas, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, Adobe Photoshop Elements, Autodesk SketchBook Pro, Aperture, ArtRage, Bibble, CodedColor, Corel Painter, Corel Painter Essentials, Corel PaintShop Pro, Corel Photo-Paint, Cosmigo Pro Motion, Color It!, GraphicConverter, Helicon Filter, LiveQuartz, LView Pro, Manga Studio, Microsoft Office Picture Manager, Microsoft Paint, Naked Light, NeoPaint, OpenCanvas, Photogenics, PhotoLine, Photo Mechanic, PhotoPerfect, PicMaster, Pictor Paint, PixBuilder Photo Editor, Pixel, Pixelmator, Portrait Professional, Project Dogwaffle, Serif Photoplus, TVPaint, TwistedBrush Pro Studio, HDR PhotoStudio, Ulead Photo, Ultimate Paint, Zoner Photo Studio LISTA PROGRAMÓW DO GRAFIKI WEKTOROWEJ Darmowe: Cenon, Dia, Inkscape, Kontur, NodeBox, OpenOffice.org Draw, Sketch, Sodipodi Synfig, Tgif, Xara Xtreme for Linux, Xfig Płatne: ACD Canvas, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Flash, Adobe FreeHand, Artstream, Artworks CorelDRAW, ConceptDraw, DrawWell, EazyDraw, Elgorithms MagicTracer, iDraw, iGrafx Designer, Intaglio, Jasc WebDraw, Jfig, Kai Power Tools, Metafile Companion, Microsoft Expression Graphic Designer, Microsoft Expression Interactive Designer, Mayura Draw, OmniGraffle, PDF FLY, Real-DRAW, Satori Paint, Serif DrawPlus, SignBlazer, SmartDraw, Stone Software Create, Vector Effects, WinFIG for Windows, Xaos Tools, Xara Xtreme ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeszcze zanim powstały pierwsze komputery doceniano znaczenie obrazu jako środka szybkiego i precyzyjnego przekazywania informacji. Rysunek tworzony przy pomocy urządzeń elektronicznych znalazł natychmiast masę zastosowań. Wystarczy wspomnieć CAD (Computer Aided Design) – projektowanie inżynierskie wspomagane komputerowo. System CAD umożliwiał projektowanie maszyn, środków transportu, architektury (z możliwością oglądania projektowanych budynków pod każdym kątem i z różnych punktów obserwatora oraz w różnych warunkach oświetlenia), a nawet wzorów tkanin, czy układów elektronicznych. Przyjmując jako kryterium metodę tworzenia rysunku, można z grubsza grafikę komputerową podzielić na dwie kategorie - grafikę punktową, zwaną bitmapową", "pikselową" lub „rastrową” oraz grafikę wektorową. Figury w grafice wektorowej powstają z zastosowaniu prymitywów graficznych (odcinków, trójkątów, okręgów itp.) i z wykorzystaniem krzywych i parametrycznych równań matematycznych. Tak naprawdę wizualizacja pracy przedstawiona na ekranie monitora lub na papierze drukarki w ostateczności i tak jest zawsze zbiorem punktów. Istotna jest tu zatem struktura logiczna, a nie fizyczna tworzonej grafiki. W rysowaniu wektorowym każdy element traktowany jest obiektowo, przy czym poszczególne obiekty mogą być scalane (grupowane) oraz rozłączane (rozgrupowywane), a o położeniu elementu decydują jedynie współrzędne początku i końca wektora. Nie powoduje to deformacji obrazu podczas zmiany jego rozmiarów lub wykonywania innych przekształceń geometrycznych, jak ma to niestety miejsce w grafice bitmapowej. W grafice wektorowej nie istnieje pojęcie punktu ("kropki") i dlatego tyle trudności sprawia początkującym użytkownikom własnoręczne wykonywanie rysunków tą techniką. Grafika komputerowa jest stosowana do wielu celów. Ogromne znaczenie ma możliwość generowania grafiki prezentacyjnej, wszelkiego rodzaju