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Chapter 5: Responding to the World OXFORD BIG IDEAS SCIENCE 9: AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM 5 RESPONDING TO THE WORLD 134 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 135 Each unit in this chapter opens with 5.3 What is a nervous response? an engaging image, supported by text <<BIG IDEAS>> Structure and function 1 Student responses will vary; however, the and questions. These can stimulate human body’s re exes and responses would Human presence causes major changes to the Earth, but how discussion, helping teachers to have helped them survive, regardless of the does our environment infl uence us? How does your body interact determine what students know and to Responding with the world around it? This chapter will open your eyes to the situation. give them an idea of the chapter theme. fi ne balance that must be maintained by your body to survive. 2 Student responses will vary. Examples of re exes 5 It is about how your body senses changes and threats and how it This encourages a self-directed inquiry include kicking out when a doctor taps your to the world responds to ensure you remain healthy. approach to learning. knee with a small hammer, pulling your hand away when you touch a hot kettle, and blinking What is a ➔ Fig 5.3 Our refl exes give us the ability to act when something suddenly comes very close to 5.3 and respond quickly. Curriculum guidance 5.2 hormonal What is a nervous response? your face. response? 3 If re exes didn’t occur, the body may be injured Previous Year 9 One ability of most superheroes is their amazingly 1 Think of a story you have heard or face some other type of danger. Big idea curriculum curriculum Type 1 diabetes occurs when the fast responses and refl exes. Spiderman’s responses about human survival—perhaps in content content the snow, desert or following an body is unable to produce enough are so fast that he can dodge bullets, climb a wall 5.4 How do we respond to threats? insulin. Insulin is a very important and save someone in about as much time as it accident. How do you think that person’s body was able to assist Structure and Multi-cellular Multi-cellular substance in our bodies that is would take a normal person to turn the television them with their survival? 1 Student responses will vary. Any reasonable function: the form organisms organisms rely ➔ Fig 5.1 Sensing and responding to the responsible for taking sugar from on. Spiderman’s line of work puts him in constant and features contain on coordinated environment helps to ensure survival. our blood into our cells, where it danger and, luckily for him, his body has rapid 2 Brainstorm as many examples of answers should be accepted. of living things systems of and can be used. Substances that have protective responses, known as refl exes. Refl exes refl exes as you can. are related to organs that independent special jobs, like insulin, are called occur without you even having to think about them. 3 With a partner, describe what 2 In uenza changes or mutates each year, so the the functions carry out internal 5.1 How do we sense our world? hormones and are produced by the We may not be superheroes, but our responses and would happen if one of these body’s antibodies are not active against the new endocrine system. refl exes didn’t occur. that their body specialised systems to refl exes can be quick and useful too. The quick strain. erefore, people can get the ’ u more systems perform functions that respond to People with type 1 diabetes messages and responses in your body are managed enable them changes So far scientists have been unable homeostasis your body uses two usually know they have it from ➔ Fig 5.2 People with type 1 by the nervous system. than once. to discover another planet that very important body systems to a very early age because they diabetes must inject themselves to survive and to their with insulin because their bodies humans could inhabit. Why is that? sense and respond to change: the are not getting enough energy. 3 Student responses will vary; however, the reproduce environment don’t produce enough. Humans are pretty tough, right? nervous and endocrine systems. Once diagnosed, they can inject (Year 8) most likely answers are hepatitis B, diphtheria, We survive car accidents, wars and They have a big job due to the huge themselves with insulin every even school camps! The reality is number of changes and threats your day to make sure all their cells get tetanus and whooping cough, measles, mumps that humans can only survive in body encounters. the energy they require. In type 2 5.4 How do we respond to threats? and rubella, meningococcal C, hepatitis A, Big ideas very specifi c environments. Our diabetes the body produces enough 1 With a partner, brainstorm the bodies are quite fussy and need to insulin but doesn’t recognise or human papillomavirus (HPV) and in uenza. different ways your body might have access to the right amount of e ‘big ideas’ questions, used as a class sense changes in its external respond to its actions. Lifestyle food and water, oxygen and carbon factors such as obesity put people Chickenpox is highly contagious. these antibodies in your blood so ➔ Fig 5.4 Chickenpox discussion, will help to determine prior knowledge environment, including threats. is a highly contagious dioxide. If you’re lost in a desert or at greater risk of type 2 diabetes. This means that it is very easy to pick the virus is quickly controlled before Activity 2 What things do you think your body infection caused by the in freezing temperatures your body up from people who already have it. it can make you sick again. In the case varicella-zoster virus. and to identify any misconceptions. can sense and respond to that 1 What is the difference between will try to maintain a temperature of Chickenpox is caused by the varicella- of chickenpox, however, the virus may Making a glossary occur within your body, not from the type 1 and type 2 diabetes? 1 What contagious diseases have Common misconceptions include: about 37ºC at all times to keep cells zoster virus. Most people only get sick not be killed completely and can hide external environment? you had? working effi ciently. This ‘business 2 What is the role of insulin in the body? from chickenpox once. The fi rst time within the body and remain dormant. Ask the students to keep a glossary of key words as • e brain is separate from the nervous system. 3 Homeostasis is the maintenance of 2 why can you catch the ‘fl u many as usual’ that is maintained by 3 Why is it so important to get sugars you get chickenpox, or are vaccinated Later in life, the virus may become a stable environment in your body. times in a lifetime? they work through the chapter. It is a great literacy • e brain is a uniform mass of tissue. your body is called homeostasis. into our cells? against it, your immune system active again and cause shingles. Some What are some of the important Homeostasis is your body’s 4 Have you ever eaten too much responds to the virus and produces other viruses, like infl uenza (the ‘fl u), 3 Vaccines help your body build strategy to help students through the topic. • e brain is stable and does not change. conditions that your body would ability to regulate and maintain sugar? How did it make you feel? special cells, called antibodies, which may mutate, or change, so that the antibodies against a virus to keep the same (regulate)? protect you when you get infected • e brain is not responsible for hormones. a stable condition inside your Why could high levels of sugar in destroy the virus. Next time the antibodies in your body are no longer with that virus. What vaccines have body, regardless of changes to the your blood be dangerous? chickenpox virus infects you, your effective. Next time you are infected by you had? What diseases are they • We sense our world in only one way at a time. external environment. To maintain immune system ‘remembers’ how to the virus your body has to make new designed to protect you from? • Hormones are produced by the target organs. respond and quickly produces more of antibodies to the mutated virus. • Hormones act quickly. 134 CHAPTER 5 • RESPONDING TO THE WORLD CHAPTER 5 • RESPONDING TO THE WORLD 135 • Hormones ‘just travel around the body’ (students don’t necessarily understand that they travel via the bloodstream/blood). • Only one strain of pathogens exists (for 2 e body can sense and respond to many things 5.2 What is a hormonal response? 3 It’s important to get sugar into the cells so the • Organs such as the heart and lungs are part of example, the ‘ u is the same each year). including hormone levels, balance, pain, hunger, body can use it as energy. 1 Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body is unable the nervous system. • Antibiotics can be used to treat any disease. body temperature, stress, fatigue and illness. 4 If you consume too much sugar, you are likely to produce enough insulin, whereas type 2 • Humans only use their brains, nervous system, • e immune system is a simple system. 3 e body regulates many things such as to feel sick as your blood sugar levels increase diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t respond endocrine system etc.
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