wizualizacji wyników pomiarów w postaci wykresów, liniowych, kolumnowych, kołowych, dwu- i trójwymiarowych. Wykresy są wykorzystywane w wielu dziedzinach życia, w gospodarce, bankowości, wojsku, do celów naukowych i administracyjnych, w opracowywaniu publikacji (DTP), w końcu i do celów dydaktycznych np. w nauczaniu matematyki, fizyki, chemii, geografii itd. Grafika komputerowa jest ważnym narzędziem w obsłudze i wykorzystywaniu systemów informatycznych. Można za jej pomocą tworzyć modele będące wizualizacją różnych, złożonych procesów fizycznych, chemicznych i biologicznych. Ma zastosowanie w medycynie, w naukach ekonomicznych, w statystyce, topografii etc., etc. Można by wymieniać jeszcze długo i trudno chyba znaleźć dziedzinę, w której nie byłaby wykorzystywana, nie wspominając już o grach komputerowych czy stronach internetowych albo o zastosowaniach artystycznych, w plastyce i w kulturze. Nie byłoby to wszystko możliwe bez zestawów metod i algorytmów w środowiskach graficznych języków programowania. Większość języków wysokiego poziomu umożliwia tworzenie programów w trybie graficznym oraz obsługę urządzeń niezbędnych do generowania obrazu (monitory, drukarki, plotery) i do wprowadzania danych. Uzyskany obraz jest wynikiem działania zastosowanego algorytmu porządkującego punkty okna graficznego wg określonych reguł, również za pomocą wzorów matematycznych i z zastosowaniem określonych przekształceń geometrycznych. GRAFIKA ZNAKOWA Jest to najstarszy typ grafiki, gdy nie wymyślono jeszcze trybów graficznych, a drukowanie odbywało się na drukarkach uderzeniowych działających na zasadzie maszyn do pisania. Prymitywne rysunki tworzone były ze znaków (liter, cyfr, znaków specjalnych). x x xxxx xxxx x x x x xx xx xxx x x xx x x x x xxx x x x x x x x x xx x xx x x x x xx xxxx x x xx xxx x x xxxx x x x xx x xxx xxx xx xx xxxx x x x xx xxx x xx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx x xxxx xx xxx xx xxx x x x xx xxxx xxxxxxx xx xx xxx xx x xxx x x x xx x x x x xx x xx xx x xx xx x xxx x x x xxxxxxx xx x x xx x xx x x z xx x x x x x x xx x x x xx x xxx x xxxx xxx x xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx x xxxxx xxxx xx xxxx xx x x x xx x x xx x x xx x x x xx xxx xxx x x x x x x x xx x xxx xxxx x xx xxxx xxx xx xx x xx xxx xx xxxxxxxx x xx x xx x xxxxx xxx x x x x x xx xx x xxxxx x x x x xx xx x xxx xxxxxxx xx xx x x xx x x xx x x x x xxx x x x xx xx xxx xxx x x x xxxx xx x x x x xxxx xxx x x x x x x x x x x xx xx x xxxxxx xx x x xxx xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x x x x x xxxxxxx xx xxx xx xx xxxxx xxx x xx xxx xx xxx xxxx xx xx xxxx xxx xxxxx xx xx xx x xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx x xx x xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxx xx xx xxx x x xxx xxxx x x xxx x xxxxxxx xxxx xxx x xxxxxxxx xxxxx x x xx xxx xx xxx xxxx xx x xx xxxxxx xxxx xx xxx xxx xx xx x x xxxxxx xxx xxxxxx x xxx xxxxx xx xxxxxxx x xxxx xx xxxx xxx xx x xxxx xx xx xxxx xxxx x xxx x xx xxxxx xx x xx x x xxx xx x x x x x x xx x xx x xxxx xx x xxx xxxxx xx xx x x x xxx xx xxx xx x xx xxxxxx x xxx xxx x x x x x xxxx xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxx x x x x x xx x xxxx x x x x x xx x xx x x x xxxxxxxx x x xx x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx xx x .
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